The problem of people's health is a global aspect of the solution. The essence of the problem: the deterioration of health in many developing countries, the population explosion, unsanitary living conditions of the population, medical
The problem of maintaining the health of the population is especially relevant in modern society, which is characterized by a negative characteristic of the main demographic indicators along with the progressive spread of alcoholism, drug addiction and sexually transmitted diseases.
Of particular concern is the state of health of young people, children and adolescents. Absolutely healthy, harmoniously developed children - no more than 2-3%. Another 14-15% of children are practically healthy, and 35-40% have various chronic diseases. At least half of the children have certain functional abnormalities. Data from medical examinations indicate that during the period of schooling, the health of children deteriorates by 4–5 times. So, by the time they graduate from high school, every fourth graduate has a pathology of the cardiovascular system, and every third has myopia, impaired posture.
Children's traumatism occupies a special place among school pathology. Most often among students there are craniocerebral injuries, fractures of limb bones, wounds, dislocations, sprains, bruises. Most of these injuries (up to 60%) occur outside school hours: during breaks at school and during games - in the yard, on the sports ground, on the street. A serious threat to the health of children is posed by road traffic injuries, the frequency of which is increasing year by year. A particularly large number of injuries occur in middle school age.
As numerous studies have shown, the state of human health most of all depends on the person himself. Ignorance of the rules of safe behavior, non-observance of a healthy lifestyle, careless attitude to one's health - this is the reason for the high level of injuries, the emergence of various diseases, and the deterioration in the health of young people.
In modern medicine, health and disease are not opposed to each other, but are considered in close relationship. It has been established that under the "norm" one should not always mean complete health, and under the inconsistency with the norm one should mean not only pathology, but also a number of borderline conditions between health and disease.
According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), “health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being that is not limited to the absence of disease”. This is "such a state of the human body, when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes."
Distinguish individual health (of a person) and collective health (family, professional group, social stratum, population). Human health has long been not only a personal problem, but also a criterion of life in various countries of the world.
The main indicators of the convenience and prosperity of human life are:
♦ the state of the healthcare system;
♦ sanitation and environment;
♦ percentage of malnourished young children;
♦ attitude towards women in society;
♦ the level of literacy of the population;
♦ organization of obstetric care.
Economic growth, the national gross product, the use of modern technologies cannot be a guarantee of the well-being of the nation, as they are accompanied by a growing gap between the rich and the poor, the growth of social tension, terrorism and military conflicts.
The health of the population is also determined by social factors:
♦ protection of the population (political, legal, legal);
♦ realization of the rights to work, education, healthcare, recreation, information, etc.;
♦ the nature of nutrition (its sufficiency and usefulness);
♦ real wages and working conditions;
♦ living conditions, etc.
The concept of health is defined in accordance with the basic functions performed by a person. What are these features?
Man is a qualitatively new, highest stage of life on Earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture. Man is gifted with conceptual thinking, reason, free will and verbal speech. Man is a living system, which is based on an inseparable connection: physical and spiritual, natural and social, hereditary and acquired beginnings.
individual health can be defined as the ability of interconnected functional structures of the body to ensure the implementation of hereditary programs and reproductive functions, mental abilities and creative activity.
Good health- the state of the body, characterized by a state of dynamic balance between the functions of its systems and organs and environmental factors. The concept of health includes the biological and social characteristics of a person and the assessment of his functional reserves, allowing the body to adapt to various environmental conditions.
The most important indicator of health is not only physical indicators, but also the ability to comfortably exist in society, the ability to communicate (socialization), the ability to perceive and assimilate information. The study of the functional state of the body, its level adaptation allows you to control health in the dynamics of development, determining the degree of risk of disease and identifying alarming symptoms of ontogeny. There are four variants of the functional state of the human body:
♦ satisfactory adaptation to environmental conditions;
♦ tension of adaptation mechanisms;
♦ insufficient, unsatisfactory adaptation;
♦ failure of adaptation.
The level of physiological adaptation varies within the same age group, as well as the ability to compensate for external influences by turning on reserve functions. The wider the range of adaptive responses, the better adapted the organism. The organic range of adaptive reactions, the inability to maintain normal life activities are manifested by an increased risk of morbidity.
Modern society is interested in raising the level of both the health of each individual and collective health. It is gaining more and more importance valeology- the doctrine of health, opposed to the medicine of diseases, but, in fact, based on the principles of preventive medicine. The main task of valeology is to increase the health potential of the population by preventing morbidity and disability.
It should be noted that the ultimate goals of disease medicine and valeology are the same - this is health. However, the medicine of diseases seeks to study and recognize possible diseases and injuries, and then, by curing them, restore the person to health.
The doctrine of health, or valeology, focuses on the probable risk of diseases, on the early signs of borderline conditions, on their stability or limited time of manifestation.
An important task of valeology is the construction of positive guidelines, setting the value of health and human life, the formation of an accessible and intelligible motivation for a healthy lifestyle.
The state of health depends on more than 50% of the individual lifestyle, on the influence of environmental factors - by 25%. This indicates that the reserve in maintaining human health lies in the organization of his lifestyle, which depends on the valeological culture.
concept valeological culture includes:
♦ knowledge by an individual of the genetic, physiological, psychological capabilities of his body;
♦ knowledge of methods and means of control and maintenance of one's psycho-physiological status and health promotion;
♦ the ability to disseminate valeological knowledge to one's surroundings and to the social environment as a whole.
Lifestyle also depends on hereditary and acquired conditions, disruption of adaptive and protective mechanisms, ecology, and valeological education.
The cause of many diseases is increasingly becoming physical inactivity, psycho-emotional stress, information overload. Maintaining health is largely the result of a safe life. Each person is obliged to know and observe the principles of safety, the consequences of exposure to traumatic and harmful factors, must anticipate the danger and be able to avoid it or weaken the negative effect.
One of the main tasks of the school course Fundamentals of life safety consists in creating students' motivation for a healthy lifestyle and developing an individual way of valeologically justified safe behavior.
A healthy lifestyle is a person's behavior aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, contributing to a full, meaningful, successful life in which a person could fully reveal and realize his abilities and capabilities.
“Health is not everything, but everything without health is nothing,” said Socrates. Only a healthy person has a feeling of fullness of life.
A healthy lifestyle is a lifestyle that brings up a harmoniously developed personality, helping to endure life's hardships, mental and physical stresses, including natural, social and personal ones.
Demographic problems are directly related to the problems of maintaining health. The growth of the population of the Earth is subject to certain patterns. Thus, demographers note that with a low level of industrial development, the birth rate and death rate are quite high, as a result of which the population is growing slowly. In a highly developed industrial society, the birth rate is declining and the rate of population growth is also declining. At the same time, in highly developed countries, mortality is decreasing and life expectancy is increasing, which leads to an increase in population. Thus, the average life expectancy in some countries is over 80 years (Andorra, Macau, Japan, Australia, etc.).
In modern Russia, there is a particularly unfavorable dynamics of demographic indicators over the past 15 years. During this time, the population of Russia has decreased from 150 million to 143 million people, the birth rate has decreased and the death rate has increased. According to experts, the population of the Russian Federation by 2015 will be 137 million people, and by 2050 - less than 100 million people. The average life expectancy in our country is 67 years: for women - 71 years, for men - 60 years. Such a large difference can be explained by the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle habits among men. The main causes of death in our country remain cardiovascular and oncological diseases, injuries and accidents, which is a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle and the abuse of psychoactive substances - alcohol, tobacco, drugs.
To solve demographic problems, the policy of the state is of particular importance - the implementation of programs aimed at creating favorable social and natural conditions for the life of the population. The most vulnerable segments of the population - young families, orphans, single mothers, etc. - should receive special support from the state.
Global problems are called problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples for their solution.
There are various classifications of global problems. But usually they include:
1. Problems of the most "universal" nature,
2. Problems of a natural and economic nature,
3. Problems of a social nature,
4. Mixed problems.
There are also more "old" and more "new" global problems. Their priority may also change over time. So, at the end of the XX century. Ecological and demographic problems came to the fore, while the problem of preventing a third world war became less acute.
Global problems are divided:
1. environmental problem;
2. demographic problem;
3. the problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of nuclear war;
4. food problem - how to provide food for the growing population of the Earth?
5. energy and raw material problems: causes and solutions;
6. problems of people's health: a global problem;
7. the problem of using the oceans.
As we can see, there are many global problems, but I would like to focus on the Global problem of human health. I'm in medical class and that's why I chose this topic. As will be disclosed below, infectious diseases that claimed thousands of lives in antiquity unfortunately continue to occur today, although medicine has stepped forward since then thanks to scientific progress and the great discoveries of medical scientists, biologists, and ecologists. I hope that as a future doctor, and maybe an infectious disease specialist, I will be able to take part in the development of new methods of treating diseases.
Recently, in the world practice, when assessing the quality of life of people, the state of their health has been put forward in the first place. And this is no coincidence: after all, it is it that serves as the basis for the full life and activity of each person, and society as a whole.
In the second half of the XX century. great successes have been achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, and other diseases.
Many diseases continue to threaten human lives, often on a truly global scale. Among them are cardiovascular diseases, from which 15 million people die every year in the world, malignant tumors, venereal diseases, drug addiction, and malaria. An even greater threat to all mankind is AIDS.
Considering this problem, we must keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not be limited only to his physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual), mental health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia. That is why human health continues to be one of the priority global problems.
People's health largely depends on natural factors, the level of development of society, scientific and technological achievements, living and working conditions, the state of the environment, the development of the healthcare system, etc. All these factors are closely interconnected and together either contribute to health or cause certain diseases.
Medical geography studies natural conditions in order to reveal the natural influences of a complex of these conditions on people's health. At the same time, socio-economic factors are necessarily taken into account.
The formation of medical geography as a science covers millennia; it depended on the development of many other sciences, primarily on geography and medicine, as well as on physics, chemistry, biology, etc. Each new discovery, achievement in these areas of knowledge contributed to the development of medical geography. Scientists from many countries of the world have contributed to the definition of the goals and objectives of medical geography, its content. However, many issues of this science remain controversial and require further study.
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Plan. General characteristics of the problem. 2. The most dangerous diseases of our time: a) oncological diseases; b) AIDS; c) schizophrenia; d) cardiovascular disease. 3. Additives and their effect on the human body 4. Conclusion.
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General characteristics. Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples for their solution. When you hear the term Global problems, first of all, you think about ecology, peace and disarmament, but it is unlikely that anyone will think of an equally important problem as the problem of human health. Recently, in the world practice, when assessing the quality of life of people, it is health that has been put forward in the first place, because without health it is impossible to talk about the quality of life.
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General characteristics. This problem worried people at all stages of historical development. The diseases for which a vaccine was found were replaced by new diseases that were not known to science before. Until the middle of the 20th century, plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, tuberculosis, etc. threatened human life. In the second half of the last century, great successes were achieved in the fight against these diseases. For example, tuberculosis can now be detected at an early stage, and even by vaccination, it is possible to determine the body's ability to contract this disease in the future. As for smallpox, in the 1960s and 1970s, the World Health Organization carried out a wide range of medical interventions to combat smallpox, which covered more than 50 countries of the world with a population of over 2 billion people. As a result, this disease on our planet has been virtually eliminated. But they were replaced by new diseases, or diseases that were there before, but were rare, began to grow quantitatively. Such diseases include cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, sexually transmitted diseases, drug addiction, malaria.
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Oncological diseases. This disease occupies a special place among other diseases, since this disease is very difficult to predict and it does not spare anyone: neither adults nor children. But a person is powerless from cancer. As you know, cancer cells are present in any organism, and when these cells begin to develop, and what will serve as the beginning of this phenomenon, is unknown. Many scientists claim that cancer cells begin to develop under the influence of ultraviolet rays. There are also additives that speed up this process. Such additives are found in seasonings, such as glutomate, soda, chips, crackers, etc. All these additives were invented in the late 90s and it was then that the mass disease of people began.
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Oncological diseases. The development of this disease is also influenced by the environment, which has deteriorated greatly in recent years. The number of ozone holes that let in dangerous ultraviolet rays has increased. Radiation is also very dangerous for humans, it causes many diseases, including cancer. Our planet has not yet recovered from the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as happened in Japan, which led to the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant. In a few years, this disaster will certainly affect people's health. And, of course, it will be oncology.
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AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus is different from other viruses and is very dangerous precisely because it attacks the cells that should fight the virus. Fortunately, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from person to person only under certain conditions and much less frequently than other diseases such as influenza and chicken pox. HIV lives in blood cells and can pass from one person to another if the blood infected (infected) with HIV enters the blood of a healthy person. In order not to get infected through someone else's blood, it is enough to observe elementary precautions where you have to deal with blood. For example, make sure that there are no cuts and abrasions on the body. Then, even if the patient's blood accidentally gets on the skin, it will not be able to penetrate the body.
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AIDS. The virus can be transmitted to a child from a sick mother. Developing in her womb, he is connected to her by the umbilical cord. Blood flows through blood vessels in both directions. If HIV is present in the mother's body, it can be transmitted to the child. In addition, there is a risk of infection of infants through mother's milk. HIV can also be transmitted through sexual contact.
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AIDS. SYMPTOMS. For example, a person with chickenpox develops a rash. It becomes clear to him and to everyone that he has contracted chickenpox. But HIV for a long time, and often for years, may not detect anything. At the same time, for quite a long time, a person feels absolutely healthy. This is what makes HIV very dangerous. After all, neither the person himself, into whose body the virus has penetrated, nor those around him, are aware of anything. Not knowing about the presence of HIV in his body, this person can unwittingly infect others. Nowadays, there are special tests (analyzes) that determine the presence of HIV in a person's blood.
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AIDS. It is very difficult to predict exactly what will happen to a person who has HIV, because the virus affects everyone differently, having HIV in your body and having AIDS are not the same thing. Many people infected with HIV live normal lives for many years. However, over time, they may develop one or more serious diseases. In this case, doctors call it AIDS. There are a number of illnesses that indicate that a person has AIDS. However, it has not yet been established whether HIV always leads to the development of AIDS or not. Unfortunately, no medicine has yet been found that could cure people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS.
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Schizophrenia. Considering this topic, we must keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not be limited only to his physiological health. This concept also includes mental health, with which the situation is just as unfavorable, including in Russia. For example, a disease such as schizophrenia is very common in recent times. The era of schizophrenia began in 1952. We rightly call schizophrenia a disease, but only from a clinical, medical point of view. In the social sense, it would be incorrect to call a person suffering from this disease sick, that is, inferior. Although this disease is chronic, the forms of schizophrenia are extremely diverse and often a person who is currently in remission, that is, out of an attack (psychosis), can be quite capable, and even more professionally productive than his average opponents.
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Schizophrenia. For example, a person who is very difficult in everyday life, with difficult relationships within the family, cold and completely indifferent towards his loved ones, turns out to be unusually sensitive and touching with his favorite cacti. He can watch them for hours and cry quite sincerely and inconsolably when one of his plants dries up. Of course, from the outside it looks completely inadequate, but for him there is his own logic of relationships, which a person can justify. He is simply sure that all people are false, and no one can be trusted. Schizophrenia is of two types: continuous and paroxysmal. In any of the types of schizophrenia, there are changes in personality, character traits under the influence of the disease. A person becomes closed, strange, commits ridiculous, illogical actions from the point of view of others. The sphere of interests is changing, hobbies that were completely uncharacteristic before appear.
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Cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial infarction is one of the most common manifestations of coronary heart disease and one of the common causes of death in developed countries. In the United States, about one million people develop a myocardial infarction every year, with about a third of the cases dying. It is important to note that about half of deaths occur in the first hour from the onset of the disease. It has been proven that the incidence of myocardial infarction increases significantly with age. Numerous clinical studies suggest that in women under the age of 60, myocardial infarction occurs four times less often and develops 10-15 years later than in men.
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Cardiovascular diseases. Smoking has been found to increase mortality from cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction) by 50%, with the risk increasing with age and the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking has an extremely harmful effect on the human cardiovascular system. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzene, ammonia contained in tobacco smoke cause tachycardia, arterial hypertension. Smoking increases platelet aggregation, increases the severity and progression of the atherosclerotic process, increases the content of such substances in the blood as fibrinogen, promotes spasm of the coronary arteries.
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Cardiovascular diseases. It has been established that a 1% increase in cholesterol levels increases the risk of developing myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases by 2-3%. It has been proven that a 10% decrease in serum cholesterol levels reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, by 15%, and with prolonged treatment - by 25%. The West Scottish study showed that lipid-lowering therapy is effective as a primary prevention of myocardial infarction. Diabetes. In the presence of diabetes, the risk of myocardial infarction more than doubles on average. Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of death in patients with diabetes (both men and women) aged 40 years and older.
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Additives and their effect on the body Today, the modern food market is characterized by a very wide range of choices, both in assortment and in price categories. Recently, the state of the body and its performance have been increasingly affected by foods included in the daily diet of consumption, or to be more precise, their composition, which in turn is replete with a list of all kinds of so-called food additives, the most common of which are ingredients with index E. Most of them are very dangerous for the health of an adult, not to mention children.
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Additives and their effect on the body I would like to consider one of the most harmful and at the same time the most common additives - E 250. E250 - sodium nitrite - a dye, seasoning and preservative used for dry preservation of meat and stabilization of its red color. E250 is allowed for use in Russia, but banned in the EU. Impact on the body: - increased excitability of the nervous system in children; - oxygen starvation of the body (hypoxia); - decrease in the content of vitamins in the body; - food poisoning with a possible fatal outcome; - oncological diseases. This additive is found in carbonated drinks, condiments, cooked sausages, crackers, etc.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education
SEI HPE "Syktyvkar State University"
Faculty of History and International Relations
Specialty "International Relations"
Test.
"Global problems of our time: Mass diseases, epidemics: AIDS, influenza, cholera, plague, cancer, heart disease."
Completed by: student of group 547,
Kazakova Anna Vyacheslavovna
Checked by: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Makarychev A.S.
Syktyvkar 2010
Introduction………………………………………………………………………3
AIDS…………………………………………………………………. .............5
Influenza…………………………………………………………………………..6
Cholera…………………………………………………………………………7
Plague………………………………………………………………………………8
Cancer……………………………………………………………………… ……...9
Heart disease…………………………………………………………..10
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...12
Application…………………………………………………………………..13
Introduction
The global problems of our time include a wide range of phenomena that humanity considers as a threat to life. Global means affecting the interests of the whole world. These problems require the joint efforts of the entire world community to overcome.
At the present stage of development, mankind is faced with an increasing number of global problems. But the chances of their solution also increase. It should be noted that the awareness of the emergence of a problem and the search for its solution arises only when humanity is faced with this problem face to face.
One of the most important problems of mankind is the problem of health. All sorts of mass diseases and epidemics claim millions of lives. Diseases are the number one cause of increased mortality. Almost every year we hear about the emergence of new forms of diseases already known to us. Scientists are working on the creation of drugs around the clock.
Epidemic outbreaks can be very different. Only in different parts of the planet there are outbreaks of various diseases, and there are reasons for that. In third world countries more often there are diseases caused by hunger and unsanitary conditions, such as plague, cholera, ulcers.
In developed countries, however, they have learned to cope with such diseases, but they have been replaced by “new generation” diseases, many of which are currently incurable. For example, the greatest mortality is caused by cancer, AIDS, and various heart diseases.
One can talk about the reasons for the high level of mortality from diseases in developed countries, where medicine has reached a high level, for a very long time. However, in general they are clear: technological progress makes life easier for us, but at the cost of our health. Harmful radiation, radiation causes many diseases. The rhythm of city life speaks for itself: stress, lack of sleep, overwork, poor ecology - all this contributes to the development of diseases.
Of course, humanity has already done a lot to overcome the spread of diseases. But the victory over one epidemic is followed by the emergence of another, more complex one. Viruses become more resistant.
Consider the most common mass diseases of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
To begin with, it is necessary to define the term epidemic: the widespread occurrence of an infectious disease. A mass disease is essentially the same, but it is not necessarily infectious, but can be caused by other reasons.
AIDS . One of the most terrible diseases of our time is the plague of the twentieth century, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This disease is terrible because at the moment there is no cure. Mankind felt completely defenseless in the face of an unfamiliar and extremely insidious enemy. For this reason, another epidemic has spread on Earth - the epidemic of fear of AIDS.
The world was also shocked by the fact that among the first and most affected countries by AIDS was the United States. The disease called into question many of the values of modern Western civilization: sexual freedom and freedom of movement. AIDS has challenged the entire modern way of life.
Since the 1980s, the spread of AIDS has reached epidemic levels. According to modern data, there are currently about 40 million patients, and the number of victims of the disease over the 20 years of its existence is approaching 20 million. The contagiousness of AIDS, its rapid spread and incurability earned him the fame of the "plague of the twentieth century", the most terrible and incomprehensible viral disease of our time.
It should also be said that the problem of AIDS is not only a medical problem, but also a psychological and social one. This was especially evident at the beginning of the epidemic, when the main feeling in relation to HIV-infected people was the fear of becoming infected, multiplied by the lack of reliable information about how HIV infection can and cannot occur.
Recently, media reports have begun to appear that a vaccine has been created that can cure AIDS. Although this information is somewhat distrustful, it gives hope to millions of people.
Flu. Perhaps the most common disease in the world. We hear about another influenza epidemic almost every year, and each time it takes on new forms, and scientists have to look for new vaccines to treat it. And during this time, the flu manages to claim many lives.
Influenza epidemics arise unexpectedly, incapacitating large masses of people at once, thereby introducing anarchy into production, disrupting the rhythm of the country, and hindering the implementation of the plans.
The world knows such terrible epidemics of the past as the "Spanish flu", "Asian flu", which claimed the lives of up to 4 million people.
It would seem that the flu is a well-known disease for everyone, it is perceived as a common occurrence and practically does not scare anyone. However, one has only to relax, as a new form of influenza appears. Recently, there has been a trend of infection with influenza from animals.
In 2005 there was an outbreak of bird flu. It was quickly localized, but there were still many victims. In 2009, an epidemic of "swine" or "Mexican" flu began. The latter virus is also quite atypical: it is most dangerous for people under 50 years old, although the elderly and children are usually at risk.
In such conditions, the question arises: what to expect from the flu next time? Who will it hit and from which animal will a person become infected? Will scientists around the world be able to find a vaccine and prevent the epidemic?
Cholera. Cholera (Greek Cholera - expire) - an acute infectious disease characterized by damage to the gastrointestinal tract, impaired water-salt metabolism and dehydration of the body; refers to quarantine infections.
Cholera is transmitted mainly through contaminated water and food and is closely linked to inadequate use of the environment. The main reasons for the spread of the disease are the lack or lack of safe water and sanitation, usually combined with poor environmental conditions. Typical high-risk areas include slums adjacent to urban areas where basic infrastructure is lacking, and camps for internally displaced persons and refugees where minimal needs for clean water and sanitation are not being met. However, it should be emphasized that the belief that the cause of cholera epidemics are the corpses of people who died as a result of disasters, natural or man-made, is false. Despite this, rumors and panic often start to spread after disasters. On the other hand, the consequences of disasters, such as the destruction of water and sanitation systems or the massive displacement of populations to inadequate and overcrowded camps, can increase the risk of transmission.
Since 2005, new cholera outbreaks have been noted along with a steady increase in the size of vulnerable populations living in unsanitary conditions. Cholera remains a global public health threat and one of the main indicators of ill health in social development. While the disease has ceased to be a problem in countries with minimum hygiene standards, it remains a threat in almost every developing country. The number of cases of cholera reported to WHO in 2006 increased dramatically and reached the level of the late 1990s. In total, 236,896 cases were reported from 52 countries, including 6,311 deaths, representing an overall increase of 79% over the number of cases reported in 2005. This increase is due to a number of large outbreaks that have occurred in countries where no cases have been reported for several years. It is estimated that only a small proportion of cases, less than 10%, are reported to WHO. Thus, the true burden of disease is grossly underestimated.
The latest outbreak in Haiti in the fall of 2010 also testifies to the development of the disease. About a thousand people have already died.
Plague. Plague (lat. pestis) is an acute natural focal infectious disease of the group of quarantine infections, occurring with an exceptionally severe general condition, fever, damage to the lymph nodes, lungs and other internal organs, often with the development of sepsis. The disease is characterized by high mortality.
Plague is also a disease that mankind has faced more than once. Perhaps, in the Middle Ages, the plague claimed more lives than other diseases.
Every year, the number of plague cases is about 2.5 thousand people, and without a tendency to decrease.
According to available data, according to the World Health Organization, from 1989 to 2004, about forty thousand cases were recorded in 24 countries, and the mortality rate was about seven percent of the number of cases. In a number of countries in Asia (Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Vietnam), Africa (Tanzania and Madagascar), the Western Hemisphere (USA, Peru), cases of human infection are recorded almost annually.
Under the conditions of modern therapy, mortality in plague does not exceed 5-10% if treatment is started early. In some cases, a transient form of the disease is possible, which is poorly amenable to intravital diagnosis and treatment (“fulminant form of plague”).
Cancer. Cancer is a type of malignant tumor that develops from cells of the epithelial tissue of various organs (skin, mucous membranes and many internal organs)
Another disease that causes fear in people of any age. Cancer can occur at any age, on any organ, from completely different factors. Cancer is probably no less scary than AIDS, although it can be cured in the early stages.
The incidence of malignant tumors is constantly growing. About 6 million new cases of malignant tumors are registered annually in the world. The highest incidence among men was noted in France (361 per 100,000 population), among women in Brazil (283.4 per 100,000). This is partly due to the aging of the population. It should be noted that most tumors develop in people older than 50 years, and every second cancer patient is older than 60 years. Mortality from cancer ranks second in the world after diseases of the cardiovascular system.
The worst thing is the low possibility of detecting cancer and consulting a doctor in time. Many do not attach importance to their health. In developing countries, treatment is out of reach for many due to lack of funds. In developing countries, the percentage of cancer cases is increasing due to radiation from many devices. And if we talk about technical development, I think that we should not count on a decrease in the percentage of people with cancer.
Heart diseases. Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide: no other cause causes as many deaths each year as CVD;
An estimated 17.1 million people died from DS in 2004, accounting for 29% of all deaths worldwide. Of this number, 7.2 million died from coronary heart disease and 5.7 million from stroke.
This problem affects low- and middle-income countries to varying degrees. More than 82% of DS deaths occur in these countries, almost equally among men and women.
By 2030, about 23.6 million people will die from CVD, mainly from heart disease and stroke, which are projected to remain the only leading causes of death. The largest percentage increase in these cases is expected in the eastern Mediterranean region, and the largest number of deaths in the south-eastern region.
More than 80% of CV deaths worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries.
In the second half of the XX century. great successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, etc. In the second half of the 20th century. great successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, etc.
In the 60s - 70s. The World Health Organization (WHO) has carried out a wide range of smallpox medical interventions that have covered more than 50 countries with a population of over 2 billion people. As a result, this disease on our planet has been virtually eliminated.
When considering this topic, you should keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not be limited only to his physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual), psychological health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia. When considering this topic, you should keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not be limited only to his physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual), psychological health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia.
