Medvedev and D physical methods of treatment in veterinary medicine. Physiotherapy for surgical diseases of farm animals
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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education.
Kostroma State Agricultural Academy.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Department of Internal Non-Contagious Diseases, Surgery and Obstetrics
Test
by discipline: Physiotherapy and physioprophylaxis
Completed:
student of the 1st group of the 4th year
correspondence faculty
Supervisor:
Kochueva Natalia Anatolievna
professor, d.b. n.
Karavaevo 2014
1. Types of electrotherapy
treatment electrophoresis skin mucous membrane
In electrotherapy, a direct current of low voltage and low power is used (galvanization, electrophoresis); high voltage and high frequency (darsonvalization, inductothermy); impulse currents (faradization); electric and magnetic fields with an alternating electric field of ultrahigh frequency (UHF), etc.
Galvanization is a method of treatment with electric direct current of low voltage (30-80 V) and low power (up to 50 mA).
The therapeutic effect depends on the intensity of the current, the duration of its action, the polarity of the active electrode. Galvanic current enhances the secretion of the glands, promotes the resorption of pathological effusions, improves metabolism, reduces pain, causes active hyperemia at the electrode site. When peripheral receptors are irritated, nerve impulses through the central nervous system cause complex responses of organs and systems of the body. For galvanization, the following devices are used: AGN-1, AGN-2, portable - GVP-3, AGP-33, Po-current-1.
Electrophoresis is a method of introducing drugs into the body through the skin, mucous membranes using direct current.
The mechanism of action of electrophoresis is associated with the disintegration of the medicinal substance into ions and its accumulation in the skin, from where it slowly enters the body with the blood and lymph flow, enhancing its pharmacological actions.
During electrophoresis, two factors act simultaneously - the drug and the galvanic current, which contributes to the flow of the drug in a more active form.
Indications. Subacute and chronic processes, rheumatic and traumatic lesions of the joints, muscles, tendons, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, mastitis, neuralgia, neuritis.
Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to galvanic current, acute purulent inflammation, hemorrhagic diathesis, malignant neoplasms, irreversible degenerative processes.
Faradization - therapy with pulsed currents of low frequency and voltage.
A feature of pulsed currents of low frequency and voltage is that irritation of the motor nerves or the muscles themselves leads to the excitation of their contractility. At the same time, an analgesic, ganglioblocking, vasodilating effect is observed, which contributes to an increase in the trophic function of the nervous system. The effectiveness of the impact depends on the strength, duration of the current and the frequency of periods of reduction. The stronger the functional disorder of the muscle, the shorter the duration of the procedure should be.
For electrodiagnosis of atrophy, paresis, paralysis of muscles with their subsequent electrical stimulation, the following devices are used: ACM-3, EI-1, ACM, UEI-1. The ACM-3 device is assembled in a metal case with control knobs on the panel and has 9 adjustment steps from 100 to 8 Hz. Using this apparatus, it is possible to apply both continuous and rhythmic modulated currents with a constant increase in their amplitude from 12 to 32 pulses per 1 min.
Indications. Paralysis, paresis, muscle atrophy, atony of the scar and intestines.
Contraindications. Acute inflammatory processes, increased sensitivity to impulse currents of low frequency and voltage, pronounced degeneration of the muscle and nerve with no response to the applied current, purulent-putrefactive processes.
Darsonvalization is a method of treatment with alternating pulsed current of high frequency (110 kHz), high voltage (20 kV) and low power (0.02 mA). The action of the current is based on the emerging electrical discharge between the electrode and the patient's body.
Indications. Long-term non-healing wounds, ulcers, eczema (to improve the growth of granulation tissue), furunculosis, peripheral nerve diseases, joint pain and pain of traumatic origin.
General darsonvalization is used for enteralgia, diathesis, spasmodic colic, complications after the plague.
Contraindications. Malignant neoplasms, tendency to bleeding, insufficiency of the cardiovascular system.
Inductothermy, short-wave diathermy - exposure with a therapeutic purpose to a high-frequency alternating magnetic field, which, penetrating into the depths of tissues, is converted into heat. Used to warm fabrics. The amount of heat generated in tissues depends on their electrical conductivity. Blood, lymph, liver, bile, etc. have good electrical conductivity. With an increase in the distance between the electrode and the surface of the body, the amount of heat in the deep layers of the tissue decreases.
Indications. Subacute and chronic diseases of the urinary system, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, spastic colic, enteralgia, respiratory diseases.
Contraindications. Neoplasms, acute purulent processes and spontaneous bleeding.
Microwave therapy is the use of ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations (SHF) from 300 to 30000 MHz, with a wavelength of 12.6 cm (centimeter waves - CMW) and 10-100 cm (decimeter waves - UHF) for therapeutic purposes. With the help of a special generator, a UHF is created, a super-frequency electromagnetic field, which is directed to a part of the body of a sick animal with the help of an emitter. DMW - radiation with less heating of the body surface penetrates deeper into tissues than MB. Microwaves are little absorbed by the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Absorption is more intense in tissues rich in water, so they heat up more.
Indications. Subacute and chronic sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, furunculosis, lesions of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nerve diseases (neuralgia, neuritis).
Contraindications. Malignant neoplasms, traumatic reticulopericarditis, pregnancy, predisposition to bleeding, decompensated heart defects, increased blood pressure.
Ultra-high-frequency therapy is a therapeutic method in which animal tissues are exposed to an alternating electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency (40, 68 MHz).
Indications. Acute inflammatory processes of the skin, joints, neuralgia, phlegmon, thrombophlebitis, pleurisy, paralytic myoglobinuria in horses, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, bronchopneumonia.
Contraindications. Malignant neoplasms, hemorrhagic diathesis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, traumatic reticulopericarditis, hypertension.
2. Washing the rumen in ruminants. Indications, contraindications and methods of dispensing procedures
Washing the rumen in ruminants is an effective and therapeutic procedure for overflowing the stomach, rumen with feed masses, with atony and poisoning.
For cattle, the proventriculus is washed (feed poisoning, overfeeding, atony of primary origin, tympania, etc.) using the probes of V. A. Cherkasov, A. V. Korobov and URZhZ-1-Z. The Cherkasov probe is a dense polished rubberized hose with an inner diameter of 42 mm and a length of 2.5 m, in the middle of which a metal spiral is reinforced, covered with thin rubber. At the end of the probe there are two holes equal to the diameter of the probe and separated from each other by a distance of 10 cm. The probe is supplied with: a hydraulic extractor with conical holes and a metal funnel with a volume of 10 liters.
Before washing the proventriculus, the head of the animal is fixed with two straps for stretching in the machine, or two assistants hold it in a slightly extended position forward. With the left hand, the operator removes the tongue, and with the right hand takes the end of the probe, richly lubricated with vaseline, and inserts it into the oral cavity by the root of the tongue. With gentle translational movements, he directs it into the esophagus and at the same time releases the tongue, advancing the probe along the esophagus to the beginning of the metal spiral (should be at the level of the last molars of the animal).
After the introduction of the probe through a large funnel, 16-32 liters of a 1% solution of baking soda are poured into the pancreas at a temperature of 38-40 ° C. When a small amount of liquid remains at the bottom of the funnel, it is lowered down and disconnected from the probe, and the contents of the scar begin to be released through the probe to the outside. In this case, it is desirable to massage the scar with your hands. After removing 16-24 liters of contents from the proventriculus, again pour 8-16 liters of water at a temperature of 10 ° C through the funnel, then quickly release the contents of the rumen through the probe. A sharp change in the temperature of the infused water causes an increased contraction of the scar, and the contents are ejected from the proventriculus through the probe. When the release of the contents of the foragers stops, a hydraulic extractor with a conical tip is inserted through the opening of the probe to push and liquefy the feed mass. The use of hydraulic extractors is recommended for timpania, overfeeding and in other cases when the introduction of large volumes of liquids into overflowing stomachs is contraindicated. In recumbent animals (on the right side), the proventriculus is washed in the same way as above. In this case, the contents are removed through the probe even with weak contractions of the scar.
Depending on the general condition of the animals, it is possible to wash and remove the contents of the proventriculus in one or several steps. In severe cases of the disease between washings, the animal is given rest. If the probe is introduced to remove gases, then with the help of a nylon cord, its gastric end is raised up, where more gases accumulate.
In all cases of a serious condition of animals, especially in case of severe poisoning, when the described methods of washing are insufficient, they begin to forcefully suck out the contents of the proventriculus using a Datsenko probe, which works on the principle of a water jet pump. It consists of the probe itself with a coupling, an ejector device with an inlet and outlet nozzle, a central cock, rubber hoses, couplings and a metal mixer.
Using this probe, a certain amount of tap water is injected into the scar under pressure and the liquefied contents are removed from it. Before manipulation, the time of passage through the probe of the taken volume of water (for example, 10 l) and its suction is determined. This is achieved by regulating the central tap "to the stomach" and "to the ejection". The rotogastric tube is inserted in the same way as the Cherkasov tube, and is connected through the couplings to the inlet tube of the ejector device. The handle of the central tap of the ejector device is moved to the “on the stomach” position, the water supply tap is opened and 20-30 liters of water are injected into the scar, and then the tap handle is moved to the “ejection” position, the stream of passing water creates a vacuum in the gastric end of the probe, due to which the liquefied the contents are sucked into the probe and thrown out. Depending on the general condition of the animals, the scar is washed and its contents are removed in one or more steps. After a sufficiently complete removal of the contents of the rumen, it is advisable for this animal to introduce up to 3 liters of an aqueous extract of the rumen contents of a healthy cow.
In practice, a universal orogastric probe (URZhZ-1-Z) is successfully introduced, designed to push stuck objects in the esophagus, obtain cicatricial contents for laboratory research, treat rumen tympania and inject medicinal solutions into the proventriculus of cattle.
This probe consists of a metal head (olive), a polyethylene tube with holes, a tubular yawn with a U-shaped plate, two pairs of fixation straps, and a special hand pump. The probe is inserted into the oral cavity with smooth translational movements, moving along the esophagus into the scar. The presence of a metal head of a special shape prevents it from entering the respiratory tract. The gases accumulated in the dorsal sac of the scar are freely released and removed through the holes in the upper part of the polyethylene tube of the probe. With the help of a special pump included in the kit, you can administer medicinal solutions from any container. Contraindication for the introduction of the probe - damage to the esophagus, bleeding from the nose, severe heart failure, inflammation of the pharynx and larynx.
Literature
1. Internal diseases of animals: textbook / Ed. G.G. Shcherbakova, A.V. Korobov. - St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2009. - 736 p.: ill. - (Textbooks for universities. Special literature).
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Physiotherapy in veterinary medicine has long been successfully used not only to treat animals, but also to increase their productivity.
The general physiological principles of physiotherapy as applied to humans and animals are the same, but the method of their use has its own distinctive features.
Physiotherapeutic devices have been used in veterinary medicine since the beginning of the 20th century, but the first systematization was carried out by I.D. Medvedev in his book "Physical methods of treatment in veterinary medicine". The book was published in 1939 and contains over 300 pages. In Soviet times, very few of these were published. The book covers the entire spectrum of physical methods of influence, including even X-ray therapy. When purchasing veterinary devices from us, we provide a copy of this book on CD-ROM. We will also help you get acquainted with modern methods of physiotherapy treatment of animals.
On the other hand, most modern devices are adapted for veterinary medicine and already contain specially selected treatment programs. An example is a special veterinary version of the magnetotherapy apparatus - Biomag Lumina Vet . About 15 different magnetic field therapy protocols are stored in the memory of the device for the treatment of animals: diseases of the joints (arthritis, arthrosis, bursitis, synovitis), mechanical and thermal damage (bruises, wounds, sprains, subluxations, bone fractures, burns, frostbite, etc. .), diseases of the blood and lymphatic vessels, disorders of tissue trophism.
Physiotherapy is especially effective in veterinary medicine in the treatment of diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system (fractures, injuries, arthrosis and arthritis, joint dysplasia), osteochondrosis and such severe complications as paresis of the limbs, rickets, diseases of the respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia), ENT diseases. organs (otitis, sinusitis), eye diseases (keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers), skin diseases and many others.
Most often, physiotherapy in veterinary medicine is used in the treatment of dogs, cats, horses, cows.
For modern veterinary clinics and livestock farms, hippodromes, the following physiotherapy equipment can be recommended.
| Description | Application |
|
 | Examination and massage tables with height adjustment The Manumed Special Vet provides the following amenities for veterinary physiotherapy rooms:
| Initial examination, massage, minor surgeries, transportation of animals within the clinic |
 | InfraRed RadiatorDevice for infrared therapy of the Dutch company Enraf Nonius. When used in veterinary medicine, it has the following advantages:
| All types of warm-ups, pain relief, preparation for procedures, massage |
 | Sonopuls 492The combined device for electrotherapy and ultrasonic therapy Sonopuls 492 allows carrying out all types of electrotherapy. The advantages of using this physiotherapy apparatus in veterinary medicine include the following:
| Myostimulation, drug electrophoresis, anti-inflammatory therapy, pain relief, therapy for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, limb injuries |
 | Curapuls 970Stationary apparatus for UHF therapy of animals. When used in veterinary medicine, it has the following features:
| Inflammatory purulent processes, respiratory diseases, limb injuries, arthritis / arthrosis, pain syndrome |
| KN4006BCA new veterinary UV therapy device with a bactericidal radiation spectrum will be useful in any veterinary clinic. The device is characterized by simple operation, high reliability, low weight of the emitter. The emitter can be installed in a special slot on the device or held in the hand. The long cable makes it possible to irradiate fairly medium and large animals from the right angle. A portable model of the KUV/SUV apparatus KN 4006 BC is produced, operating from an independent power source and having similar technical characteristics Advantages of the device:
| Bacterial and fungal skin diseases bedsores festering wounds Postoperative wounds Furunculosis |
 | Endopuls 811For veterinary clinics, a modern device for shock wave therapy Endopuls 811 is offered. High-energy waves propagate in soft tissues and, without damaging them, have a direct effect only on bone and cartilage tissues, bone spikes, growths and other formations with increased acoustic resistance. The procedure restores the natural metabolism, starts the processes of cell renewal and renewal, improves metabolic processes in tissues. The advantages of the device include an electromagnetic system for generating shock waves, a reduced pain effect, a long emitter resource, a small weight of the device, and quiet operation. | Damage to the ligamentous apparatus, tendons, inflammation of the sesamoid bones, calcification, degenerative diseases of the joints, fractures, cracks, perioosal processes Indications for ESWT in small animals: |
| Biomag Lumina VetA specialized device for therapy with a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field. In veterinary medicine, the Biomag Lumina Vet magnetotherapy device can be widely used in livestock farms, veterinary clinics or at home. Veterinary magnetotherapy device Biomag Lumina Vet has a wide range of applicators: both for small animals (cats, dogs, etc.) and large animals (horses, cattle, etc.). Some applicators allow for therapy with a combined effect of a magnetic field and polarized light. Local applicators are equipped with special clamps for precise positioning on problem areas. A large number of built-in magnetotherapy programs cover all possible applications of the magnetic field in the treatment of animals. The built-in battery allows you not to depend on the presence of an electrical outlet and carry out therapy even on the street. | Pain Relief joint dysplasia Joint deformity Back pain Fracture treatment Overstressed muscles and tendons Restoration of joint mobility Acceleration of wound healing Inflammation of the urinary tract Gastrointestinal disorders Colic in large animals Excessive shedding |
The concept of physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a method of treatment based on the use of natural forces of nature (air, water, light, clay) and artificial energy sources (electricity, ultrasound, ultraviolet and x-ray radiation, radioactive isotopes) for the treatment of inflammatory processes. This type of treatment refers to pathogenetic therapy, which acts on the animal's body mainly through the nervous system, changing its reactivity and increasing its protective properties. In response to the use of physical stimuli, the body reacts with neurohumoral changes that occur in cells, organs and systems, which are manifested by biochemical and biophysical changes qualitatively and quantitatively.
Types of physiotherapy in veterinary medicine
In veterinary practice, the following types of physiotherapy are most widely used:
1) phototherapy, 2) electrotherapy, 3) hydrotherapy, 4) mud therapy, 5) paraffin therapy, 6) ozokerite therapy and 7) massage treatment.
These physical factors can be used both independently and in combination with other therapeutic measures.
Types of physiotherapy most commonly used in gynecology
1. Light therapy. Phototherapy uses infrared, visible and ultraviolet rays.
The use of infrared rays. Apparatus and method of irradiation. The infrared radiation source is a special lamp, consisting of a reflector with a spherical surface, a 300 or 600 W emitter and a tripod. The emitter is a hollow cone made of refractory clay, in the grooves (recesses) of which a helix of nichrome wire is laid. There are two models of lamps: stationary and table. When the device is connected to the electrical network, the emitter spiral heats up to a dark red glow and gives radiation consisting mainly of infrared rays with a wavelength of 6 to 4 microns and partly of red rays. When the procedure is released, a stationary lamp is installed at a distance of 50-80 cm from the surface of the animal's body, and the desktop - at a distance of 30-50 cm. The distance is adjusted according to the sensation of heat. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day, lasting 15-30 minutes.
Indications: aseptic and purulent inflammatory processes of the genital organs of animals (orchitis, periorchitis, mastitis). The method is contraindicated in malignant tumors.
Dosimetry of ultraviolet rays. The existing methods of dosimetry are divided into two groups. The first group includes methods for measuring the power of light energy in physical units (in microwatts - μW / cm2 or in microeres - microer / cm2) using special instruments - dosimeters. The UV-2 and UFD-4 ultravioletmeters, as well as the UFM-5 ultravioletmeter, are the most convenient in operation. The intensity of irradiation in microwatts can be converted into irradiance, expressed in microer, by multiplying by a factor of 0.18.
The second group includes the biological method of dosage, based on the property of ultraviolet rays to cause erythema.
To determine the dose of ultraviolet irradiation by a biological method, the hair on one side of the animal's neck is shaved over an area of 4x18 cm, the skin is wiped with alcohol. The neck is covered with an oilcloth, into which a template is sewn, consisting of a double-folded cardboard 20 cm long and 6 cm wide. 5 square holes are cut out in the cardboard at a distance of 2 cm from each other (the length of each side is 15 mm). A curtain is inserted between the sheets of cardboard. Having installed this biodosimeter on a shaved area of the skin, bring a mercury-quartz burner with a steady combustion mode closer to it at a distance of 50-60 cm, open the first hole of the biodosimeter and illuminate it for 3 minutes. Subsequently, every 3 minutes, one by one, the remaining holes are opened. Thus, the first window is irradiated for 15 minutes, the second for 12, the third for 9, the fourth for 6 and the fifth for 3 minutes. After 18-20 hours, the results of irradiation are determined by puffiness in the irradiated skin areas. The minimum dose of rays that causes the least swelling of the skin is taken as one biodose. It is expressed in minutes.
In practice, the average biodose is often used, which is derived as the arithmetic mean obtained from 8-10 individual doses determined on a given burner.
Irradiation technique. For therapeutic purposes, both local and general irradiation of animals is used.
With local irradiation with ultraviolet rays, they affect limited areas of the skin both in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pathological focus, and in parts of the body remote from it.
2. Mud and peat treatment. Three types of mud are used for medicinal purposes: silt, sapropel and peat.
The method of mud and peat treatment is as follows. Therapeutic mud is stored in concrete or wooden boxes indoors at a temperature of 5-6. Peat is stored in sheds; it should not dry out and freeze.
Mud and peat are heated in a water bath to a temperature of 45-55 °. Before use, mud and peat are thoroughly stirred and large particles and pebbles are removed from them. Mud and peat are used in the form of applications (lozenges) on limited areas of the body or in the form of mud tampons inserted into the vagina and rectum.
To prepare appliqués - cakes - lay out an oilcloth, cover it with a piece of canvas and apply a layer of mud or peat 6-7 cm thick on it. The temperature of the mud or peat is brought to 45 - 50 °. Recently, the so-called mitigated mud therapy has been used with a mud temperature of 37-38 °. The mud or peat cake prepared in this way, together with the oilcloth, is applied to the corresponding part of the body; on top of the oilcloth, a padded jacket, blanket or blanket is applied and strengthened with bandages or braid. After the end of the procedure and removal of dirt, the skin surface is washed with water and wiped dry with a towel. In cold weather, a warm wrap is applied to the area of imposition of mud.
The duration of the mud procedure is 30-40 minutes. The first 3-4 procedures are released daily, and then every other day. The course of treatment is prescribed 10-20 procedures.
Indications. Indications for mud and peat treatment: long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers; paresis and paralysis of nerves, mastitis; chronic and subacute inflammatory diseases of the birth canal (vaginitis, endometritis).
Contraindications. Contraindications for thermal treatment are severe diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, blood, malignant tumors, bleeding, cachexia, active tuberculosis processes.
3. Paraffin treatment. For medicinal purposes, anhydrous white paraffin with a melting point of 50-55 ° is used. Melt the paraffin in a water bath. The skin area at the site of application is washed and dried thoroughly. Thick and long hairline is pre-cut. Molten paraffin is applied to the body area in one of the following ways.
Method of lubrication or layering: paraffin at a temperature of 60-70 ° C is smeared with a flat paint brush on the surface of the skin until a layer 1-2 cm thick is formed.
Method of pouring, or paraffin bag: used only on the limbs. First, the surface of the skin is coated with molten paraffin to form a layer that protects against possible burns. Then a specially sewn oilcloth sleeve is put on the limb, the lower end of which is tightly bandaged to the body of the animal, and paraffin heated to a temperature of 65 ° is poured from the ladle into the space between the skin and the oilcloth. For uniform distribution of the latter, a spiral bandage is applied over the oilcloth 3.
Paraffin applications can be performed in two ways: tissue and cuvette application. In the first method, multilayer (5-6 layers) gauze pads are impregnated with paraffin heated to 60-70°C and applied to a body area after a layer of paraffin has been previously applied to it with a paint brush. With the cuvette-application method, molten paraffin is poured into cuvettes or baking sheets, which are previously lined with oilcloth over the edges, in the calculation that as the paraffin cools to a temperature of 50-54 °, it forms a cake 5 cm thick. Such a cake is removed from the cuvette along with oilcloth and applied to the corresponding part of the body.
With all methods of using paraffin, the body area with paraffin applied to it is covered with oilcloth and a warm padded jacket or blanket.
The duration of the procedure with paraffin treatment is from 30-40 minutes to 2-3 hours. Treatment is carried out daily or every other day. The course of treatment is prescribed from 5 to 20 procedures.
Indications. Paraffin therapy is used for slowly healing wounds, neuritis, paresis and paralysis of nerves, mastitis, inflammatory diseases of the birth canal.
Contraindications. The same as for mud therapy.
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences Kozlov N.A.
Physiotherapy is a field of medicine that studies the effect on the body of natural and artificially created physical factors used to treat patients and prevent diseases.
Rehabilitation is the elimination of the consequences caused by a serious illness or injury.
Introduction
Whatever new methods of treatment and operations are developed, the topic of rehabilitation will always be an integral part of them. After all, it is an integrated approach to the treatment of pathologies, including timely diagnosis, the choice of the optimal method of treatment and postoperative recovery, that provides the best result. All this allows you to restore the animal after surgery or injury. In certain situations, rehabilitation allows, if not to restore, then to improve the quality of life of the animal.
In addition to recovery after orthopedic or neurosurgical operations, physiotherapy is used for sports and exhibition animals. In this case, it becomes possible to increase the endurance and muscle mass of the animal, as well as restore the correctness and smoothness of movements, work out flexibility, etc.
The most important thing is that all manipulations are performed without forcing the animal, without causing a pain reaction. All the first sessions are based on adaptation, which allows you to avoid negative reactions and any reluctance to work with the animal with the doctor further. For animals, the conditions of the game are most often created, thereby causing motivation - this greatly facilitates classes and is accompanied, in addition to the therapeutic effect, by psychological relief.
Indications:
- Animals with neurological disorders;
– recovery from orthopedic pathologies (arthritis, arthrosis, fracture, ligament injuries, etc.);
- restoration of muscle tissue after surgery;
- inflammation of the muscles and joints;
- diseases of the respiratory system (pulmonary edema, pneumonia);
- heart disease
- with obesity (combining with normalized feeding);
— for sports and exhibition animals;
as a psychological relief.
Physiotherapy methods
Kinesitherapy
Kinesitherapy is movement therapy. Various types of movements during kinesitherapy change the general reactivity of the body, destroy pathological dynamic stereotypes that have arisen as a result of the disease, create new stereotypes that provide the necessary adaptation.
Most of the diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system occur with impaired motor function. Kinesitherapy as a method of treatment restores or helps to compensate for disturbed motor function, promotes training of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other systems.
This method can be either passive or active.
Passive kinesitrapy consists in the fact that the animal makes limp movements, i.e. through doctor's manipulations. It can be played in the form of massage, manual therapy, water massage, etc.
With the active method, conditions are created for certain active and conscious movements. Conditions for active movements are created with the help of special installations. For example, a dry treadmill. Without using devices, kinesitherapy can take place like walking, gymnastics (special stretching exercises, overcoming obstacles, etc.).
Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy is the use of electric current, electric and magnetic fields for therapeutic purposes.
For this type of therapy, methods such as darsonvalization, electrical stimulation, electrophoresis, etc. can be used.
Darsonvalization - treatment with high frequency pulsed alternating current. Under the action of alternating current in the area of application, blood supply improves, metabolism accelerates and tissue trophism improves. It also has a local anesthetic effect.
Electrical stimulation - the use of electric current to excite or enhance the activity of certain organs and systems. It is more often used to influence the muscles, which allows you to strengthen muscle tissue and improve local metabolism.
Electrophoresis is the passage of a medicinal substance through the skin of an animal under the influence of an electric current.
Thermotherapy
It is expressed in the effect on tissues of certain temperatures.
Cold temperature (cold water, ice, snow) is more often used in the postoperative period in areas around the sutures, which helps to reduce inflammation and reduce pain response.
When exposed to heat, heating pads, hot water, and special appliances are used. The use of heat is indicated for chronic pain.
This therapy is very simple and affordable, which allows its owners to use it at home.
Hydrotherapy
Water is used for this therapy.
In this area, water treadmill and swimming are most commonly used.
The advantages of such treatment are expressed in the fact that due to the physical properties of water, the body weight of animals is significantly reduced while increasing their tolerance for physical activity.
Hydrotherapy improves blood circulation, reduces the intensity of pain experienced, increases flexibility, mobility, muscle tone and mass, improves coordination of movements, restores the ability to maintain balance during movement.
shock wave therapy
The procedure is carried out using a special device that generates sounds (acoustic waves) of very low frequency. This acoustic wave in the area of application of the device propagates through the tissues of the body and stops its movement when it reaches the bone.
Under the action of acoustic waves at the site of impact, blood circulation improves, metabolism is restored, which contributes to the activation of tissue repair processes and cell renewal.
In veterinary medicine, they are mainly used for arthrosis, arthritis, dysplasia of the elbow / hip joints, fractures, etc. This method allows you to bypass surgical intervention, and in a course to restore the articular surface and tissues around the joints, which alleviates the animal's condition: pain, lameness disappears, joint mobility as a whole improves.
In electrotherapy, low voltage and low frequency currents are used; high voltage and high frequency with different current strength; ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field and direct current for galvanization and electrophoresis.
Galvanotherapy- a method of treatment with electric current of constant voltage and constant force. When passing through animal tissues, the galvanic current acts on the receptor apparatus of the skin by electrolysis, electroosmosis (cataphoresis and anaphoresis), and partially by heat. It improves metabolism, the processes of regeneration of nerve cells, reduces pain, and in areas, the application of electrodes reflexively causes active hyperemia. Galvanic current enhances the secretion of the glands, but does not change the chemical composition of the secret. In addition, under its influence, dissociation is enhanced, the movement of liquid and colloidal particles through porous plates (electroosmosis) is accelerated. As a result of such a complex effect, interstitial metabolism increases, which contributes to the resorption of pathological effusions and cicatricial growths.
Galvanic procedures are carried out in 1-2 days, up to 20 sessions in total. Galvanization is used for neuritis, paresis, paralysis, spinal cord injuries, especially for radicular disorders, intraperitoneal and intraperitoneal adhesions, sinusitis and frontal sinusitis. It is contraindicated in acute inflammatory purulent processes, skin ulcers and dermatitis.
Electrophoresis. (ionotherapy, ionogalvanization) - a method of introducing medicinal substances in the form of ions by galvanic current through intact skin, mucous membranes or a wound surface, and this pharmacological effect of medicinal substances is supplemented by the action of galvanic current. The passage of current through the cell membrane enhances the permeability for electrolytes. The bulk of the ions penetrate through the ducts of the skin glands and are carried away through the lymphatic clefts and capillary circulatory network into the general blood flow. A small part of them remains in the injection zone, is adsorbed by colloids, discharged, turning into atoms, and also continues to move in the tissues of the interelectrode space according to the laws of diffusion, osmosis, electroosmosis and iontophoresis.
Ions are used: calcium - for rickets, osteomalacia and phosphorus-calcium deficiency; iodine - with endemic goiter. 3 regarding other medicines, they are guided by their pharmacodynamic action.
electrophoresis technique. The flannel lining of the active electrode is moistened with a solution of the selected medicinal substance, and the lining of the passive electrode is moistened with water. The electrodes are given a polarity that has the charge of the introduced ion.
Procedure conditions: current strength 0.25-0.3 A per 1 cm of the active electrode area with a session duration of 30 minutes or more. Sulfonamides and antibiotics are stored in the tissues under the active electrode after a session for at least 24 hours. Spend one, and acute processes - two sessions a day.
Indications: acute inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, arthritis and inflammation of the peripheral nerves. It should be borne in mind that ionotherapy is laborious and requires a lot of skill. One of the varieties of prolonged exposure to direct current on the central nervous system (in the head area) by rare impulses of very low strength is electrosleep.
Faradization - a method of treatment with alternating (a kind of sinusoidal) electric current with an oscillation frequency of 20 - 60 periods per second, a current strength of 25 - 50 A and a voltage of 50 - 60 W. The current affects the transverse striated and smooth muscles directly or through the motor nerves.
The physiological effect of the faradic current is reduced to the excitation of the motor and sensory nerves: it causes energetic contractions of the striated and weak contractions of the smooth muscles. Rhythmic contractions and relaxation of the muscles contribute to better emptying of blood and lymphatic vessels with their subsequent filling, which is accompanied by an improvement in lymphatic circulation and tissue nutrition. The intensity of muscle contractions depends on the strength of the current and the state of nervous excitability of the animals.
In animals, local faradization is used, mainly for the "gymnastics" of the muscles. To obtain contractions of individual muscles or muscle groups, an active electrode with an area of 1-5 cm2, connected to the negative pole of the secondary coil, is applied to the surface of the body at the point of attachment of the muscles.
The duration of the procedures is 10-15 minutes, they are prescribed daily or every other day, only 20-40 per course of treatment. Faradization is effective in the treatment of paresis, paralysis, muscle atrophy, atony of the rumen and intestines. Contraindications are purulent-putrefactive processes.
Darsonvalization- a method of treatment with currents with a frequency of 200-300 kHz., A voltage of tens and hundreds of thousands of volts and a power reaching hundredths of an ampere. These currents can affect the whole organism or individual parts of it.
D’Arsonval currents occur when a high-frequency current (500 thousand periods per second) is combined with a power of 50-200 A and a voltage height of 150,000-100,000 V. The device has vacuum capacitor electrodes consisting of glass tubes of various shapes. The air from these tubes is pumped out to a pressure of 1-05 mmHg. During normal operation of the device, the electrode should be placed in purple or bluish color. In veterinary electrotherapy, they mainly resort to local darsonvalization with portable devices with a single-pole vacuum glass electrode. The electrode is brought closer to the area of the body at a distance at which the "outflow" of electric sparks begins, and it is continuously moved throughout the area for 5-15 minutes.
D'Arsonval currents normalize the peripheral nervous system, stimulate epithelialization and growth of granulation tissue, have a trophic, bactericidal and deodorizing effect. local darsonvalization is prescribed for heart neurosis, eczema of nervous origin and furunculosis. Procedures are carried out daily or every 1-2 days.
Contraindications are malignant tumors and a tendency to bleeding.
For general darsonvalization of small animals, a cage - a solenoid - is connected to the current generator. for the treatment of large animals - the installation of I. S. Pomiluyko.
Diathermy- treatment, which consists in heating tissues with a high-frequency electric current (0.5-2 million periods per second) with a power of up to 3 A and a voltage of 200-250 V.
According to the form of application and the physical properties of the energy used, two methods of diathermy are distinguished; medium wave (wave from 300 to 600 m) and short wave (wave mainly 22 m).
In clinical practice, cathodic short-wave diathermy devices are used, which have high power, give a uniform operating mode and a high oscillation frequency compared to low-discharge devices; they do not create noise and warm up more deeply.
The average current strength in areas with well-developed muscles should be 5-10 A per I cm2 of the active electrode. The duration of the procedure is 20 - 30 minutes, in case of anxiety of the animal, the supply of diathermic current is stopped.
With diathermy, deep interstitial heating of a part of the body occurs; body enclosed between two electrodes, with the formation of endogenous heat, which cannot be achieved by external heat. With local exposure to diathermic current, the overall body temperature can be increased by 0.1 - 0.20, with deep - individual tissues are warmed up to 70, and with a general effect of this current, the temperature is increased by 2 - 40.
In addition to the thermal effect, the body is affected by a high frequency and high voltage field, and there is no painful irritating effect on the neuromuscular apparatus.
Endogenous heat soothes pain, relaxes convulsively contracted muscles (including internal organs) and causes active hyperemia, enhances tissue nutrition, promotes the resorption of inflammatory products, increases the bactericidal properties of tissues and stimulates biochemical processes in them (metabolic and enzymatic). When exposed to diathermic current on the liver area, its activity increases, bile secretion occurs more intensively. Diathermic procedures are carried out every other day with bronchitis, thrombophlebitis, spastic colitis, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, subacute nephritis and nephrosis, with adhesions in the internal organs, especially in the renal region, damage to the peripheral nervous system. The resolving effect of diathermy in subacute and chronic inflammatory processes has been established.
With malignant neoplasms and spontaneous bleeding, diathermy is contraindicated.
ultrashortwave(Ultra-high-frequency - UHF) - therapy - an electrotherapeutic procedure aimed at the impact of an ultra-high-frequency e-electromagnetic field (with an oscillation frequency of 30 to 300 MHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 10 to 1 m) on the tissue of a sick animal located in the interelectrode space.
Ultra-high frequency currents are obtained from special electronic devices. This is a special type of energy that has a specific effect on the animal organism. The duration of the procedure is 5-10 minutes.
With the therapeutic use of UHF, a sick animal (or part of its body) does not come into direct contact with metal electrodes. The body is affected by an electromagnetic (condenser) field propagating in space.
The biological effect of UHF manifests itself in different ways. Small animals, being in a condenser field, are worried, gather in a heap, chickens flap their wings, breathing quickens, small vessels expand, tissues swell.
The main action of ultrasound is the generation of heat inside animal tissues, a change in the electrical charge of cell membranes and the structure of cell colloids. At low dosages, activation of catalysts is noted, an increase in albumin due to globulins, the transformation of coarse protein molecules into smaller ones with the elimination of amino acids.
UHF therapy is prescribed for lobar pneumonia, spastic colic, paresis and paralysis, acute and subacute aseptic sinusitis; it is impossible to carry out this whitening during purulent-septic processes.
Ultrasound therapy- a physiotherapeutic method of treatment using ultrasound, whose fluctuations are about a frequency of 20 thousand to 1 billion Hz and higher. These vibrations are not perceived by the human ear and are classified as inaudible sounds. Ultrasound is used to treat neuritis, neuralgia, lung diseases, mastitis, furunculosis, etc.
Protective measures during electrotherapy. The greatest danger is the low-frequency high voltage obtained on the secondary windings of transformers and in the wires leading to the oscillatory circuits. Most high-frequency devices are produced in boxes; the doors in the latter are equipped with fuses (blocking devices) that turn off the current when the doors are opened, wires carrying high voltage or high frequency current (devices for diathermy and darsonvalization) must be covered with a thick layer of rubber.
To eliminate the harmful effects of UHF on the attending staff, it is necessary to carefully shield the generator, completely isolating it electrically from the space of the treatment room.
