Nootropics - features of the pharmaceutical group and a list of the best drugs for effective treatment. Pharmacological group — Nootropics
The term "nootropics" appeared in 1972, this word consists of two Greek "noos" - mind and "tropos" - change. It turns out that nootropics are designed to change the human mind, with the help of biochemistry, affecting the central nervous system.
Their predecessors in improving the functioning of the brain were psychostimulants, which had a strong, but short-term effect on a person. They increased the body's endurance, resistance to stress, caused general excitement, activity and euphoria. If not for the strongest negative side effects and the emergence of addiction, psychostimulants would have conquered humanity. But the aftereffect in the form of severe depression and a complete breakdown of strength oppressed a person so much that he could even drive him to suicide.
Synthetic nootropics
After taking nootropics, there are practically no negative effects, they are not addictive. But they also do not have psychostimulants. To feel the result of taking nootropics, you need to take a course lasting 1-3 months.
The action of nootropic drugs is due to the improvement and acceleration of metabolism in nerve tissues, the protection of neurons in the event of a lack of oxygen and toxic effects. In fact, nootropics protect the brain from aging. There are many nootropics on the market right now, but here are some of the more common ones:
Piracetam (Nootropil) is the first of the nootropics. It is prescribed for disorders of attention and memory, nervous disorders, brain injuries, alcoholism and vascular diseases. It can also be used independently (without exceeding the dose) for better perception and assimilation of the training material. The following side effects were rarely noted: drowsiness or agitation, dizziness and nausea, increased sexual activity. The analogue of "Piracetam" ("Nootropil") is "Phenotropil" ("Phenylpiracetam").
"Acephen" ("Cerutil", "Meclofenoxat", "Centrofenoksin") contains the substance of acetylcholine - a transmitter of nervous excitation, an indispensable participant in the work of the human NS. This series of nootropic drugs accelerates all processes of excitation and inhibition, improves blood supply to the brain, and has a psychostimulating effect. It also protects the brain from aging and is used in conjunction with Piracetam to improve mental abilities. There were side effects from the side of the National Assembly: anxiety, insomnia, increased appetite.
"Selegiline" ("Deprenyl", "Yumex") contains the substance selegiline, which suppresses the action of enzymes that inhibit phenethylamine and dopamine. After 40 years of pleasure enzymes of the dopamine series, much less is produced than in youth. "Selegilin" is positioned as for people of middle and old age. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. With a sufficiently long-term use of the drug, memory, mood and general well-being improve. "Selegiline", according to medical scientists, when taken at 5 mg per day, can increase a person's life expectancy by 15 years!
Nootropics or neurometabolic stimulants are medicinal substances that improve the mental and mental activity of the brain. Nootropic drugs directly affect the higher state, and also protect the central nervous system from various negative factors and everyday phenomena. In this article, we will take a closer look at what nootropics are, how they affect processes in the human body, how this can affect.
Description and mechanism of action of the group
The first developments and scientific studies of nootropic substances that could improve the psycho-emotional component of the human began at the dawn of the 60s of the twentieth century. 
Since then, many neurometabolic stimulants have been developed that can improve brain function by stimulating blood microcirculation. Moreover, such stimulants protect the brain from all kinds of harmful external influences, including.
Did you know?Corneliu Giurgea is a Romanian psychologist and chemist who is considered the inventor of nootropics. In 1964, he isolated neurotransmitter substances from the Piracetam cocktail.
To date, there are two main groups of nootropics: true and neuroprotective. The substances that make up the first group contribute to the activation of the mnestic function of the brain, and no longer affect the psycho-emotional component in any way. 
While neuroprotectors are able to have a complex effect on the mental system. The effect of neurometabolic stimulants can be both primary (the substance binds directly to the neuron and interacts with it) and secondary (has antihypoxic and antiplatelet effects).
Physicians and scientists refer to nootropics with many different terms: neuroanabolic, neuroregulatory, neurodynamic, or eutotrophic.
The mechanism of action of such funds is complex, it is divided into several components.:
- The components of neuroregulatory substances contribute to the acceleration of the synthesis of proteins and RNA, which activate the activity of the central, in particular, its plastic component.
- Antioxidant and antihypoxic effects make it possible to enhance the processes of ATP synthesis, and this directly affects the energy component of the state of neurons.
- Neuroprotectors are the main utilizers of glucose.
- Synaptic transformation of impulses in the central nervous system increases significantly under the influence of nootropics.
- Stabilization of the functionality of the CNS membranes.
Moreover, nootropics are able to interact with neurotransmitters, substances that are responsible for the frequency and speed of impulses that transmit information to the central nervous system. The direct effect of neurometabolic stimulants on adenylate cyclase promotes the release of seratonin from sensory neurons.
Also, this effect helps the production of ATP in brain cells without the participation of oxygen, and this contributes to the normal functioning of the central nervous system in conditions of hypoxia (lack of oxygen).
Nootropic compounds are able to correct the processes of neuron-neuron interactions and prevent mental and intellectual developmental delay in adolescence.
The main mechanism of action of neurometabolic substances is aimed at stimulating the metabolism of nucleic acids and improved synthesis of protein, ribonucleic acid and ATP under extreme conditions. Classification by chemical composition
According to the chemical composition, nootropics are classified as follows::
- derivatives of dimethylaminoethanol;
- pyrrolidone derivatives;
- pyridoxine derivatives;
- derivatives of diaphenyllyrrolidone;
- analogs of neuropeptides and the neuropeptide itself;
- analogues and derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid;
- 2-mercantobenzimidazole derivatives;
- amino acids and analogues that have a stimulating effect on the amino acid system of the central nervous system;
- organic composites and polypeptides;
- funds based on vitamin complexes;
- other nootropic substances (psychostimulants, neuromodulators, adaptogens, antihypoxants, etc.).
Each of the above positions of nootropic substances has a different chemical composition, is produced by manufacturers under different names. Accordingly, the mechanism of action of each of the substances will differ. Indications for use
At first, any classes of neurometabolic stimulants were used only in the fight against mental impairment in age.
A little later, when various world laboratories began to speak out about their supposedly proven effectiveness of nootropics, they began to be used in narcology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and neurology. 
To date, a doctor can prescribe a therapeutic course of treatment with such chemicals in cases of the following diseases:
- Alzheimer's disease and or senile dementia;
- neuroinfection, intoxication;
- neurosis-like or neurotic disorder;
- psychoorganic syndrome;
- vegetovascular dystonia;
- craniocerebral and impaired blood circulation in the brain;
- cerebrovascular insufficiency of a chronic type;
- chronic (withdrawal, encephalopathy);
- syndromes and intellectual-mnestic disorders.
Popular drugs
To date, there are many nootropic drugs, in particular the new generation, which are derivatives of various chemicals, they have different effects on the central nervous system. 
We provide a list of nootropics that are best taken for various clinical indications below, but which ones will be most effective for you should be decided by your healthcare provider.
Piracetam (Nootropil)
This drug refers to chemically active substances, the effect on the human body of which has not been fully proven. 
"Nootropil" is a prominent representative of the group of neurostimulating substances, which, according to manufacturers, is able to improve brain activity, promote the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, and improve cerebral microcirculation of red blood cells.
On the territory of our country, this drug is often used for Alzheimer's disease and various diseases of the central nervous system. 
Many medical professionals around the world believe that "Piracetam", except for the "Placebo effect", has no effect, but recent clinical studies have confirmed the fact that this drug helps to reduce platelet aggregation, thereby improving blood microcirculation in the brain.
Pramiracetam
Like the previous substance, it is a neurometabolic stimulant (a derivative of piracetam), but with a more pronounced effect, and therefore is used in lower dosages. 
According to manufacturers, it stimulates and. The full effect of the drug has not been proven, therefore Pramiracetam considered to be a homeopathic remedy.
Cavinton (Vinpocetine)
It is a Hungarian neurodynamic drug that has a therapeutic effect on the affected areas of the brain. It improves blood microcirculation in ischemic areas by relaxing smooth muscles. 
Since the mid-80s, it has been manufactured synthetically based on vincamine. It is used to treat cerebral (acute) with impaired cerebral blood flow. The effectiveness of "Cavinton" for many decades has often been questioned. At the beginning of the 19th century, the drug was included in the list of biologically active additives (BAA).
It is a pharmaceutical preparation, the main component of which is hopantenic acid, which is involved in many processes of brain activity. This tool shows its greatest effectiveness in the treatment of chronic intoxication, as well as during periods of increased risk of hypoxia. 
"Pantogam" stimulates various functional actions in the system of neurons and helps to accelerate the transmission of neuron-neuron signals.
This sedative drug is included in the list of the best nootropics of the latest generation, the effect of which is to a large extent proven. Clinical studies have shown that Pantogam is able to improve the mental activity of adolescents who have speech and writing disorders.
Domestic tableted nootropic drug, which is used in the medical practice of Russia (in other countries of the world it has not found its application).
Included in the list of the most important medicines. Widely used as a neuroprotective, antihypoxic and psychostimulant agent. 
Employees of medical institutions often prescribe "Semax" for recovery from ethanol intoxication, inflammation of the nerves in areas near the brain, and chronic disorders of cerebral blood flow.
In addition, this drug has been used in pediatrics for more than a dozen years, where its effectiveness and safety has been repeatedly proven.
"Semax" is not addictive and "withdrawal" syndrome. Moreover, it easily overcomes the blood-brain barrier and stabilizes all brain processes.
It is a neurometabolic stimulant that has a stimulating, anticonvulsant and antitoxic effect. In 2007, Phenotropil was recognized as an obsolete drug, the frequency of its use for therapeutic purposes has sharply decreased. 
Moreover, this drug was recognized as one of those nootropics, the effectiveness of which has not been proven. However, "Phenotropil" has found its application in the world, where it is actively used as a doping, some global companies even produce the active substance "Phenotropil" under a different name.
Nootropic agent, a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is a domestic drug, which was included in the list of important medicines in the mid-70s. 
The developers talked about what would lower the level of stress and stabilize too high levels of CNS activity. Almost all tablets based on gamma-aminobutyric acid are able to calm and improve sleep, in addition, they enhance the effect of sleeping pills and narcotic drugs.
Important!"Phenibut" with prolonged use can be addictive.
With stuttering, chronic stress, Meniere's disease. Phenibut can be shown as a medicine. The main substance of Phenibut directly affects neurons and reduces their activity, which helps to calm and. 
In high doses, it exhibits an analgesic effect. For children under 10 years old and people who constantly use drugs and alcohol, Phenibut is contraindicated.
This pharmacy drug belongs to nootropic drugs, the derivatives of which are simple amino acids. developed on the basis of aminoacetic acid, it has a calming, sedative, anti-stress and hypnotic effect. 
Moreover, according to the manufacturers, "Glycine" helps to improve memory and protect the central nervous system from various unpleasant external stimuli (the consequences of intoxication with drug addiction and alcoholism).
And "Glycine" is one of the few drugs that can reduce and stimulate the production of serotonin (which makes people happy).
Side effects and contraindications
Side effects from the use of neurometabolic stimulants may occur from the side of the psychological component. Often such effects occur with overdoses or prolonged use of drugs. 
Patients may experience hyperactivity of the CNS processes, which manifests itself in the form of increased, impaired. in 5% of cases causes side effects with increasing dosages.
Cancellation of the drug entails the disappearance of any side effects. In addition, "Piracetam" and "Acephen" should not be used as sedatives and mild sleeping pills, as they stimulate the central nervous system.
Did you know?Every fourth Harvard student takes nootropics, although these substances are not medicinal substances in their country (medics say that they are practically ineffective).
From the side of the neuralgic component, tendon reflexes, tremor, dizziness may occur. From the side of the somatic system, there are also a number of unpleasant side effects.
Sometimes there may be a loss of taste, dry mouth. Elderly people complain of high blood pressure and dizziness with long-term use of nootropics. 
In addition, improper and uncontrolled intake of neurometabolic stimulants can cause various types. "Pyriditol" can complicate the course of the disease in people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
Also, nootropics are prohibited for use by people who have had a hemorrhagic stroke and those who suffer from a hereditary disease of the central nervous system - Hettington's chorea.
Who Prescribes Nootropics?
Nootropics have a wide range of applications in the medical practice of our country. In almost all other countries of the world, homeopathic medicines have long since faded into the background. However, our doctors prescribe nootropics for a variety of diseases, as we have already talked about. 
For example, the drug "Fenibut" can be prescribed even by a cardiologist. The whole point is that patients with vegetovascular dystonia, for the most part, first of all turn to a cardiologist because of jumps in blood pressure and a constant “feeling” of rhythm.
And since VVD is not serious, which can lead to unpleasant consequences, the cardiologist often prescribes various homeopathic medicines, among which there are nootropics.
Important!Some nootropic substances in high dosages can cause drug intoxication.
But to a greater extent, nootropic drugs are prescribed by psychiatrists, neurologists and pediatricians. In addition, toxicologists and narcologists can also prescribe nootropics with caution.
It can be concluded that the safety of the use of nootropics is quite high, but the effectiveness has not been fully proven. Therefore, it is up to you to decide whether to take such drugs or not.
Psychostimulants include drugs that increase physical and mental performance. There are many different classifications of psychostimulants. But conditionally, psychostimulants can be divided into 2 large subgroups:
1) psychomotor stimulants - caffeine, phenamine and others that give a quick stimulating effect, temporarily eliminate the feeling of fatigue, improve mood, reduce the need for sleep;
2) nootropic drugs - piracetam, pyriditol and others, gradually normalizing metabolic processes and restoring impaired brain functions (memory, speech, etc.).
PSYCHOMOTOR STIMULANTS
FENAMIN - strong psychostimulant with central adreno- and dopaminergic action. Phenamine reduces fatigue, the need for sleep, temporarily increases efficiency, reduces the feeling of hunger. Phenamine has a peripheral adrenomimetic effect: constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure, increases the rhythm of heart contractions. Phenamine weakens the effect of narcotic and hypnotic drugs. Phenamine is used mainly for asthenic conditions, subdepression accompanied by drowsiness, etc. The use of phenamine is limited, as it develops addiction and drug dependence (drug addiction). Phenamine requires a special formulation of the prescription form (as for all other drugs). Side effectswhen applyingphenamine: dizziness, insomnia, arrhythmias, sometimes a paradoxical reaction (CNS depression instead of a stimulating effect). Contraindications to the use of phenamine: insomnia, diseases of the cardiovascular system (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis), diabetes mellitus, liver disease. Release formphenamine: tablets of 0.01 g. List A.
An example of a phenamine recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Phenamini 0.01 N. 10
D.S. 1 tablet per day.
MERIDIL(pharmacological analogues: centedrin ) - according to the psychostimulating effect, it is inferior to phenamine, but it is devoid of peripheral adrenomimetic action, and therefore meridil does not affect the function of the cardiovascular system. Meridil is used for increased mental fatigue, with neurotic conditions, accompanied by lethargy, apathy. Side effects when using Meridil: insomnia, increased irritability. Contraindications to the use of meridil: neurosis occurring with increased excitability of the nervous system, irritability; insomnia; old age. Meridil release form: tablets of 0.01 g. List A.
Meridil recipe examplein latin:
Rep.: Tab. Meridili (Centedrini) 0.01 N. 20
D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day in the morning.
SIDNOCARB(pharmacological analogues: mesocarb ) is a psychostimulant with a weak peripheral adrenomimetic effect. Sidnocarb is used for asthenic conditions; schizophrenia occurring with lethargy, apathy; neurotic conditions accompanied by lethargy, etc. Side effects when using sindocarb: insomnia, headache, increased blood pressure. Sidnocarb is contraindicated in atherosclerosis, hypertension, insomnia, liver diseases. Release form of sidnocarb: tablets of 0.005 g and 0.01 g. List A.
An example of a sidnocarb recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Sydnocarbi 0.005 N. 20
SIDNOFEN- in action close to mesocarb. Sidnofen has the same indications for use, side effects and contraindications. Unlike mesocarb, the psychostimulating effect of sidnofen is combined with a moderate antidepressant effect, and therefore sidnofen is a valuable drug for the treatment of asthenodepressive conditions. Release form of sidnofen: tablets of 0.005 g. List A.
An example of a sidnofen recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Sydnopheni 0.005 N. 20
D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.
CAFFEINE- found in tea leaves, coffee seeds, kola nuts. Caffeine gives a psychostimulant effect; increases mental and physical performance, reduces the need for sleep, regulating and enhancing excitation processes in the cerebral cortex. This action depends on the type of higher nervous activity, which must be taken into account when dosing caffeine. Caffeine stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers. The immediate stimulating effect of caffeine on the heart is expressed in an increase in the frequency and strength of heart contractions. The effect of caffeine on blood pressure depends on the predominance of the central (through the vasomotor center) vasoconstrictive action, or the peripheral (directly on the vascular wall) vasodilating action. Caffeine generally does not alter normal blood pressure levels. Preparations and derivatives of caffeine increase urination, increase the secretion of the gastric glands.
D The action of caffeine is mediated through cAMP, and its central effects are realized through adenosine receptors. Side effects when using caffeine can manifest as insomnia, tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased excitability of the central nervous system, which in itself is a contraindication to the appointment, as well as severe atherosclerosis, hypertension, organic heart disease, glaucoma. Caffeine is used for depression of the functions of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, an overdose of drugs that depress the central nervous system, to increase physical and mental performance, as well as for migraine, etc. Caffeine is widely used in combinations with other drugs (non-narcotic analgesics, etc.). Release form of caffeine: powder.
An example of a caffeine recipe in Latin:
Rp.: Coffeini 0.05 Sacchari 0.2
M. f. pulv.
D.t. d. No. 10
S. 1 powder 2 times a day.
SODIUM CAFFEINE-BENZOATE- in action, indications for use and contraindications similar to caffeine. Caffeine sodium benzoate is more soluble in water, absorbed and excreted from the body faster. Caffeine sodium benzoate is administered orally or injected under the skin. Doses of caffeine sodium benzoate are selected individually. Release form caffeine-sodium benzoate: powder, tablets of 0.1 and 0.2 g (for adults), 0.075 g (for children). Ampoules of 1 ml and 2 ml and syringe-tubes of 1 ml of 10% and 20% solution of the drug.
An example of a caffeine-sodium benzoate recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Coffeini natrio-benzoatis 0.1 N. 6
D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.
Rp.: Sol. Coffeini natrio-benzoatis 10% 1 ml
D.t. d. N. 6 in amp.
S. 1 ml 2 times a day under the skin.
COFFEETAMIN- a combined preparation consisting of caffeine (0.1 g) and ergotamine tartrate (0.001 g). The pharmacological properties of caffeamine are determined by its constituent ingredients. Caffetamine is prescribed for arterial hypotension, migraine, to normalize intracranial pressure in vascular, traumatic and infectious lesions of the central nervous system. Caffetamine is taken orally 1 tablet 2-3 times a day. Release form of caffeamine: coated tablets. List B.
An example of a caffeamine recipe in Latin:
Rp.: Tab. "Coffetaminum" obducta N. 10
D.S. Take 1 tablet 2 times daily.
MILDRONAT- increases working capacity, reduces fatigue and the phenomenon of overstrain during physical overload (including among athletes). Mildronate is prescribed to adults orally at 0.25 g 2-4 times a day (30 minutes after eating) or administered intravenously at 0.5 g 1 time per day for 10-14 days. ; 5 ml ampoules of 10% solution.
An example of a mildronate recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Caps. Mildronati 0.25 N. 100
D.S. 1 capsule 3 times a day (after meals).
Rp.: Sol. Mildronati 10% 5ml
D.t. d. N. 10 ampull.
S. Inject intravenously 5 ml 1 time per day.
BEMITIL- belongs to the group of actoprotectors; possesses psychoenergizing and antihypoxic activity. Bemitil increases the body's resistance to physical stress, maintains and restores performance. Bemitil is used in patients with neurosis, neurosis-like conditions in violation of cerebral circulation, traumatic brain injury, in the postoperative period. Bemitil is prescribed for adults inside after meals at 0.25-0.5 g. The daily dose of bemitil is 0.5-1 g. The course of treatment is 15-30 days (other treatment regimens may be available). Side effects when using bemitil: possible nausea, vomiting, discomfort in the stomach and liver, flushing of the face, runny nose, headache. Bemitil release form: tablets of 0.25 g. List B.
An example of a Bemitil recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Bemithyli 0.25 N. 100
D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day (after meals).
NOOTROPIC AND GABAERGIC MEANS (PIRACETAM, PYRITINOL, ACEPHEN)
Of interest are drugs, the introduction of which into the body causes an improvement in metabolic processes in brain cells, as a result of which mental activity is stimulated, perception, memory, and thought processes improve. The effect of these drugs is manifested when metabolic processes in the brain are disturbed due to various diseases: inflammatory, atherosclerosis, alcoholic encephalopathy, traumatic brain damage, etc. Such drugs are called metabolic psychostimulants (nootropics). They do not cause excitation, they do not develop addiction and drug dependence. Close to nootropics are GABAergic agents, which also act on metabolic processes in the brain, improve its blood supply, restore memory, etc.
PIRACETAM(pharmacological analogues: nootropil ) - used for various diseases of the nervous system, caused by a violation of metabolic processes in the brain tissue, accompanied by impaired memory, attention, speech, dizziness; with atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, etc. Piracetam is a typical nootropic agent: it normalizes metabolic processes in the brain, cerebral circulation, increases the resistance of brain tissues to hypoxia and toxic effects. Side effects when using piracetam: increased irritability, sleep disturbances, dyspepsia, in the elderly there may be an exacerbation of coronary insufficiency. Piracetam is contraindicated in kidney disease, pregnancy. Release form of piracetam: tablets of 0.2 g; capsules of 0.4 g; 5 ml ampoules of 20% solution. List B.
An example of a piracetam recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Pyracetami 0.2 N. 60
D.S. 2 tablets 3-4 times a day.
Rp.: Sol. Pyracetami 20% 5ml
D.t. d. N. 6 in amp.
S. Inject intramuscularly (or intravenously) 10-20 ml per day.
PYRITINOL(pharmacological analogues: pyriditol, encephabol ) - like piracetam, it activates metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Pyritinol is used for the same indications as piracetam; has the same side effects. Pyritinol is contraindicated in psychomotor agitation, convulsive conditions, epilepsy. Release form of pyritanol: tablets of 0.05 g and 0.1 g; "Encephabol" in the form of a syrup of 200 ml (in 5 ml - 0.1 g of the drug) - for children.
An example of a recipe for pyritanol in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Pyritinoli 0.1 N. 60
D.S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.
ACEPHEN- activates metabolic processes in the central nervous system, has a psychostimulating effect. Acefen is used for disorders of cerebral circulation, for traumatic and vascular diseases of the brain, etc. Acefen is contraindicated in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. The drug acephen is well tolerated; in some cases, patients with mental illness experience an exacerbation: delirium, hallucinations. Acephen release form: tablets of 0.1 g. List B.
An example of acephene recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Acepheni 0.1 N.50
D.S. 1 tablet 3-4 times a day.
AMINALON(pharmacological analogues: gammalon ) - is a gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is a CNS mediator, is involved in bioenergetic processes in the brain. Aminalon is used for diseases that affect memory, attention, speech, for example, for cerebrovascular accidents after a stroke, for mental retardation in children with a decrease in mental and motor activity, etc. Side effects when using aminalon: dyspeptic disorders, sleep disturbances, feeling hot , fluctuations in blood pressure that disappear with a decrease in the dose of the drug. Aminalon release form: coated tablets of 0.25 g.
An example of a latin aminalon recipe:
Rep.: Tab. Aminaloni 0.25 obductae N. 100
D.S. 1-2 tablets 3 times a day.
CEREBROLISIN- Contains essential amino acids. Indications for use and side effects when using Cerebrolysin are the same as for Aminalon. Cerebrolysin release form: 1 ml ampoules of 5% solution.
An example of a cerebrolysin prescription in Latin:
Rp.: Sol. Cerebrolysini 5% 1ml
D.t. d. N. 10 ampull.
S. Inject intramuscularly at 1-2 ml every 2-3 days (injection course).
SODIUM OXYBUTYRATE- it penetrates well through the blood-brain barrier, gives a sedative effect, causes anesthesia in large doses (see section "Means for anesthesia"). Sodium oxybutyrate has an antihypoxic effect on the tissues of the brain, heart, retina. Sodium hydroxybutyrate is used for hypoxic cerebral edema, to eliminate retinal hypoxia, as a sedative, for anesthesia, etc. Sodium hydroxybutyrate is contraindicated in hypokalemia, myasthenia gravis. Release form of sodium oxybutyrate: powder; 10 ml ampoules of 20% solution; vials - 5% syrup (400 ml) and 66.7% solution (37.5 ml).
An example of a recipe for sodium hydroxybutyrate in Latin:
Rp.: Sirupus Natrii oxybutyratis 5% 400 ml
D.S. Take 2-3 tablespoons at night (as a sleeping pill), 1 tablespoon 2-3 times a day as a sedative for neuroses.
Phenibut- properties similar to sodium hydroxybutyrate. Phenibut is used for neurosis, psychopathic conditions, as a sedative. Phenibut release form: tablets of 0.25 g.
An example of a phenibut recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Phenibuti 0.25 N.50
D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day.
PANTOGAM- in action it is close to aminalon and sodium hydroxybutyrate, it has the same indications for use. Pantogam release form: tablets of 0.25 g and 0.5 g.
An example of a pantogam recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Pantogami 0,5 N. 50
D.S. 1 tablet 4-6 times daily
PICAMILON- improves blood circulation and the functional state of the brain, normalizes metabolic processes in the brain tissue. Picamilon is used as a nootropic and vasoactive agent for acute and chronic disorders of cerebral circulation, vegetovascular dystonia, as well as for conditions accompanied by anxiety, increased irritability. Picamilon can be used for asthenic conditions of various etiologies, depressive disorders in people of the older age group, to restore working capacity and increase resistance to physical and mental stress. Picamilon is prescribed orally at a dose of 0.02-0.04 g 2-3 times a day. The average daily dose of picamilon is 0.06 g. Side effects when using picamilon: increased irritability, agitation, anxiety, dizziness, headache, allergic rash (in this case, reduce the dose or cancel the drug). Picamilon is contraindicated in kidney disease and individual intolerance to the drug. Picamilon release form: tablets of 0.02 g and 0.05 g. List B.
An example of a picamilon recipe in Latin:
Rep.: Tab. Picamiloni 0.02 N. 30
D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day (for 1-2 months).
The majority of the population of our planet, especially residents of large cities, are forced to be in conditions of constant environmental and psycho-emotional stress. It has been proven that stress is not harmless to the human body, it is a risk factor for many, and also has a negative effect on the nervous system, as a result of which a person becomes irritable, his performance decreases, memory and thinking processes deteriorate. In this regard, scientists are constantly looking for ways to prevent and correct the negative effects of stress on the nervous system. About 50 years ago, the concept of nootropics arose, Piracetam was synthesized and tested. This gave a powerful impetus to the search and creation of other substances with a similar principle of action, these studies continue to this day.
From this article, the reader will get an idea of what nootropics are and what effects they have, get acquainted with the indications, contraindications, side effects of these drugs in general, and also learn the characteristics of individual representatives of drugs in this group, in particular new generation nootropics. Let's start.
What are nootropics
According to the definition of the World Health Organization, nootropic drugs are drugs that have an activating effect on learning, improve mental activity and memory, increase the resistance (resistance) of the brain to such aggressive influences as trauma, intoxication, hypoxia.
The first nootropic in history is Piracetam, which was synthesized and applied in the clinic by Belgian pharmacologists back in 1963. During the study, scientists found that this medicinal substance significantly increases mental performance, improves memory and promotes learning. Subsequently, other drugs with similar effects were synthesized, which we will discuss below.
Effects and mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs
The main effects of drugs in this group are:
- psychostimulating;
- sedative;
- antiasthenic (decrease in feelings of weakness, lethargy, phenomena of mental and physical asthenia);
- antidepressant;
- antiepileptic;
- proper nootropic (impact on disturbed higher cortical functions, which is manifested by an improvement in thinking, speech, attention, and so on);
- mnemotropic (impact on learning and memory);
- adaptogenic (increasing the body's ability to withstand the harmful effects of the environment);
- vasovegetative (improvement of blood supply to the brain, which is manifested by a decrease in and, as well as the elimination of other autonomic disorders);
- antidyskinetic;
- increased clarity of consciousness and level of wakefulness.
These drugs do not cause pharmacological dependence and psychomotor agitation, their intake does not cause the depletion of the body's physical capabilities.
The action of drugs in this group is based on the following processes:
- activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system by enhancing the synthesis of proteins and RNA;
- activation of energy processes in neurons;
- activation of the processes of transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system;
- optimization of the processes of utilization of polysaccharides, in particular glucose;
- inhibition of the formation of free radicals in cells;
- decrease in the need of nerve cells for oxygen under conditions of hypoxia;
- membrane-stabilizing effect (regulate the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids in nerve cells, stabilize the structure of cell membranes).
Nootropic drugs activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase, increasing its concentration in nerve cells. This substance is necessary to maintain the stability of the cell's production of the main source of energy for the implementation of biochemical and physiological processes - adenosine triphosphoric acid, or ATP, which, moreover, under conditions of hypoxia, transfers the metabolism in the brain to an optimally maintained mode.
In addition, nootropics affect the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, in particular, on:
- monoaminergic (increase the content of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, as well as serotonin);
- cholinergic (increase the content of acetylcholine in the nerve endings, which is necessary for adequate transmission of impulses from cell to cell);
- glutamatergic (also improve signal conduction from neuron to neuron).
As a result of all the effects described above, the patient improves memory, attention, thought processes and perception processes, his ability to learn increases, intellectual functions are activated.
Classification of nootropics
The class of nootropic drugs includes substances of various pharmacological groups that have a positive effect on the functioning of nerve cells and improve their structure.
- Substances that stimulate metabolic processes in nerve cells:
- pyrrolidone derivatives: Piracetam, Pramiracetam, Phenylpiracetam and others;
- derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Aminalon, Picamilon, Hopantenic acid, Phenibut;
- pantothenic acid derivatives: Pantogam;
- derivatives of vitamin B6 - pyridoxine: Pyritinol;
- products containing dimethylaminoethanol: Acefen, Centrophenoxin;
- preparations containing neuroamino acids and peptides: Glycine, Cerebrolysin, Actovegin;
- antihypoxants: hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate;
- vitamins, vitamin-like, general tonic substances: vitamin B15, vitamin E, folic acid, succinic acid, ginseng extract and others.
- Drugs that have a positive effect on blood vessels, or vasotropic drugs:
- Xanthinol nicotinate;
- Vinpocetine;
- Pentoxifylline;
- Cinnarizine;
- Instenon.
- Drugs that stimulate the processes of memory and learning:
- cholinomimetics and anticholinesterases: Galantamine, Choline, Amiridin and others;
- hormones: Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone;
- endorphins, enkephalins.
Indications for the use of nootropics
Medicines of the nootropic class are used to treat the following diseases:
- different nature (vascular, senile);
- chronic insufficiency of cerebral vessels;
- consequences of cerebrovascular accident;
- neuroinfections;
- intoxication;
- psychoorganic syndrome with symptoms of memory impairment, decreased concentration and general activity;
- cortical myoclonus;
- dizziness, with the exception of dizziness of vasomotor and mental origin;
- chronic alcoholism (for the treatment of encephalopathy, withdrawal and psychoorganic syndromes);
- reduced mental performance;
- astheno-depressive, depressive, astheno-neurotic syndromes;
- neurosis-like disorders;
- traumatic brain injury;
- hyperkinesis;
- sleep disorders;
- migraine;
- in the complex treatment of open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina, diabetic retinopathy, as well as senile macular degeneration.
In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat the following conditions:
- mental retardation;
- mental retardation and speech development;
- cerebral palsy;
- consequences of damage to the central nervous system during childbirth;
- attention deficit disorder.
Contraindications to taking nootropics
Medicines of this group should not be taken in the following cases:
- with individual hypersensitivity of the patient's body to the active substance or other components of the drug;
- in the case of an acute period of hemorrhagic stroke (hemorrhage in the brain tissue);
- with chorea of Hettington;
- in case of severe renal dysfunction (if creatinine clearance is less than 20 ml / min);
- during pregnancy and lactation.
Side effects of nootropics
Medicines of this group rarely cause any side effects, however, in a number of patients, the following adverse reactions may occur while taking them:
- headache, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, drowsiness;
- rarely, in elderly patients, increased symptoms of coronary insufficiency;
- nausea, stomach discomfort, or;
- increased psychopathological symptoms;
Brief description of drugs
Since there are actually quite a lot of medicines belonging to the class of drugs we are describing, we will not be able to consider all of them, but we will only talk about those that are most widely used in medical practice today.
Piracetam (Piracetam, Lucetam, Biotropil, Nootropil)
Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for injection and infusion.
The drug has a positive effect on blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, resulting in increased resistance of brain tissues to hypoxia and the effects of toxic substances, as well as improved memory, integrative brain activity, and increased learning ability.
When taken orally, it is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 1 hour. Penetrates into many organs and tissues, including through the blood-brain and placental barriers. The half-life is 4 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.
Routes of administration of the drug: inside or parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously). Tablets are recommended to be taken before meals. The dosage and duration of treatment are determined individually, depending on the disease and the characteristics of its clinical course.
In the treatment of patients suffering from, care should be taken and the dose adjusted depending on the level of creatinine clearance.
Side effects of the drug are standard, and they occur, as a rule, in elderly and senile patients, provided they receive a dosage of more than 2.4 g of piracetam per day.
It has an effect on platelet aggregation, therefore, it is used with caution in people suffering from hemostasis disorders and a tendency to hemorrhages.
During pregnancy and lactation is contraindicated.
In the event of the development of sleep disorders while taking piracetam, you should stop taking it in the evening and add this dose to the daytime.
Pramiracetam (Pramistar)
Chemical formula of Pramiracetam Release form - tablets.
It has a high degree of affinity for choline. Improves the ability to learn, memorize and mental activity in general. Does not have a sedative effect, does not affect the autonomic nervous system.
Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract quickly and almost completely, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined after 2-3 hours. The half-life is 4-6 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.
During pregnancy and lactation, Pramistar is contraindicated.
When treating patients with impaired renal function, one should carefully monitor the development of side effects of the drug in them - this will be a sign of an excess of the active substance in the body and require a dose reduction.
Vinpocetine (Cavinton, Neurovin, Vinpocetine, Vicebrol)
Available in the form of tablets and solution for infusion.
Improves microcirculation in the brain, enhances cerebral blood flow, does not cause the "steal" phenomenon.
When taken orally, it is absorbed in the organs of the digestive tract by 70%. The maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 60 minutes. The half-life is almost 5 hours.
It is used both in neurology (for chronic disorders of cerebral circulation and other diseases described in the general part of the article), and in ophthalmology (for the treatment of chronic diseases of the retinal vessels) and in otiatry (to restore hearing acuity).
In the case of starting therapy in the acute period of the disease, vinpocetine should be administered parenterally, and then continued orally at a dose of 1-2 tablets three times a day after meals.
Phenibut (Bifren, Noofen, Noobut, Phenibut)
Release form - tablets, capsules, powder for oral solution.
The dominant effects of this medicinal substance are antihypoxic and antiamnestic. The drug improves memory, increases mental and physical performance, stimulates learning processes. In addition, it eliminates anxiety, fear, psycho-emotional stress, improves sleep. Enhances and prolongs the action of hypnotics, anticonvulsants and neuroleptics. Reduces the manifestations of asthenia.
After oral administration, it is well absorbed and penetrates into all organs and tissues of the body, in particular, through the blood-brain barrier.
It is used to reduce emotional and intellectual activity, concentration, memory impairment, asthenic, anxiety-neurotic and neurosis-like conditions, insomnia, Meniere's disease, as well as to prevent motion sickness. In the complex therapy of predelirious and delirious alcoholic conditions, osteochondrosis of the cervicothoracic spine, menopausal disorders.
It is recommended to take orally, before meals, 250-500 mg three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 2.5 g, the maximum single dose is 750 mg. The duration of therapy is from 4 to 6 weeks.
In various clinical situations, the dosing regimen may vary.
It has an irritating effect, therefore, it is used with caution in people suffering from.
Hopantenic acid (Pantogam)
Produced in the form of tablets.
Reduces motor excitability, normalizes behavioral reactions, increases efficiency, activates mental activity.
Rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined 60 minutes after administration. Creates high concentrations in the kidneys, liver, stomach wall and skin. Penetrates through the blood-brain barrier. It is excreted from the body after 2 days.
The indications are standard.
Take the drug inside, half an hour after eating. A single dose for adults is 250-1000 mg. The daily dose is 1.5-3 g. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. After 3-6 months, you can repeat the course. In the treatment of various diseases, the dose of the drug may vary.
Contraindications and side effects are described above.
Pyritinol (Encephabol)
Available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral use (this dosage form is intended for children).
It has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, stabilizes neuron membranes, reduces the amount of free radicals, and reduces erythrocyte aggregation. It has a positive effect on behavioral and cognitive functions.
If the dosage regimen of the drug is observed, the development of side effects is unlikely.
Glycine (Glycine, Glycised)
Release form - tablets.
Improves metabolism in muscles and brain tissues. Has a sedative effect.
Apply sublingually (dissolving under the tongue).
For the treatment of depression, anxiety and irritability, glycine is taken 0.1 g 2-4 times a day. In chronic alcoholism, it is prescribed according to the recommended treatment regimens.
Contraindications - hypersensitivity to glycine. Side effects are not described.
Cerebrolysin
Release form - solution for injection.
Improves the function of nerve cells, stimulates the processes of their differentiation, activates the mechanisms of protection and recovery.
Penetrates through the blood-brain barrier.
It is used for metabolic, organic and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, in particular, with, it is also used in the complex therapy of strokes, traumatic brain injuries.
Daily doses of the drug vary widely depending on the pathology and range from 5 to 50 ml. Routes of administration - intramuscularly and intravenously.
Use with caution in the treatment of patients with allergic diathesis.
Actovegin
Release form - tablets, solution for injections and infusions.
Contains only physiological substances. Increases the resistance of the brain to hypoxia, accelerates the processes of glucose utilization.
It is used for ischemic and residual effects of hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury. It is widely used to treat diabetic polyneuropathy, burns, peripheral circulatory disorders, as well as trophic disorders in order to accelerate wound healing processes.
Generally well tolerated. In some cases, the reactions described at the beginning of the article develop.
Approved for use during pregnancy and lactation.
Contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
Contains sucrose, therefore, in patients with hereditary disorders of carbohydrate metabolism is not used.
Hexobendin (Instenon)
Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration.
It has a stimulating effect on metabolic processes in the brain and myocardium, improves cerebral and coronary circulation. Antispasmodic.
Indications for the use of this drug are diseases of the brain of an age-related and vascular nature, the consequences of insufficient blood supply to the brain, and dizziness.
Contraindicated in case of individual sensitivity to the components of the drug, increased intracranial pressure, epileptiform syndromes. During pregnancy and lactation, it is used only according to indications.
Inside it is recommended to take during or after a meal, without chewing, drinking plenty of water. The dosage is 1-2 tablets three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 5 tablets. The duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.
The solution for injection is administered intramuscularly, intravenously slowly or drip. The dosage depends on the characteristics of the clinical course of the disease.
During the period of treatment with this drug, tea and coffee should not be consumed in large quantities. If the drug is administered by intravenous drip, only slow infusion is allowed, and intravenous injection should last at least 3 minutes. Rapid administration of the drug can lead to a sharp decrease in blood pressure.
Combined drugs
There are many drugs that have in their composition 2 or more components that are similar in action or mutually reinforcing the effects of each other. The main ones are:
- Gamalate B6 (contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, GABA, gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide; is prescribed for adults in the complex treatment of functional asthenia; it is recommended to take 2 tablets 2-3 times a day for 2-18 months);
- Neuro-norm (contains piracetam and cinnarizine; indications are standard for nootropics; dosage - 1 capsule three times a day for 1-3 months; take the tablet after meals, do not chew, drink plenty of water);
- Noozom, Omaron, Phezam, Cinatropil, Evryza: drugs similar in chemical composition and other indicators to Neuro-norm;
- Olatropil (contains GABA and piracetam; recommended for use before meals, 1 capsule 3-4, maximum - 6 times a day for 1-2 months; if necessary, after 1.5-2 months, the course can be repeated);
- Thiocetam (includes piracetam and thiotriazolin; tablets are recommended to be taken 1-2 pieces three times a day; the course of treatment is up to 30 days; in some cases, it is used in the form of a solution for injection: administered intravenously, 20-30 ml of the drug in 100- 150 ml of saline or intramuscularly 5 ml once a day for 2 weeks).
So, above, you got acquainted with the most popular medicines of the nootropic group today. Some of them are the first drugs of this class, but many were developed much later and are much more effective, so they can safely be called new generation nootropics. Please note that the information provided in the article is not a guide to action: if you experience any unpleasant symptoms, you should not self-medicate, but you should seek help from a specialist.
Stimulants are conditionally divided into 4 large groups:
1. PSYCHOSTIMULATORS
a) psychomotor:
Phenamine;
Sidnocarb.
b) psychometabolic (nootropics):
Nootropil (piracetam);
Cerebrolysin;
Hamalon and others.
2. Analeptics
a) direct action:
Bemegrid;
Etimizol and others.
b) reflex action:
Cytiton and others.
c) mixed action:
Cordiamin and others.
3. SPINAL CORD STIMULANTS
Strychnine;
Securenin and others.
4. GENERAL TONING AGENTS (ADAPTOGENS)
a) vegetable origin:
Ginseng preparations, Eleutherococcus
ka, aralia, golden root, ma
rally root, Bittner's balm and
b) animal origin:
Pantokrin etc.
PSYCHOSTIMULATORS and NOOTROPICS
PSYCHOSTIMULATORS
Psychostimulants (or psychotonics, psychoanaleptics, psychomotor stimulants) increase mood, ability to perceive external stimuli, psychomotor activity. They reduce the feeling of fatigue, increase physical and mental performance (especially when tired), temporarily reduce the need for sleep (drugs that invigorate a tired body are called "doping" - from the English to dope - to give drugs).
Unlike drugs that depress the central nervous system, stimulants are of less importance, since they are devoid of selectivity of action. In addition, stimulation of the central nervous system is accompanied by its subsequent oppression.
Classification of psychostimulants
1) Means acting directly on the central nervous system:
a) stimulating mainly the cerebral cortex (xanthine alkaloids, phenamine, sydnocarb, methylphenamine, meridol, etc.);
b) stimulating mainly the medulla oblongata (cortex
sol, cordiamine, bemegride, camphor, carbon dioxide);
c) stimulating predominantly the spinal cord (strychnine).
2) Means acting on the central nervous system reflexively(lobelin, verat
room, nicotine).
It should be remembered that such a division is conditional and, when used in large doses, they can stimulate the central nervous system as a whole.
A typical representative of psychostimulants is FENAMIN(amphetamine sulfate; tab. 0.005; drops in the nose, in the eye 1% solution). Chemically, it is a phenylalkylamine, that is, it is similar in structure to adrenaline and norepinephrine.
MECHANISM OF ACTION associated with the ability to release NORADRENALIN and DOPAMINE from presynaptic endings. In addition, phenamine reduces the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Phenamine stimulates the ascending activating reticular formation of the brainstem.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
EFFECT ON THE CNS
Powerful CNS stimulant. It increases mental and physical performance, improves mood, causes euphoria, insomnia, tremor, and anxiety. In therapeutic doses, it has an awakening effect, eliminates fatigue, and increases physical capabilities. Stimulates the respiratory center and in this regard acts as an analeptic.
IMPACT ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In relation to the hypertensive effect of phenamine, tachyphylaxis is known.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Phenamine increases the tone of the sphincter of the bladder and relaxes the muscles of the bronchi, but only at high doses. Phenamine reduces appetite (on the hypothalamus), has some anticonvulsant effect (for Petit mal).
