How positive emotions affect a person. The influence of emotions on labor and educational activities of a person

Nobody will dispute. But can anyone turn these emotions to their advantage? Does everyone know how emotions affect a person? To find answers to these questions, it is enough to know the four basic principles by which the influence of emotions on a person occurs.

Principle 1

The more emotionally a person approaches the performance of work, the higher the efficiency of his work. But emotions are not static. As the arousal grows, so does the efficiency, but up to a certain optimal point. If the point is reached, and emotions continue to grow, efficiency drops. A person begins to be interested only in the result, his desire disappears. That is, the influence of emotions is twofold. Too strong can negatively affect the result, and sufficient to improve it.

Principle 2

The influence of emotions on human activity well illustrates Pavlov's law, which states: with too strong stimuli, excitation causes prohibitive inhibition. Visually, the influence of emotions can be traced when a person is agitated. With strong excitement, a person may lose attention or completely forget all the necessary information.

It is worth mentioning that the influence of emotions on a person in this case is ambiguous. So, for performing simple actions, extreme excitement is very useful. For medium complexity, it does not yet have a destructive effect. But if you need to perform complex tasks, then the influence of emotions can play a cruel joke. Therefore, for complex tasks, it is recommended to perform simple actions first to moderate the excitement and reduce the influence of emotions.

Principle 3

The more intense our emotions, the worse our choice in a critical situation. In this case, the influence of emotions on human activity is to suppress memory functions. Therefore, a person does not use all the facts and arguments when choosing, draws the wrong conclusions, makes the wrong decisions and is completely sure that he is right.

Principle 4

To understand influence of emotions on human activity According to this principle, it is necessary to know about two groups of emotions. The first includes sthenic, that is, active positive, positively affecting the body. To the second - asthenic, that is, passive negative, destructively affecting the body.

Accordingly, stenic emotions stimulate the work of the brain and the body as a whole, fill it with energy. Asthenic, on the contrary, inhibit the work of all functions and systems, because of which a person loses all desire to do something and move in general. In this case, the influence of emotions on a person can manifest itself even in the appearance various diseases.

However, there are emotions that can affect a person both positively and negatively. For example, anger in some cases can inhibit activity, while in others it can mobilize a person.

Positive emotions

Among the uniquely positive emotions that increase the efficiency of human activity, we can name:

1. Acceptance of the situation, person, circumstances, etc.
2. Trust, which is a consequence of acceptance. Without trust, the effectiveness of actions is drastically reduced.
3. Expectation causes anticipation of the future result, therefore it is a great motivator.
4. Joy is akin to an affect. It escalates quickly and is a huge incentive for further work.
5. Surprise, according to many experts, is a cleansing emotion. It relieves tension from the nerve channels, prepares them for the perception of new information, stimulates the brain.
6. Admiration is directed to a specific object or person. It allows you to identify positive aspects in the object and strive for them.

Finding out influence of emotions on human activity you can start developing your emotional intelligence.

A person's behavior throughout the day, like a rainbow, changes from bursts of joy to unreasonable sadness. All his actions and deeds are controlled by many factors. It can be a change of weather, and the specifics of the situation, and just good or not good news. These factors cause a person to have certain emotions, a specific attitude to a particular event. They are the main lever in the formation of behavior.

Depending on which emotions prevail in this moment over a person, the behavior may be adequate and correct, or it may be illogical for the situation.

The famous psychologist K. Izard suggested that 10 emotions be singled out as fundamental ones. According to his theory, interest, fear, joy, surprise, anger, suffering, disgust, contempt, shame and embarrassment are of decisive importance in a person's life, his activities and behavior.

Behavior, in turn, is of great importance for a person in terms of survival. By changing behavioral responses, a person avoids dangerous situations and adapts to a changing external environment. For example, a person under the influence of the emotion of fear is not sure and is very tense. All his actions come down to trying to get away from a frightening situation. A person can do reckless things. In most cases, actions are performed automatically, unconsciously. Visually, the person appears tense and cowering. The pupils dilate and the skin becomes pale. Sweating increases. A distinctive feature of a person in a state of fear is a change in voice associated with difficulty breathing.

Satisfaction of interest is an important need in human life. Thanks to the feeling of emotion of interest, a person gets to know the world around him more deeply, gets acquainted with new facts and objects, deriving personal benefit from this. The thoughts and attention of an interested person are directed to the subject of knowledge. He looks and hears carefully. All internal forces are directed to the process of touching and understanding the object of interest.

joyful person gesticulates intensively, makes quick and energetic movements. He feels light and cheerful. Blood flow to the brain activates mental activity. A person who feels the emotion of joy speaks animatedly and thinks quickly. Work productivity is greatly increased. With joyful experiences, the body temperature rises, the eyes shine, the face shines. The activity of the organs of external secretion intensifies - tears appear, salivation increases.

The emotion of surprise easiest to recognize. It occurs in response to any unexpected event or action. The surprised person is tense, opens his eyes wide, wrinkles his forehead and raises his eyebrows. Surprise is temporary.

It is difficult to confuse a person with someone in anger. All his actions and even facial expressions show aggression. The person becomes tense and impulsive. His movements become more active, and self-confidence appears. Thinking, memory, imagination do not function as they should. The face takes on a reddish tint and a stone appearance.

During the experience suffering, a person experiences physical and mental discomfort, pain or even anguish. This state is extremely unpleasant for him, as evidenced by external manifestations in behavior. Motor activity is reduced, may develop into a complete lack of movement. Thinking and attention are significantly reduced. The person is apathetic and unable to adequately assess the situation.

Emotions of disgust arise when a person observes a phenomenon or process that is unacceptable and unpleasant for him. There are no generally accepted criteria for determining what is ugly and unpleasant. One person is disgusted by looking at an insect or a rat, while another is disgusted by a certain food product. All actions of a person, his facial expressions and gestures are aimed at avoiding contact with the object of disgust. The facial expressions are dominated by wrinkling of the nose and eyebrows, lowering of the corners of the mouth.

Contempt in its manifestation similar to disgust. They differ only in the object of hostility. So disgust can be experienced exclusively for objects or phenomena, and contempt applies exclusively to people. In addition to the main manifestations, contempt is characterized by the presence of sarcasm and irony in words, as well as a demonstration of superiority over the opponent.

Emotion of shame arises as a result of their own actions that do not meet generally accepted standards and stereotypes. A person experiencing shame is tense, silent. His movements are stiff. The face turns red, the look is lost and sinks to the bottom. The mental activity of the brain is activated.

Embarrassment, emotion is similar in its manifestations to a sense of shame, but does not have a clear negative color.

Depending on what effect emotions produce on the body, they are sthenic and asthenic. Sthenic emotions are strong feelings that bring all the resources of the body into a state of mobilization. They stimulate human activity. Asthenic emotions, on the contrary, suppress the vital processes of the body.

It should be remembered that no matter what emotion a person experiences, serious physiological changes occur in the body. The significance of such processes for the body cannot be underestimated and ignored. Long-term exposure to emotion forms a certain mood of a person. And if it has a negative connotation, such an impact can lead to mental and physical disorders.

Emotions have a generalized influence, and each of them affects differently. Human behavior depends on emotions that activate and organize perception, thinking, and imagination. Emotions can cloud the perception of the world or paint it with bright colors.

Introduction………………………………………………………………….………….3

1. Biological and psychological significance of emotions…….4

2. Development of emotions and personality development…………………………8

3. The influence of emotions on human behavior…….………………10

4. Emotional life of a person…………………………………………………………………………………………12

Conclusion…………………………………………………….…….……………..15

Literature……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Introduction

Emotions- a special class of subjective psychological states, reflecting in the form of direct experiences, sensations of pleasant or unpleasant, a person's attitude to the world and people, the process and results of his practical activity. The class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stresses. These are the so-called "pure" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and human states. Any manifestations of his activity are accompanied by emotional experiences. In humans, the main function of emotions is that, thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, we can, without using speech, judge each other's states and better prepare ourselves for joint activities and communication. Remarkable, for example, is the fact that people belonging to different cultures are able to accurately perceive and evaluate the expressions of a human face, to determine from it such emotional states as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This, in particular, applies to those peoples who have never been in contact with each other at all.

This fact not only convincingly proves the innate nature of the main emotions and their expression on the face, but also the presence of a genotypically determined ability to understand them in living beings. This, as we have already seen, refers to the communication of living beings not only of the same species with each other, but also of different species with each other. It is well known that higher animals and humans are capable of perceiving and evaluating each other's emotional states by facial expressions.

1. Biological and psychological meaning of emotions

We call emotions a person's experiences, accompanied by feelings of pleasant and unpleasant, pleasure and displeasure, as well as their various shades and combinations. Pleasure and displeasure are the simplest emotions. Their more complex variants are represented by such feelings as joy, sadness, sadness, fear, anger.

When we suddenly find ourselves near an abyss, we experience the emotion of fear. Under the influence of this fear, we retreat to a safe zone. By itself, this situation has not yet harmed us, but through our feeling it is reflected as a threat to our self-preservation. Signaling the direct positive or negative meaning of various phenomena, emotions reflexively regulate our behavior, encourage or inhibit our actions.

Emotion is a general, generalized reaction of the body to vital influences (from the Latin "emoveo" - a wave).

Emotions regulate mental activity not specifically, but through the corresponding general mental states, influencing the course of all mental processes.

A feature of emotions is their integration - arising under appropriate emotional influences, emotions capture the entire body, combine all its functions into an appropriate generalized stereotypical behavioral act.

Emotions are an adaptive product of evolution - they are evolutionary generalized ways of behaving in typical situations.

It is precisely thanks to emotions that the organism turns out to be extremely favorably adapted to environmental conditions, since even without determining the form, type, mechanism and other parameters of the impact, it can respond with saving speed to it with a certain emotional state, reducing it, so to speak, to a common biological denominator, those. to determine whether a given particular effect is beneficial or harmful to him.

Emotions arise in response to key features of objects to satisfy a specific need. Separate biologically significant properties of objects and situations cause an emotional tone of sensations. They signal the meeting of the body with the desired or dangerous property of objects. Emotions and feelings are a subjective attitude to objects and phenomena, arising from the reflection of their direct connection with actualized needs.

All emotions are objectively correlated and bivalent - they are either positive or negative (because objects either satisfy or do not satisfy the corresponding needs). Emotions induce stereotypical forms of behavior. However, the characteristics of human emotions are determined by the general law of human mental development - higher education, higher mental functions, being formed on the basis of lower functions, rebuild them. The emotional and evaluative activity of a person is inextricably linked with his conceptual and evaluative sphere. And this sphere itself affects the emotional state of a person.

Conscious, rational regulation of behavior, on the one hand, is stimulated by emotions, but, on the other hand, it opposes current emotions. All volitional actions are performed in spite of strong competing emotions. A person acts, overcoming pain, thirst, hunger and all kinds of inclinations.

However, the lower the level of conscious regulation, the more freedom emotional-impulsive actions receive. These actions do not have conscious motivation, the goals of these actions are also not formed by consciousness, but are unambiguously predetermined by the nature of the impact itself (for example, impulsive removal from an object falling on us).

Emotions dominate where the conscious regulation of behavior is insufficient: with a lack of information for the conscious construction of actions, with an insufficient fund of conscious ways of behavior. But this does not mean that the more conscious the action, the less important are emotions. Even mental actions are organized on an emotional basis.

In conscious actions, emotions provide their energy potential and enhance the direction of action, the effectiveness of which is most likely. Allowing greater freedom of conscious choice of goals, emotions determine the main directions of human life.

Positive emotions, constantly combined with the satisfaction of needs, themselves become an urgent need. A person strives for positive emotions. Deprivation of emotional influences disorganizes the human psyche, and prolonged deprivation of positive emotional influences in childhood can lead to negative deformations of the personality.

Substituting needs, emotions in themselves are in many cases an incentive to action, a motivating factor.

There are lower emotions associated with unconditioned reflex activity, based on instincts and being their expression (emotions of hunger, thirst, fear, selfishness, etc.), and higher, truly human emotions - feelings.

Feelings are associated with the satisfaction of socially developed needs. A sense of duty, love, camaraderie, shame, curiosity, etc. are formed in a person as he is included in social ties, i.e. as the individual develops as a person. Experiencing certain feelings, a person operates with historically developed moral and aesthetic concepts (“good”, “evil”, “justice”, “beautiful”, “ugly”, etc.),

Thus, feelings, to a greater extent than emotions, are associated with the second signaling system. Emotions are situationally determined, feelings can be long-lasting and stable. The most stable feelings are personality traits (honesty, humanity, etc.).

The fact of the close connection of emotions with life processes indicates the natural origin of at least the simplest emotions. In all those cases when the life of a living being freezes, is partially or completely lost, we first of all discover that its external, emotional manifestations have disappeared. An area of ​​skin temporarily deprived of blood supply ceases to be sensitive; a physically ill person becomes apathetic, indifferent to what is happening around him, that is, insensitive. He loses the ability to emotionally respond to external influences in the same way as in the normal course of life.

All higher animals and humans have structures in the brain that are closely related to emotional life. This is the so-called limbic system, which includes clusters of nerve cells located under the cerebral cortex, in close proximity to its center, which controls the main organic processes: blood circulation, digestion, endocrine glands. Hence the close connection of emotions both with the consciousness of a person and with the states of his body.

Bearing in mind the vital importance of emotions, Charles Darwin proposed a theory explaining the origin and purpose of those organic changes and movements that usually accompany pronounced emotions. In it, the naturalist drew attention to the fact that pleasure and displeasure, joy, fear, anger, sadness are manifested in approximately the same way both in humans and in anthropoid apes. C. Darwin was interested in the vital meaning of those changes in the body that accompany the corresponding emotions. Comparing the facts, Darwin came to the following conclusions about the nature and role of emotions in life.

1. Internal (organic) and external (motor) manifestations of emotions play an important adaptive role in human life. They set him up for certain actions and, in addition, this is a signal for him about how the other living being is set up and what he intends to do.

2. Sometime in the process of evolution of living beings, those organic and motor reactions that they currently have were components of full-fledged, detailed practical adaptive actions. Subsequently, their external components were reduced, but the vital function remained the same. For example, a person or animal bares his teeth in anger, tense his muscles, as if preparing for an attack, their breathing and pulse quicken. This is a signal: a living being is ready to commit an act of aggression.

2. Development of emotions and personality development

Emotions go through the path of development common to higher mental functions - from external socially determined forms to internal mental processes. On the basis of innate reactions, the child develops the perception of the emotional state of the close people around him, which over time, under the influence of increasingly complex social contacts, turns into higher emotional processes - intellectual and aesthetic, which make up the emotional wealth of the individual. A newborn child is able to experience fear, which is revealed with a strong blow or a sudden loss of balance, displeasure, which manifests itself in the restriction of movements, and pleasure, which occurs in response to swaying, stroking. The following needs have an innate ability to evoke emotions:

Self-preservation (fear)

Freedom of movement (anger)

Obtaining a special kind of irritation that causes a state of sheer pleasure.

It is these needs that determine the foundation of a person's emotional life. If in an infant fear is caused only by loud sounds or loss of support, then already at 3-5 years old shame is formed, which is built on top of innate fear, being the social form of this emotion - the fear of condemnation. It is no longer determined by the physical characteristics of the situation, but by their social significance. In the future, joy develops as an expectation of pleasure in connection with the growing probability of satisfaction of any need. Joy and happiness arise only with social contacts.

Positive emotions develop in the child in the game and in exploratory behavior. Buhler showed that the moment of experiencing pleasure in children's games shifts as the child grows and develops: for a child, pleasure arises at the moment the desired result is obtained. In this case, the emotion of pleasure plays the final role, encouraging the completion of the activity. The next step is functional pleasure: the playing child enjoys not only the result, but also the process of activity itself. Pleasure is no longer associated with the end of the process, but with its content. In the third stage, older children develop an anticipation of pleasure. Emotion in this case arises at the beginning of play activity, and neither the result of the action nor the performance itself is central to the child's experience.

The development of negative emotions is closely related to frustration - an emotional reaction to an obstacle to achieving a conscious goal. Frustration proceeds differently depending on whether the obstacle is overcome, a substitute goal is found. Habitual ways of resolving such a situation determine the emotions that form in this case. It is undesirable in the upbringing of a child to achieve his demands too often by direct pressure. To achieve the desired behavior in a child, you can use his age-specific feature - instability of attention, distract him and change the wording of the instructions. In this case, a new situation is created for the child, he will fulfill the requirement with pleasure and the negative consequences of frustration will not accumulate in him.

A person judges the emotional state of another by special expressive movements, facial expressions, voice changes, etc. Evidence has been obtained for the innate nature of some manifestations of emotions. In every society, there are norms for expressing emotions that correspond to ideas of decency, modesty, good breeding. An excess of facial, gestural or speech expressiveness may be evidence of a lack of education and, as it were, put a person outside his circle. Parenting teaches how to show emotions and when to suppress them. It develops in a person such behavior, which is understood by others as courage, restraint, modesty, coldness, equanimity.

The brightness and variety of emotional relationships make a person more interesting. He responds to the most diverse phenomena of reality: he is excited by music and poetry, the launch of a satellite and the latest advances in technology. The wealth of a person's own experiences helps her to understand what is happening more deeply, to penetrate more subtly into people's experiences, their relationships with each other.

Feelings and emotions contribute to a deeper knowledge of a person himself. Thanks to experiences, a person learns his capabilities, abilities, advantages and disadvantages. A person's experiences in a new environment often reveal something new in himself, in people, in the world of surrounding objects and phenomena.

Emotions and feelings give words, deeds, all behavior a certain flavor. Positive experiences inspire a person in his creative search and bold daring.

3. The influence of emotions on human behavior

Human behavior is largely dependent on his emotions, and different emotions affect behavior in different ways. There are so-called sthenic emotions that increase the activity of all processes in the body, and asthenic emotions that slow them down. Sthenic, as a rule, are positive emotions: satisfaction (pleasure), joy, happiness, and asthenic-negative: displeasure, grief, sadness. Let's look at each type of emotion in more detail, including mood, affect, feeling, passion, and stress, in their effect on human behavior.

The mood creates a certain tone of the body, i.e. its general mood (hence the name "mood") for activity. The productivity and quality of labor of a person in a good, optimistic mood is always higher than that of a person in a pessimistic mood. A person who is optimistic is always outwardly more attractive to others than one who is constantly in a bad mood. With a kindly smiling person, those around them enter into communication with a greater desire than with a person who has an unkind face.

Affects play a different role in people's lives. They are able to instantly mobilize the energy and resources of the body to solve a sudden problem or overcome an unexpected obstacle. This is the basic vital role of affects. In an appropriate emotional state, a person sometimes does things that he is usually not capable of. The mother, saving the child, does not feel pain, does not think about the danger to her own life. She is in a state of passion. At such a moment, a lot of energy is expended, and very uneconomical, and therefore, in order to continue normal activity, the body definitely needs rest. Affects often play a negative role, making a person's behavior uncontrollable and even dangerous for others.

Even more significant than that of moods and affects is the vital role of feelings. They characterize a person as a person, are quite stable and have an independent motivating force. Feelings determine the attitude of a person to the world around him, they also become moral regulators of actions and relationships between people. From a psychological point of view, the upbringing of a person is to a large extent the process of forming his noble feelings, which include sympathy, kindness, and others. Human feelings, unfortunately, can be base, such as feelings of envy, anger, hatred. Aesthetic feelings are distinguished into a special class, which determine the attitude of a person to the world of beauty. The richness and variety of human feelings is a good indicator of the level of his psychological development.

Passions and stresses, unlike moods, affects and feelings, play a mostly negative role in life. A strong passion suppresses other feelings, needs and interests of a person, makes him one-sidedly limited in his aspirations, and stress in general has a destructive effect on psychology and behavior, on the state of health. Over the past few decades, a lot of convincing evidence has been obtained for this. The well-known American practical psychologist D. Carnegie, in his very popular book How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, writes that according to modern medical statistics, more than half of all hospital beds are occupied by people suffering from emotional disorders, that three-quarters of patients with cardiovascular diseases, gastric and endocrine diseases could well cure themselves if they learned to control their emotions.

4.Emotional life of the individual

The totality of moods, affects, feelings and passions of a person forms his emotional life and such an individual quality as emotionality. This quality can be defined as a person's tendency to emotionally respond to various life circumstances that affect him, as his ability to experience emotions of different strength and quality, from moods to passions. Emotionality also refers to the strength of the influence of emotions on thinking and behavior.

Speaking about human feelings, we have already noted that they can be primitive and high. What are high feelings? These are emotions that are based on the highest morality accepted by a person, on moral norms and values ​​of behavior. The nobility of feelings is determined not by the very nature of these feelings, but by the goals and final results of those actions that a person performs under the influence of these feelings. If a person, having accidentally done something good for another, feels joy because of this, then such a feeling can be called noble. If, on the contrary, he has regret that someone has become better from his actions, or, for example, the feeling also depends on the fact that someone feels good, then such emotions cannot be called noble. The highest emotions of a person are the motives of behavior, that is, they are able to induce and guide a person, stimulate him to perform certain actions and deeds. This was once vividly described by the famous Dutch philosopher and psychologist B. Spinoza. The nature of people, he argued, is such that for the most part they feel compassion for those who feel bad, and envy those who feel good. Compassion and envy are difficult to combine emotions. However, they, unfortunately, occur almost equally often in life, sometimes making people emotional two-faced Januses. At the same time, throughout the centuries, the great and noble minds of mankind have constantly fought and called for ignoble feelings to be excluded from people's lives.

Emotions are the impetus for achieving goals. Positive emotions contribute to a better assimilation of cognitive processes. With them, a person is open to communication with others. Negative emotions interfere with normal communication. They contribute to the development of diseases, affecting the brain, and those in turn on the nervous system. Emotions are associated with cognitive processes. For example, with the perception of emotions, the connection is direct, because. Emotions are expressions of the sensuous. Depending on the mood, emotional state of a person, this is how he perceives the world around him, the situation. Emotions are also associated with sensation, only in this case sensations affect emotions. For example, touching a velvet surface, a person is pleased, he has a feeling of comfort, and touching a rough surface is unpleasant for a person.

If everything that happens, inasmuch as it has this or that attitude on his part, can evoke certain emotions in him, then the effective connection between the emotions of a person and his own activity is especially close. Emotion with internal necessity arises from the ratio - positive or negative - of the results of an action to the need, which is its motive, the initial impulse.

This relationship is mutual: on the one hand, the course and outcome of human activity usually evoke certain feelings in a person, on the other hand, a person’s feelings, his emotional states affect his activity. Emotions not only cause activity, but are themselves conditioned by it. The nature of emotions, their basic properties and the structure of emotional processes depend on it.

The influence of emotions on activity in its main features obeys the well-known Jerkes-Dodson rule, which postulates the optimal level of stress for each specific type of work. A decrease in emotional tone as a result of a small need or completeness of the subject's awareness leads to drowsiness, loss of vigilance, missing significant signals, and slow reactions. On the other hand, an excessively high level of emotional stress disorganizes activity, complicates it with a tendency to premature reactions, reactions to extraneous, insignificant signals (false alarms), to primitive actions such as blind search by trial and error.

Human emotions are manifested in all types of human activity and especially in artistic creation. The artist's own emotional sphere is reflected in the choice of subjects, in the manner of writing, in the way of developing selected themes and subjects. All this taken together makes up the individual originality of the artist.

Conclusion

The main biological significance of emotional experience lies in the fact that, in essence, only emotional experience allows a person to quickly assess his internal state, his emerging need and quickly build an adequate form of response: whether it is a primitive attraction or conscious social activity. Along with this, emotions are also the main means of assessing the satisfaction of needs. As a rule, emotions accompanying any motivational excitation are referred to as negative emotions. They are subjectively unpleasant. The negative emotion that accompanies motivation has important biological significance. It mobilizes the efforts of a person to satisfy the need that has arisen. These unpleasant emotional experiences are intensified in all those cases when a person's behavior in the external environment does not lead to the satisfaction of the need that has arisen, i.e. to find appropriate reinforcements.

Life without emotions is just as impossible as life without sensations. Emotions, argued the famous naturalist C. Darwin, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to meet their urgent needs. Emotionally expressive human movements - facial expressions, gestures, pantomime - perform the function of communication, i.e. communication to a person of information about the state of the speaker and his attitude to what is happening at the moment, as well as the function of influence - exerting a certain influence on the one who is the subject of perception of emotional and expressive movements. The interpretation of such movements by the perceiving person occurs on the basis of the correlation of the movement with the context in which the communication takes place.

Literature

1. Nartova-Bochaver S.K. Differential Psychology Textbook (Series "Psychologist's Library"). -M.: Flinta, MPSI, 2003
2. Nemov R.S. Psychology. Book 1: Fundamentals of General Psychology. - M., Enlightenment, 1994.
3. Communication and optimization of joint activities. Ed. Andreeva G.M. and Yanoushek Ya. M., Moscow State University, 1987.
4. Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. 2000 RGIU Library http://www.vusnet.ru/biblio/
5. Reikovsky Jan Emotions and cognitive processes - the selective influence of emotions. 1979 RGIU Library http://www.vusnet.ru/biblio/
6. http://psy.rin.ru/cgi-bin/razdel.pl?r=59 Emotions - Psychology

Emotions (from Latin emovere - to excite, excite) is a special class of processes and states associated with the assessment of the significance for the individual of the factors acting on him and expressed primarily in the form of direct experiences of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his actual needs. They serve as one of the main mechanisms for regulating activity and accompany almost any manifestation of human activity. The basic form of emotions is the emotional tone of sensations, which is a genetically determined experience of a hedonic sign that accompanies vital impressions, such as taste, temperature, pain. Another form of emotions are affects, which represent very strong emotional experiences associated with active behavior to resolve an extreme situation. In contrast to affects, emotions themselves have a pronounced binding to rather local situations, which was formed in vivo. Their emergence can occur even without the action of the actual situation of their formation; in this aspect, they act as guidelines for activity. The main feature of human emotions is that in socio-historical practice a special emotional language (language of images) has been developed, which can be transmitted as some generally accepted description.

The most essential characteristics of emotions are their modality (positive and negative) and intensity.

One of the most noticeable functions of emotions is an assessment of what is happening in the external or internal world of a person - is it good or bad for a person, harmful or useful, he likes it or not. Depending on the modality of assessing the situation by a person, he will either avoid it or try to stay in it, act. Such assessment may be based on subjective expectations and goals.

It is human nature to strive for certainty in interpreting what is happening. In a situation of uncertainty, anxiety increases, and a person can sometimes choose anything instead of continuing uncertainty.

Emotions also signal the significance of what is happening for a person: more significant causes stronger emotions. Usually a person reacts vividly to everything that happens to people close to him, and, as a rule, is quite indifferent to what happens to random passers-by.

These functions of emotions are well reflected and explained by the proposed P.V. Simonov informational theory of emotions. According to her, "emotion is a reflection by the brain of a person or animals of some actual need (its quality and magnitude) and the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction, which the brain evaluates on the basis of genetic and previously acquired individual experience."

Information is understood as a reflection of the entire set of means to achieve the goal: the knowledge that the subject has, the perfection of his skills, the energy resources of the body, the time sufficient or insufficient to organize the appropriate actions, etc. The stronger the need, the stronger the emotion it evokes. The greater the difference between necessary and sufficient means, the stronger the emotion. When all the necessary means are available, the subject calmly satisfies the urgent need without experiencing any special emotions about it. If the difference is less than zero, that is, we find out that we do not have enough opportunities to satisfy our "wants", we get upset (E< 0, то есть эмоции отрицательные), и чем больше эта разница, тем эмоции сильнее.

An increase in the probability of satisfying a need encourages a person to rejoice in anticipation of achieving the goal. This is how the predictive function of emotions manifests itself, which makes it possible to anticipate the development of events.

The most important moment in the process of performing professional functions is the need to maintain the ultimate goal of the employee's actions. The function of holding a relatively distant target is performed through an emotional-volitional action.

Will is a specific need to overcome obstacles, which is always added to some other need that initiated behavior and gave rise to the need to overcome. A volitional action contributes to the transformation of a need, which is steadily dominant in the system of needs of a given person, into external behavior, into an act, into an action. If there is a need, an obstacle on the way to its satisfaction activates two independent brain mechanisms: the nervous apparatus of emotions and the structure of the reaction of overcoming. The positive value of emotions lies in the hypercompensatory mobilization of energy resources, as well as in the transition to those forms of response that are oriented to a wide range of supposedly significant signals.

Simultaneously coexisting different needs excite different emotions, and usually the strongest emotion determines the direction of a person's actions. At the same time, due to the fact that emotion depends not only on the magnitude of the need, but also on the probability of its satisfaction, a person’s behavior is sometimes reoriented towards a less important, but easier to achieve goal - a person chooses “a bird in the hand” instead of a “pie in the sky”.

P.V. Simonov also notes that the realization of biological needs is mainly associated with the emergence of emotional states such as affects. Social and ideal needs stimulate feelings and emotions.

Another function of emotions is mobilization, switching all body systems to an “emergency” mode, bringing it into a state of increased readiness for action. So, the emotions of rage, fear help in a fight, chase, when fleeing from danger, in situations where maximum tension and dedication of all forces are required.

Emotions regulate both the transition of the body from a state of rest to a state of activity, and vice versa - in favorable conditions, setting up the body for demobilization - restoration and accumulation of strength. Emotions produce instant integration of all bodily functions.

An important role, according to S.L. Rubinstein, emotions play in the processes of cognition. Emotions are involved in the processes of learning and accumulation of experience (including professional). Emotionally colored events are better remembered. Strongly expressed emotions can distort the processes of perception. Emotions also influence imagination and fantasy.

Another function of emotions is communicative. Emotional connections are the basis of interpersonal relationships in the professional field. An important role in communication belongs to the expressive function of emotions, which has not lost its significance even after the appearance of speech. Emotional expression remains one of the important factors providing the so-called non-verbal communication. Emotions can be expressed through facial expressions, pantomime, exclamations, voice expressions.

And one more function of emotions is connected with the fact that, according to A.N. Leontiev, they "set the task for meaning". Signaling something significant, emotions can cause the complex work of consciousness to explain, approve, reconcile with reality, or condemn it, and even suppress it.