Broad-spectrum antibiotics: list, names. List of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

- These are substances that have a detrimental effect on bacteria. Their origin can be biological or semi-synthetic. Antibiotics have saved many lives, so their discovery is of great importance for all mankind.

History of antibiotics

Many infectious diseases such as pneumonia, typhoid fever, dysentery were considered incurable. Also, patients often died after surgical interventions, as the wounds festered, gangrene and further blood poisoning began. Until there were antibiotics.

Antibiotics were discovered in 1929 by Professor Alexander Fleming. He noticed that green mold, or rather the substance that it produces, has a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. The mold produces a substance Fleming named penicillin.

Penicillin has a detrimental effect on and on some types of protozoa, but absolutely no effect on the white blood cells that fight the disease.

And only in the 40s of the twentieth century began the mass production of penicillin. Around the same time, sulfamides were discovered. Scientist Gause in 1942 received gramicidin, Selman Waxman derived streptomycin in 1945.

Later, such antibiotics as bacitracin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline were discovered. By the end of the 20th century, all natural antibiotics had synthetic counterparts.

Classification of antibiotics

There are many antibiotics available today.

First of all, they differ in the mechanism of action:

• Bactericidal action - antibiotics of the penicillin series, streptomycin, gentamicin, cephalexin, polymyxin
• Bacteriostatic action - tetracycline series, macrolides, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin,
• Pathogenic microorganisms either die completely (bactericidal mechanism), or their growth is suppressed (bacteriostatic mechanism), and the body itself fights the disease. Antibiotics with bactericidal action help faster.

Then, they differ in the spectrum of their action:

• Broad spectrum antibiotics
• Narrow spectrum antibiotics

Preparations with a wide spectrum of action are very effective in many infectious diseases. They are also prescribed in the case when the disease is not exactly established. Destructive for almost all pathogenic microorganisms. But they also have a negative impact on healthy microflora.

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics affect certain types of bacteria. Let's consider them in more detail:

• Antibacterial effect on gram-positive pathogens or cocci (streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, listeria)
• Effects on Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Legionella, Proteus)
• Antibiotics that affect Gram-positive bacteria include penicillin, lincomycin, vancomycin, and others. The drugs that affect gram-negative pathogens include aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, polymyxin.

In addition, there are several more narrowly targeted antibiotics:

• Anti-tuberculosis drugs
• drugs
• Drugs that affect protozoa
• Anticancer drugs

Antibacterial agents vary by generation. There are now 6th generation drugs. Antibiotics of the latest generation have a wide spectrum of action, are safe for the body, easy to use, and most effective.

For example, consider penicillin preparations by generation:

• 1st generation - natural penicillins (penicillins and bicillins) - this is the first antibiotic that has not lost its effectiveness. It's cheap, it's available. Refers to drugs with a narrow spectrum of action (acts detrimental to gram-positive microbes).
• 2nd generation - semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins (oxacillin, cloxacillin, fluclosacillin) - are less effective, unlike natural penicillin, against all bacteria except staphylococci.
• 3rd generation - penicillins with a wide spectrum of action (ampicillin, amoxicillin). Starting from the 3rd generation, antibiotics have a negative effect on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
• 4th generation - carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin) - in addition to all types of bacteria, 4th generation antibiotics are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their spectrum of action is even wider than that of the previous generation.
• 5th generation - ureidopenicillins (azlocillin, mezlocillin) - are more effective against gra-negative pathogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• 6th generation - combined penicillins - include beta-lactamase inhibitors. These inhibitors include clavulanic acid and sulbactam. Strengthen the action, increasing its effectiveness.

Of course, the higher the generation of antibacterial drugs, the wider the spectrum of action they have, respectively, and their effectiveness is higher.

Application methods

Antibiotic treatment can be carried out in several ways:

• oral
• Parenterally
• Rectally

The first way is to take the antibiotic orally or by mouth. For this method, tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions are suitable. This drug is the most popular, but it has some disadvantages. Some types of antibiotics may be destroyed or poorly absorbed (penicillin, aminoglycoside). They also have an irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract.

The second way to use antibacterial drugs is parenterally or intravenously, intramuscularly, into the spinal cord. The effect is achieved faster than the oral route of administration.

Some types of antibiotics can be given rectally or directly into the rectum (medicated enema).

In especially severe forms of diseases, the parenteral method is most often used.

Different groups of antibiotics have different localization in certain organs and systems of the human body. According to this principle, doctors often select one or another antibacterial drug. For example, with pneumonia, azithromycin accumulates in, and in the kidneys with pyelonephritis.

Antibiotics, depending on the type, are excreted in a modified and unchanged form from the body along with urine, sometimes with bile.

Rules for taking antibacterial drugs

When taking antibiotics, certain rules must be observed. Since drugs often cause allergic reactions, they must be taken with great care. If the patient knows in advance that he has an allergy, he should immediately inform the attending physician about this.

In addition to allergies, there may be other side effects when taking antibiotics. If they were observed in the past, this should also be reported to the doctor.

In cases where there is a need to take another drug along with an antibiotic, the doctor should know about it. Often there are cases of incompatibility of medicines with each other, or the medicine reduced the effect of the antibiotic, as a result of which the treatment was ineffective.

During pregnancy and breastfeeding, many antibiotics are prohibited. But there are drugs that can be taken during these periods. But the doctor must be made aware of the fact and feeding the baby with breast milk.

Before taking, you must read the instructions. The dosage prescribed by the doctor should be strictly observed, otherwise poisoning may occur if the drug is taken too high, and bacterial resistance to the antibiotic may develop if the drug is too low.

You can not interrupt the course of taking the drug ahead of time. Symptoms of the disease may return again, but in this case, this antibiotic will no longer help. You will need to change it to something else. Recovery may not occur for a long time. This rule is especially true for antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect.

It is important to observe not only the dosage, but also the time of taking the drug. If the instructions indicate that you need to drink the medicine with meals, then this is how the drug is better absorbed by the body.

Along with antibiotics, doctors often prescribe prebiotics and probiotics. This is done in order to restore the normal intestinal microflora, which is adversely affected by antibacterial drugs. Probiotics and prebiotics treat intestinal dysbiosis.

It is also important to remember that at the first signs of an allergic reaction, such as skin itching, urticaria, swelling of the larynx and face, shortness of breath, you should immediately consult a doctor.

If the antibiotic does not help within 3-4 days, this is also a reason to contact the doctors. Perhaps the drug is not suitable for the treatment of this disease.

List of new generation antibiotics

There are a lot of antibiotics on the market today. It is easy to get confused in such a variety. The new generation of drugs include the following:

• Sumamed
• Amoxiclav
• Avelox
• Cefixime
• Rulid
• Ciprofloxacin
• Lincomycin
• Fusidin
• Klacid
• Hemomycin
• Roxilor
• Cefpir
• Moxifloxacin
• Meropenem

These antibiotics belong to different families or groups of antibacterial drugs. These groups are:

• Macrolides - Sumamed, Hemomycin, Rulid
• Amoxicillin group - Amoxiclav
• Cephalosporins - Cefpirome
• Fluoroquinol group - Moxifloxacin
• Carbapenems – Meropenem

All new generation antibiotics are broad-spectrum drugs. They are highly effective and have minimal side effects.

The treatment period averages 5-10 days, but in severe cases it can be extended up to one month.

Side effects

When taking antibacterial drugs, side effects may occur. If they are pronounced, you should immediately stop taking the drug and consult a doctor.

The most common side effects from antibiotics include:

• Nausea
• vomit
• Stomach ache
• dizziness
• Headache
• Urticaria or rash on the body
• Skin itching
• Toxic effects on the liver of certain groups of antibiotics
• Toxic effect on the gastrointestinal tract
• Endotoxin shock
• Intestinal dysbiosis, in which there is diarrhea or constipation
• Decreased immunity and weakening of the body (fragility of nails, hair)

Since antibiotics have a large number of possible side effects, they must be taken with great care. It is unacceptable to self-medicate, this can result in serious consequences.

Especially precautions should be taken when treating children and the elderly with antibiotics. In the presence of allergies, antihistamines should be taken along with antibacterial drugs.

Treatment with any antibiotics, even a new generation, always seriously affects health. Of course, they relieve the main infectious disease, but overall immunity is also significantly reduced. After all, not only pathogenic microorganisms die, but also normal microflora.

It will take some time to restore the protective forces. If side effects are pronounced, especially those associated with the gastrointestinal tract, then a sparing diet will be required.

It is obligatory to take prebiotics and probiotics (Linex, Bifidumbacterin, Acipol, Bifiform and others). The start of the reception should be simultaneous with the start of taking the antibacterial drug. But after a course of antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics should be taken for about two more weeks to populate the intestines with beneficial bacteria.

If antibiotics have a toxic effect on the liver, hepatoprotectors may be advised. These drugs will repair damaged liver cells and protect healthy ones.

Since the immune system is lowered, the body is especially prone to colds. Therefore, it is worth taking care not to overcool. Take immunomodulators, but it is better if they are of plant origin (Echinacea purpurea).

If the disease is of viral etiology, then antibiotics are powerless here, even with a wide spectrum of action and the latest generation. They can only serve as a prophylaxis in the addition of a bacterial infection to a viral one. Antiviral drugs are used to treat viruses.

While watching the video you will learn about antibiotics.

It is important to lead a healthy lifestyle in order to be less likely to get sick and less likely to resort to antibiotic treatment. The main thing is not to overdo it with the use of antibacterial drugs in order to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance to them. Otherwise, it will be impossible to cure any.

In diseases of the ENT organs and bronchi, four main groups of antibiotics are used. These are penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones. They are convenient in that they are available in tablets and capsules, that is, for oral administration, and they can be taken at home. Each of the groups has its own characteristics, but for all antibiotics there are rules for taking that must be observed.

• Antibiotics should be prescribed only by a doctor for certain indications. The choice of antibiotic depends on the nature and severity of the disease, as well as on what drugs the patient has previously received.
• Antibiotics should not be used to treat viral diseases.
• The effectiveness of the antibiotic is evaluated during the first three days of its administration. If the antibiotic is working well, you should not interrupt the course of treatment until the period recommended by the doctor. If the antibiotic is ineffective (the symptoms of the disease remain the same, the fever persists), inform the doctor. Only the doctor decides on the replacement of the antimicrobial drug.
• Side effects (eg, mild nausea, bad taste in the mouth, dizziness) do not always require immediate discontinuation of the antibiotic. Often, only a dose adjustment of the drug or additional administration of drugs that reduce side effects is enough. Measures to overcome side effects are determined by the doctor.
• Diarrhea can be a consequence of taking antibiotics. If you have a lot of loose stools, see your doctor as soon as possible. Do not try to treat diarrhea caused by antibiotics on your own.
• Do not reduce the dose prescribed by your doctor. Antibiotics in small doses can be dangerous because after their use, there is a high probability of the emergence of resistant bacteria.
• Strictly observe the time of taking the antibiotic - the concentration of the drug in the blood must be maintained.
• Some antibiotics must be taken before meals, others after. Otherwise, they are absorbed worse, so do not forget to check with your doctor about these features.

Cephalosporins

Peculiarities: broad spectrum antibiotics. They are mainly used intramuscularly and intravenously for pneumonia and many other serious infections in surgery, urology, gynecology. Of the drugs for oral administration, only cefixime is now widely used.

• Cause allergies less frequently than penicillins. But a person who is allergic to the penicillin group of antibiotics can develop a so-called cross-allergic reaction to cephalosporins.
• Can be used by pregnant women and children (each drug has its own age restrictions). Some cephalosporins are legal from birth.

Allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea.

Main contraindications:

Trade name of the drug	Price range (Russia, rub.)
Active substance: Cefixime
panzef (Alkaloid) Suprax(various products) Ceforal Solutab (Astellas)		A widely used drug, especially in children. The main indications for the appointment are tonsillitis and pharyngitis, acute otitis media, sinusitis, uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Suspension is allowed from 6 months, capsules - from 12 years. Lactating women on the days of taking the drug are recommended to stop breastfeeding for a while.

Penicillins

Main indications:

• Angina
• Exacerbation of chronic
• spicy medium
• Exacerbation of chronic
• community-acquired pneumonia
• Scarlet fever
• Skin infections
• Acute cystitis, pyelonephritis and other infections

Peculiarities: are low-toxic broad-spectrum antibiotics.

The most common side effects: allergic reactions.

Main contraindications: individual intolerance.

Important information for the patient:

• Drugs of this group more often than other antibiotics cause allergies. An allergic reaction to several drugs from this group is possible at once. If you develop a rash, hives, or other allergic reactions, stop taking the antibiotic and contact your doctor as soon as possible.
• Penicillins are one of the few groups of antibiotics that can be used by pregnant women and children from a very early age.
• Drugs containing amoxicillin reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills.

Trade name of the drug	Price range (Russia, rub.)	Features of the drug, which is important for the patient to know
Active substance: Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin(different prod.) Amoxicillin DS(Mecofar Chemical-Pharmaceutical) Amosin (Synthesis OJSC) Flemoxin Solutab (Astellas) Hikoncil(Krka)		Widely used antibiotic. Particularly well suited for the treatment of angina. It is used not only for respiratory tract infections, but also in the treatment of stomach ulcers. Well absorbed when taken orally. It is usually applied 2-3 times a day. However, sometimes it is ineffective. This is due to the fact that some bacteria are able to produce substances that destroy this drug.
Active substance: Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
Amoxiclav(Lek) Amoxiclav Quiktab (Lek d.d.) Augmentin (GlaxoSmithKline) panclave (Hemofarm) Flemoklav Solutab(Astellas) Ecoclave (Avva Rus)		Clavulanic acid protects amoxicillin from resistant bacteria. Therefore, this drug is often prescribed to people who have already been treated with antibiotics more than once. It is also better suited for the treatment of sinusitis, infections of the kidneys, biliary tract, skin. It is usually applied 2-3 times a day. More often than other drugs in this group causes diarrhea and liver dysfunction.

macrolides

Main indications:

• Mycoplasma and chlamydia infections (bronchitis, pneumonia in people older than 5 years)
• Angina
• Exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis
• Acute otitis media
• Sinusitis
• Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
• Whooping cough

Peculiarities: antibiotics, which are used mainly in the form of tablets and suspensions. They act a little slower than antibiotics of other groups. This is due to the fact that macrolides do not kill bacteria, but stop their reproduction. Relatively rarely cause allergies.

The most common side effects: allergic reactions, pain and discomfort in the abdomen, nausea, diarrhea.

Main contraindications: individual intolerance.

Important information for the patient:

• To macrolides, resistance of microorganisms develops quite quickly. Therefore, you should not repeat the course of treatment with drugs of this group for three months.
• Some of the drugs in this group can affect the activity of other drugs, and are also less absorbed when interacting with food. Therefore, before using macrolides, you must carefully study the instructions.

Trade name of the drug	Price range (Russia, rub.)	Features of the drug, which is important for the patient to know
Active substance: Azithromycin
Azithromycin(different prod.) Azitral(Shreya) Azitrox (Pharmstandard) Azicide (Zentiva) Zetamax retard (Pfizer) Z-factor (Veropharm) Zitrolide (Valens) Zitrolide forte(Valens) Sumamed (Teva, Pliva) Sumamed forte(Teva, Pliva) Hemomycin (Hemofarm) Ecomed (Avva Rus)	168,03-275 80-197,6	One of the most commonly used drugs in this group. It is better tolerated than others and well absorbed. Unlike other macrolides, it inhibits the growth of Haemophilus influenzae, which often causes otitis media and sinusitis. It is advisable to take on an empty stomach. It circulates in the body for a long time, so it is taken 1 time per day. Short courses of treatment as prescribed by a doctor are possible: from 3 to 5 days. If necessary, it can be used with caution during pregnancy. Contraindicated in severe violations of the liver and kidneys.
Active substance: Erythromycin
Erythromycin(different prod.)	26,1-58,8	A long-used antibiotic, in connection with which some bacteria are resistant to it. Nausea causes somewhat more often than other representatives of this group of antibiotics. It inhibits the work of liver enzymes, which are responsible for the destruction of other drugs. Therefore, some drugs, when interacting with erythromycin, are retained in the body and cause toxic effects. It is very important to use the drug on an empty stomach. Can be used during pregnancy and lactation.
Active substance: Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin(different prod.) Klabaks (Ranbaxi) Clubax OD (Ranbaxi) Klacid(Abbott) Klacid SR (Abbott) Fromilid(Krka) Fromilid Uno(Krka) Ecositrin (Avva Rus)	773-979,5 424-551,4	It is used not only for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, but also in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease to destroy the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. It is active against chlamydia, therefore it is often included in the treatment regimens for sexually transmitted diseases. Side effects and drug interactions are similar to those of erythromycin. It is not used in children under 6 months of age, during pregnancy and lactation.
Active substance: Midecamycin/ midecamycin acetate
macrofoam(Krka)	205,9-429	A classic macrolide antibiotic, often used in suspension form to treat infections in children. Well tolerated. It is advisable to take 1 hour before meals. Quite quickly excreted from the body, so the minimum frequency of reception - 3 times a day. Drug interactions are less likely. During pregnancy, it can be used only in exceptional cases, while breastfeeding is not used.
Active substance: Roxithromycin
Rulid(Sanofi-Aventis)	509,6-1203	Well absorbed, well tolerated. Indications and side effects are standard. Not applicable during pregnancy and lactation.

Fluoroquinolones

Main indications:

• Severe otitis externa
• Sinusitis
• Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
• community-acquired pneumonia
• Dysentery
• salmonellosis
• cystitis, pyelonephritis
• Adnexitis
• Chlamydia and other infections

Peculiarities: powerful antibiotics, most often used for severe infections. They can disrupt the formation of cartilage, and therefore are contraindicated in children and expectant mothers.

The most common side effects: allergic reactions, pain in the tendons, muscles and joints, pain and discomfort in the abdomen, nausea, diarrhea, drowsiness, dizziness, increased sensitivity to ultraviolet rays.

Main contraindications: individual intolerance, pregnancy, breast-feeding, age up to 18 years.

Important information for the patient:

• Fluoroquinolones for oral administration should be taken with a full glass of water, and in total during the treatment period, drink at least 1.5 liters per day.
• For complete assimilation, it is necessary to take drugs at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after taking antacids (heartburn remedies), iron, zinc, bismuth preparations.
• It is important to avoid sunburn during the use of drugs and for at least 3 days after the end of treatment.

Trade name of the drug	Price range (Russia, rub.)	Features of the drug, which is important for the patient to know
Active substance: Ofloxacin
Ofloxacin(various products) Zanocin (Ranbaxi) Zanocin OD(Ranbaxi) Zoflox (Mustafa nevzat ilach sanai) Ofloksin (Zentiva) Tarivid(Sanofi-Aventis)		Most often used in urology, gynecology. For respiratory tract infections, it is not used in all cases. It is indicated for sinusitis, bronchitis, but is not recommended for angina and pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia.
Active substance: Moxifloxacin
Avelox(Bayer)	719-1080	The most powerful antibiotic of this group. It is used for severe acute sinusitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia. It can also be used in the treatment of drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.
Active substance: Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin(various products) Tsiprinol(Krka) Tsiprobay(Bayer) Tsiprolet (Dr. Reddy "c) Tsipromed (Promed) Cifran (Ranbaxi) Digital OD(Ranbaxi) Ecocyfol (Avva Rus)	46,6-81 295-701,5	The most widely used drug from the group of fluoroquinolones. It has a wide spectrum of action, including against pathogens of severe infections. Indications are the same as those of ofloxacin.
Active substance: Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin(various products) Levolet (Dr. Reddy "c) Glevo (Glenmark) Lefoktsin(Shreya) Tavanik(Sanofi-Aventis) Flexid(Lek) Floracid (Valenta, Obolenskoe) Hyleflox(Highlans Laboratories) Ecovid (Avva Rus) Elefloks (Ranbaxi)	366-511 212,5-323	The drug has a very wide spectrum of action. Active against all pathogens of the respiratory tract. Especially often prescribed for pneumonia and sinusitis. It is used for the ineffectiveness of penicillins and macrolides, as well as in cases of severe bacterial diseases.

Remember, self-medication is life-threatening, consult a doctor for advice on the use of any medications.

Antibacterial drugs of a wide spectrum of action are a universal group of drugs, the action of which is aimed at the complex fight against many types of bacteria.

In the ophthalmic field of medicine, such medicines are used quite often and in a variety of formations. Compared to narrowly targeted antibiotic drugs, extended-acting agents allow treating non-serious pathologies of bacterial pathogenesis in a fairly short time and without significant difficulties in organizing therapy.

Today we will talk about the rules and principles for taking such drugs in ophthalmology, paying attention to the best antibiotics. Interesting? Then be sure to read the article below to the end.

Antibacterial eye drops, like other types of similar broad-spectrum drugs, can be effectively used in the treatment of many eye pathologies of bacterial pathogenesis.

The high efficiency of these drugs is due to the fact that their effect on adverse microorganisms is always complex.

At the moment, broad-spectrum antibiotics are able to deal with:

1. gram-positive cocci;
2. streptococci of various forms;
3. gram-negative microorganisms;
4. anaerobic and intracellular bacteria.

The impact of this group of drugs is based on two main points:

• Firstly, they inhibit the synthesis of proteins in an unfavorable microorganism, which contributes to its weakening and subsequent death.
• Secondly, antibiotics significantly suppress the reproduction of bacterial microflora.

In the ophthalmic field of medicine, broad-spectrum antibacterial drops are most common. Their basic purpose is any eye pathology of bacterial pathogenesis with mild and moderate severity of the course.

Often, antibacterial drops are used to treat:

1. blepharitis;
2. meibomites;
3. iridocyclitis;
4. purulent processes of bacterial origin.

Among broad-spectrum antibiotics in the form of drops, two groups can be distinguished:

• The first drugs have a limited vector of action, although they are capable of destroying many different types of bacteria. These include Tobrex, and Tsipromed, which are often prescribed for previously noted ailments, but require a preliminary examination and profile indications from an ophthalmologist.
• The second means truly widely affect the unfavorable microflora and are prescribed for any suspicion of bacterial damage to the eyes. The most effective and popular among them are Levomycetin and, in principle, any florquinolone eye drops.

Some narrowly targeted drugs definitely do not belong to the class under consideration today, so we will not pay attention to them.

We only note that it is better not to self-medicate with antibiotics of a narrow focus, since for their use it is important to conduct a whole list of laboratory examinations and consultations with a professional doctor.

At the same time, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs can be used for symptomatic manifestations of eye disease.

Drops for children

Bacterial eye lesions are noticeably more common in children under 10 years old, so ophthalmic pharmacology is actively producing specialized antibiotics specifically for sick babies.

As a rule, lesions in children are of a general nature, and streptococci, staphylococci, and various rods are almost always present in the smear of the affected eyes. Due to the similar specificity of childhood eye pathologies, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used for their treatment.

The safest and most effective antibacterial drops for children are:

• Tobrex;
• Ciprofloxacin;
• Phloxal.

Despite the good practice of using the noted funds, it is advisable to consult an ophthalmologist even before using them.

Do not forget that the body of children, especially those suffering from some damage, requires high-quality and thoughtful therapy, so it is better to exclude self-medication.

Otherwise, an incorrectly selected drug or its incorrect dosage can not only reduce the effect of treatment to zero, but even worsen the condition of diseased eyes. Of course, it is not necessary to take risks in this way.

Tableted antibiotics

Most often prescribed drops

In case of serious bacterial lesions of the body, which gave complications and visual organs, broad-spectrum antibiotic tablets are used.

For the most part, their appointment is handled by the attending doctor, based in the final decision on the degree of damage to the patient and the individual characteristics of his case.

The specificity of "tablet" antibiotic therapy is quite high, so it is undesirable to engage in it without consulting a professional doctor.

In modern ophthalmology, the following broad-spectrum antibacterial tablets are popular:

• Tetracycline;
• Amoxicillin;
• Ciprofloxacin;
• Ertapenem;
• Chloramphenicol;
• Streptomycin.

Each of the marked means has individual characteristics, therefore, before using any drug, it is extremely important to study in detail the instructions attached to it.

Based on its provisions and on the recommendations of the doctor, antibiotic therapy should be organized using tablets. A different approach in such treatment is not desirable, especially when it comes to getting rid of rather specific eye lesions.

Antibiotic eye ointments

Tears mixed with pus - a symptom of conjunctivitis of bacterial origin

As for antibiotic eye ointments, almost all of them have a wide spectrum of action. A typical representative of this class of agents is usually effective in combating a whole list of bacteria, represented by:

1. spirochetes;
2. myroplasms;
3. gonococci;
4. salmonella;
5. streptococci;
6. coli;
7. staphylococci;
8. chlamydia.

The main purposes for the use of antibiotic ointments in ophthalmology are as follows:

• the development in humans of conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, barley or ulcers of bacterial origin and of a rather serious nature;
• severe manifestations of the disease;
• failure of treatment with eye drops.

As practice shows, the following types of antibacterial ointments are most effective:

1. Phloxal;
2. Tobrex;
3. Tetracycline and Erythromycin ointments;
4. Tetracycline;
5. Kolbiocin.

Before using any ophthalmic ointment, you should consult an ophthalmologist, since the specificity of their therapy is quite high.

Incorrect use of eye ointments is very common, so do not forget to study the instructions that come with it in detail before using this or that remedy. Otherwise, the organized treatment can not only be implemented in vain, but also really worsen the patient's condition.

List of the best broad spectrum ophthalmic antibiotics

Eye drops must be used correctly!

At the end of today's article, let's pay attention to the best broad-spectrum ophthalmic antibiotics.

After analyzing hundreds of reviews of ophthalmologists, our resource has identified the best antibacterial agent from each category. These included the following drugs:

• Levomycetin () is a drug that is one of the most effective among ophthalmic antibiotics. In modern ophthalmology, it is used to treat almost all bacterial eye pathologies of mild and moderate formation. In addition to a significant effect, Levomycetin eye drops have a small number of contraindications and rarely cause side effects, as a result of which they have proven themselves exclusively on the positive side.
• Amoxicillin (tablets) is also a very high-quality and effective antibacterial agent. This broad-spectrum antibiotic in tablet form is most often used to treat bacterial eye diseases. Unlike Levomycetin, Amoxicillin has a greater number of contraindications, but is still the leader in its field of application.
• Tobrex (ointment) is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, which has a quick and mild effect in the treatment of bacterial eye lesions. In principle, the efficiency proven over the years, low cost and the almost complete absence of contraindications speak for themselves about this eye ointment. Definitely, among its class of drugs, Tobrex is one of the best, if not the best representative.

Perhaps, on a note of consideration of the best antibiotics for the eyes, we will complete the story on the topic of today's article. We hope that the presented material was useful for you and gave answers to your questions. Health to you and successful treatment of all diseases!

The video will tell you how to properly instill eye drops, incl. Albucid:

In the medical literature and among doctors, you can hear the term "broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs." What does it mean?

Any antibacterial drug (ABP) has a spectrum of action. These are the microorganisms on which it acts. The more bacteria sensitive to the drug, the wider its spectrum.

Generally, such antibiotics are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These pathogens cause most of the inflammatory diseases in the body.

Most often, ABP is prescribed for such diseases:

• pneumonia and bronchitis;
• sinusitis and frontitis;
• streptococcal angina;
• otitis;
• pyelonephritis.

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are indicated when the exact causative agent is unknown and there is no time for bacteriological culture to determine drug susceptibility.

For example, pneumonia requires therapy on the day of diagnosis, and the only way out is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

With this approach, there is always the possibility of choosing an ineffective drug, to which a specific pathogen is resistant. But this does not happen so often and in any case it is preferable to wait for the results of bakposev.

The following groups of such antibiotics are distinguished:

• penicillins;
• cephalosporins;
• macrolides;
• fluoroquinolones.

Penicillins

Penicillin is the first antibiotic that began to be used in the fight against purulent infection. Thanks to its action, the survival rate of patients in the postoperative period has increased dramatically. The death rate of patients from pneumonia, which was common at all times, also decreased.

The group of penicillins includes the following representatives:

• benzylpenicillin;
• bicillin;
• oxacillin;
• ampicillin;
• amoxicillin.

One, due to the widespread and often unjustified prescription of these antibiotics, most microbes have developed resistance to them, and penicillins have practically ceased to be used. Also, a significant drawback of this group was the inability to withstand the destructive action of beta-lactamases - bacterial enzymes.

However, modern penicillins are protected from microbial influence due to the combination with clavulanic acid.

The most popular drug amoxiclav (Augmentin, Amoxiclav Quiktab) is widely used by doctors of all specialties and is the gold standard in the treatment of infectious and purulent diseases.

Cephalosporins

In terms of their spectrum of action, cephalosporins are not much different from penicillins. Moreover, these groups are characterized by cross-sensitivity.

Allergies to these drugs occur quite often. And if the patient has hypersensitivity to antibiotics of the penicillin series, the appointment of drugs of the second group should be approached with caution. The likelihood of an allergy in such a patient will be increased.

There are four generations of cephalosporins, the first does not differ in a wide spectrum of action. In routine practice, the most commonly prescribed third-generation drugs are ceftriaxone (Medaxone) and cefixime (Cefix).

Cephalosporins are available in tablets and ampoules. Parenteral forms are widely used in surgical, therapeutic and pulmonological (pneumonia, COPD, pleurisy) hospitals.

macrolides

Given that the proportion of these pathogens in the development of diseases of the respiratory system has increased significantly, the relevance of macrolides is increasing every year.

This group is represented by:

• azithromycin;
• clarithromycin;
• erythromycin.

The latter drug is currently practically not used. Doctors can prescribe it only for strict indications - for example, with confirmed sensitivity of microbes to this antibiotic.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones are the antibiotics of the reserve due to the large number of side effects. They affect the liver and kidneys, the blood system, the central nervous system.

However, the effectiveness of these drugs is quite high, and there are not so many bacteria resistant to them.

Currently, fluoroquinolones are beginning to displace even penicillins and cephalosporins from practice. If at first these drugs were prescribed only for diseases of the urinary system, now a group of respiratory fluoroquinolones has been identified. They are widely used in such pathologies:

• bronchitis;
• inflammation of the lungs;
• COPD;
• pleurisy;
• exacerbation of bronchiectasis.

However, when prescribing fluoroquinolones, one should keep in mind their various side effects and warn patients about this.

Antimicrobial medicines in children

What antimicrobial agent can be freely used in pediatrics? Most often, pediatricians recommend antibiotics from the group of penicillins, cephalosporins, or macrolides for children. The latter are used most often due to their high efficiency and ease of use.

Fluoroquinolones, according to the manufacturer's instructions, are not used in children under 14 years of age. This is due to their negative effect on the cartilaginous tissue of the child.

However, in recent years, pediatricians have begun to use these antibiotics in children with cystic fibrosis. The disease is extremely difficult to treat and is characterized by frequent exacerbations, while the pathogens are resistant to most drugs.

Modern medicine cannot do without broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, they should not be abused, which does not form drug resistance in microbes. These drugs are prescribed only by a doctor.

Among people who encounter medicine exclusively in the role of patients, there is a widespread misconception that antibiotics are a panacea for colds, and if you are very unwell, you cannot do without them. This is not entirely true. Indeed, antibiotics are powerful drugs that can effectively eliminate the growth in the number of pathogens, but in most cases of colds they are useless.

The strongest antibiotics

The concept of "strong antibiotic" is more complicated than it seems at first glance. The fact is that antibiotics are classified into groups depending on their chemical structure. Among this group of drugs, there are both drugs synthesized in laboratories and those obtained from natural raw materials, but the most common intermediate option is a natural substance stabilized by laboratory methods.

Each of these substances is effective against a certain number of bacteria. The most powerful antibiotics are broad-spectrum drugs that are effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at the same time. However, the use of such drugs is far from always justified - as a rule, broad-spectrum antibiotics are highly toxic to the body and negatively affect its microflora.

The most powerful antibiotic in the world is Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin drug. Its high efficiency is ensured not only due to the wide range of pathogens that the substance acts on, but also due to the novelty of the compound. It is administered in injections, because. it is produced in the form of an active substance for dilution.

The fact is that bacteria are rapidly mutating creatures that can change the configuration of organisms of subsequent generations in such a way that drugs lose their effectiveness in combating such mutated bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics with the latest structure will always be more effective than previous drugs, with rare exceptions.

Strong antibiotics for colds

Treatment is justified only if, after a viral infection, the patient has developed a bacterial complication of the disease. This often happens due to a decrease in immunity. A viral infection weakens the body and makes it more susceptible to infection, and even a small strain of the pathogen becomes enough to infect bacteria.

Often in such situations, even the strongest antibiotic may not help the patient recover, because. it is necessary to carry out antiviral therapy in addition to it. Antibiotics do not help in the case of an uncomplicated viral infection. If ARVI was diagnosed, i.e. the so-called "cold", then the treatment is symptomatic.

Viruses, unlike bacteria, do not have specific treatments. The engine of the healing process is the power of the human natural immune system. Therefore, when treating viral infections, it is important to stay at home, stay in bed and avoid potential situations of infection, i.e. public places.

Antibiotics in tablets

The strongest antibiotics in tablets can belong to different groups of drugs. Tablets, i.e. oral form of the drug, are the most convenient for use. They do not require sterility and special skills; the patient can take them on their own while on an outpatient basis. However, they can not always be used, for example, it is undesirable to take pills for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

We list some of the strongest today:

• Avelox;
• Cefixime;
• Amoxiclav;
• Rulid;
• Unidox Solutab;
• Sumamed.

When choosing a medicine, you should not be guided only by the well-known name of the antibiotic. The selection of tablets should be done by a doctor, based on the results of the analysis, the patient's condition, the susceptibility of a particular antibiotic strain to a particular drug, as well as other indicators.

Consider the main groups of the latest antibiotics, which are more widely used than all the previous ones, due to their high rates.

Cephalosporin antibiotics are the most powerful broad-spectrum drugs. These medicines have gone through several generations during their development:

• I generation. Cefazolin, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin - drugs that work against staphylococci.
• II generation. Cefaclor, Cefuroxime, Cefamandol are drugs that can eliminate Escherichia and Haemophilus influenzae.
• III generation. Ceftibuten, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone - are used in the treatment of pneumonia and infections of the pelvic organs, incl. pyelonephritis.
• IV generation. Cefepime. An effective, but toxic drug from the entire group. Cefepime-based drugs may have side effects such as nephrotoxicity, i.e. a negative effect on the kidneys, which can lead to a decrease in their function up to failure.

In general, cephalosporins are one of the safest antibiotics with minimal side effects, but they are still serious drugs that, without proper attention to the rules for their use, can harm rather than benefit health.

macrolides

These drugs are prescribed for damage to the body associated with gram-positive bacteria. They are also considered broad-spectrum antibiotics because within the group of Gram-positive bacteria, they are effective against several groups of pathogens.

We list the popular drugs of the group:

• Azithromycin;
• Josamycin;
• Oleandomycin;
• Erythromycin.

Macrolides act bacteriostatically, i.e. stop the reproduction of bacteria, allowing the natural forces of the body to destroy pathogens. This principle of action is the least toxic for humans and their normal microflora, and at the same time highly effective. Macrolides are uncharacteristic of the disadvantages of relatively low concentrations in tissues. The drug accumulates quickly and is retained in the cells for a long time, which allows you to use the minimum effective dose, avoiding intoxication of the body.

Fluoroquinolones

- antibiotics, the positive feature of which is the rapid permeability in the tissue and prolonged high concentration in the body. They are represented by two generations of substances:

• I generation. Effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria.
• II generation. Second-generation fluoroquinolones are also effective against many Gram-negative bacteria, but are not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Doctors prescribe drugs of this group for a wide variety of infectious diseases: chlamydia, tuberculosis, purulent tissue lesions, etc.

Penicillins

Penicillins are the earliest anti-bacterial drugs discovered by mankind. Penicillins are recognized as the most powerful - they have great power in the fight against pathogens and act on a wide range of bacteria. These drugs are well excreted, and therefore are considered to be of low toxicity. However, today, despite the fact that these are very strong antibiotics, many bacteria have learned to produce an enzyme - penicillase, as a result of which the drugs of this group do not work on them.

Common drugs in this group are:

• Amoxicillin;
• Ampiox;
• Oxacillin;
• Ampicillin.

Some doctors still use this group of drugs in their daily practice, but most doctors are inclined to believe that it makes no sense to prescribe penicillins now when there are drugs that are much less toxic to the patient. The spread of penicillins in our country is due to two factors: the "old school" of doctors who are not accustomed to trusting new drugs, and the low cost of penicillins compared to modern groups of drugs.

Thus, today's pharmaceutical market offers several options for groups of powerful antibiotics. Each of them, to a greater or lesser extent, covers a wide range of bacteria against which it has an effect.

In order for the treatment to be safe and effective, the patient undergoes a PCR test, during which the laboratory assistants will empirically find out which group of drugs is best suited for treatment.

With a cold, it is unreasonable to use broad-spectrum drugs, as a rule, they are too toxic. Such drugs are necessary for complex bacterial lesions, when two or more types of bacteria act simultaneously.