Stages of statistical research. Statistical research: concept, stages, significance in statistical analysis
At the heart of any statistical research are three interrelated stages of work:
1) statistical observation;
2) summary and grouping of observational data;
3) scientific processing and analysis of the summary results. Each subsequent stage of statistical research can be carried out provided that the previous (preceding) stages of work have been carried out.
Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research.
Statistical observation- this is a systematic, scientifically organized collection of information about a particular set of social and, in particular, economic phenomena or processes.
Statistical observations are very diverse and differ in the nature of the studied phenomena, the form of organization, the time of observation, and the completeness of the coverage of the studied phenomena. In this connection, a classification of statistical observations according to individual characteristics .
1. According to the form of organization statistical observations are divided into reporting and specially organized statistical observations.
Reporting- this is the main organizational form of statistical observation, which boils down to collecting information from enterprises, institutions and organizations about various aspects of their activities on special forms called reports. Reporting is mandatory. Reporting is divided into main and current, depending on the length of the period in relation to which it is prepared.
Basic reporting also called annual and contains the widest range of indicators covering all aspects of the enterprise.
Current reporting presented throughout the year for various time intervals.
However, there are data that are fundamentally impossible to obtain on the basis of reporting and data that are inappropriate to include in it. It is to obtain these two types of data that specially organized statistical observations are used - various surveys and censuses.
Statistical Surveys- These are such specially organized observations in which the studied set of phenomena is observed for a certain period of time.
Census- this is a form of specially organized statistical observation, in which the studied set of phenomena is observed on a certain date (at a certain moment).
2. On the basis of time all statistical observations are divided into continuous and discontinuous.
Continuous (current) statistical observation is an observation that is carried out continuously in time. With this type of observation, individual phenomena, facts, events are recorded as they occur.
Discontinuous statistical observation- this is an observation in which the observed phenomena, facts, events are recorded not continuously, but after periods of time of equal or unequal duration. There are two types of discontinuous monitoring - periodic and one-time. periodic called discontinuous observation, which is carried out at intervals of time of equal duration. one-time called observation, which is carried out through periods of time of unequal duration or having a one-time character.
3. On the basis of completeness of coverage of the studied mass phenomena, facts, events, statistical observations are divided into continuous and non-continuous, or partial.
Continuous observation aims to take into account all phenomena, facts, events, forming the totality under study, without exception.
Discontinuous observation aims to take into account only a certain part of the phenomena, facts, events that form the totality under study.
Statistical methodology- a system of techniques, methods and methods aimed at studying quantitative patterns that manifest themselves in the structure, dynamics and relationships of socio-economic phenomena. The methodology is basis of statistical research.
Stages of statistical research:
1. statistical observation, or collection of information;
2. summary and grouping of the results of statistical observation, or processing of information;
3. analysis of the received information.
Statistical observation- this is a mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists in registering selected features for each unit of the population.
Process statistical observation includes the following steps:
1) preparation of observation;
2) conducting mass data collection;
3) preparation of data for automated processing;
4) development of proposals for improving statistical observation.
Summary- a set of sequential operations to summarize statistical observation data to characterize the statistical population as a whole and its individual parts (calculation of intermediate and general results). grouping - delimitation of the total statistical population into groups of qualitatively homogeneous units. The results of the statistical summary and grouping are presented in the form of statistical tables.
Analysis or research the essence of the studied phenomena, explores the structure, dynamics and interrelationships of social phenomena and processes.
Has the following steps:
1) statement of facts and their assessment;
2) establishing the characteristic features and causes of each phenomenon;
3) comparison of one phenomenon with others (including with the standard);
4) formulation of hypotheses, conclusions and suggestions.
5) Statistical verification of the hypotheses put forward using special statistical indicators
| 38. Statistical forecasting methods based on indicators of a series of dynamics. The forecasting process based on statistical methods is divided into two stages. First, inductive, is to generalize the data observed over a more or less long period of time, and to present the relevant statistical patterns in the form of a model. A statistical model is obtained either in the form of an analytically expressed development trend, or in the form of an equation depending on one or more factors-arguments. In a number of cases, when studying complex complexes of economic indicators, they resort to the development of so-called interdependent systems of equations, which again consist mainly of equations characterizing statistical dependencies. The process of constructing and applying a statistical model for forecasting, no matter what form the latter has, necessarily includes choosing the form of an equation that describes the dynamics or the relationship of phenomena, and estimating its parameters using one method or another. The second stage, the prediction itself, is deductive. At this stage, based on the found statistical patterns, the expected value of the predicted feature is determined. |
It should be emphasized that the results obtained cannot be regarded as something final. When evaluating and using them, factors, conditions or limitations that were not taken into account when developing a statistical model should be taken into account, and the detected statistical characteristics should be adjusted in accordance with the expected change in the circumstances of their formation. In short, the prognostic estimates found with the help of statistical methods are important material, which, however, must be critically considered. At the same time, the main thing is to take into account possible changes in the very trends in the development of economic phenomena and objects.
39. Statistical tables, their types, constituent elements and rules for constructing tables. Statistical table - a form of the most rational presentation of the resulting statistical summary and grouping of numerical (numerical) data. In appearance, it is a combination of vertical and horizontal lines, containing side and top headers. The statistical table contains the subject and the predicate.
The subject of the table represents the statistical population referred to in the table, i.e. a list of individual or all units of the population or their groups. Most often, the subject is placed on the left side of the table and contains a list of strings.
| 41. STRUCTURAL MEAN FASHION AND ITS DEFINITION. The value of the average is determined by all the values of the attribute found in the given distribution series. There are such structural averages as: (1) mode (2) median (3) quartile (4) decile (5) percentile Mode is the most common variant of the series. Fashion is used, for example, in determining the size of clothes, shoes, which are in greatest demand among buyers. The mode for a discrete series is the variant with the highest frequency. When calculating the mode for the interval variation series, you must first determine the modal interval (by the maximum frequency), and then the value of the modal value of the attribute according to the formula: where: |
Predicate of the table - indicators with the help of which the characteristic of the phenomenon displayed in the table is given.
If the subject of the table contains a simple list of any objects, the table is called simple. The subject of a simple table does not contain any groupings of statistical data. If the subject of a simple table contains a list of territories, then such a table is called territorial.
A simple table contains only descriptive information, its analytical capabilities are limited. A deep analysis of the studied population, the relationship of signs involves the construction of more complex tables - group and combination.
Group tables contain in the subject a grouping of units of the object of observation according to one essential attribute. The simplest type of group table are tables that represent distribution series. The group table can be more complex if the predicate contains not only the number of units in each group, but also a number of other important indicators that quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the subject groups. Such tables are often used to compare summary indicators across groups, which makes it possible to draw certain practical conclusions.
Combination tables are called statistical tables, the subject of which is a group of units formed according to one attribute, divided into subgroups according to one or more characteristics. Unlike simple and group tables, combinational tables allow us to trace the dependence of the predicate indicators on several features that formed the basis of the combinational grouping in the subject.
Basic rules for constructing statistical tables:
1) the title should reflect the object, sign, time and place of the event;
2) columns and lines should be numbered;
3) columns and lines must contain units of measurement;
4) the information compared during the analysis is placed in adjacent columns (or one under the other);
5) the numbers in the table are put down in the middle of the column, strictly one under the other; it is advisable to round numbers with the same degree of accuracy;
6) the absence of data is indicated by the multiplication sign ( ), if this position is not to be filled in, the absence of information is indicated by an ellipsis (...), or n.d., or n. St., in the absence of a phenomenon, a dash (-) is put;
7) to display very small numbers use the designation 0.0 or 0.00; if the number is obtained on the basis of conditional calculations, then it is taken in brackets, doubtful numbers are accompanied by a question mark, and preliminary ones - by the sign (*).
40. Structural mean median and its definition. Median- this is the numerical value of the trait for the unit of the population that is in the middle of the ranked series (built in ascending or descending order of the values of the trait being studied). Median sometimes called middle option, because it divides the population into two equal parts in such a way that on both sides of it there is the same number of units of the population. If all units of a series are assigned serial numbers, then the serial number of the median will be determined by the formula (n + 1): 2 for series, where n is odd. If a row with even number of units, then median will be the average value between two adjacent options, determined by the formula: n:2, (n+1):2, (n:2)+1.
In discrete variational series with an odd number of population units, this is a specific numerical value in the middle of the series.
Finding the median in interval variational series requires a preliminary determination of the interval in which the median is located, i.e. median interval- this interval is characterized by the fact that its cumulative (cumulative) frequency is equal to half the sum or exceeds the half sum of all frequencies of the series.
X Me - the lower limit of the median interval
h Me - the value of the median interval;
S Me-1 - the sum of the accumulated frequencies of the interval preceding the median interval;
- f Me is the local frequency of the median interval.
The frequency of the interval following the modal
42. The essence and meaning of graphs, their main elements. In statistics schedule called illustrative image The representation of statistical quantities and their relationships using geometric points, lines, figures or geographic maps.
Graphs attach presentation of statistics greater visibility than tables, expressiveness, facilitate their perception and analysis. Allows you to visually assess the nature of the phenomenon under study, its inherent patterns, development trends, relationships with other indicators, the geographical resolution of the studied phenomena. Even in ancient times, the Chinese said that one image replaces a thousand words. Whenever possible, it is recommended to always start the analysis of statistical data with their graphic representation. The graph allows you to immediately get a general idea of the entire set of statistical indicators. The graphical method of analysis acts as a logical continuation of the tabular method and serves the purpose of obtaining generalizing statistical characteristics of the processes inherent in mass phenomena.
With the help of graphic statistic images p solved tasks stat.studies:
1) a visual representation of the magnitude of indicators (phenomena) in comparison with each other;
2) characterization of the structure of any phenomenon;
3) change of the phenomenon in time;
4) the progress of the plan;
5) the dependence of a change in one phenomenon on a change in another;
6) the prevalence or distribution of any quantities across the territory
In each graph, the following are distinguished (distinguished): essential elements:
- 1) spatial reference points (coordinate system);
- 2) graphic image;
- 3) chart field;
- 4) scale landmarks;
- 5) schedule explication;
- 6) name of the chart
43. Essence and meaning of averages. average value- a generalized characteristic of the level of attribute values, obtained per unit of population. The average value is calculated for signs that are qualitatively homogeneous and differ only quantitatively, which are inherent in all phenomena in a given set.
Average values are common (reflect the population as a whole) and group (reflect the feature by groups). They are divided into 2 categories - power and structural .
to power include - harmonic mean, geometric mean, arithmetic mean, mean square. The most common - cf. arithmetic. Wed harmonic used as the inverse of arithmetic. RMS used in calculating the indicators of variation, cf. geometric– in the analysis of dynamics.
to structural are the mode and the median. Fashion- the value of the studied trait with the highest frequency. Median- the value of the feature that comes to the middle of the ranged series. Fashion is used in commercial practice to study consumer demand and record prices. In a discrete series, the mode is the variant with the highest frequency. In the interval variation series, the mode is the central variant of the interval, which has the highest frequency. Using the median allows you to get more accurate results than using other forms of averages. The property of the median is that the sum of the absolute deviations of the trait values from the median is less than from any other value. determine the accumulated frequencies for this ranked series; according to the accumulated frequencies, we find the median interval.
Statistical work, as a rule, is built in the form of a series of successive stages, or stages (Fig. 2.6.). However, this scheme is not an established template once and for all, and in the daily practice of healthcare institutions, where all of the above steps are carried out, it can be modified depending on the objectives and goals of the study. So, filling in accounting documents corresponds to the stage of statistical observation. Compilation of periodic reports - the stage of statistical summary and grouping of materials. The analysis of the activities of a medical institution consists in the preparation of text reports, explanatory notes and business reviews that give a scientific and medical interpretation and explanation of digital data.
Stages of statistical research
Any properly organized statistical work is built according to the same type of scheme, which is equivalent in its main stages and stages. Sanitary-statistical research consists, as already noted, of four successive stages, which, in turn, break up into a number of separate statistical operations.
First stage is a preparatory work, which includes the preparation of a well-thought-out, clear plan and research program. The result of the entire study as a whole largely depends on the thoroughness and scrupulousness of the preparatory work.
Second phase- this is a statistical observation or collection of materials, which consists in the registration of individual phenomena, single facts, their signs and elements. In medical institutions, this stage is carried out in the form of filling in certain accounting documents.
Third stage is a statistical (tabular) summary and grouping of the received materials, i.e. the first counting operation for the processing of "statistical raw materials". Thus, the summary consists in systematizing and summarizing individual records and summarizing in the form of statistical tables. A practical example of a summary can be reports from medical institutions.
Fourth stage- counting processing and analysis of materials. It consists in obtaining absolute numbers of derived quantities, their qualitative analysis and scientific and medical interpretation (comparison with other materials, results and conclusions, literary and graphic design, publication). The practical expression of the analysis is the preparation of an explanatory note, i.e. text part of the report, summary-analytical or market review.
The selection of three stages by some authors (combining the first two) or expanding to five stages (separation of computational processing and analysis) is not essential. You can accept a scheme with any number of stages, because what is important is not their number, but continuity, inseparable connection, strict sequence, interdependence and conditionality, occurring on the basis of a correct grouping. Mistakes made in one link can nullify all subsequent work.
Preparatory work and its content. The task of the preparatory work is to draw up a program and plan for the study. The organizational plan is outlined as a whole and for individual stages. The most important direction in this is the determination of the purpose of the study, the plan and program of observation and summary.
Individual elements of the first stage can be presented in a certain sequence:
Establishing the purpose and objectives of the study, i.e. the formulation of theoretical provisions and the definition of real needs that caused the need for this study, its limits and content.
So the wording “studying the incidence of the population” is unclear and very vague, therefore, it is necessary to clarify the types of diseases to be studied (general, professional, with temporary disability, etc.), the purposefulness of the work (finding out the impact on the dental health of the population of working conditions, living conditions , the quality of therapeutic and preventive or sanitary and anti-epidemic measures, etc.).
The researcher must first familiarize himself in detail with the essence of the issue and with published literary or documentary sources.
Definition of the object of observation, i.e. the main totality of the studied persons or phenomena, its number and nature. The object of observation - who or what is to be studied - is, as a rule, certain contingents of persons (workers, employees, schoolchildren, conscripts, etc.). Sources of water supply, dormitories, trade enterprises and other institutions subject to sanitary supervision can also serve as an object, in special experimental work - animals and plants. Thus, the object of observation can be people, objects, phenomena, events, etc.
Determining the scope of observation. The question of the amount of material (patients, experiments, experimental animals) is associated with the degree of homogeneity of the studied population. The more homogeneous the population, the fewer observations are required. In addition to the estimated number of observations, the concept of the scope of work also includes the degree of detail of the study, i.e. the number of registered features.
One of the most important sections of the preparatory work is the establishment of the unit of observation, or the primary case of counting, i.e. those persons, objects or phenomena that would become an element of counting, a kind of "atom" of the studied population, which bears its signs.
The establishment of a unified unit of observation ensures the comparability of materials, the ability to "compare the comparable", because comparison is the soul of statistics, its basis. A clear definition of the unit of observation is necessary for the accuracy and uniformity of the collected materials, for the correctness of subsequent generalizations. The content of the unit of observation is determined by the goals and objectives of the study. For example, when studying different types of morbidity, each of them has its own unit of observation.
Even such seemingly simple questions included in the census form, such as literacy (how to take into account a person who can read but cannot write), marital status (registered or actual marriage), nationality (child of parents of different nationalities), etc., require clarification. .P.
Clarifications are also needed when taking into account doctors (whether to include workers not in their specialty or pensioners), during the census of the housing stock (what is considered an apartment); when determining surgical intervention (whether to consider abortion, biopsy, skin grafting, etc. as an operation). For example, if you ask the question "How is your dental health?" several people, one will rate it as bad, another as good, a third as satisfactory, and so on. But these are all subjective assessments, and an objective study of the dental health of the same individuals may lead to the same assessments of dental health in all subjects or to other assessments that differ from subjective assessments.
The subject of observation requires serious attention, i.e. These are the organizers and participants of the work. It is necessary to foresee in advance the forces and qualifications of personnel filling out and developing documentation, controlling and responsible for collecting material. Moreover, the number of participants at different stages of work may vary. The volume and program of the study often depend on the preparedness and qualifications of the participants in the work.
The organizational or organizational-technical plan of observation also includes questions about the place and time of observation. The place of observation is the administrative-territorial boundaries: a village or several villages (point settlements with the presence of doctors), an administrative district, a city or its district, a territory, a region, a republic. In medical-geographical studies, devoted in particular to issues of regional pathology, certain areas are selected (for example, the study of the physical development of children in the Arctic, the spread of dentoalveolar anomalies among the inhabitants of Sakhalin, the spread of thyroid pathology among adolescents of the Magadan region). Study time, i.e. specific terms are determined both for the observation period and for the entire study as a whole (both development and analysis). Depending on the objectives of the study, its period is planned. For example, a study over the past 5 years or from January 1 of the next year, for a certain season (when studying the effectiveness of a summer health campaign or spa treatment). Sometimes the question of the term is closely related to the research method (anamnestic, follow-up, etc.). Along with the usual one-time "cross-sectional" studies over a short period of time, so-called "longitudinal" or cohort studies are used, i.e. long-term observations of the same population group (“cohort”).
You should also indicate the sources of obtaining materials. Most often they are primary accounting medical documents: “Statistical coupon” (account form No. 25-2 / y), “Card of a person who left the hospital” (account form No. 066 / y), “Emergency notification of an infectious disease, food, acute professional poisoning” (registration form No. 058/y) and others. Often these are specially designed documents. Sometimes the research is based on reporting documents. But since Because they contain ready-made and, moreover, limited groupings, they are of little use for in-depth analysis. For some works, such literary sources as bulletins of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other UN bodies, official reference publications, etc. are used.
In the monitoring plan, it is necessary to provide for various forms of practical implementation of the research results (writing a report and an explanatory note to it, a summary analytical review, report, publication, article, brochure, monograph, reference book). Summing up, we can say that the monitoring plan should answer the questions: what, where, when, by whom, and how will be studied. Speaking about the plan and the monitoring program, it must be emphasized that the list of data to be collected is determined by the monitoring program, and the procedure for implementing the program is established by the monitoring plan.
The research program includes several parts devoted to the choice of the goal, the tasks for achieving it, research methods, methods of observation, the definition of the unit of observation and the collection of relevant information.
In practice, the list of program questions and their individual features is expressed in the form of an accounting and statistical document, mainly of a card type (form, form, questionnaire) and less often of a list type (magazine, statement, account book). Generally accepted officially valid medical documents of the same type are approved by the relevant authorities (accounting - by the Ministry of Health, reporting - by the State Statistics Committee, etc.).
An extremely responsible stage of work, which is of exceptional importance, is the creation of special programs for in-depth research.
Simultaneously with the research program, a plan and program for the upcoming summary (drafts and layouts of worksheets) are drawn up. The preparation of the program is preceded by the theoretical development of the problem and practical tasks, the creation of working hypotheses, pathogenetic groups, as well as the development of a system of indicators for future analysis. The English statistician A. Bradford Hill (1958) points out: “The main and decisive step in conducting special surveys is the compilation of an accounting form. No matter how much attention you give to this task, it can never be too much.
When moving to mechanized accounting and development, you should leave room for markup ciphers, and provide for a clear wording of questions and their number. Answers should be specific and related to certain conditions (in particular, taking into account the place and time).
An example of a statistical research program in pediatrics
There are certain rules for compiling a statistical map.
First, it should not be overloaded. It is necessary to include only the necessary and necessary questions that will be needed in subsequent development.
Secondly, the questions must be clearly and precisely formulated and not cause different interpretations (and sometimes distrust or fear). Examples of vague wordings can be such as “the alleged place of infection” (either the entrance gate of the infection, or the area), “nutrition of the ulcer patient” (it is not clear - this refers to the diet or fatness, “reduced nutrition”).
Thirdly, the answers should be clear and categorical (yes, no, number, diagnosis). It's even better if they can be marked with a hint for underlining.
Fourthly, the construction of the program provides for the coordination and mutual control of issues (diagnosis, gender, age, profession and work experience, year of graduation, etc.).
A necessary addition to the statistical map is an instruction (sometimes printed on the map) that explains the meaning of terms, the procedure for filling out and maintaining documents using specific examples.
There are no trifles in statistics, and the concise nature of the questions emphasizes this especially. N.I. Pirogov pointed out the significance of the conciseness of the statistical program: "There is no need to go into details about each subject: one word entered in the column will sometimes say everything you need to know." N.I. Pirogov also wrote that statisticians should act according to a single definite plan.
Sometimes, to test the program and methodology for collecting materials, preliminary development is carried out on a limited scale.
A very important prerequisite for the success of the study is a collective discussion of the plan and program (and subsequently also the results) with interested and competent persons, as well as with the participants in the work.
Modern statistical research can be extensive, large-scale. In any case, it is advisable to estimate in advance the amount of work to be done and the costs required for this. Some of the latter may be covered in certain cases from traditional sources (for example, the salaries of medical workers), but some may require special allocations, allocation of additional human and material resources.
Quantitative characterization of socio-economic processes in direct connection with their qualitative nature in the system of social production is impossible without deep statistical research. The use of various methods and techniques of statistical methodology presupposes the availability of comprehensive and reliable information about the object under study. The study of mass social phenomena includes the stages of collecting statistical information and its primary processing, information and grouping of observation results into certain aggregates, generalization and analysis of the materials obtained.
At the first stage of statistical research, primary statistical data, or initial statistical information, is formed, which is the foundation of the future statistical building. In order for the building to be durable, solid and of high quality, its foundation must be. If a mistake was made in the collection of primary statistical data or the material turned out to be of poor quality, this will affect the correctness and reliability of both theoretical and practical conclusions. Therefore, statistical observation from the initial to the final stage - obtaining the final materials - must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.
Statistical observation provides the source material for generalization, the beginning of which is a summary. If, during statistical observation, each of its units receives information that characterizes it from many sides, then these summaries characterize the entire statistical aggregate and its individual parts. At this stage, the population is divided according to the signs of difference and combined according to the signs of similarity, the total indicators are calculated for the groups and as a whole. With the help of the grouping method, the studied phenomena are divided into the most important types, characteristic groups and subgroups according to essential features. With the help of groupings, populations that are qualitatively homogeneous in a significant respect are limited, which is a prerequisite for the definition and application of generalizing indicators.
At the final stage of the analysis, with the help of generalizing indicators, relative and average values are calculated, a summary assessment of the variation of signs is given, the dynamics of phenomena is characterized, indices and balance constructions are applied. Indicators are calculated that characterize the closeness of relationships in the change of signs. For the purpose of the most rational and visual presentation of digital material, it is presented in the form of tables and graphs.
The concept of statistical observation
stat. The research consists of 3 main stages:
1. Stat. observation
2. Primary processing, summary and grouping of observation results
3. Analysis of the obtained summary results
The monitoring process includes: stages:
1. Preparation of observation
2. Conduct mass data collection
3. Preparation of data for automated processing and processing
4. Development of proposals for improving the hundredth observation
It should be noted that the results of analysis and quality depend on the completeness and quality of the material collected during the observation process.
15. Methodological issues of organization stat. observations.
stat. observation should begin with a precise formulation of its goals and specific tasks. The following are defined:
Object and unit of observation
A program is being developed
Choose the type and method of observation
Under the object stat. observation is understood to be stat-I set in which the studied social economics proceed. phenomena and processes
(N: cos-t - p / n
Persons residing on the territories
Students, education in universities)
Observation unit. a component of the objects of observation is called a carrier of signs subject to registration (department number, payment order, department of students, people)
Observation units should be distinguished from reporting units under the cat. understand the subjects that provide information about the unit of observation (often these concepts coincide)
The monitoring program is a list of issues on which information is collected or a list of signs and indicators to be registered.
The observation program is drawn up in the form of a statistical form, form, questionnaire, questionnaire or census sheet, etc., where primary research is entered.
The key issue in the organization of observation yavl. the question of the place and time of its implementation, it depends mainly on the purpose of the study.
Choice of location for observation. the objectives and goals of the study (for which scoop they want to get data, they study for that)
The choice of time is closed in the definition of the observation period and the critical moment of observation.
The observation period is the time during which the registration must be carried out.
The critical observation date is the date up to which information is reported.
The critical moment is the point in time at which the observed facts are recorded.
Their differences are explained and often in the period of observation. long enough for this time, certain changes in the population may occur, the cat. need to reflect on others. Therefore, the results of observ. fixed as of the critical moment. The changes that have taken place, the Soviets do not study in the future.
A critical moment is like a snapshot of a population (or study scoop)
As a rule, the critical moment is tied to the start date of the work.
Forms, types, methods of stat. observations
Forms.
1. Stat. reporting is such an organizational form in which units of observables provide information about their activities in the form of forms, a regulatory apparatus.
The peculiarity of reporting is that it is obligatorily justified, obligatory in execution and legally confirmed by the signature of the head or responsible person.
2. Specially organized observation is the most striking and simple example of this form of observation. census. The census is usually carried out at regular intervals, simultaneously in the entire study area at the same time.
Russian statistical bodies conduct censuses of the population of certain types of settlements and organizations, material resources, perennial plantations, NZ construction objects, etc.
4. Register form of observation - based on the maintenance of the statistical register. In the register each unit obl-I har-Xia number of indicators. In domestic statistical practice, the most widely used registers are us-I and p / p registers.
Registration of the population - conducted by the registry office
Registration p / p - USREO lead.org. statistics.
Kinds.
can be divided into groups according to the following. featured:
a) at the time of registration
b) in terms of coverage of units of cos-ti
By time reg. they are:
Current (continuous)
Discontinuous (periodic and one-time)
At current obs. changes in phenomena and processes are recorded as they are received (registration of birth, death, marriage, divorce, etc.)
Periodic obs. carried out through the intervals (N census every 10 years)
One-time obs. held either irregularly or only once (referendum)
By scope cos. stat. obl. there are:
solid
discontinuous
Continuous observ. is a survey of all units of cos
Non-continuous observation assumes that only part of the research is subject to maintenance.
There are several types of discontinuous observation:
Main method array
Selective (self)
monographic
This method is x-Xia in that, as a rule, the most creatures are selected, usually the largest units. owls in a cat. middle means. part of all the observable signs.
With monographic observation, careful an. are subjected to units study oh owls or m.b. or typical for this cov-ti units. or represent some new varieties of phenomena.
Obs. carried out in order to identify or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.
Ways
Direct observation
Documentary observ.
Directly called. such observable with a cat the registrars themselves, by means of direct measurement, calculation, containment, establish the fact subject to registration and, on this basis, make an entry in the form.
Documentary method obl. based on the use of various documents as sources of information, as a rule of accounting x-ra (i.e. statistical reporting)
Poll is a method of persuasion with a cat. the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent (i.e. the respondent) (oral, correspondent, questionnaire, private, etc.)
The result of the first stage of statistical research - statistical observation - is information characterizing each unit of the statistical population. However, the ability to reflect the patterns and trends in the dynamics of the phenomena under study with the help of even the most complete characterization of individual facts is limited. Such data is obtained only as a result of a statistical summary. A summary is an ordering, systematization and generalization of statistical data obtained during statistical observation. Only proper processing of statistical material makes it possible to reveal the essence of socio-economic phenomena, the characteristic features and essential features of individual types, to discover patterns and trends in their development. A distinction is made between a simple and a group summary, or a summary in a narrow and broad sense. A simple summary is the calculation of the totals in groups and subgroups and the presentation of this material in tables. As a result of a simple summary of statistical data, it is possible to determine the number of enterprises, the total number of employees, the volume of production in monetary terms. These summaries are for the most part informative. They give a generalized characteristic of the population in the form of absolute values.
A group summary, or a summary in the broad sense, is a complex process for the multilateral processing of primary statistical data, i.e. data obtained as a result of observation. It includes the grouping of statistical data, the development of a system of indicators to characterize groups, the calculation of group and overall results, the calculation of generalizing indicators. The task of a statistical summary as the second stage of a statistical study is to obtain generalizing indicators for information, reference and analytical purposes. The summary of mass statistical data is carried out according to a previously developed program and plan. In the process of developing the program, the subject and predicate of the summary are determined. The subject is the object of study, divided into groups and subgroups. The predicate is indicators that characterize the subject of the summary. The summary program is determined by the objectives of the statistical study.
Statistical summary is carried out according to a predetermined plan. The summary plan addresses questions about how to work on summarizing information - manually or mechanically, about the sequence of individual summary operations. The deadlines for the completion of each stage and the summary as a whole, as well as the methods for presenting the results of the summary, are established. These can be distribution series, statistical tables and statistical graphs.
