Sinus rhythm 80 per minute. What does sinus rhythm indicate?

Sinus node - This is a group of cells located in the right atrium, which have the ability to produce impulses, to transmit these impulses to other myocardial cells.

Normally, the impulse arises in the sinus node of the right atrium, covers both atria, then through the atrioventricular node, which is the center of automatism of the second order, the impulse is transmitted to the ventricles and covers them with excitation.

This is how the contraction of the heart occurs: first the atria, and then the ventricles. If, after conducting an ECG, the doctor made the conclusion “sinus, regular rhythm”, then this means that your heart is contracting normally, there are no pathological abnormalities in the conduction system. This means that the impulse that causes your heart to contract occurs where it is needed, namely in the sinus node of the right atrium.

1 ECG and sinus rhythm

The simplest and most accessible method for determining the heart rhythm is an ECG. This method allows you to determine the frequency and regularity of heart contractions, assess the nature of the rhythm and its source, diagnose acute or chronic damage to the myocardium. Conducting an ECG is mandatory during a preventive examination and medical examination. Any doctor and medical worker with a secondary medical education should be able to encrypt a cardiogram.

On the electrocardiogram, there is a P wave, which is responsible for the work of the atria, and there is a complex of QRS teeth, this complex shows the work of the ventricles. Since the atria normally contract first, then the ventricles, the P wave must always precede the QRS complex.

So, ECG signs of sinus rhythm:

Permanent shape of the P wave (duration 0.1 s, height 2-2.5 mm),
The same distance between the teeth P-P or R-R,
The P wave always precedes the QRS complex
The distance from the P wave to the next Q wave is the same and equal to 0.12-0.2 s,
Heart rate from 60 to 90 beats per minute.

If these criteria are met on the ECG, this means that the heart rhythm is normal.

2 What should a patient know before an ECG?

In order for the electrocardiogram data to be as accurate as possible, there are certain rules that the patient must follow before conducting this study. Firstly, try not to be nervous, do not drink alcohol, coffee, strong tea, do not smoke before the procedure, as the heart rate will increase, tachycardia will develop and the ECG data will not be correct. No need to overeat and do physical labor. If you follow all the above rules, then an ECG recording will allow you to accurately diagnose the work of your heart and determine its rhythm and frequency of contractions.

3 Heart rate in children

Heartbeat in newborn babies and toddlers is much more frequent than in an adult. If you put your hand on the chest of a small child, you can hear how often and loudly a tiny heart beats. The younger the child, the faster his heart beats. For example, the norm for a newborn baby is a heart rate of up to 140 beats per minute, and when feeding, screaming, it can reach 180 beats per minute.

This is due to the fact that the metabolism is more intense in babies and the fact that the heart is less affected by the vagus nerve, which slows down the heartbeat. By the age of two, the heart rate averages 120-125 per minute, by six - 100-105, and already at ten or twelve years, the heart rate in a child will correspond to an adult.

These physiological features, characteristic of childhood, should be taken into account by the parent, and do not panic if, when deciphering the cardiogram, the doctor writes a three-digit number, determining the heart rate for your child. Perhaps a rapid heartbeat is normal for his age. And if the intervals between heartbeats are the same, the P wave accompanies each set of ventricular contractions - this means sinus rhythm, and in this case there is no cause for concern.

4 When is sinus rhythm abnormal?

The sinoatrial node can produce impulses both with the same, constant frequency, and with periods of gradual increase and decrease. If the sinus rhythm is characterized by such periods of acceleration-decrease, we are talking about an abnormal sinus rhythm or arrhythmia. There are two forms of sinus arrhythmia: respiratory (cyclic) and not associated with breathing (non-cyclic).

Respiratory or cyclic arrhythmia is characterized by the fact that the heart rate increases on inhalation and slows down on exhalation, there is a clear connection with breathing. This condition occurs due to high activity of the vagus nerve. Respiratory arrhythmia is characteristic of young people, athletes, patients with neurocirculatory dystonia, neuroses, as well as adolescents during puberty.

ECG signs of respiratory arrhythmia:

Signs of sinus rhythm (P wave of normal shape and size, always precedes the QRS complex),
Increased heart rate on inspiration and decrease on expiration
The duration of R-R is not the same, but the runs are within 0.15 s.

A characteristic feature and diagnostic criterion is the following moment: respiratory arrhythmia disappears on the ECG when holding the breath, increases under the action of drugs of the group of b-blockers and disappears under the action of atropine. Sinus arrhythmia not associated with breathing is observed in the elderly, with various cardiac pathologies (cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, myocarditis).

If respiratory arrhythmia has a favorable prognosis and is a physiological feature, then non-cyclic arrhythmia has a more serious prognostic value and may mean certain disorders in the work of the heart.

ECG signs of non-cyclic arrhythmia:

Signs of sinus rhythm (P wave of normal shape and size, always precedes the QRS complex)
There is no connection of sinus arrhythmia with respiration,
Sinus arrhythmia persists when holding the breath,
The duration of R-R is not the same, the run-up is more than 0.15 s.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that sinus rhythm is a normal rhythm of heart contraction, but sinus rhythm does not exclude possible disturbances in the work of the heart. It is important that the rhythm is not just sinus, but also correct. Correct sinus rhythm means that your heart is beating regularly and rhythmically.

Also, on the eve of any surgical intervention, in order to determine the state of the heart at the current moment, the patient is required to undergo an ECG without fail. According to this survey, indicators of the work of the heart are determined. What does sinus rhythm mean in an ECG: interpretation of the results.

Peculiarities

ECG sinus rhythm what is it? The sinus rhythm found on the ECG indicates good activity of the heart muscle, in which there are no pathologies. This rhythm characterizes oscillations arising from impulses in a certain node and diverging through the atrium and ventricle. As a result, the heart muscle contracts. In order for the examination to show the correct result, the patient should not worry, he needs to be in a calm state.

What does sinus rhythm EKG mean? If the doctor notes on the transcript that there is a sinus rhythm, then it means that the P peaks manifest themselves on a homogeneous basis, the pulse is 60-80 beats per minute, the distances between P-P and R-R are similar. This means that the sinus center must have a driver of the heartbeat. The feature matching is checked as follows:

The elevations of P are equal in height;
Before the QRS complex, the obligatory presence of armhole P;
The PQ distance remains stable;
Notch P on the second lead is positive.

results

ECG results sinus rhythm. If all the parameters reflected on the cardiogram correspond to the sinus rhythm, this means that the innervation impulses follow correctly from top to bottom. Otherwise, the impulses come from their secondary parts of the heart.

What does upright position in sinus rhythm mean on an ECG? This is the normal location of the heart in the thoracic region, on the line of the conditional location of the central axis. Since the location of the organ is permissible at different angles of inclination and in different planes, both vertically and horizontally, as well as in intermediate ones. This is not a pathology, but only indicates the distinctive characteristics of the structure of the patient's body and is detected as a result of an ECG examination.

Pathologies

Not everyone can boast of perfect health. Studies of the heart muscle may reveal some abnormalities.

Deciphering the ECG sinus rhythm. If the activity of the heart does not correspond to sinus rhythm, it indicates an arrhythmia or blockade. Blockade occurs as a result of the transmission of impulses from the central nervous system to the heart. The acceleration of the pulse rate means that the oscillations are accelerated. If we talk about rhythm disturbance, then in the aggregate there is a discrepancy between the frequency of contractions of the heart muscle and the sequence.

Incorrect cyclic sinus rhythm can be observed on the ECG by the difference in the distances between the peaks. Basically, this indicates the weakness of the node. To verify the arrhythmia, it is necessary to conduct Holter monitoring, and a drug test. So it is possible to identify violations in the self-regulation of the autonomic system and the source of oscillations.

Violation and signs

Cardiac weakness syndrome is detected on the basis of clinical and ECG studies. To verify the diagnosis of arrhythmia, you need to compare the current results of the cardiogram with decoding with the normal data of the patient's heart condition. Uniform in one lead and positive P waves, as well as a homogeneous location at a distance of 0.11-0.20 s in front of the QRS complex.

In one minute, the number of beats should not exceed 90. This indicator is determined by the method of dividing 60 seconds. for the duration of the R - R segment. Or the number of complexes that occurred in 3 seconds. Multiply by 20 (this is about 15 cm of tape).

Conclusion ECG sinus rhythm. Deciphering the ECG of sinus rhythm can reflect such pathologies as:

Reasons for violation

Violation of cardiac activity in the human body occurs for the following reasons:

Regular consumption of drinks containing alcohol;
Constant smoking;
Heart disease;
Heart failure;
Excess thyroid hormones;
Promotion of the mitral valve;
Uncontrolled intake of glycosides or drugs against arrhythmias.

The increase in heart beats eliminates violations of human respiratory activity. The most surprising thing is that the electrocardiogram - ECG is not a new and time-tested way to detect heart pathologies. This procedure takes very little time and does not require any preparatory steps. However, in order to get the correct result, decoding and doctor's conclusion, sometimes you need to go through such an examination several times. Based on the data obtained and clinical examinations, a specialist cardiologist will diagnose the patient and prescribe treatment.

Thanks

Electrocardiogram is a widely used method of objective diagnostics various pathologies of the human heart, which is used today almost everywhere. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is taken in a clinic, in an ambulance, or in a hospital department. An ECG is a very important recording that reflects the condition of the heart. That is why the reflection of a variety of options for cardiac pathology on the ECG is described by a separate science - electrocardiography. Electrocardiography also deals with the problems of correct ECG recording, decoding issues, interpretation of controversial and unclear points, etc.

Definition and essence of the method

An electrocardiogram is a record of the work of the heart, which is represented as a curved line on paper. The cardiogram line itself is not chaotic, it has certain intervals, teeth and segments that correspond to certain stages of the heart.

To understand the essence of the electrocardiogram, you need to know what exactly the device called the electrocardiograph records. The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart, which changes cyclically, in accordance with the onset of diastole and systole. The electrical activity of the human heart may seem like a fantasy, but this unique biological phenomenon exists in reality. In reality, there are so-called cells of the conduction system in the heart, which generate electrical impulses that are transmitted to the muscles of the organ. It is these electrical impulses that cause the myocardium to contract and relax with a certain rhythm and frequency.

An electrical impulse propagates through the cells of the conduction system of the heart in a strictly sequential manner, causing contraction and relaxation of the corresponding departments - the ventricles and atria. The electrocardiogram reflects exactly the total electrical potential difference in the heart.

decoding?

An electrocardiogram can be taken at any clinic or general hospital. You can contact a private medical center where there is a specialist cardiologist or therapist. After recording the cardiogram, the tape with curves is examined by the doctor. It is he who analyzes the recording, deciphers it and writes the final conclusion, which reflects all visible pathologies and functional deviations from the norm.

An electrocardiogram is recorded using a special device - an electrocardiograph, which can be multi-channel or single-channel. The ECG recording speed depends on the modification and modernity of the device. Modern devices can be connected to a computer, which, if there is a special program, will analyze the recording and issue a ready-made conclusion immediately after the procedure.

Any cardiograph has special electrodes that are applied in a strictly defined order. There are four clothespins in red, yellow, green and black, which are applied to both arms and both legs. If you go in a circle, then the clothespins are applied according to the "red-yellow-green-black" rule, from the right hand. Remembering this sequence is easy thanks to the student saying: "Every-Woman-Worst-Hell." In addition to these electrodes, there are also chest electrodes, which are installed in the intercostal spaces.

As a result, the electrocardiogram consists of twelve curves, six of which are recorded from chest electrodes, and are called chest leads. The remaining six leads are recorded from electrodes attached to the arms and legs, with three of them called standard and three more reinforced. The chest leads are designated V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, the standard ones are simply Roman numerals - I, II, III, and the reinforced leg leads are the letters aVL, aVR, aVF. Different leads of the cardiogram are necessary to create the most complete picture of the activity of the heart, since some pathologies are visible on the chest leads, others on the standard leads, and still others on the enhanced ones.

The person lies down on the couch, the doctor fixes the electrodes and turns on the device. While the ECG is being written, the person should be absolutely calm. We must not allow the appearance of any stimuli that can distort the true picture of the work of the heart.

How to make an electrocardiogram with the subsequent
decoding - video

The principle of decoding the ECG

Since the electrocardiogram reflects the processes of contraction and relaxation of the myocardium, it is possible to trace how these processes proceed and to identify the existing pathological processes. The elements of the electrocardiogram are closely related and reflect the duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle - systole and diastole, that is, contraction and subsequent relaxation. The interpretation of the electrocardiogram is based on the study of the teeth, from the position relative to each other, duration, and other parameters. For analysis, the following elements of the electrocardiogram are studied:
1. teeth.
2. intervals.
3. Segments.

All sharp and smooth bulges and concavities on the ECG line are called teeth. Each tooth is designated by a letter of the Latin alphabet. The P wave reflects the contraction of the atria, the QRS complex - the contraction of the ventricles of the heart, the T wave - the relaxation of the ventricles. Sometimes after the T wave on the electrocardiogram there is another U wave, but it does not have a clinical and diagnostic role.

An ECG segment is a segment enclosed between adjacent teeth. For the diagnosis of heart pathology, the P-Q and S-T segments are of great importance. The interval on the electrocardiogram is a complex that includes a wave and an interval. The P-Q and Q-T intervals are of great importance for diagnosis.

Often in the conclusion of a doctor you can see small Latin letters, which also denote teeth, intervals and segments. Small letters are used if the prong is less than 5 mm long. In addition, several R-waves may appear in the QRS complex, which are commonly referred to as R ’, R ”, etc. Sometimes the R wave is simply missing. Then the whole complex is denoted by only two letters - QS. All this is of great diagnostic value.

ECG interpretation plan - a general scheme for reading the results

When deciphering the electrocardiogram, the following parameters are required to reflect the work of the heart:

the position of the electrical axis of the heart;
determination of the correctness of the heart rhythm and the conductivity of the electrical impulse (detect blockades, arrhythmias);
determination of the regularity of contractions of the heart muscle;
determination of heart rate;
identification of the source of the electrical impulse (determine whether the rhythm is sinus or not);
analysis of the duration, depth and width of the atrial P wave and the P-Q interval;
analysis of the duration, depth, width of the complex of teeth of the ventricles of the heart QRST;
analysis of the parameters of the RS-T segment and the T wave;
analysis of the parameters of the interval Q - T.

Based on all the studied parameters, the doctor writes a final conclusion on the electrocardiogram. The conclusion may look something like this: "Sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 65. Normal position of the electrical axis of the heart. Pathology was not detected." Or like this: "Sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 100. Single supraventricular extrasystole. Incomplete blockade of the right leg of the His bundle. Moderate metabolic changes in the myocardium."

In the conclusion on the electrocardiogram, the doctor must necessarily reflect the following parameters:

sinus rhythm or not;
rhythm regularity;
heart rate (HR);
position of the electrical axis of the heart.

If any of the 4 pathological syndromes are identified, then indicate which ones - rhythm disturbance, conduction, overload of the ventricles or atria, and damage to the structure of the heart muscle (infarction, scar, dystrophy).

An example of decoding an electrocardiogram

At the very beginning of the electrocardiogram tape there should be a calibration signal, which looks like a capital letter "P" 10 mm high. If this calibration signal is absent, then the electrocardiogram is uninformative. If the height of the calibration signal is below 5 mm in standard and enhanced leads, and below 8 mm in the chest leads, then the electrocardiogram voltage is low, which is a sign of a number of heart pathologies. For the subsequent decoding and calculation of some parameters, it is necessary to know how much time fits into one cell of graph paper. At a tape speed of 25 mm / s, one cell 1 mm long is 0.04 seconds, and at a speed of 50 mm / s - 0.02 seconds.

Checking the regularity of heart beats

It is estimated by intervals R - R. If the teeth are located at the same distance from each other throughout the entire recording, then the rhythm is regular. Otherwise, it is called correct. Estimating the distance between the R-R waves is very simple: the electrocardiogram is recorded on graph paper, which makes it easy to measure any gaps in millimeters.

Calculation of heart rate (HR)

It is carried out by a simple arithmetic method: they count the number of large squares on graph paper that fit between two R teeth. Then the heart rate is calculated by the formula, which is determined by the speed of the tape in the cardiograph:
1. The belt speed is 50 mm/s - then the heart rate is 600 divided by the number of squares.
2. The belt speed is 25 mm/s - then the heart rate is 300 divided by the number of squares.

For example, if 4.8 large squares fit between two R teeth, then the heart rate, at a tape speed of 50 mm / s, will be 600 / 4.8 = 125 beats per minute.

If the rhythm of heart contractions is incorrect, then the maximum and minimum heart rates are determined, taking as a basis also the maximum and minimum distances between the R waves.

Finding the Source of the Rhythm

The doctor studies the rhythm of heart contractions and finds out which node of nerve cells causes cyclic processes of contractions and relaxations of the heart muscle. This is very important for determining blockades.

ECG interpretation - rhythms

Normally, the sinus ganglion is the pacemaker. And such a normal rhythm itself is called sinus - all other options are pathological. In various pathologies, any other node of the nerve cells of the conduction system of the heart can act as a pacemaker. In this case, cyclic electrical impulses are confused, and the rhythm of heart contractions is disturbed - an arrhythmia occurs.

In sinus rhythm on the electrocardiogram in lead II, there is a P wave in front of each QRS complex, and it is always positive. On one lead, all P waves should have the same shape, length and width.

With atrial rhythm the P wave in the II and III leads is negative, but is present in front of each QRS complex.

Atrioventricular rhythms characterized by the absence of P waves on cardiograms, or the appearance of this wave after the QRS complex, and not before it, as is normal. With this type of rhythm, the heart rate is low, ranging from 40 to 60 beats per minute.

Ventricular rhythm characterized by an increase in the width of the QRS complex, which becomes large and rather intimidating. The P waves and the QRS complex are completely unrelated to each other. That is, there is no strict correct normal sequence - the P wave, followed by the QRS complex. The ventricular rhythm is characterized by a decrease in heart rate - less than 40 beats per minute.

Identification of the pathology of the conduction of an electrical impulse in the structures of the heart

To do this, measure the duration of the P wave, the P-Q interval and the QRS complex. The duration of these parameters is calculated from the millimetric tape on which the cardiogram is recorded. First, consider how many millimeters each tooth or interval occupies, after which the resulting value is multiplied by 0.02 at a writing speed of 50 mm / s, or by 0.04 at a writing speed of 25 mm / s.

The normal duration of the P wave is up to 0.1 seconds, the P-Q interval is 0.12-0.2 seconds, the QRS complex is 0.06-0.1 seconds.

Electrical axis of the heart

Referred to as angle alpha. It can have a normal position, horizontal or vertical. Moreover, in a thin person, the axis of the heart is more vertical relative to the average values, and in full people it is more horizontal. The normal position of the electrical axis of the heart is 30-69 o , vertical - 70-90 o , horizontal - 0-29 o . Angle alpha, equal to from 91 to ±180 o reflects a sharp deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the right. Angle alpha, equal to from 0 to -90 o , reflects a sharp deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the left.

The electrical axis of the heart can deviate in various pathological conditions. For example, hypertension leads to a deviation to the right, a conduction disorder (blockade) can shift it to the right or to the left.

Atrial P wave

The atrial P wave should be:

positive in I, II, aVF and chest leads (2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
negative in aVR;
biphasic (part of the tooth lies in the positive region, and part - in the negative) in III, aVL, V1.

The normal duration of P is no more than 0.1 seconds, and the amplitude is 1.5 - 2.5 mm.

Pathological forms of the P wave may indicate the following pathologies:
1. High and sharp teeth in II, III, aVF leads appear with hypertrophy of the right atrium ("cor pulmonale");
2. The P wave with two peaks with a large width in I, aVL, V5 and V6 leads indicates left atrial hypertrophy (for example, mitral valve disease).

P–Q interval

The P–Q interval has a normal duration of 0.12 to 0.2 seconds. An increase in the duration of the P-Q interval is a reflection of atrioventricular block. On the electrocardiogram, three degrees of atrioventricular (AV) blockade can be distinguished:

I degree: simple prolongation of the P-Q interval with the preservation of all other complexes and teeth.
II degree: prolongation of the P-Q interval with partial prolapse of some QRS complexes.
III degree: lack of communication between the P wave and QRS complexes. In this case, the atria work in their own rhythm, and the ventricles in their own.

Ventricular QRST complex

The ventricular QRST-complex consists of the QRS-complex itself and the S-T segment. The normal duration of the QRST-complex does not exceed 0.1 seconds, and its increase is detected with blockades of the Hiss bundle legs.

QRS complex consists of three teeth, respectively Q, R and S. The Q wave is visible on the cardiogram in all leads except 1, 2 and 3 chest. A normal Q wave has an amplitude up to 25% of that of an R wave. The duration of the Q wave is 0.03 seconds. The R wave is recorded in absolutely all leads. The S wave is also visible in all leads, but its amplitude decreases from the 1st chest to the 4th, and in the 5th and 6th it may be completely absent. The maximum amplitude of this tooth is 20 mm.

The S–T segment is very important from a diagnostic point of view. It is by this tooth that one can detect myocardial ischemia, that is, a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle. Usually this segment runs along the isoline, in 1, 2 and 3 chest leads, it can rise up to a maximum of 2 mm. And in the 4th, 5th and 6th chest leads, the S-T segment can shift below the isoline by a maximum of half a millimeter. It is the deviation of the segment from the isoline that reflects the presence of myocardial ischemia.

T wave

The T wave is a reflection of the process of eventual relaxation in the cardiac muscle of the ventricles of the heart. Usually with a large amplitude of the R wave, the T wave will also be positive. Negative T wave is recorded normally only in lead aVR.

Q-T interval

The Q - T interval reflects the process of ultimately contracting in the myocardium of the ventricles of the heart.

ECG interpretation - norm indicators

The transcript of the electrocardiogram is usually recorded by the doctor in the conclusion. A typical example of a normal heart ECG looks like this:
1. PQ - 0.12 s.
2. QRS - 0.06 s.
3. QT - 0.31 s.
4. RR - 0.62 - 0.66 - 0.6.
5. Heart rate is 70 - 75 beats per minute.
6. sinus rhythm.
7. the electrical axis of the heart is located normally.

Normally, the rhythm should be only sinus, the heart rate of an adult is 60-90 beats per minute. The P wave is normally no more than 0.1 s, the P-Q interval is 0.12-0.2 seconds, the QRS complex is 0.06-0.1 seconds, Q-T is up to 0.4 s.

If the cardiogram is pathological, then specific syndromes and abnormalities are indicated in it (for example, partial blockade of the left leg of the Hiss bundle, myocardial ischemia, etc.). Also, the doctor can reflect specific violations and changes in the normal parameters of the teeth, intervals and segments (for example, shortening of the P wave or Q-T interval, etc.).

Deciphering the ECG in children and pregnant women

In principle, in children and pregnant women, the normal values of the electrocardiogram of the heart are the same as in healthy adults. However, there are certain physiological features. For example, the heart rate in children is higher than in adults. The normal heart rate of a child under 3 years of age is 100 - 110 beats per minute, 3-5 years - 90 - 100 beats per minute. Then gradually the heart rate decreases, and in adolescence it is compared with that of an adult - 60 - 90 beats per minute.

In pregnant women, a slight deviation of the electrical axis of the heart in late gestation is possible due to compression by the growing uterus. In addition, sinus tachycardia often develops, that is, an increase in heart rate to 110-120 beats per minute, which is a functional state, and passes on its own. An increase in heart rate is associated with a large volume of circulating blood and increased workload. Due to the increased load on the heart in pregnant women, an overload of various parts of the organ can be detected. These phenomena are not a pathology - they are associated with pregnancy, and will pass on their own after childbirth.

Deciphering an electrocardiogram in a heart attack

Myocardial infarction is a sharp cessation of oxygen supply to the cells of the heart muscles, as a result of which necrosis of a tissue site that has been in a state of hypoxia develops. The reason for the violation of oxygen supply can be different - most often it is a blockage of a blood vessel, or its rupture. A heart attack captures only part of the muscle tissue of the heart, and the extent of the lesion depends on the size of the blood vessel that is clogged or ruptured. On the electrocardiogram, myocardial infarction has certain signs by which it can be diagnosed.

In the process of development of myocardial infarction, four stages are distinguished, which have different manifestations on the ECG:

acute;
acute;
subacute;
cicatricial.

Acute stage myocardial infarction can last for 3 hours - 3 days from the moment of circulatory disorders. At this stage, the Q wave may be absent on the electrocardiogram. If it is present, then the R wave has a low amplitude, or is completely absent. In this case, there is a characteristic QS wave reflecting a transmural infarction. The second sign of an acute infarction is an increase in the S-T segment by at least 4 mm above the isoline, with the formation of one large T wave.

Sometimes it is possible to catch the phase of myocardial ischemia preceding the most acute one, which is characterized by high T waves.

Acute stage myocardial infarction lasts 2-3 weeks. During this period, a wide and high-amplitude Q wave and a negative T wave are recorded on the ECG.

subacute stage lasts up to 3 months. A very large negative T wave with a huge amplitude is recorded on the ECG, which gradually normalizes. Sometimes the rise of the S-T segment is revealed, which should have leveled off by this period. This is an alarming symptom, as it may indicate the formation of an aneurysm of the heart.

Cicatricial stage a heart attack is the final one, since connective tissue is formed at the damaged site, incapable of contraction. This scar is recorded on the ECG in the form of a Q wave, which will remain for life. Often the T wave is flattened, has a low amplitude, or is completely negative.

Deciphering the most common ECGs

In conclusion, doctors write the result of ECG decoding, which is often incomprehensible, since it consists of terms, syndromes, and simply a statement of pathophysiological processes. Consider the most common ECG findings that are incomprehensible to a person without a medical education.

Ectopic rhythm means not sinus - which can be both a pathology and a norm. The ectopic rhythm is the norm when there is a congenital abnormal formation of the conduction system of the heart, but the person does not make any complaints and does not suffer from other cardiac pathologies. In other cases, an ectopic rhythm indicates the presence of blockades.

Change in repolarization processes on the ECG reflects a violation of the process of relaxation of the heart muscle after contraction.

Sinus rhythm is the normal heart rate of a healthy person.

Sinus or sinusoidal tachycardia means that a person has a regular and regular rhythm, but an increased heart rate - more than 90 beats per minute. In young people under 30 years of age, it is a variant of the norm.

Sinus bradycardia- This is a low number of heartbeats - less than 60 beats per minute against the background of a normal, regular rhythm.

Nonspecific ST-T wave changes mean that there are minor deviations from the norm, but their cause may be completely unrelated to the pathology of the heart. A complete examination is required. Such non-specific ST-T changes can develop with an imbalance of potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium ions, or various endocrine disorders, often during menopause in women.

Biphasic R wave in conjunction with other signs of a heart attack indicates damage to the anterior wall of the myocardium. If no other signs of a heart attack are detected, then a biphasic R wave is not a sign of pathology.

QT prolongation may indicate hypoxia (lack of oxygen), rickets, or overexcitation nervous system in a child, which is a consequence of birth trauma.

Myocardial hypertrophy means that the muscular wall of the heart is thickened, and works with a huge load. This may result in:

heart failure;
arrhythmias.

Also, myocardial hypertrophy can be a consequence of myocardial infarction.

Moderate diffuse changes in the myocardium mean that the nutrition of tissues is disturbed, dystrophy of the heart muscle has developed. This is a reparable condition: it is necessary to consult a doctor and undergo an adequate course of treatment, including the normalization of nutrition.

Deviation of the electrical axis of the heart (EOS) left or right is possible with hypertrophy of the left or right ventricle, respectively. EOS can deviate to the left in obese people, and to the right in thin people, but in this case this is a variant of the norm.

Left type ECG- EOS deviation to the left.

NBPNPG- an abbreviation for "incomplete blockade of the right leg of the bundle of His". This condition can occur in newborns, and is a variant of the norm. In rare cases, NBBBB can cause arrhythmia, but generally does not lead to the development of negative consequences. The blockade of the bundle of Hiss is quite common in people, but if there are no complaints about the heart, then this is absolutely not dangerous.

BPVLNPG- an abbreviation meaning "blockade of the anterior branch of the left leg of the bundle of His". Reflects a violation of the conduction of an electrical impulse in the heart, and leads to the development of arrhythmias.

Small R wave growth in V1-V3 may be a sign of ventricular septal infarction. To accurately determine if this is the case, another ECG study needs to be done.

CLC syndrome(Klein-Levy-Kritesko syndrome) is a congenital feature of the conduction system of the heart. May cause arrhythmias. This syndrome does not require treatment, but it is necessary to be regularly examined by a cardiologist.

Low voltage ECG often recorded with pericarditis (a large amount of connective tissue in the heart, replacing muscle). In addition, this symptom may be a reflection of exhaustion or myxedema.

Metabolic changes are a reflection of malnutrition of the heart muscle. It is necessary to be examined by a cardiologist and undergo a course of treatment.

Conduction retardation means that the nerve impulse passes through the tissues of the heart more slowly than normal. By itself, this condition does not require special treatment - it may be a congenital feature of the conduction system of the heart. Regular follow-up with a cardiologist is recommended.

Blockade 2 and 3 degrees reflects a serious violation of the conduction of the heart, which is manifested by arrhythmia. In this case, treatment is necessary.

Rotation of the heart with the right ventricle forward may be an indirect sign of the development of hypertrophy. In this case, it is necessary to find out its cause, and undergo a course of treatment, or adjust the diet and lifestyle.

The price of an electrocardiogram with a transcript

The cost of an electrocardiogram with decoding varies significantly, depending on the specific medical institution. So, in public hospitals and clinics, the minimum price for the procedure for taking an ECG and decoding it by a doctor is from 300 rubles. In this case, you will receive films with recorded curves and a doctor's conclusion on them, which he will make himself, or with the help of a computer program.

If you want to get a thorough and detailed conclusion on the electrocardiogram, an explanation by the doctor of all parameters and changes, it is better to contact a private clinic that provides such services. Here the doctor will be able not only to write a conclusion by deciphering the cardiogram, but also to calmly talk to you, slowly explaining all the points of interest. However, the cost of such a cardiogram with interpretation in a private medical center ranges from 800 rubles to 3600 rubles. You should not assume that bad specialists work in an ordinary clinic or hospital - it’s just that a doctor in a state institution, as a rule, has a very large amount of work, so he simply has no time to talk with each patient in great detail.

When choosing a medical institution for taking a cardiogram with a transcript, first of all, pay attention to the qualifications of the doctor. It is better that it be a specialist - a cardiologist or a therapist with good work experience. If a child needs a cardiogram, then it is better to contact pediatricians, since "adult" doctors do not always take into account the specifics and physiological characteristics of babies.

Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

Many even the most banal studies that are carried out in the clinic during a physical examination help to suspect and diagnose various serious health disorders. Therefore, doctors strongly recommend not to neglect the annual examinations of the main specialists, as well as systematically conduct basic research. Just one of the important and at the same time simple diagnostic manipulations is considered to be an electrocardiogram. Having received the result of such a study on hand, many patients pay attention to the indicated sinus rhythm of the heart. Let's talk about the term sinus rhythm of the heart, what is the norm in adults and a child.

Probably, every person knows that the heart is an organ that performs work rhythmically. In a healthy person, the rhythm of the heartbeat is determined by the sinus node. Accordingly, we can conclude that the sinus rhythm of the heart is just a normal heart rhythm.

The sinus node is a natural impulse generator, it is located inside the right atrium. The impulse moves from bottom to top. First, it reaches the right atrium, and then - the left. The impulse then passes through the atrioventricular junction towards the ventricles. Its impact leads to the fact that the heart rhythmically contracts and relaxes, thus performing, maintaining its main functions - pumping blood throughout the body.

Sinus rhythm of the heart - what does it mean on the cardiogram?

In normal sinus rhythm on the cardiogram, all P waves have a constant shape, and the distance P-P or R-R is the same. The heart rate in this case ranges from sixty to eighty beats per minute. Accordingly, with such indicators, the heart is in order, and functions with stability and clarity.

In the event that the sinus rhythm is unstable, then the cardiogram shows that the height of the P waves, as well as the distance between them, are not the same. Observing such a picture, the doctor can conclude that the sinus node is weak or that another node of the heart has become the pacemaker. In this case, the patient is shown a special diagnosis. Such studies will already help to find out what exactly caused the violation of the sinus rhythm: the pathology of the sinus node itself or problems in its autonomic system.

Thus, if the doctor wrote in the cardiogram that sinus rhythm is the norm, we can conclude that the patient's heart is working normally. Violation of this indicator often indicates heart block or arrhythmias. In general, all violations of the systematic, sequence or heart rate can be called arrhythmias. Heart blocks develop if there is a violation of the transmission of impulses from the nerve center to the heart muscle. An acceleration of the rhythm indicates the development of tachycardia, and a slowdown indicates bradycardia. A decrease in the heart rate to fifty or less, or an increase in this indicator to ninety or more, is a serious reason for immediately contacting a doctor. And the editors of the site www.!

What is the norm of sinus rhythm in adults and children?

Normal sinus rhythm in an adult is characterized by a frequency of sixty to eighty beats per minute, as well as the correct rhythm and the presence of a constant interval between beats, which is 0.12-0.22 seconds.

The heart of children beats completely differently, depending on age. So in the very first month of life, the sinus rhythm should be approximately one hundred and forty beats per minute, and at the age of one month of life and up to a year - one hundred and thirty-two beats per minute. Further sinus rhythm gradually becomes slower. So at the age of one to two, this figure is equal to one hundred and twenty-four beats per minute, and from two to six - one hundred and fifteen beats. In schoolchildren from six to eight years of age, the sinus rhythm decreases to one hundred and six beats per minute, and from eight to ten years, to eighty-eight beats per minute. Over the next two years (from ten to twelve years), the rates decrease to eighty beats per minute. For children between the ages of twelve and fifteen, a sinus rhythm of seventy-five beats per minute is considered the norm.

Are all sinus rhythm disorders dangerous to health?

In fact, in some cases, sinus rhythm disturbances should not be considered a symptom. So sometimes this phenomenon is associated with breathing - the immaturity of the respiratory system, a banal jog or brisk walking before the study, excessive body weight, a period of active growth in children, ICP, prematurity, etc.

What else can cause sinus rhythm disturbances?

Sometimes a similar problem indicates the presence of heart defects, cardiomyopathy and infective endocarditis. In children, it can also be provoked by congenital malformations that are associated with an insufficiently favorable course of pregnancy or childbirth, various ailments of the nervous and endocrine systems. In some cases, sinus rhythm disorders are the result of intoxication (even the result of an overdose of medications or their individual intolerance) and a deficiency of trace elements, most often magnesium and selenium.

Quite often, sinus rhythm disturbances do not make themselves felt and are diagnosed only during the next examination. Therefore, it is extremely important to systematically visit a cardiologist for preventive ECG.

What does sinus rhythm mean on an ECG and how to decipher it? In the myocardium, by muscle contractions, an impulse is formed, which is created by the conduction system of the heart, namely, the cells of the sinus, atrioventricular nodes, as well as Purkinje fibers.

The fact that sinus rhythm on the ECG is normal is evidenced by its rate of 60-90 pulses per minute (in a healthy person at rest). It should be taken into account that in a newborn child, the frequency of SR can vary from 60 to 150 impulses per minute, the adult physiological norm is established at the age of 6-7 years.

To understand what sinus rhythm is on an ECG and what it should be, consider normal electrocardiogram readings:

P wave is normal must precede the QRS complex, and the distance between P and Q will be 0.12-0.2 seconds. A T wave follows the QRS complex.
P wave shape in all leads is unchanged, and it will be negative in the aVR lead and positive in the II standard lead. In other leads, these indicators of the P wave depend on the electrical axis and may be different.
In a healthy person, older than 7 years rhythm frequency is 60-90 pulses per minute.
Vertical position of the EOS(electric axis), as well as sinus rhythm on the ECG, indicate the physiological norm of the parameters. The normal position of the myocardium in the chest is indicated by the vertical axis, which is the projection of the location. The organ can also be in a semi-vertical, semi-horizontal and horizontal projection; a reversal of the heart from the transverse axis can also be recorded. These indicators indicate individual characteristics.

It is known that such a sinus rhythm on the ECG means that the patient has no cardiac pathologies. To get a reliable result of the examination, it is necessary to calm down before starting the diagnosis, to exclude excitement and nervousness, as well as physical activity.

For example, after climbing stairs, you should rest. Before the electrocardiogram, you should also not smoke for at least half an hour.

The conclusion of the ECG sinus rhythm of an irregular nature may indicate both pathologies and physiological changes.

There are 3 options for deviation from the norm, in frequency and tact:

, which is evidenced by a regular acceleration of the rhythm. A shortened RR interval is recorded on the cardiogram, heart rate (heart rate) exceeds 120 pulses per minute, in severe cases up to 220. These disorders are manifested in the patient by the following symptoms: shortness of breath, lack of oxygen, rapid breathing, palpable chest heartbeat, anxiety and fear.
O sinus bradycardia says a decrease in sinus rhythm on the ECG below 60 pulses per minute and a pronounced lengthening of the RR interval. The patient experiences dizziness, may lose consciousness. Such a condition may indicate the presence of a malfunction of the vagus nerve, which requires pharmacotherapy, and in the absence of the effectiveness of treatment, a pacemaker is needed.
sinus arrhythmia expressed by irregular contraction of the myocardium. What is sinus rhythm on an ECG indicates an unstable heart rhythm. At the same time, the frequency of heart beats either accelerates or slows down, as evidenced by the different duration of the RR intervals.

According to the ECG, the doctor can make a conclusion about the state of the heart vascular systems s and, if there are deviations, make a diagnosis.

Instability of the heart muscle, slow or accelerated rhythm indicate the presence of a syndrome of a weak sinoatrial node of the right atrial wall, which can lead to coronary heart disease or other serious disease.

How the cardiogram of the heart is deciphered: sinus rhythm and what the ECG results say

After performing the diagnosis, the cardiogram of the heart is deciphered, the sinus rhythm and other parameters are described according to all the rules.

A specialist (cardiologist) compares the result with the norm and makes a conclusion:

The normal heart rate falls in the range of 60 to 90 beats per minute, in children under 6 years old up to 120, and in newborns up to 140.
The state of excitation of the sinus node can be determined by the P wave, which is always in front of the QRS teeth.
The PQ interval has the same duration (0.12-0.20 seconds) on the entire electrical cardiogram.
The PP interval (the cycle of myocardial contraction until the next contraction begins) should also be the same throughout the entire cardiogram.

ECG results, interpretation, sinus rhythm may indicate a physiological arrhythmia caused by increased psycho-emotional or physical stress, as well as some external factors(abrupt change in weather conditions).

Functional bradycardia or tachycardia accompanied by both irregular sinus rhythm and changes in heart rate. If, when the listed causes are eliminated, cardiac activity does not return to normal, a pathological process can be suspected.

As a result of decoding the cardiogram of the heart, an abnormal sinus rhythm may indicate:

diseases of the cardiovascular system of an inflammatory and / or infectious nature;
organic changes in the myocardium;
congenital and acquired anomalies of the heart valves;
acute or chronic CHF;
congenital anomaly of the atrioventricular node;
endocrine pathologies, including thyrotoxicosis;
vagus nerve damage;
anemia or chronic hypoxia.

Nonspecific changes in the myocardium, confirmed by deciphering the cardiogram of the heart, sinus rhythm and its deviations can also indicate bad habits such as smoking, drug use and large doses of alcohol, as well as an overdose of certain drugs, regular therapeutic medication, such as cardiac glycosides.

The results of the ECG, interpretation, sinus rhythm and its display on the cardiogram will help not only to determine the presence of factors that lead to irregular heart fluctuations, but also to choose the appropriate treatment tactics.

The choice of therapy for cardiac arrhythmias depends on what causes they are caused, physiological or disease. If in the first case a change in regimen and a healthy lifestyle will help, then in the second case a thorough examination and treatment of the underlying disease is required.

In any case, without waiting for the results of the ECG decoding of the sinus rhythm, it is necessary to give up drugs, nicotine, alcohol abuse, coffee and tea, observe a normal sleep and rest regimen, play sports, and spend more time outdoors.

It is important to eat fully, not to abuse spices, chocolate, to provide the body with all the necessary nutrients. It is forbidden to self-prescribe medications, especially antiarrhythmic and sedatives.

The detection of severe sinus arrhythmia, which has developed against the background of pathology of the heart and blood vessels, requires careful analysis, a high-quality therapeutic complex, and, if necessary, surgical intervention.

The specifics of treatment depends on the type of pathological process and the severity of the symptoms.

Deciphering the cardiogram of the heart, sinus rhythm in most cases indicates the adaptive ability of the myocardium to living conditions and changes in the load on the body, but requires mandatory confirmation of the absence of ailments.

This is due to the fact that the blockade of the conduction system of the heart can be dangerous not only for health, but also for human life. Therefore, you should carefully look at all suspicious ECG results, decoding, sinus rhythm and carefully study elements and segments with deviations from the norm.

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The role of sinus rhythm in the work of the heart

The heart is a kind of pump that pumps blood through the vessels. Signals that regulate the functioning of the organ come from the central nervous system to the sinus node. What it is? An organ located in the right atrium.

The control center generates the rhythm of the heart and transmits the impulse for muscle contraction from the atrium to the ventricles. There, the signal is slightly delayed, the ventricles fill with blood during this time, and the accelerating impulse then spreads further through all the vessels.

Thus, blood under pressure created by the heart circulates throughout the body and delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs. Failures in the mechanism of contractions can lead to catastrophic consequences, which is why sinus rhythm means so much to the body.

The normal sinus rhythm for a healthy adult is 60-70 bpm. A value of 75 bpm is allowed. The heart must work in rhythm. What does shortening the intervals between beats mean?

Tachycardia is the main danger of sinus rhythm, the heart accelerates uncontrollably.

Check heart rate indicators by compiling a cardiogram. Frequent changes in sinus rhythm in the heart is also a bad sign.

The following deviations from the norm do not require treatment:

The signal about the increase in sinus rhythm enters the regulatory body when adrenaline is released into the blood. Therefore, often a rapid heartbeat is observed in a state of stress, with great physical exertion.

It is bad when there are constant disturbances in the work of the sinus node, which are called the syndrome of weakness of this organ and require treatment.

Causes of disorders and heart disease

Factors contributing to the violation of sinus rhythm are:

Signs of dysfunction of the sinus node are fatigue, irritability, weakness, dizziness.

Such signs are not characteristic, they are inherent in many diseases, therefore, violations of the heart can not always be detected in a timely manner.

As a result, the following diseases can develop:

Tachycardia, when the heart rate is significantly higher than normal. Accelerated sinus rhythm can be with heart rate up to 220 bpm. This means that the heart experiences a huge load, wears out faster. The condition of a person does not allow him to perform even simple daily activities. The blood cannot circulate properly throughout the body.
Bradycardia, which means that the sinus heart rate drops below 60 bpm. Such indicators are dangerous with fainting, weakness and dizziness. The quality of human life is significantly reduced, the circulatory system does not fully fulfill its tasks. In some cases, this problem is solved by installing an artificial stimulator.
Arrhythmia - a diagnosis in which the heart rhythm is uneven, the frequency of impulses suddenly accelerates or slows down. This condition can indicate a serious lack of nutrition of the heart muscle, which, in turn, can provoke the development of other serious diseases, such as heart failure.

Any violations in the performance of the sinoatrial node lead to circulatory failure. Often, this increases the risk of developing blood clots, which can lead to a stroke.

The brain suffers especially from the lack of oxygen and nutrients. Other organs and systems also do not receive the necessary substances in full.

It is not difficult to identify violations in the work of the sinus node, the diagnosis consists in compiling an electrocardiogram. Research is available and often helps prevent serious consequences of sinus rhythm changes, one of which is tachycardia.

What is sinus rhythm of the heart? The most important indicator of the work of the body. A healthy heart is the basis of the health of the whole organism.

It is necessary to closely monitor its condition and, in case of any signs of improper operation, seek medical help as soon as possible.

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The human heart moves non-stop throughout the life of an individual, and electric fields are constantly generated during its work. This was the impetus for the emergence of a special technique for their registration called electrocardiography. Now, perhaps, one cannot do without this method, in any cardiology one can conduct an examination and identify possible deviations.

So what is an EKG? As a result, we get a visual image of the jumps in the biopotentials of our heart, the whole process of this study is called electrocardiography. But here's what lies at the heart of the testimony ECG: sinus rhythm, not everyone knows, but in vain. After all, this is a clear warning about the presence of serious deviations in the work of the cardiac system.

The allowable rate of rhythm is the frequency of beats per minute in the range from sixty to eighty. In this case, the interval between blows should be in the range from 0.12 to 0.22 seconds.

If in your final doctor's response you saw a diagnosis of unstable sinus rhythm, then this implies too low a heart rate, namely the presence of sinus bradycardia. This disease has a very detrimental effect on the general condition of the body, since all organs do not receive enough oxygen for their functioning. Often, the first symptoms for a person can be regular dizziness, unstable blood pressure, sharp pain in the chest, and heavy breathing.

If, on the contrary, the sinus rhythm is accelerated, then most likely the patient suffers from tachycardia. This is the case if the number of strokes exceeds one hundred and ten.

Absolutely healthy people can also fall under the influence of this sore, the reason for this is strong physical exertion or emotional arousal.

In some cases sinus tachycardia may be temporary, and its manifestations will be influenced by other factors.

It is a mistake to think that sinus rhythm is disturbed only in adults; on the contrary, children are very often affected by this disease. Only the reasons in this case are completely different, often it is emotional, psychological and physical overstrain. Violation of the sinus rhythm of a child can manifest itself even in the process of his birth, but also during adulthood.

The instability of the sinus rhythm in humans is primarily associated with the presence of sinus arrhythmia. This disease occurs due to manifested problems with the contraction of the heart. According to statistics, most of the patients with respiratory sinus arrhythmia are among young people. The reasons for this are obvious - excessive alcohol consumption, the harmfulness of smoking, congenital and acquired heart defects, heart failure, etc.

But, be that as it may, maintaining your healthy heart is quite realistic. People of all ages suffer from abnormal heart rhythms, and, in truth, this is a very common diagnosis. If you control your physical and emotional stress, as well as completely get rid of bad habits, stop using harmful medications, you will definitely be able to achieve positive ECG results and thereby protect yourself from the further spread and manifestation of this disease.

Remember that sinus arrhythmia does not require any special treatment, it will be enough to identify negative factors and remove them in a timely manner, then the health of your heart and the whole body will return to normal. Everything is in your hands, so when you find the first signs this disease you must immediately go to the ECG, there you can already find out about the state of the sinus rhythm and, based on the conclusion, you can already draw further conclusions.

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Basic ECG parameters

Any cardiogram during decoding is subjected to a thorough analysis, which includes an assessment of many factors and indicators. The search for pathological changes on the ECG is based on an assessment of the teeth, intervals, gaps that make up the electrical circuit of the heart. In addition, each tooth and interval characterize the process of functioning of a particular department and section of the heart muscle.

It is the recording of the biopotentials of the heart that forms the cardiographic image on the film.

Based on the results of the ECG, a specialist can draw conclusions about the presence of a particular pathology of the cardiovascular system, decide on the need for additional examination or prescribe appropriate treatment already at this stage. At the same time, it is important for a specialist to evaluate both each indicator separately and their totality as a whole.

That is why, starting from medical universities, future specialists are introduced to the general scheme for decoding the ECG, according to which all the main points of the cardiogram should be evaluated and analyzed.

The first and main parameter in this list is the definition of heart rate. When determining the heart rhythm on a cardiogram, an important indicator is the position and shape of the P wave. Normally, it is located in front of the QRS complex, it is positive in standard leads, and its width does not exceed 0.2 cm. Then cardiologists will say about the presence of sinus rhythm.

This fact indicates that, from the point of view of physiology, the pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node of the conduction system of the heart. It is this accumulation of neurons that normally sets the pace of contractions in all parts of the heart muscle.

Sinus rhythm disturbances on the ECG

Deciphering the ECG in the analysis of the rhythm does not end with the statement that its driver is the sinoatrial node. The very fact of the presence of sinus rhythm does not mean the absence of pathology in this segment of the ECG.

In modern cardiology, there are many forms of sinus rhythm disturbance.

Normally, in a healthy person, the main pacemaker generates from 60 to 80 contractions of the heart muscle per minute. In this case, the interval between contractions is 0.12-0.22 seconds.

The correct sinus rhythm is indicated by the presence of intervals of the same length between complexes on the ECG.

When the duration of the intervals in some areas is less than 0.12 seconds, and in others - more than 0.22 seconds, this indicates an incorrect sinus rhythm, or sinus arrhythmia.

Also in his conclusion, the cardiologist may indicate the stability or instability of the heart rhythm. This indicator is also determined by the length of intercomplex intervals. In this case, there are two extreme variants of the pathology: sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia.

In the first case, too frequent (more than 100 times per minute) generation of contractions by the sinoatrial node takes place. In the case of bradycardia, a small number of heart contractions per unit of time is observed. Clinicians consider the minimum limit of normal, taking into account physiological characteristics, the value of 50 beats per minute.

At the same time, both variants of the pathology carry quite weighty reasons for the immediate correction of the rhythm, since they equally adversely affect the work of the heart.

If we talk about the instability of the sinus rhythm, or sinus arrhythmia, then this problem is distinguished by cardiologists as a separate group of heart diseases.

Arrhythmia classification

They involve the allocation of a large number of different types of arrhythmias.

The extreme variants of development is a complete violation of the function of the sinoatrial node with the formation of fibrillation and atrial flutter.

In such cases, the heart rate exceeds 250-500 beats per minute, the teeth on the ECG are practically not monitored, the formation of single sawtooth waves f on the isoline is noted.

In cardiology, atrial fibrillation is also called atrial fibrillation.

In cases where the sinus pacemaker loses its function, the formation of non-sinus rhythms develops. In the clinical picture, this is reflected in the form various kinds arrhythmias.

Thus, when analyzing sinus rhythm, three main pathological conditions are distinguished:

Sinus tachycardia - in this case, the correct sinus rhythm is observed, the frequency of contractions is more than 110 per minute. Among the causes of sinus tachycardia, clinicians distinguish an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (this can be a variety of emotional or physical overload, a decrease in the activity of the vagus nerve, lesions of the sinoatrial node, various intoxications, infectious diseases or the influence of certain drugs).
Sinus bradycardia is a variant in which there is a regular rhythm generated by the sinoatrial node, with a frequency of less than 50 beats per minute. The causes of bradycardia are the opposite of the previous condition. These include an increase in the activity of the vagus nerve, a decrease in the influence of the sympathetic nervous system, various types of hypoxia, extensive myocardial infarction, the effect of antiarrhythmics and cardiac glycosides, hypothyroidism, and some infectious diseases.
Sinus arrhythmia - characterized by the fact that the rhythm forms the sinus driver, but the frequency of contractions varies in excess of 0.16 seconds. At the same time, depending on the presence or absence of a clearly traced relationship between heart rate intervals and the duration of respiratory cycles, one can speak of respiratory and non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The first, as a rule, characterizes the presence of an imbalance in the work of the departments of the autonomic nervous system. The second variant of arrhythmia indicates an organic lesion of the pacemaker itself. This may be coronary heart disease, various inflammatory changes in the myocardium, the toxic effect of cardiac glycosides.

Clinical picture of sinus rhythm disorders

In conclusion, it is worth noting that the presence of a correct sinus rhythm is accompanied by absolute well-being in the state of human health. While any deviations from the norm immediately make themselves felt in the form of certain clinical symptoms.

Most often, at the initial stages, the clinical picture is latent or nonspecific.

Modern cardiology is increasingly faced with the problems of sinus rhythm disorders in children. This category of patients from a clinical point of view is especially problematic in terms of early diagnosis. Often, children will either not tell their parents about the symptoms that are bothering them, or they cannot express their discomfort in words. In some cases, the lack of early diagnosis causes the formation of serious disorders in the work of the heart in young patients.

In both children and adults, the first symptoms may be fatigue, shortness of breath, difficulty with prolonged walking or physical exertion. At the beginning of the disease, the patient may not attach importance to the alarming signs of emerging changes in the heart.

At the same time, it is the results of the ECG that can allow the specialist to identify existing violations on the early stages and correct them in time, thereby avoiding more serious problems in future. In pediatric cardiology, the ECG of the heart rate allows you to eliminate existing problems at an early stage without the risk of developing cardiac pathology in the future.