Short and full participles: differences. Short form of participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).
Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailboat is lit by a copper-red sunset(G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning, Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)
Historical reference: Participles on -schy (mighty, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language these participles corresponded to participles in -whose (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e., they lost the meaning of time of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - flowing, pricking - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Church Slavonic origin, the second is of Russian origin.
24. Adverb and category of state. Predicate as a special part of speech. Semantic and grammatical properties of the state category. Basic semantic categories of predicates (modal predicates, state predicates, evaluations). Forms of the comparative degree of the predicate.
Adverbs include unchangeable words that denote a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or other sign. For example: He wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat, and he, ashamed of his tears, turned away and hastily took out a tobacco pouch (Shol.). - Adverbs suddenly and hastily denote signs of actions called by the verbs squeezed and pulled out. But it’s so offensive to think about one thing (Fad.). - The adverb denotes a sign of a state called offensively. In the blue, dazzlingly blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare clouds of incredible whiteness scattered by the wind (Shol.). - The adverb dazzling denotes a sign of quality, called by the adjective blue. The dandy colonel was noticeably glad that he had completed the monument so quickly (Pinch.). - The adverb so denotes a sign of a characteristic, called the adverb soon. Two days later... Gvozdev in a blue blouse, belted with a belt, in untucked trousers, in brightly polished shoes, in a white cap... and with a gnarled stick in his hand, he was sedately walking along the “Mountain” (M.G.). - The adverb untucked denotes the attribute of an object called by the noun trousers.
An adverb, referring to a verb, adjective, adverb and noun, formalizes its connection with them by adjacency. Morphological features of adverbs:
1. Immutability (absence of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs with -о, -е, formed from qualitative adjectives (quickly - faster, colloquial faster, boldly - bolder, colloquial bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of an adjective. They differ syntactically: the comparative degree of the adjective refers to the noun, for example: Now the fragrant forest, the lush shadow of the night (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb - to the verb, for example: The shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, the superlative degree in -ayshe, -eyshe is used, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot (Gr.).
2. The presence of special word-forming suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -o, -e (fun, sincerely), -i (enemy, friendly), -й (wolf-like, human-like), -omy, -him (in a good way, in a new way); comparative and superlative suffixes (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -ee (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, most humbly), as well as suffixes of subjective assessment - -onk(o), -enk(o), -okhonk(o), -onechk(o) (quietly, nicely, lightly, quietly), -ovat(o), -evat(o) (badly, dapper) . Subjective evaluation suffixes are possible for qualitative adverbs.
3. Lexical and word-formation correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; alternately, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying down, happily); The most ancient adverbs by origin, related to pronouns in the modern Russian language, act as non-derivatives (where, where, here, there).
The main role of adverbs in a sentence is to designate various circumstances. As an adverbial word, an adverb most often adjoins the predicate-verb: On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, swept it clean and carried away the dust (Shol.), although it can also refer to a definition and circumstance: The majordomo opened the door, low and narrow in the old style ( A.N.T.); He noticed a rider riding rather carelessly (Vs. Iv.).
In addition to circumstance, an adverb can be an inconsistent definition: He unbuttoned his frock coat with quick bony fingers, revealing his shirt untucked (L. T.) - and a predicate: After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.); ...Lips are scarlet, eyes are bulging (S.-Shch.).
An adverb acts as a subject and object only during substantivization. Such cases are extremely rare. For example: I’m tired of your “tomorrows”.
Impersonal predicative words, or the category of state, are significant, unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of the predicate).
In the sentence Leonid will come, we will have a lot of fun (Letters) the word fun denotes a person’s mental state, is the predicate of an impersonal sentence, and is combined with the copula will, forming the analytical form of the future tense. The impersonal predicative word is cheerfully homonymous to the short form of the adjective and adverb; Wed: The expression on her face is cheerful (fun is a short adjective). - He smiled cheerfully (cheerfully - adverb). But it differs from the adjective in the absence of gender forms (vesel, cheerfully, cheerfully) and the inability to determine the name; from an adverb - the inability to define a verb and an adjective. In addition, the meaning of the attribute is alien to the impersonal predicative word (the attribute of an object is an adjective; the attribute of an action is an adverb).
Impersonal predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - the expression of a state or its assessment. This can be the state of living beings, mental or physical, the state of nature and the environment, a state with a modal coloring, an assessment of the state from a moral and ethical point of view, from the point of view of extension in time, space, etc. The state expressed by this category of words is thought only impersonally: The child is in pain (cf. the expression of the state by an adjective and a verb: The child is sick and the Child is sick).
The morphological features of impersonal predicative words are as follows:
1. Lack of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.
2. The presence of the suffix -o in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (cold, visible, offensive, necessary).
3. The ability to express the meaning of time conveyed by a connective with which impersonal predicative words are combined (sad, was sad, will be sad; became sad, will become sad). The absence of a copula serves as an indicator of the present tense.
4. Preservation of forms of comparison with words ending in -o, formed from short adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will become warmer. It was easy - it will become easier.
5. Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sad corresponds with the word sad, warm - with warm, heavy - with heavy, frosty - with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal predicative words: for example, conscientiously in modern Russian does not correlate with “conscientious”, maybe does not correlate with “possible”.
The syntactic features of impersonal predicative words are the clearest and most defined.
1. An essential feature of these words is the syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: Then she suddenly became thoughtful and somehow gloomily lost in thought, so it was hard and sad to see her in this position (Letters); We had to descend another five miles along icy rocks and muddy snow to reach Kobi (L.) station.
2. Impersonal predicative words are not consistent and not controlled; they can be combined with an abstract or semi-abstract connective (to be, to become, to become, to do), expressing time and mood. For example: I felt sad when I listened to her from the next room (L.); I felt unpleasant and awkward (Letters).
3. Impersonal predicative words can be distributed in the forms of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional case with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms. For example: ...You may be bored with me, but I am mentally happy (Letters); It was pitch dark outside (L.). The accusative case is also possible: I felt sad and annoyed with Lisa (Letters).
In addition, with impersonal predicative words the dependent infinitive is often used. For example: The snow at parting with the earth shimmered with such diamonds that it was painful to look at (Ch.); ...But these three birches cannot be given to anyone during their lifetime (Sim.).
4. Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words. Compare, for example: She looked sad (adverb determines the verb) - Her face was sad (short adjective determines the noun) - She was sad (impersonal predicative word).
Thus, impersonal predicative words are allocated to a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “inactive” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability and morphological correlation with adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
The following groups of impersonal predicative words are distinguished by meaning:
1. Impersonal predicative words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, environment and situation:
a) a person’s mental state: annoyed, ashamed, afraid, cheerful, sad, pathetic, funny, insulting, scary, boring. For example: And you weren’t ashamed to believe this woman? (Letters); His face did not express anything special, and I felt annoyed (L.);
b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. For example: Since the commander is reluctant to talk, everyone feels uneasy (Laur.); But our ladies are apparently too lazy to step off the porch and show off their cold beauty over the Neva (P.); I just want to live, I haven’t lived yet (Tvard.);
c) the physical state of living beings: painful, sickening, stuffy, disgusting. For example: There is a place to spread your cold wings, but here you are stuffy and cramped, like an eagle that screams and beats against the bars of its iron cage (L.);
d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, windy, cozy, clean, dirty, damp, spacious, cramped, free. For example: At the beginning of the street it was still windy, and the road was swept away, but in the middle of the village it became quiet, warm and cheerful (L. T.); The living room was noisy and disorderly, as always happens before a general departure (Kupr.); It was warm in the house, but Olya was seized with chills even worse than on the street (Kochet.).
2. Impersonal predicative words denoting a modal state, i.e. containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, must: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it should, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. For example: It must be said that when the conversation touched on love and feelings in general, she began to talk (Letters); Nothing can flatter my pride than by recognizing my skill in horse riding in the Caucasian style (L.).
3. Impersonal predicative words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, close, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: visible, audible. For example: Now it’s too late, yesterday they gave him the floor, Lisa agreed (Letters); And it’s quiet and light - far from dusk (Fet); It is difficult to describe the delight of the entire honest company (L.); It’s good for you to rejoice, but I’m really sad, as I remember (L.); There were no courtyards or trees visible near the houses (Ch.).
To master the topic “Communion”, you need to understand many nuances. For example, you need to know that some of these words can exist in two forms. Let's look at this question in more detail and find out how short and full participles differ.
Some information
All words of the named category, depending on the direction of the expressed action, are divided into two categories. These are active participles, showing that the object is doing something itself, and passive participles, indicating that the activity is directed towards the object. The words of the first group are always complete: walking, lying, washing. And only passive participles can also be short: fed - fed, watered - watered.
Comparison
First of all, each case poses its own questions. “What was done with the object?”, “what?” are asked for short participles. Meanwhile, words used in full form correspond to the questions “which?” and the like.
Some grammatical features of both types of participles coincide. Both of them change in numbers ( prompted, prompted- the only thing; glued, glued– plural) and gender ( nailed down, nailed down, nailed down– nailed down, nailed down, nailed down). But the difference between short and full participles is that only the latter have case determined ( shrouded– nominative, shrouded– genitive, shrouded– dative, etc.).
Another discrepancy between these groups of words lies in their syntactic meaning. The function of short participles is not varied. They are assigned the role of the predicate: House erected (what was done?) builders. Full participles most often become adjectives: Erected (what?) The builders looked great at the house. They can also represent the nominal part of the predicate: The dress turned out to be torn.
Let's look at the difference between short and full participles from the perspective of spelling. Here we note that if the suffix of a word contains “n”, then in short forms it is single, and in full forms it is double ( sown – sown, decorated - decorated). We should also touch on the spelling of words with the particle NOT. It can be combined or separate when using full participles. For short forms, only the second of these options is correct.
Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle as a special verbal form, but many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.
Communion in Russian
The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with clearly expressed signs of an adjective that answer questions Which? what is he doing? and what did he do? Essentially, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time define its characteristics in a certain period of time. It is precisely this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a frequent mistake in indicating the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse participles with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in sentences. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is a full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of active, passive participles and verbal adjectives.
Similarities of participles with verb and adjective
The participle includes grammatical features of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfect or imperfect, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or unfinished action. May have a reflexive form and may be active or passive. Like adjectives, there are full and short participles. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, case and number, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that participles can only have present and past tenses. It does not have a future tense form. For example: jumping is an imperfect form in the present tense and jumped off is a perfect form in the past tense.
Features of participles
All participles, depending on what attribute they indicate, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the attribute of the object to which the action is directed) and active (indicating the attribute of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guide, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looking; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from a verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From here we can also conclude that the formation of a participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the participle is that it, together with the words dependent on it, quite often forms a phrase, which is highlighted in writing with commas.
Active participles
To form active participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as a basis and a suffix is added to the first conjugation -ush-, -yush-, and to the second -ash-, -box-. For example: galloping - galloping, treating - healing. To form the active participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -t- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: to go - traveling, to carry - carrying.
Passive participles
Passive participles are also formed by replacing suffixes. To form the present tense, suffixes are used for the first conjugation of verbs -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, keep - stored. In order to obtain the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending is taken as the basis -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use a suffix -enn-. For example: paint - painted, whiten - bleached. If the ending of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to obtain a participle the suffix is used -T-. For example: inflate - inflated, flog - flogged.
Short and full communion
Passive participles have two forms: short and full. A short participle has the same grammatical features as a short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in number and gender, but are not declined in case. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I'm not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as a toadstool. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both the adjective and the verb, and in a sentence they are always a modifier.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words, forming phrases that have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal characteristics and has become an adjective that depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, taut strings, high spirits. Considering this possibility of a participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle
Although the participle is not isolated as a separate independent part of speech, but is only said to be a special verbal form with elements of an adjective, morphological analysis is still carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is the participle. Next, its morphological characteristics are described: the initial shape is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine gender and singular; describe constant features, which include the following indicators: active participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in a sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-constant features: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in a sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).
Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
- Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic features of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).
Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.
Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.
Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
- -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Active participles.
Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes
Subject. Full and short passive participles
Educational: Give the concept of short participles, their syntactic role in a sentence; repeat short adjectives.
Developmental: Development of analytical thinking, mastery of learning techniques, independence.
Educational: Cultivating a love for the Russian language, instilling an interest in learning it
DURING THE CLASSES
The short form of participles is formed from the base of the full form using endings:
zero - for the masculine gender,
A - feminine
O - neuter,
Y - plural
For example: glued th - glued, glued A , glued O , glued s
That is, the endings of short participles consist of one letter or can be zero.
Unlike full participles, short participles are NOT inflected (they do not change by case).
Short participles answer questionswhat? what? what? what are they?
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
-What is the difference between full and short participles?
3.2 Primary consolidation of knowledge.
a) Reading material p.45
b) performing exercise 103
Conclusion : short passive participles change according to numbers, and in the singular - according to gender.In short feminine passive participles, the emphasis is most often on the last syllable.
The suffixes -nn- and -enn- (-yonn-) of full passive participles correspond to the suffixes -n- and -en- (-yon-) of short ones.
4. Consolidation of what has been learned
4.1 Insert one or two letters -n-
The leaves are illuminated; the letter was omitted...o; a concerned look; farm built..a; the enemy is driven back...; read book; grease loops; densely forced; subscribed newspapers; checkout phone number..; a clearing scorched by the sun; chained...in shackles; built a church; schedule change..o; library selected..a.
4.2 exercise 104
-Write down short and full participles, determine gender, number, highlight endings
Put on, torn, wrinkled, stretched out, disheveled, open, tailored, sewn
4.3 Copy by rearranging full participles into short ones, and short ones into full ones.
Organized excursion; a complete person; hanging pictures; faces are concerned; broken trees; raised by grandmother; organized work; lessons are over; silence broken..o; message addressed to a comrade; grown crop
Organized excursion – the excursion is organized; a full-fledged person - a full-fledged person; hung paintings - hung paintings; worried faces - worried faces; broken trees - trees are broken; raised by grandmother - raised by grandmother; organized work - work is organized; lessons are finished - lessons are finished; silence broken - broken silence; message addressed to a comrade - message addressed to a comrade; grown crop – the crop is grown.
5. Summing up the lesson.
How are short participles formed?
How do they change?
What types of sentences are there?
What do short adjectives and short participles have in common? What is the difference?
Announcement of grades for the lesson.
6. Homework
- Learn rule p.46, complete the task in the notebook
Exercise.
Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale character. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.We live very well. The house is always tidy, the clothes are washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is carpeted, the curtains are starched and trimmed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. The flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are arranged on shelves. Toys can be scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are dressed up and wearing makeup. The boys are dressed and wearing shoes.
