Direct and figurative meaning of words in Russian. Summary of the lesson "direct and figurative meanings of the word"

Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is embedded in the concept of "language". How much is hidden in it, and how little we really know about the language! Every day and even every minute we spend next to him - whether we speak our thoughts aloud or conduct an internal dialogue, read or listen to the radio ... Language, our speech is a real art, and it should be beautiful. And its beauty must be genuine. What helps in finding the true beauty of language and speech?

The direct and figurative meaning of words is what enriches our language, develops it and transforms it. How does this happen? Let's understand this endless process, when, as they say, words grow from words.

First of all, you should understand what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is, and what main types they are divided into. Each word can have one or more meanings. Words with the same meaning are called monosemantic words. In Russian, there are much fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples are words such as computer, ash, satin, sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including figuratively, is a polysemantic word, examples: a house can be used in the meaning of a building, a place for people to live, a family way of life, etc.; the sky is the air space above the earth, as well as the location of the visible luminaries, or divine power, conduction.

With ambiguity, a direct and figurative meaning of a word is distinguished. The first meaning of the word, its basis - this is the direct meaning of the word. By the way, the word “direct” in this context is figurative, i.e. the main meaning of the word is “something even, without bends” - is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning “literal, unambiguously expressed”. So there is no need to go far - you just need to be more attentive and observant in what words we use, when and how.

From the above example, it already becomes clear that the figurative meaning is the secondary meaning of the word, which arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the object was the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are such types of figurative meaning as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche.

The direct and figurative meaning of a word can overlap with each other based on similarity - this is a metaphor. For example:

ice water - ice hands (by sign);

poisonous mushroom - poisonous character (by sign);

a star in the sky - a star in the hand (according to the location);

chocolate candy - chocolate tan (based on color).

Metonymy is the selection in a phenomenon or object of some property, which, by its nature, can replace the rest. For example:

gold jewelry - she has gold in her ears;

porcelain dishes - there was porcelain on the shelves;

headache - my head is gone.

And, finally, synecdoche is a type of metonymy, when one word is replaced by another on the basis of a constant, really existing ratio of part to whole and vice versa. For example:

He is a real head (meaning very smart, the head is the part of the body that houses the brain).

The whole village sided with him - every inhabitant, that is, the "village" as a whole, which replaces its part.

What can be said in conclusion? Only one thing: if you know the direct and figurative meaning of a word, you will not only be able to use certain words correctly, but also enrich your speech, and learn how to convey your thoughts and feelings beautifully, and maybe one day you will come up with your own metaphor or metonymy ... Who knows?

What is the direct and figurative meaning of the word

The multiplicity of meanings of a word is that aspect of linguistics and linguistics that attracts the close attention of researchers, since each language is a mobile and constantly changing system. Every day new words appear in it, as well as new meanings of words already known. For their competent use in speech, it is necessary to monitor the processes of formation of new semantic shades in the Russian language.

Polysemantic words

These are lexical items that have two or more meanings. One of them is direct, and all the rest are portable.

It is important to note what place in the Russian language is occupied by polysemantic words. Direct and figurative meanings are one of the main aspects of the study of linguistics, since the phenomenon of polysemy covers more than 40% of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This happens because no language in the world is able to give its own specific designation to each specific subject and concept. In this regard, there is a discrepancy between the meanings of one word for several others. This is a natural process that occurs under the influence of factors such as associative thinking of people, metaphor and metonymy.

Aspects of polysemy: relations of meaning

Polysemy implies a certain system of meanings of a word. How does this system come about? How do such two components appear as the direct and figurative meaning of a word? First of all, any lexical unit is formed in the language with the formation of a new concept or phenomenon. Then, due to certain linguistic processes, additional meanings appear, which are called figurative. The main influence on the formation of new meanings is provided by the specific context in which the word is located. Many researchers note that polysemy is often impossible outside the linguistic context.

Words with direct and figurative meanings become such by linking to the context, and their use depends on the choice of meaning in each specific situation.

Aspects of polysemy: semantic relations

It is very important to distinguish between such concepts as polysemy and homonymy. Polysemy is a polysemy, a system of meanings attached to the same word, related to each other. Homonymy is a phenomenon of linguistics, covering words that are identical in form (spelling) and sound design (pronunciation). At the same time, such lexical units are not related in meaning and do not have a common origin from one concept or phenomenon.

The direct and figurative meaning of a word in the light of the semantic relationships between the various meanings attached to a particular word are the object of study by many scientists. The difficulty of studying this group of lexical units is that it is often difficult to find a common initial meaning for polysemantic words. It is also difficult to separate completely unrelated meanings that have many common features, but are only examples of homonymy.

Aspects of polysemy: categorical connection

Of particular importance for scientists in the aspect of the study of the topic "Direct and figurative meaning of the word" is the explanation of polysemy in terms of cognitive categorization. This theory suggests that the language system is an extremely flexible structure that can change due to the acquisition of new concepts about a phenomenon or object in the human mind.

Many researchers are inclined to believe that polysemy appears and develops according to certain laws, and is not due to spontaneous and unsystematic processes in the language. All the meanings of this or that word are initially in the mind of a person, and are also a priori embedded in the structure of the language. This theory already affects not only aspects of linguistics, but also psycholinguistics.

Direct value characteristic

All people have an intuitive idea of what the direct and figurative meaning of the word is. Speaking in the language of the inhabitants, the direct meaning is the most common meaning that is embedded in a word; it can be used in any context, directly pointing to a specific concept. In dictionaries, the direct meaning always comes first. The numbers are followed by figurative values.

All lexical units, as mentioned above, can be divided into single-valued and multi-valued. Single-valued words are those that have only a direct meaning. This group includes terms, words with a narrow subject relatedness, new, not yet very common words, proper names. Perhaps, under the influence of the processes of development of the language system, the words of these categories may acquire additional meanings. In other words, lexical units, representatives of these groups, will not necessarily always be unambiguous.

Portable value characteristic

This topic will definitely be chosen by any teacher of the Russian language at school for certification. “The direct and figurative meaning of the word” is a section that occupies a very important place in the structure of the study of Russian speech, so it is worth talking about it in more detail.

Consider the figurative meaning of lexical units. A figurative is an additional meaning of a word that has appeared as a result of an indirect or direct nomination. All additional meanings are associated with the main meaning metonymically, metaphorically or associatively. For figurative meanings, blurring of meanings and boundaries of usage is characteristic. It all depends on the context and style of speech in which the additional meaning is used.

Particularly interesting are cases when a figurative meaning takes the place of the main one, displacing it from use. An example is the word "balda", which originally meant a heavy hammer, and now - a stupid, narrow-minded person.

Metaphor as a way of transferring meaning

Scientists distinguish different types of figurative meanings of a word depending on the way they are formed. The first one is a metaphor. The main meaning can be transferred by the similarity of features.

So, they distinguish similarities in shape, color, size, actions, feelings and emotional state. Naturally, this classification is conditional, since similar concepts can be metaphorically subdivided into the categories listed earlier.

This classification is not the only possible one. Other researchers distinguish metaphorical transfer by similarity, depending on the animation of the subject. Thus, the transfer of the properties of an animate object to an inanimate one, and vice versa, is described; animate to animate, inanimate to inanimate.

There are also certain models according to which metaphorical transfer occurs. Most often, this phenomenon refers to household items (a rag as a tool for washing the floor and a rag as a weak-willed, weak-willed person), professions (a clown as a circus performer and a clown as someone who behaves stupidly, trying to seem like the soul of the company), sounds characteristic of animals (mooing like a sound that a cow makes, and like a slurred speech of a person), diseases (an ulcer as a disease and as satire and evil irony in human behavior).

Metonymy as a way of transferring meaning

Another aspect that is important for studying the topic “Direct and figurative meaning of a word” is metonymic transfer by adjacency. It is a kind of substitution of concepts depending on the meanings embedded in them. For example, documents are often called papers, a group of children at school is called a class, and so on.

The reasons for this transfer of value can be as follows. Firstly, this is done for the convenience of the speaker, who seeks to shorten his speech as much as possible. Secondly, the use of such metonymic constructions in speech may be unconscious, because in Russian the expression "eat a bowl of soup" implies a figurative meaning, which is realized with the help of metonymy.

The use of words in a figurative sense

In practical classes in Russian, any teacher will certainly require examples to be given to the section being studied. “Polysemantic words: direct and figurative meanings” is a topic that is replete with visual illustrations.

Take the word "burdock". The direct meaning of this concept is a plant with large leaves. This word can also be used in relation to a person in the meaning of "narrow", "stupid", "simple". This example is a classic use of metaphor to convey meaning. Adjacency transfer is also easily illustrated by the phrase "drink a glass of water." Naturally, we do not drink the glass itself, but its contents.

So, the topic of figurative meanings is intuitively clear to everyone. It is only important to understand how the direct meaning of the word is transformed.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word. What examples can you give?

The direct meaning of the word strictly correlates with a certain thing, attribute, action, quality, etc. A word may have a figurative meaning at points of contact, similarity with another object in form, function, color, purpose, etc.

Examples of the meaning of words:

table (furniture) - address table, table No. 9 (diet);

black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (cheerless);

a bright room - a bright mind, a bright head;

dirty rag - dirty thoughts;

cold wind - cold heart;

golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;

heavy burden - heavy look;

heart valve - cardiac reception;

gray mouse - gray man.

Zolotynka

A large number of words and figures of speech in Russian can be used both in the direct and figurative (figurative) sense.

The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning, the narrator means exactly what he says.

We use words in a figurative sense in order to give figurativeness to our speech, to emphasize some quality or action.

The examples below will help you "feel the difference":

The language is in constant development, those words that a few decades ago were used only in the literal sense, can begin to be used figuratively - a birdhouse - a starling's house, a birdhouse - a traffic police post, a zebra - an animal, a zebra - a pedestrian crossing.

Nelli4ka

Direct - this is the primary meaning of a word, figurative - secondary. Here are some examples:

Golden earrings - direct meaning.

My husband has golden hands - figurative meaning.

Rain worm- direct.

Book worm- portable.

Silver ring - straight.

Silver century - portable.

Burning in the sky star- direct.

Star screen - portable.

Icy sculpture - direct.

Icy smile is portable.

Sugar buns - straight.

Mouth sugar- portable.

Woolen blanket- direct.

Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.

mink fur coat- direct.

Herring under fur coat- portable.

Marble plate - straight.

Marble cupcake - portable.

Black suit - direct.

Leave for black day - portable.

Any word in Russian initially has one or more direct meanings. That is, the word Key can mean how we close the lock on the front door and can mean water spouting from the ground. In both cases, this is the direct meaning of a polysemantic word. But almost every word in Russian can be given a figurative meaning. For example, in the expression key to all doors, not a word key, not a word doors are not used in their direct meaning. Here the key is the possibility of solving the problem, and the doors are the very problem. The figurative meaning of words is often used by poets, for example, in the famous poem by Pushkin, every word has a figurative meaning:

Or here is the famous young man at Bryusov, who had a burning eye, of course, burning in a figurative sense.

There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meaning in Russian. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. Periodically it is very useful to look there.

Examples of words and phrases with a figurative meaning:

to step on a rake, figuratively - to get a negative experience.
prick up your ears - become very attentive,
reel fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
stone heart - an insensitive person,
sour mine - a displeased expression.
work hard - work hard
sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, well-aimed and even caustic information.

Here, I remembered.

Moreljuba

But in fact, the fact is very interesting that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.

If we talk about the direct meaning, then in the text we mean exactly the lexical meaning of a particular word. But the figurative meaning means the transfer of the meaning of the lexical initial in the consequence with comparison

And here are some examples:

Eugenie001

In Russian, words can have both direct and figurative meanings. Under direct meaning understand words that name an object of reality or its property. At the same time, the meaning of such words does not depend on the context, we immediately imagine what they call. For example:

Based on the direct meaning, the word may have additional lexical meanings, which are called portable. The figurative meaning is based on the similarity of objects or phenomena in appearance, properties or actions performed.

Compare: "stone house" and "stone face". In the phrase "stone house", the adjective "stone" is used in the literal sense (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase "stone face", the same adjective is used in a figurative sense (insensitive, unkind, harsh).

Here are some examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words:

Many stylistic figures or literary tropes are built on the basis of figurative meaning (metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).

Sayans

Examples of words and expressions with a figurative meaning:

As we can see, words acquire a figurative meaning when they are used together with certain words (which do not have such a quality in the literal sense). For example, nerves cannot literally be made of iron, so this is a figurative meaning, but iron ore just consists of iron (the phrase has a direct meaning).

virgin virginia

Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.

Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).

Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.

Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.

A plastic bag is a social package (about vacations, sick leave).

Wolverine skin is a venal skin.

Garden flowers - flowers of life (about children).

Green fruits - green generation.

Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).

To poison with pills - to poison with moral violence.

Marlena

The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in the sense it originally was. For example: sweet porridge.

The figurative meaning of the word is when the word is not used in the literal sense, such as sweet deception.

Need to give examples of words with a figurative meaning .. help?

give examples please

Diana Klimova

Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc.

So, the word table is used in several figurative meanings: 1. An item of special equipment or part of a cold-form machine (operating table, raise the machine table); 2. Food, food (rent a room with a table); 3. Department in an institution in charge of a special range of cases (reference desk).

The word black has the following figurative meanings: 1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white (black bread); 2. Took on a dark color, darkened (black from sunburn); 3. In the old days: chicken (black hut); 4. Gloomy, bleak, heavy (black thoughts); 5. Criminal, malicious (black treason); 6. Not the main one, auxiliary (back door in the house); 7. Physically difficult and unskilled (menial work).

The word boil has the following figurative meanings:

1. Manifest to a strong degree (work is in full swing); 2. Show something with force, to a strong degree (boil with indignation); 3. Randomly move (the river was seething with fish).

As you can see, when transferring the meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, ordinary object of designation, but come close to another concept through various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Figurative meanings can retain figurativeness (black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. This figurative meaning differs from the metaphors that are created by writers.

In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: a pipe elbow, a teapot spout, a carrot tail, a clock. In such cases, one speaks of extinct figurativeness in the lexical meaning of the word.

The transfer of names occurs on the basis of the similarity in something of objects, signs, actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: a teapot spout, a door handle, a table leg, a book spine, etc.

Anton Maslov

The direct (or main, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, the word table has the following main meaning: "a piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs."

The figurative (indirect) meanings of words arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another based on the similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc. Thus, the word table has several figurative meanings: 1. An item of special equipment or a part of a machine of similar shape (operating table, raise the machine table). 2. Food, food (to rent a room with a table). 3. Department in an institution in charge of some special range of affairs (reference desk).

Depending on the basis and on what grounds the name of one object is transferred to another, there are three types of transfer of word meanings: metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche. Some linguists also distinguish transfer by the similarity of functions.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Each word has a basic lexical meaning.

For example, desk- this is a school table, green- color of grass or foliage, There is- it means to eat.

The meaning of the word is called direct if the sound of a word accurately indicates an object, action or sign.

Sometimes the sound of one word is transferred to another object, action or feature based on similarity. The word has a new lexical meaning, which is called portable .

Consider examples of direct and figurative meanings of words. If a person says a word sea, he and his interlocutors have an image of a large body of water with salt water.

Rice. 1. Black Sea ()

This is the direct meaning of the word sea. And in combinations sea of lights, sea of people, sea of books we see the figurative meaning of the word sea, which means a lot of something or someone.

Rice. 2. City lights ()

Gold coins, earrings, goblet are items made of gold.

This is the direct meaning of the word gold. The phrases have a figurative meaning: goldenhair- hair with a brilliant yellow tint, skillful fingers- so they say about the ability to do something well, goldenheart- so they say about a person who does good.

Word heavy has a direct meaning - to have a significant mass. For example, heavy load, box, briefcase.

Rice. 6. Heavy load ()

The following phrases have a figurative meaning: heavy task- complex, which is not easy to solve; hard day- a hard day that requires effort; hard look- gloomy, severe.

girl jumping And temperature fluctuates.

In the first case - direct value, in the second - figurative (rapid change in temperature).

boy running- direct meaning. Time is running out- portable.

Frost bound the river- figurative meaning - means that the water in the river is frozen.

Rice. 11. River in winter ()

House wall- direct meaning. Heavy rain is: rain wall. This is a portable meaning.

Read the poem:

What is that wonder?

The sun is shining, the rain is falling

By the river is big beautiful

The rainbow bridge rises.

If the sun shines bright

The rain is pouring mischievously,

So this rain, children,

called mushroom!

Mushroom rain- figurative meaning.

As we already know, words with multiple meanings are polysemantic.

A figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only from the context, i.e. in a sentence. For example:

Candles were burning on the table. direct meaning.

His eyes burned with happiness. Figurative meaning.

You can turn to the explanatory dictionary for help. The first is always given the direct meaning of the word, and then the figurative.

Consider an example.

Cold -

1. having a low temperature. Wash hands with cold water. A cold wind was blowing from the north.

2. Translated. About clothes. Cold coat.

3. Translated. About color. Cold shades of the picture.

4. Translated. About emotions. Cold look. Cold meeting.

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's determine which of the highlighted words are used in a direct and which in a figurative sense.

At the table, the mother said:

- Enough chatting.

And son carefully:

- A dangle your feet Can?

Rice. 16. Mom and son ()

Let's check: babble- figurative meaning; dangle your feet- direct.

Flocks of birds fly away

Away, beyond the blue sea,

All the trees are shining

in multicolored attire.

Rice. 17. Birds in autumn ()

Let's check: blue ocean- direct meaning; multi-colored tree decoration- portable.

The breeze asked as it flew by:

- Why are you rye, golden?

And in response, the spikelets rustle:

- Golden us hands are growing.

Let's check: golden rye- figurative meaning; golden hands- figurative meaning.

Let's write down the phrases and determine whether they are used in a direct or figurative sense.

Clean hands, an iron nail, a heavy suitcase, a wolf's appetite, a heavy character, Olympian calmness, an iron hand, a golden ring, a golden man, a wolf's skin.

Let's check: clean hands- direct, iron nail- direct, heavy bag- direct, wolfish appetite- portable, heavy character- portable, Olympian calm- portable, iron hand- portable, Golden ring- direct, Golden man- portable, wolf skin- direct.

Let's make phrases, write down phrases in a figurative sense.

Evil (frost, wolf), black (paints, thoughts), runs (athlete, stream), hat (mother's, snow), tail (foxes, trains), hit (frost, with a hammer), drumming (rain, musician).

Let's check: an evil frost, black thoughts, a stream runs, a cap of snow, a tail of a train, frost hit, rain drums.

In this lesson, we learned that words have a direct and figurative meaning. The figurative meaning makes our speech figurative, vivid. Therefore, writers and poets are very fond of using figurative meaning in their works.

In the next lesson, we will learn what part of the word is called the root, learn how to highlight it in the word, talk about the meaning and functions of this part of the word.

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Openclass.ru ().
Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
sch15-apatity.ucoz.ru ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 28 p. 21.
Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. The vocabulary of the language is studied by science:

A) phonetics

B) syntax

C) lexicology

2. The word is used in a figurative sense in both phrases:

A) stone heart, build a bridge

B) the heat of the sun, stone edition

C) golden words, make plans

3. In which row are the words polysemantic:

A) star, artificial, stone

B) single, blinds, jockey

C) rocky, caftan, composer

* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with 4-6 sentences with words field And give, where these words are used in direct and figurative meanings.

With ambiguity, one of the meanings of the word is direct, and all the rest portable.

direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed at the object (immediately causes an idea of the object, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context. Words denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in

direct meaning.

Portable meaning of the word- this is its secondary meaning that arose on the basis of the direct one. For example:

toy, -i, and. 1. A thing that serves for the game. Kids toys.

2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will, an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of polysemy lies in the fact that some name of an object, phenomenon passes, is also transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects, phenomena at the same time. Depending on the basis of which sign the name is transferred, there are three main types of figurative meaning: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche.

Metaphor(from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity, for example: ripe apple -eyeball(by form); human nose- bow of the ship(by location); chocolate bar- chocolate tan(by color); bird wing- aircraft wing(by function); the dog howled- the wind howled(according to the nature of the sound), etc. yes

Metonymy(then Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency *, for example: water boils- behindthe kettle boils; porcelain dish- tasty dish; native gold- Scythian gold etc. A kind of metonymy is synecdoche.

Synecdoche(from the Greek "synekdoche - connotation) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa, for example: thick currant- ripe currant; beautiful mouth- extra mouth(about an extra person in the family); bighead- clever mind etc.

In the process of development of figurative names, the word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding the main meaning. Over time figurative meanings can become straight.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context. See, for example, the sentences: 1) Wesat on the corner bastion, so both sides couldsee everything (M. Lermontov). 2) In Tarakanovka, as in the most remote corner of a bear, there was no place for secrets (D. Mamin-Siberian)

* Adjacent - located directly next to, having about border.

In the first sentence, the word corner used in the literal sense: "a place where two sides of something converge, intersect." And in stable combinations “in a dead corner”, “bear corner”, the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a dark corner- in a remote area bearliving corner - dumb place.

In explanatory dictionaries the direct meaning of the word is given first, and the portable values are numbered 2, 3, 4, 5. A value recently fixed as a portable value is marked "pen,", For example:

Wood, oh, oh. 1. made of wood 2. trans. Motionless, expressionless. Wooden expression. ABOUT wood oil- cheap olive oil.

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 6

(teacher: Nesvat L.N., teacher of Russian language and literature, MKOU OOSH s.

Ershovka, Vyatskopolyansky district, Kirov region)

TOPIC OF THE LESSON:

Direct and figurative meaning of words.

Goals: 1)

To acquaint students with the direct and figurative lexical meaning of the word

To form the ability to find words with a figurative meaning in the text,

Develop spelling and punctuation skills.

During the classes:

Motivation.

1) Teacher's word:

Friends, before announcing the topic of today's lesson, I want to ask you a question,

associated with literature, do you know who Ilya Muromets is?

(National hero, hero of many epics)

In one of the epics about Ilya Muromets there are these words: “The word is like an apple: from one

green on the side, ruddy on the other, you know how to turn it, girl .. "

Think about the meaning of this sentence: The word, when viewed from different angles,

miscellaneous - “green on one side”, “ruddy on the other”. And most importantly: "You know how, girl

turn over”, i.e. know how to master the word, since a word can have more than one meaning

It turns out that a word, in addition to its direct meaning, can also have another,

portable. Here is the topic of the lesson: "Direct and figurative meaning of the word"

(notebook entry).

2) Board writing:

iron nails, iron health.

Teacher's explanation: In the phrase iron nails, the adjective means

What is the meaning of the word green? (Unripe,

unripe)

11)

Information on the use of words with a figurative meaning in artistic

works. (Information from the textbook).

Vocabulary work: personification, metaphor

13) Run exercise 339

Teacher:

Words with a figurative meaning make bright, expressive not only

poetic speech, but also prose.

15) Let's turn to exercise 342.

a) Reading the text.

b) Determining the style of speech, type of speech.

c) Definition of the title of the text.

d) Dictionary work: azure, coral, sapphire.

16) Writing text, spelling explanation.

: I hope you can determine the direct and figurative meaning of the word. A

when you were very young, you probably didn’t understand a lot. Famous

children's writer K.I. Chukovsky recorded several sayings of kids who did not know

Reading by roles of the following statements and explanation of the words used in

figurative meaning:

I will not go to school, - said the fifth grader Seryozha. - There on exams

cut.

b) - Here snow will fall in winter, frost will hit

-And then I won't go outside.

- Why?

- And so that the frosts do not hit me.

V) The boy is asked about his sister

- What does your sister Irinka go to bed with the roosters?

She does not lie down with roosters - they peck: she lies alone in her bed.

Mom washed the shirt and asked Petya to hang it up to dry in the sun.

Petya left, but soon returned with a shirt.

Why didn't you hang it up to dry?

- I don't got to the sun, - answered Petya.

19)

Teacher:

Children, you have heard funny stories. No less cheerful, I think

it will seem to you ex. 340.

20) Exercise: In each pair of sentences, indicate the words used in direct

figurative meaning.

The wind in the chimney howls and whistles. The dog howls.

The tired day turned to night. The tired boy bowed his head to

mother's shoulder.

Dad came home from work. The long-awaited day of departure has finally arrived.

The hostess warmed up the water. A cheerful song warmed us on the way.

21) Let's summarize the lesson.

a) How is a figurative meaning different from a direct one?

b) Why are words with a figurative meaning used in speech?

) Homework:

Theoretical information on pages 132-133, exercise 338

Examples of words and expressions with a figurative meaning:

Or here is the famous young man at Bryusov, who had a burning eye, of course, burning in a figurative sense.

Examples of the meaning of words:

table (furniture) - address table, table 9 (diet);

black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (cheerless);

a bright room - a bright mind, a bright head;

dirty rag - dirty thoughts;

cold wind - cold heart;

golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;

heavy burden - heavy look;

heart valve - cardiac reception;

gray mouse - gray man.

A large number of words and figures of speech in Russian can be used both in the direct and figurative (figurative) sense.

The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning, the narrator means exactly what he says.

We use words in a figurative sense in order to give figurativeness to our speech, to emphasize some quality or action.

The examples below will help you feel the difference:

Direct - this is the primary meaning of a word, figurative - secondary. Here are some examples:

Golden earrings - direct meaning.

My husband has golden hands - figurative meaning.

Rain worm- direct.

Book worm- portable.

Silver ring - straight.

Silver century - portable.

Burning in the sky star- direct.

Star screen - portable.

Icy sculpture - direct.

Icy smile is portable.

Sugar buns - straight.

Mouth sugar- portable.

Woolen blanket- direct.

Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.

mink fur coat- direct.

Herring under fur coat- portable.

Marble plate - straight.

Marble cupcake - portable.

Black suit - direct.

Leave for black day - portable.

Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.

Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).

Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.

Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.

A plastic bag is a social package (about vacations, sick leave).

Wolverine skin is a venal skin.

Garden flowers - flowers of life (about children).

Green fruits - green generation.

Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).

To poison with pills - to poison with moral violence.

The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in the sense it originally was. For example: sweet porridge.

The figurative meaning of the word is when the word is not used in the literal sense, such as sweet deception.

Compare: stone house and stone face. In the phrase stone house, the adjective stone is used in its direct meaning (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase stone face, the same adjective is used in a figurative sense (insensitive, unfriendly, harsh).

Here are some examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words:

Many stylistic figures or literary tropes are built on the basis of figurative meaning (metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).

There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meaning in Russian. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. Periodically it is very useful to look there.

Examples of words and phrases with a figurative meaning:

to step on a rake, figuratively - to get a negative experience.
prick up your ears - become very attentive,
reel fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
stone heart - an insensitive person,
sour mine - a displeased expression.
work hard - work hard
sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, well-aimed and even caustic information.

Here, I remembered.

But in fact, the fact is very interesting that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.

And here are some examples: