Astringent medicines. Therapeutic action
Astringent medicines
For astringent medicines(from lat. adstringentia- viscous) include drugs that, when applied to an inflamed area of the skin or mucous membrane, as well as a wound surface, cause effective dehydration (dehydration) and partial coagulation (coagulation) of proteins and, in addition, have local anti-inflammatory and weak local anesthetic effects. As a result of dehydration and coagulation of proteins, a protein film is formed on the inflamed surface, which mechanically protects the underlying tissues and the endings of afferent nerve fibers from exposure to irritating substances. This entails suppression of glandular excretion, constriction of blood vessels, and a decrease in the feeling of pain. In addition, as a result of the dehydrating action of drugs of this group, the underlying protein layer, losing water, becomes denser, the permeability of cell membranes decreases, which ultimately results in a decrease in local inflammatory processes.
Typically, astringent drugs are classified depending on the sources of raw materials.
1. Astringent herbal medicines(organic binders drugs): decoction of oak bark; tannin(tannin - gallotannic acid, obtained from growths of Asia Minor oak); tanalbin(tannin with casein); infusion of sage leaves; infusion or decoction of bird cherry fruits; infusion or decoction of blueberries; calamus rhizome and etc.
2. Synthetic astringents(inorganic binders drugs): bismuth compounds (basic bismuth nitrate, bismuth gallate basic - dermatol, bismuth tribromophenol basic - xeroform and etc.); aluminum compounds ( aluminum-potassium alum, burnt alum); zinc compounds ( zinc sulfate, zinc oxide); copper sulfate; lead acetate.
Astringent medicinal products of plant origin are mainly used in gastroenterology, dermatology, dental and ENT practice.
In gastroenterology, infusions and decoctions of astringent herbal medicines are used for the symptomatic treatment of gastritis, enterocolitis and colitis. In diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract, they are used in enemas. In some cases, a drug is used to treat diarrhea tanalbin.
For the treatment of peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, combined drugs containing both organic and synthetic astringents are used. Drugs are an example vicair and vicalin, which also include bismuth nitrate basic and calamus rhizome powder.
Astringent drugs of inorganic origin are currently rarely used in clinical practice. However, basic bismuth nitrate has been shown to be used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers.
In dermatology, these drugs are used for inflammatory skin diseases, superficial ulcers, light burns and other injuries by applying to the skin surface in the form of solutions, decoctions, ointments. For example, drugs dermatol and xeroform used in dermatology in the form of powders and ointments for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. In addition, xeroform is part of balsamic liniment according to Vishnevsky.
In ENT practice, astringent herbal medicines are used for rinsing and inhalation in the treatment of stomatitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, etc. Some of them, for example decoction of sage, in addition to astringent, they also have a certain antimicrobial activity.
Astringent of plant origin - tannin- has the ability to form insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and some alkaloids, therefore, its 0.5% solution in a volume of 2 liters is used to wash the stomach through a tube in case of poisoning with atropine, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, physostigmine, copper salts. However, after washing the stomach with a solution of tannin, it is necessary to rinse it well with water, since the complexes that tannin forms with these compounds are unstable, and their release from the bond with tannin is possible.
Alum aluminum-potassium used both in the form of aqueous solutions for rinsing, lotions, washes and douches in inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes, and in the form of crystals to stop bleeding with small cuts, for example, when shaving.
Astringents when applied to mucous membranes cause coagulation of proteins; the resulting film protects the mucosa from irritating factors. The vasoconstriction and “tightening” of the mucosal surface leads to a decrease in pain sensations, a weakening of inflammatory processes.
Such an effect is exerted by many substances of plant origin (from St. John's wort, blueberries, oak, etc.), as well as weak solutions of salts of certain metals (silver, aluminum, zinc, etc.).
Brief description of drugs
Bismuth nitrate basic is part of the medicines Vikalin, Vikair, Almagel, widely used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Dermatol used as an astringent, antiseptic and drying agent, externally in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the skin, mucous membranes (ulcers, eczema, dermatitis) in the form of powders, ointments, suppositories.
Hypericum herb used as an astringent and antiseptic in the treatment of colitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, burns.
Neo-anuzole used as an astringent and disinfectant in the treatment of hemorrhoids, anal fissures.
Tannin (gallotannic acid) used as an astringent and local anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, throat.
Tansal used as an astringent and disinfectant in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (colitis, enteritis).
Brief description of the pharmacological group. Astringents, when applied to mucous membranes, cause coagulation of proteins; the resulting film protects the mucosa from irritating factors. The vasoconstriction and “tightening” of the mucosal surface leads to a decrease in pain sensations, a weakening of inflammatory processes.
Astringent drugs are widely used in medical practice. In particular, they are used in the treatment of injuries, inflammations of the skin and mucous membranes. When applied to the site of inflammation or the surface of the wound, they relieve inflammation and also relieve pain. Astringents have a dehydrating effect, drying the surface of the damage, and also promotes partial coagulation of proteins, bringing the healing process closer.
All medicinal products that have an astringent effect are classified as synthetic drugs and herbal preparations. That is, they are distinguished as inorganic astringents and organic astringents.
It is about the second variety that we will talk with you today. Let's learn more about astringent medicinal plants. Let's find out in which areas of medicine they are used, how they are classified and what properties they have:
Properties of astringent plants
Usually, they are used in such areas of medicine as gastroenterology, dermatology. Very often, astringent plants are used in dentistry, as well as ENT practice.
Decoctions, infusions, tinctures are prepared from them, applied externally in the form of lotions, compresses, rinses, powders for injuries and inflammations of the skin and mucous membranes. Used inside in the complex treatment of diseases of the stomach, intestines.
Main groups of astringent plants
According to the therapeutic effect, astringent medicinal plants are divided into three main groups: hemostatic, fixing, healing. Let's briefly review the properties of plants from each group:
- Hemostatic. Means based on these plants are used to stop bleeding. These properties are possessed by:, a thick-leaved bergenia plant, oak bark, snake mountaineer. Mullein, nettle leaves, raspberry leaves, burnet grass, goose and erect cinquefoil, shepherd's purse are also effective. Many people know from childhood about the hemostatic properties of plantain, yarrow.
- Fixing. These plants are mainly used to treat diarrhea, taken orally. They have a characteristic astringent, slightly bitter taste. Typical representatives of this group are meadow geranium, gentian grass, forest blackberry leaves. St. John's wort is a well-known plant of this group. Very often, to stop diarrhea (diarrhea), a decoction of oak bark is taken. Also effective are raspberry leaves, water lily leaves, comfrey grass and wild lingonberries.
- Healing. Means based on them are used (more often externally) in the treatment of skin inflammations, injuries (cuts, wounds, burns, etc.). Basically, these herbs have a sweetish aftertaste. Often used to treat mucous membranes. The most famous plants of this group are: leaves of perennial aloe, marshmallow root, wood louse grass, comfrey plant. Often used decoctions of sage leaves, blackheads, shepherd's purse. Use fresh plantain leaves, their juice.
It can be seen that in each of the three groups there are the same plants. They have universal properties. Therefore, they are used to treat both internal ailments and external injuries. Such herbs include marshmallow, comfrey, oak bark, leaves, plantain seeds, herbs - yarrow and blackhead, etc.
cooking recipes
I offer you several recipes for the preparation of healing products based on the most popular astringent plants:
Hypericum infusion
To prepare an effective, astringent, anti-inflammatory natural remedy, you need to do the following:
Pour into a glass (porcelain, ceramic) container 1 tbsp. l. dried herb. After that, boil water and pour 1 cup of boiling water into the herb. Now you need to insulate everything very well, be patient and wait 40-60 minutes. Strain the finished infusion through a fine strainer and drink a sip before meals. The infusion is used to treat diseases of the digestive tract.
Infusion of blueberries
With chronic diseases of the stomach, intestines or with their exacerbation, this remedy will help. To prepare it, place 2 tsp in a mug or suitable cup. dried berries. Now it remains to pour them with very steep boiling water (a glass). Just as in the first recipe, insulate the dishes. The infusion will be ready in 4 hours. Drink half a glass during the day, and eat the berries. You can prepare the infusion in a thermos, it will be faster.
Gastric collection
There is a very effective remedy for the treatment of gastritis and the restoration of normal bowel function. To prepare it, pour into a clean, dry container 2 tbsp. l. dry mint, dried nettle leaves. Add 1 tbsp. l. crushed dry roots of calamus and the same amount of valerian root. Mix everything.
Now you need to pour 1 tbsp. l. cooked collection with boiling water. As usual, for 1 tbsp. l. raw materials we take 1 cup of boiling water. We warm, wait 1 hour. Then the infusion can be filtered. Drink - half a glass in the morning, before breakfast and at night.
Collection against bloating and flatulence
To prepare, mix an equal amount of such plants: mint leaves, fennel fruits, finely broken dry valerian roots. Take 1 tbsp. l. prepared collection, pour 1 cup boiling water into the bowl with herbs. Cover up warmer. Here you need to wait until the infusion cools down by itself, to room temperature. Now it needs to be filtered. Drink sips throughout the day. Be healthy!
For the treatment of inflammation, the main thing is to eliminate the causes of the disease, neutralize them (toxic substances, microbes, viruses). For this, antimicrobial preparations (antibiotics, sulfonamides, nitrofuran preparations), disinfectant solutions and medicinal plants are effectively used.
It should be remembered that the treatment of inflammation should be comprehensive and targeted. In the initial stage, when its development is undesirable (for example, with a burn), plants with an astringent effect should be used.
Astringents cause tissue thickening due to the precipitation of proteins and the formation of dense albuminates. Therefore, a protein film is formed on the surface of the tissue, which protects its nerve endings and underlying layers from the effects of mechanical, bacterial and chemical stimuli. As a result, the sensitivity of the receptors decreases, the blood vessels narrow and the permeability of their walls decreases.
Vasoconstriction leads to a decrease in blood supply to capillaries and arterioles, as a result of which their walls become less permeable to plasma and blood. As a result, the formation of exudate decreases, which weakens the inflammatory process. This is also facilitated by the precipitation of microbial proteins.
Astringents of drugs reduce secretion, slow down intestinal motility, as a result, the intestinal contents thicken and move more slowly through the intestines, in addition, pain decreases and reflex reactions are weakened. Which leads to constipation. For this reason, astringents are prescribed for diarrhea.
After the termination of the action of astringents, the vital activity of the cell can be normalized. Astringent preparations used in high concentrations cause changes in the properties of the protein of cells and act on them as a cauterizer, which sometimes causes the death of the cell itself.
In plants, astringents (tannins) can accumulate in the bark, roots, and leaves.
Here is a list of known plants that have an astringent effect: common blueberry (berries), common oak (bark), horse sorrel (seeds, root), common blackberry (seeds, leaves), St. John's wort (grass), mountain ash (berries), mountaineer snake (rhizome), mountaineer (grass), viburnum common (bark), wild strawberry (berries), burnet (root, rhizome), calamus ordinary (root), agrimony (herb), Japanese sophora (fruits), astragalus hung flowered (grass), bird cherry (berry), thick-leaved bergenia (root), walnut (leaves), gray alder (cones), white mistletoe (grass), common aspen (buds), common bearberry (leaves), wormwood ( chernobyl) (grass), common tansy (flowers), marsh cudweed (grass), erect cinquefoil (root, rhizome), wild rosemary (grass), centaury umbrella (grass), sandy immortelle (inflorescences), common yarrow (grass), common barberry (bark, berries) , lingonberries (leaves), fragrant poplar (buds), cinnamon rosehip (berries), medicinal lungwort (herb), marigolds (calendula) (flowers), white lamb (leaves), etc.
Medicinal mixtures (fees) are also widely used for treatment. They include two or more components. As a rule, the number of components ranges from 3 to 7, but there are fees and 20 components. The collection includes plants that have the same effect or enhance and complement each other's influence. Mixtures are used both inside (decoction, infusion) and externally (poultices, washings, rinses, baths). Such multicomponent collections usually have a stronger effect on the body of patients than the same plants but alone. The recipe for each collection should mention the number of parts by weight of each of the plants.
Medicinal plant materials affecting the afferent nervous system.
astringent action
Characteristics of PMH of binding action:
The astringent effect of medicinal plants is due to the presence of tannins in them.
Tannins are a group of diverse and complex water-soluble organic substances of the aromatic series containing hydroxyl radicals of a phenolic nature.
Tannins (tannins) are plant polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of 500 to 3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins and alkaloids and having tanning properties. Tannins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, they have a characteristic astringent taste, they are able to precipitate from an aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solution, dissolve glue, and iron salts give various shades of green or blue coloration and precipitation (ink properties). Accumulate mainly in the underground organs of perennial herbaceous plants (rhizomes of bergenia, serpentine, cinquefoil, rhizomes of burnet), as well as in the bark and wood of trees and shrubs (oak bark), the fruits of bird cherry, blueberries, seedlings, alder, less often in the leaves of skumpia, sumac, tea. Among lower plants, they are found in lichens, fungi, algae; among spore plants, in mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
According to Chevrenidi, the minimum amount of tannins in the underground organs is observed in spring, during the period of plant growth, then it gradually increases, reaching the largest amount in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering.
The vegetation phase affects not only the quantity, but also the qualitative composition of tannins. The altitude factor has a greater influence on the accumulation of tannins. Plants growing high above sea level (bergenia, skumpia, sumac) contain more active ingredients.
Plants growing in the sun accumulate more tannins than those growing in the shade. Tropical plants contain much more tannins. Plants growing in damp places contain more tannins than those growing in dry places. There are more tannins in young plants than in old ones. In the morning hours (from 7 to 10), the content of tannins reaches a maximum, in the middle of the day it reaches a minimum, and in the evening it rises again.
The biological role of tannins
Hypotheses:
They are reserve substances, because they accumulate in the underground parts of many plants
Possessing bactericidal and fungicidal properties as phenolic derivatives, they prevent wood decay, i.e. they perform a protective function for the plant against pests and pathogens.
They are waste products of organisms
Participate in redox processes, are oxygen carriers in plants.
Workpiece:
Harvesting of raw materials is carried out during the period of maximum accumulation of DV. In herbaceous plants, as a rule, the minimum content of active substances is noted in the spring during the period of regrowth, then their content increases and reaches a maximum during the period of budding and flowering (for example, Potentilla rhizomes). By the end of the growing season, the amount of DV gradually decreases. In burnet, the maximum AD accumulates in the phase of development of rosette leaves, in the flowering phase their content decreases, and in autumn it increases. The vegetation phase affects not only the quantity, but also the qualitative composition of the AI. In the spring, during the period of sap flow, in the bark of trees and shrubs and in the regrowth phase of herbaceous plants, hydrolyzable DVs mainly accumulate, and in the autumn, in the phase of plant death, condensed DVs and their polymerization products, flobaphenes (redness). During the period of the highest content of tannins in plants, it is necessary to exclude water from entering the raw materials.
Drying conditions:
After harvesting, the raw materials must be dried quickly, because under the influence of enzymes, oxidation and hydrolysis of active ingredients occur. The collected raw materials are dried in air in the shade or in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. Underground organs and oak bark can be dried in the sun
Stored in a dry, well-ventilated area without access to direct sunlight according to the general list for 2-6 years, in tight packaging, preferably in its entirety, tk. in the crushed state, the raw material undergoes rapid oxidation due to an increase in the surface of contact with atmospheric oxygen.
Application:
Raw materials and preparations containing DV are used externally and internally as astringent, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and hemostatic agents. The action is based on the ability of DV to bind to proteins with the formation of dense albuminates. Upon contact with an inflamed mucous membrane or wound surface, a thin surface film is formed that protects sensitive nerve endings from irritation. There is a sealing of cell membranes, narrowing of blood vessels, the release of exudates decreases, which leads to a decrease in the inflammatory process. These changes determine the anti-inflammatory effect that astringents have. Astringents, unlike cauterizing agents, do not cause cell death and have a reversible effect. Due to the ability of DV to form precipitates with alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, salts of heavy metals, they are used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances. Outwardly, for diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx (stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis), as well as for burns, decoctions of oak bark, rhizomes, bergenia, serpentine, cinquefoil, rhizomes and roots of burnet, and the drug "Altan" are used.
Study Plan for HR and HR
Latin and Russian names of medicinal plant materials producing plants and families.
Plant appearance
Distribution, habitat
Terms, features of the workpiece. Rules and methods of drying
Appearance of raw materials
Chemical composition, active substances
Storage conditions
Application
Cortex Quercus, Quercus robur, Fagaceae. Beech. Oak bark.
Oak ordinary.
A tree up to 40 km high with a wide spreading crown with dark brown bark; oak blossoms from 50 years of age. Blooms at the same time as the leaves open. Leaves obovate, pinnately scapular, with deciduous stipules, leathery, shiny above, light green below, short-petiolate, flowers unisexual, male in drooping racemes, female sessile. The fruit is a single-seeded acorn. The bark of young shoots is smooth, olive-brown, the old ones are brown-gray, fissured.
Widely distributed in Western Europe and the European part of Russia. Does not currently live in Siberia. The eastern limits of the common oak area are the watershed of the Volga and Ural rivers, as well as the valleys of the Yuryuzan and Sylva rivers.
Appearance of raw materials
The outer surface is shiny, rarely matte, smooth or slightly wrinkled, sometimes with small cracks, often transversely elongated lenticels are visible. Inner surface with numerous, longitudinal, thin, protruding ribs; when broken, the outer bark is granular, even, the inner bark is strongly fibrous, splintery. The color of the bark outside is light brown or light gray, silvery, inside is yellowish brown. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying when the bark is wetted with water. The taste is strongly astringent.
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Harvested during the juice movement (which coincides with bud break) without a cork layer on the outside, and wood on the inside.
Drying
Dry under canopies in the open air or in well-ventilated areas. In good weather, you can dry in the sun. Dry bark breaks when bent, while under-dried bark bends. It is necessary to ensure that the bark is not moistened during drying, because. at the same time, it loses a significant part of the tannins contained in it.
Storage
Shelf life of raw materials is 5 years.
Application
Contains protein, tannins, starch, quercete, the action is reduced to an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, based on the ability of tannins to thicken cell membranes.
Fryctus Mirtilli blueberries, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae birch or Vacciniaceae lingonberries.
Plant appearance
deciduous subshrub, with branched ribbed stems up to 40 cm, leaves short-petiolate, rounded, elliptical or ovate, serrate-toothed along the edge. The flowers are small with pitcher-shaped spherical corolla, located in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a juicy sweet spherical black-blue berry with a bluish bloom with a flattened top and the remainder of the calyx in the form of an annular rim.
Distribution habitat
Distributed in the European part of the CIS, western and eastern Siberia, the Caucasus and the Far East, grows in coniferous and mixed forests. Fruits well under the canopy of not too shady forest on moist soil.
Diagnostic features of raw materials
The fruits are strongly wrinkled, small, after soaking they take on a spherical shape, black, with a bluish bloom, up to 10 ml in diameter. on the top of the fruit, the remnant of the calyx is visible in the form of a small annular rim. In the red-violet pulp of the fruit are numerous small ovoid seeds, the smell is sweet, the taste is sweet and sour, slightly astringent. When chewing, saliva turns dark red, teeth and oral mucosa turn blue-violet.
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In the period of full maturation in the morning or in the evening. It is not allowed to wash the berries and transfer from one container to another.
Drying
The fruits are laid out in a thin layer in the sun for 2-3 days, and then dried in Russian ovens, fruit and vegetable or other heated dryers, stirring occasionally. Dry until the berries stop getting their hands dirty and sticking together in lumps.
Chemical composition
Blueberries contain up to 12% tannins of the pyrocatechin group.
Storage condition
In sacks on undercarriages, on a constant draft, tk. berries are easily affected by berry moth. Shelf life 2 years.
Pharmacological properties
Preparations of blueberry leaves have a cardiotonic, diuretic, choleretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic effect.
Medicines
Fruits in packs, decoction, "Arfazetin" collection, "Difrarel" drug.
Rhizomata Berginae, bodanus rhizome, Bergenia crassifolia thick-leaved bodanus, Saxifragaceae saxifrageous
Perennial herbaceous plant up to 50cm high. the rhizome is creeping, fleshy, thick, reaching up to several meters in length and 3.5 cm in diameter, from which a large vertical root departs. The stem is thick, leafless, pink-red, 15-50 cm high.
Leaves in a dense basal rosette, with an almost rounded blade, large, broadly oval, entire, glabrous, leathery, shiny. The leaf blade is broadly elliptical or almost rounded, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, obtusely or indistinctly dentate.
The flowers are small, regular, five-membered, in a paniculate corymbose inflorescence. Calyx campanulate, lilac pink. The fruit is an elliptical capsule with small seeds.
Distribution and habitat
It has a South Siberian range, covering the mountains of Adtai, the Kuznetsk Alatau, the western and eastern Sayans, the Baikal and Transbaikalia, and enters the mountainous forest regions of Mongolia.
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The rhizome is located almost at the surface of the earth. They are harvested during the summer growing season, dug or pulled out of the soil, cleaned of earth and petioles, cut into pieces of various lengths.
Drying
First, the rhizome is dried. Dry slowly in dryers. Rapid heat drying reduces the amount of tannins. The raw material dries within 3 weeks. The yield of dry raw materials is 30-35%.
Appearance of raw materials
Pieces of rhizomes are cylindrical in shape, about three cm in diameter. Dark brown on the outside, light brown in the fracture with dark dots of vascular bundles in a discontinuous ring around the fleshy core. The smell is not characteristic. The taste is astringent.
Chemical composition
Storage
In a dry place, in a well-packed container. Shelf life 4 years.
Application
The drugs have hemostatic, astringent, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
Fructus Padi cherry fruits. Padus avium bird cherry, Rosaceae rosaceae
Plant appearance:
A small tree or shrub with black-gray bark, pronounced lenticels, alternate, petiolate, elliptical leaves with a serrated edge. The leaves are dark green, short-petiolate. The flowers are white, collected in drooping brushes, have a strong smell. Calyx and corolla five-membered, many stamens. One pestle. The fruit is a black drupe with an abundant grayish coating. Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in August-September.
Spreading: distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, in Western Siberia it reaches the Yenisei, is found in the mountains of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. Habitat: along the banks of rivers, in riverine forests, along forest edges, in bushes.
Workpiece: harvested in the phase of fruit ripening, for which the brushes are cut with a knife, put in baskets or buckets. Before drying, they are dried in the sun for 1-2 days.
Drying: in dryers or Russian ovens, then dry fruits are placed on sieves and separated from twigs and stalks by rubbing.
Appearance of raw materials: raw materials should consist of spherical wrinkled drupes covered with a whitish-grayish bloom, with one large hard bone inside, sweetish - astringent taste ...
Chemical composition: organic acids, tannins up to 15%.
Leaves, flowers, bark and seeds contain glycosides: amygdalin, prulaurazine, prunazine. Amygdalin during enzymatic cleavage gives benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid and glucose. The aroma of the plant is due to the presence of prunazine glycoside.
Storage: packed in bags, boxes. Store in a draft, shelf life - 3 years.
Application: as an astringent for enteritis, dyspepsia of various etiologies, as well as an adjuvant for infectious colitis and dysentery.
hypericium perforatum (St. John's wort) quadrangulum (tetrahedral) St. John's wort family: Hypericaceae
Plant appearance: perennial herbaceous plant, branched stems, with two ribs, 30-60 cm high. Leaves and branches are arranged oppositely. The leaves are oblong-oval in shape, obtuse, entire, smooth, with translucent scattered over the leaf blade, and black dotted receptacles along the edges. They appear to be pierced with a needle, hence the name "perforated". The flowers are free-petal, regular, with a five-leaf falling calyx, a five-petal corolla; petals are bright yellow, oblong-oval, with black-brown dots (on the underside). Stamens 50-60, fused at the base into 3 bundles. The inflorescence is a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a three-celled multi-seeded boll that opens with three wings. Blooms from June to August, fruits ripen in September.
Spreading: the entire European part of the country, the Caucasus, the mountains of Central Asia and Western Siberia.
Workpiece: flowering tops are harvested, cut with a knife or sickles during the period of mass flowering, 25-30 cm long, without coarse stems. Uprooting of plants is not allowed.
Drying: in rooms with good ventilation. The raw materials are rubbed with a thin layer (5 cm) and periodically turned over. In dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 35-40 degrees. In good weather, the raw material dries in 4-5 days, and in dryers in 1-2 days.
Appearance of raw materials: stems are oppositely branched, cylindrical, with two longitudinal ribs, glabrous, 23-30 cm long, glabrous, with flowers, buds and partly unripe fruits. The leaves are sessile, opposite, 0.7-3.5 cm long, up to 1.4 cm wide, glabrous, oblong, entire, with a blunt apex, numerous translucent receptacles in the form of light dots; dark (pigmented) receptacles are also noticeable. Stems and leaves are dull green. The flowers are golden yellow, collected in a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a trihedral multi-seeded capsule. Seeds are small, cylindrical, dark brown. The smell of raw materials is weak, fragrant. The taste is bitter, slightly astringent.
Chemical composition: contains a variety of biologically active compounds. The main active ingredients are photoactive condensed anthracene derivatives (hypericin, pseudohypericin, protopseudohypericin, rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin). Tannins up to 10%
Storage: in a dry place protected from light, shelf life - 3 years.
Application: used as an antispasmodic, astringent, disinfectant and anti-inflammatory agent, the presence of vitamins complements the therapeutic effect.
Medicines: the drug Novoimanin is included in the fees.
Poligonum bistorta (highlander snake), Rhizomata Bistortae (serpentine rhizome), Polygonaceae (buckwheat)
Plant appearance: perennial herbaceous plant up to 50-70 cm tall, with a straight fistulate unbranched hollow stem. Stem leaves small, narrow, few in number emerge from brownish bells. Basal leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, large, sometimes with a heart-shaped base. The flowers are small, pinkish, fragrant. Collected in a dense oblong spike-shaped inflorescence. The fruit is a trihedral dark brown shiny achene in the form of a nut. Blossoms in May - June, fruits ripen in July.
Spreading. Habitat: grows almost everywhere.
Harvesting: rhizomes are harvested after mating or in early spring. Cut the stems and small thin roots. Washed in water.
Drying: dried in the air, it is possible in the sun, dried, the final drying of the raw materials is carried out in dryers with heating at a temperature of 50-60 degrees, or in attics under an iron roof. With slow drying, the rhizome turns brown inside.
Appearance of raw materials: the rhizome is solid, has a serpentine shape, with transverse folds on the upper side, with traces of cut roots on the lower side, dark brown on the outside, brown-pink on the break. Length 5-10 cm, thickness 1-2 cm. The taste is strongly astringent, bitterish, there is no smell. An aqueous decoction of rhizomes with iron ammonium alum gives a black-blue color (tannins of the pyrogallic group).
Chemical composition : tannins (15-20%). Free polyphenols (gallic acid and catechin)
Storage: in a well-checked room, a shelf life of 6 years.
Application : as a good astringent for gastrointestinal diseases. As well as inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs.
Diarrhea(from Greek. diarrhoea- expire), or diarrhea, is a stool disorder characterized by the release of liquid stools, which is associated with the accelerated passage of intestinal contents. The causes of diarrhea can be increased intestinal motility, impaired absorption of water in the large intestine, and the secretion of a significant amount of mucus by the intestinal wall. In most cases, diarrhea is a symptom of acute or chronic colitis, enteritis. Infectious diarrhea is observed in dysentery, salmonellosis, food poisoning, viral diseases (viral diarrhea), amoebiasis, etc.
Diarrhea can be a symptom of food poisoning and can be caused by an unhealthy diet or an allergy to certain foods. Diarrhea develops when the digestion of food is disturbed due to a lack of certain enzymes. Toxic diarrhea accompanies uremia, mercury poisoning, arsenic. Drug-induced diarrhea can occur when beneficial bacteria in the intestines are suppressed and dysbacteriosis develops. Diarrhea can occur under the influence of excitement, fear (the so-called bear disease).
The frequency of stool with diarrhea is different, bowel movements - watery or mushy. With diarrhea, there may be pain in the abdomen, a feeling of rumbling, transfusion, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Diarrhea can have not only different causes, but also different meanings for the well-being of the body. Light and short-term diarrhea have little effect on the general condition of patients, severe and chronic - lead to exhaustion, hypovitaminosis, pronounced changes in the organs.
Antidiarrheals include symptomatic remedies that eliminate diarrhea by inhibiting intestinal motility and contraction of its sphincters, or weakening the irritating effect on the intestinal mucosa of its contents. As pathogenetic treatment consider the elimination of intestinal dysbacteriosis.
Symptomatic remedies of plant origin include remedies better known under the historically established name "astringents", or "fixing".
Astringents are substances capable of coagulating proteins on the surface of the mucous membrane. Coagulated proteins form a film that protects the endings of afferent (sensory) nerves from the effects of local damaging factors. Getting into the intestines, astringents prevent irritation of the sensitive nerve endings, therefore, they cause a decrease in peristalsis, that is, they have a “fixing” effect, while reducing the feeling of pain. In addition, under the influence of biologically active substances with astringent action, local vasoconstriction, a decrease in their permeability, a decrease in exudation and inhibition of enzymes occur. The combination of these effects prevents the development of diarrhea and inflammation, which served as a possible cause of diarrhea. Thus, astringents of plant origin also have anti-inflammatory properties.
Astringents of plant origin form insoluble compounds with proteins, alkaloids, cardiac and triterpene glycosides, salts of heavy metals, thereby preventing their absorption, so they can be used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances. Astringents also have antiseptic, antimicrobial and hemostatic properties. At high concentrations of astringents, irreversible damage to living cells occurs. This type of action is called cauterizing.
The biologically active substances of plant origin, which have an astringent effect, include tannins.
The action of astringents is short and reversible, to achieve the result they are used repeatedly (2 to 6 times a day) in the form of infusions or decoctions. To avoid excessive or unnecessary deposition of tannins on the gastric mucosa, they are taken either after meals or in the form of compounds with proteins (tanalbin drug). In this case, they are released only in the middle and lower sections of the small intestine and enter the large intestine as active drugs. As antimicrobial and astringent agents for diarrhea of microbial etiology, they are prescribed 30-60 minutes before meals.
Astringents are used in dermatology in the treatment of superficial lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, for rinsing in case of diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract.
Medicinal plant materials containing tannins include: badan rhizomes, oak bark, serpentine rhizomes, burnet rhizomes and roots, cinquefoil rhizomes, alder seedlings, bird cherry fruits, blueberry fruits and shoots.
Badan rhizomes - Rhizomata Bergeniae
Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch.
Family saxifrage - Saxifragaceae.
Botanical description. Perennial herbaceous plant 10-50 cm high (Fig. 3.7). The rhizome is fleshy, creeping with numerous thin adventitious roots. The leaves are whole, naked, leathery, hibernating, collected in a basal rosette. The leaf blade is broadly elliptical, the apex is rounded, the base is heart-shaped or rounded, the edge with large blunt teeth. The length of the leaf blade is 10-35 cm (usually exceeds the length of the petiole), the width is 9-30 cm. Flowers with a lilac-pink corolla are collected at the top of a leafless peduncle in a dense paniculate corymbose inflorescence. The fruit is a box.
Blossoms in May-July, before the appearance of young leaves, the fruits ripen in July-early August.
Geographic distribution. Badan thick-leaved grows in the south of Siberia: in Altai, in the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the Western and Eastern Sayans, in the Tuva Republic, the Baikal and Transbaikalia.
Habitat. Badan is found in the forest, subalpine and alpine belts at an altitude of 300 to 2000 m above sea level on well-drained stony soils. Abundant in dark coniferous forests, where it often forms dense thickets.
Rice. 3.7. Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch.:
1 - flowering plant; 2 - rhizome with roots
blank. The rhizomes are dug up in the summer, in June-July, cleaned from the ground, cut off small roots, remove the remnants of the aerial part, cut into pieces up to 20 cm long and delivered to the place of drying. Rhizomes left in heaps for more than 3 days rot.
Security measures. To preserve the thickets, it is necessary to leave 10-15% of the plants intact during harvesting.
Drying. Before drying, the rhizomes are dried, and then dried in dryers at a temperature of 50 ° C to an air-dry state.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw material - pieces of cylindrical rhizomes up to 20 cm long and up to 2 cm thick. Their surface is dark brown, slightly wrinkled, with rounded traces of cut roots and scaly remnants of leaf petioles. The fracture is granular, light pink or light brown. On the fracture, the narrow primary cortex and vascular bundles are clearly visible, located in a discontinuous ring around the wide core. There is no smell. The taste is strongly astringent.
Storage. In a dry, well ventilated area. Shelf life - 4 years.
Chemical composition. Tannins (up to 25-27%), arbutin, catechin, catechin gallate, isocoumarin bergenin, phenolic acids and their derivatives, starch.
Application, medicines. Badan rhizome is used in the form of a decoction as an astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent for colitis, enterocolitis, stomatitis, gingivitis and cervical erosion. Badan rhizomes serve as a medicinal plant raw material for obtaining a liquid extract.
Side effects. Prolonged use of bergenia rhizome drugs inhibits the secretion of gastric juice and inhibits the development of normal microflora in the intestine.
Contraindications. Violation of the motor function of the intestine.
