Research work Is the letter E necessary? The use of the letter E

Why, oh my, don’t you write “Yo” anywhere?

IN Lately An amazing transformation of the Russian language is taking place. Reforms in the field of word formation and stress have already led to the fact that coffee has become of an indefinite gender, and they are trying to completely eliminate the letter “Y” from the alphabet.

200-year "war"
The first discrepancies associated with “Yo,” the youngest letter in the Russian alphabet, began more than 220 years ago. In 1783, it was invented by Ekaterina Dashkova, an associate of Catherine II, princess and head of the Imperial Russian Academy. At an academic meeting, Ekaterina Romanovna asked Derzhavin, Fonvizin, Knyazhin and other letter scholars whether it was legal to write “iolka” and whether it would be wiser to replace the digraph “io” with one letter “Yo”.

Already in 1795, the letter “Y” began to appear in print, but linguistic conservatism still prevented the promotion of the young letter to the masses. For example, Tsvetaeva wrote “damn” on principle, Andrei Bely wrote “zholty”, and the Minister of Education Alexander Shishkov, for example, leafed through the books that belonged to him volume after volume, erasing two hated dots from them. In all pre-revolutionary Primers, “Y” did not stand after “E”, but at the very end of the alphabet.

The appearance of “Yo,” according to its opponents, is the result of the arbitrariness of one person, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Allegedly for the sake of external effect, in 1797 he used the European umlaut, the Latin “E” with two dots, in the Russian-language text. Opponents of “Yo” are still trying, by hook or by crook, to get rid of the letter they hate. And where does this unnecessary, in my opinion, “disinfection” ultimately lead us?

On a computer keyboard it is “relegated” to the upper left corner, but on a phone it is often completely absent. When sending a telegram, we insistently ask for “more money.” Many of us are sure that the great Dumas wrote not about Cardinal Richelieu, but about Richelieu; the favorite French actor’s name is not Depardieu, but Depardieu. And our fellow countryman Fet once became Fet.

And how many legal problems do I, an honest citizen of the Russian Federation, have because of negligent passport officers, nurses, secretaries who ignore the letter “Y” in my last name? It turns out that according to my passport I am one person, but according to my driver’s license I am another... Literary and letter scholars say correctly: “We live like this, as if there are 32.5 letters in our alphabet.”

Hard facts:
— the letter E is in the sacred, “lucky” 7th place in the alphabet;
— in the Russian language there are about 12,500 words with “Ё”. Of these, about 150 begin with “Yo” and about 300 end with “Yo”;
— frequency of occurrence of “Ё” – 1% of the text. That is, for every thousand characters of text there are on average ten “yoshkas”;
- in Russian surnames “Yo” occurs in approximately two cases out of a hundred;
- there are words in our language with two and even three letters “Yo”: “three-star”, “four-vector”, “Byoryoloh” (a river in Yakutia), “Byoryogyosh” and “Kyogolyon” (male names in Altai);
— in the Russian language there are 12 male and 5 female names, the full forms of which contain “Yo”. These are Aksen, Artyom, Nefed, Parmen, Peter, Rorik, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alena, Klena, Matryona, Thekla, Flena;
— in Ulyanovsk, the hometown of the inveterate “yofikator” Nikolai Karamzin, there is a monument to the letter “Y”.

By the way:
In Russia, there is an official Union of Eficators of Russia, which is engaged in the fight for the rights of “de-energized” words. Thanks to their vigorous activity to besiege the State Duma, now all Duma documents (including laws) are completely “eified.” “Yo” - at the suggestion of the chairman of the Union Viktor Chumakov - appeared in some all-Russian newspapers, in television credits and in books.

Russian programmers have created "etator" - a computer program that automatically places letters with dots in the text. And the artists came up with the “epyrite” - an icon for marking official publications.

On November 29 (November 18, old style), 1783, in the house of the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, one of the first meetings of the newly created Russian Academy was held, which was attended by the poet Gabriel Derzhavin, playwrights Denis Fonvizin and Jacob Knyazhnin and others. The project of a complete explanatory Slavic-Russian dictionary, the later famous 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy, was discussed.

Dashkova suggested that those present at the meeting introduce a new letter “ё” to represent the corresponding sound in writing, instead of the two letters “io”. For the “minor” letter in the Russian alphabet, they did not invent a new sign: they used the existing letter e, placing two dots above it - an umlaut. The princess's innovative idea was supported by a number of leading cultural figures of the time. Gabriel Derzhavin was the first to use the letter “ё” in personal correspondence. In November 1784, the new letter received official recognition.

The letter was replicated by a printing press in 1795 at the Moscow University Printing House with the publishers Ridiger and Claudius during the publication of the book “And My Trinkets” by Ivan Dmitriev. The first word printed with the letter "е" was the word "everything". Then came the words “light”, “stump”, “immortal”, “cornflower”. In 1796, in the same printing house, Nikolai Karamzin, in his first book “Aonid” with the letter “e”, printed the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears” and the first verb - “flowed”. In 1798, Gabriel Derzhavin used his first surname with the letter “e” - Potemkin.

In 1904, the Spelling Commission was created at the Imperial Academy of Sciences, which included the largest linguists of that time. The commission's proposals, finally formulated in 1912, boiled down to simplifying graphics based on the phonemic principle (eliminating letters that did not denote any sounds, for example "ъ" at the end of words, and letters denoting the same sounds as other letters, "yat" ", "and decimal", "fita", "izhitsa"). In addition, the commission recognized the use of the letter “ё” as desirable, but not mandatory.

On January 5, 1918 (December 23, 1917, old style), a decree was published, signed by the Soviet People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, who introduced reformed spelling as mandatory and also recommended the use of the letter "ё".

In Soviet times, the letter "ё" was "officially recognized" in 1942, after the publication of the order "On the introduction of the mandatory use of the letter "ё" in school practice." A year later, a reference book on the use of the letter “ё” was published. In 1956, the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR approved and then published the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” with paragraphs on the use of the letter “ё”. However, in practice its use continued to be optional.

The Russian Federation regulates the use of the letter “ë” in title documents. In a letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 3, 2007, authorities issuing official state-issued documents to citizens are instructed to use the letter “ё” in proper names.

A letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated July 20, 2009 recommends using the letter “ё” in school textbooks.

Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Dmitry Livanov, the rules for using the letters “e” and “e” should be enshrined at the legislative level.

Now the letter “е” is contained in more than 12.5 thousand words, in no less than 2.5 thousand surnames of citizens of Russia and the former USSR, in thousands of geographical names of Russia and the world and in thousands of names and surnames of citizens of foreign countries.

In 2005, in Ulyanovsk the letter “ё” was established. The author of the monument, Ulyanovsk artist Alexander Zinin, depicted an exact enlarged copy of the letter that was used in the almanac "Aonids", where Nikolai Karamzin first published a poem with a new letter.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

History of the letter Yoyo

On November 29, 2013, the letter E turns 230 years old!

Russian alphabetconsists of thirty-three letters. One of them stands somewhat apart from the general row. Firstly, it is the only one among its colleagues that has dots at the top. Secondly, it was introduced into the already existing alphabet by order.

This is a letter Her.

The history of the letter began in 1783 year.November twenty ninth In 1783, one of the first meetings of the newly created Academy of Russian Literature took place with the participation of its director - Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, as well as the then famous writers Fonvizin and Derzhavin. Ekaterina Romanovna proposed replacing the two-letter designation of the sound “io” in the Russian alphabet with one new letter “E” with two dots on top. Arguments Dashkova The academicians seemed convincing, and soon her proposal was approved by the general meeting of the Academy.

A widely known new letter e became thanks to the historian N.M. Karamzin. In 1797, Nikolai Mikhailovich decided to replace two letters in the word “sl” when preparing to publish one of his poems io zy" with one letter e. Yes, with a light hand Karamzina, the letter “ё” took its place in the sun and became entrenched in the Russian alphabet. Due to N.M. Karamzin was the first to use the letter ё in a printed publication, which was published in a fairly large circulation; some sources, in particular, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, erroneously indicate him as the author of the letter ё.

When the Bolsheviks came to power, they “combed through” the alphabet, removed “yat” and fita and izhitsa, but did not touch the letter E. It was under Soviet rule that the points above e In order to simplify typing, most words were missing. Although no one formally banned or abolished it.

The situation changed dramatically in 1942. Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin received German maps on his desk, in which German cartographers wrote down the names of our settlements down to the dots. If the village was called "Demino", then in both Russian and German it was written Demino (and not Demino). The Supreme Commander appreciated the enemy's meticulousness. As a result, on December 24, 1942, a decree was issued requiring the mandatory use of the letter Yoyo everywhere, from school textbooks to the Pravda newspaper. Well, of course, on the maps. By the way, no one has ever canceled this order!

Some statistics

In 2013, the letter Yoyo turns 230 years old!

She is in 7th (lucky!) place in the alphabet.

There are about 12,500 words in the Russian language with the letter Ё, of which about 150 words begin with е and about 300 words end with е!

On average, there is 1 letter e for every hundred characters of text. .

There are words in our language with two letters E: “three-star”, “four-bucket”.

There are several traditional names in the Russian language that contain the letter Ё:

Artyom, Parmen, Peter, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alena, Matryona, Fyokla and others.

Optional use letters e leads to erroneous readings and the inability to restore the meaning of the word without additional explanations, for example:

Loan-loan; perfect-perfect; tears-tears; palate-palate; chalk-chalk; donkey-donkey; fun-fun...

And, of course, the classic example from “Peter the Great” by A.K. Tolstoy:

Under such a sovereign let's take a break!

It was meant - " let's take a break" Do you feel the difference?

How do you read “Let’s Sing Everything”? Are we all eating? Shall we eat everything?

And the last name of the French actor will be Depardieu, not Depardieu. (see Wikipedia)

And, by the way, A. Dumas’s cardinal’s name is not Richelieu, but Richelieu. (see Wikipedia)

And the correct way to pronounce the surname of the Russian poet is Fet, not Fet.

Interesting expressions from Russian speech:

The expression “not every bast fits the line” is understandable, but not to every modern

to the word alarm bell attributed to Arab (or Turkic?) origin. With this word

The expression “our regiment has arrived” has a direct effect. Means simply “ours”

In fact, Suvorov called his instructions (formulated in the form of a manuscript for

The expression “to be out of place” means to feel awkward, uncomfortable,

The expression “in seventh heaven” is usually used with the verb be

Since ancient times (and to this day), nuts have been a favorite treat for children.

Climbing on the wall- talk about those who are in an extremely excited or state

Incense is the general name for incense that smoked not only in front of altars

Interesting expression - scapegoat. The phrase is unsaid, but everything is fine

An interesting expression is to buy a pig in a poke. It can be classified as intuitive

The nightingale is the most pleasant songbird living in the vastness of Russia. Why of all

Kuzka's mother(or show Kuzka’s mother) – a stable indirect phrase

Expression mutual responsibility- this is an expression of direct meaning, that is, it means that

This expression - squaring the circle, you've probably come across it somewhere. And that's what it is

The expression at the top of Ivanovo, or rather, to yell at the top of Ivanovo, is very well known

The history of the letter Yo in the Russian language goes back more than two centuries. Its status was officially established by law back in 1784. At the end of the 19th century, during the period of rapid development of printing, it began to be replaced from the text by the letter E.

In 1917, the use of Yo was recognized as desirable, but not mandatory.
In 1942, the law introduced the mandatory use of the letter in the school curriculum.
In 1956, the letter was again recognized as “optional”.

Now that people type more often than write by hand, Yo's unpopularity is reflected even by her disadvantage on the computer keyboard.

The use of the letter E is not widespread today, and its writing in documents sometimes causes bureaucratic disputes and delays.

What law regulates the order of writing E and E in documents?

Federal Law N 53-FZ “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” obliges officials to comply with the rules of the modern Russian language in terms of spelling and punctuation when filling out official papers.

Basic provisions of the Federal Law on the status of judges in more detail

In 2012, the state issued a law on the spelling of the letters E and E in official documents -.

The law reports numerous requests regarding the preparation of personal identity documents, marriage or divorce registration certificates, education diplomas and other documents regarding the spelling of the letter E in them.

The Ministry explains that the order in which these letters are written in documents does not differ from the order in which they are written in other texts, since the laws of the Russian language are the same. At the same time, writing Yo in proper names is mandatory according to the rules. The reasons are below.

Read also the Federal Law on notaries in the new edition

Rules for writing the letters E and E

The order of use of the letter E in Russian writing is regulated by the 10th paragraph of the Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation.

Writing the letter E is mandatory in the following cases:

• Without E, the word may be misread and perceived:
  • Chalk - chalk, donkey - donkey, sky - sky;
• The word is uncommon, little known:
  • Geographical names, highly specialized terms;
• When writing words with “Y” in printed educational materials for children, dictionaries and specialized literature.

In 2007, the Russian Ministry of Education and Science released decisions taken by the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language. The document serves as a normative source regarding the use of the letter E in written Russian speech. The letter consists of 2 parts:

• Preambles, outlining the theses of the history of the origin and practice of using the letter, the conclusions of scientists about its necessity, examples of problems arising in connection with its replacement with “e” and other aspects;
• Explanations, in which the commission, referring to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 714 of 2006. The regulatory act states that the Russian Ministry of Education, when resolving issues related to the regulation of the norms of the modern literary language and the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, should be based on recommendations developed by the interdepartmental commission on the Russian language.

Based on the delegated powers, the Commission decided in a Letter that writing the letter E is mandatory. Ignoring the requirements is characterized as a violation of the provisions of Law No. 53-FZ on the state language of the Russian Federation.

The recommendation is addressed to printed publications, employees of government agencies and executive departments, especially to persons who deal with the personal data of citizens, their registration, filling out and issuing documents.

Spelling of E and Yo in the last name and first name according to the law

The issue of writing E and E in documents is relevant for approximately 3 - 4% of the Russian population: Artyomov, Alen, Semyonov, Fedorov and many other lucky people with a first name, surname or patronymic containing the letter E.

Officials, when preparing important documents identifying the identities of citizens, consider it unnecessary to use the letter “e”. At the same time, when accepting or processing documents of a person with a “problematic” first or last name, they strive to refuse service and convince the person of the need to replace the documents.

Problems appear when applying for a foreign passport in the process of writing proper names in Latin. Much more often, disputes with officials arise in situations when a citizen’s surname, first name, and place of birth are written Y in some documents, and E in others. There are even situations when members of the same family have surnames written differently in personal documents.

Differences in the spelling of first and last names with Ё ​​lead to difficulties:

• In determining a person's personality;
• When filing a divorce;
• Submitting papers from government agencies and the Pension Fund for receiving benefits, maternity capital, etc.;
• Carrying out legal actions related to financial responsibility: certification of papers relating to inheritance, conducting financial transactions.

Proper names (surnames, first names, patronymics, geographical names, names of organizations and enterprises) refer specifically to the first case indicated in the rules, therefore, according to the law:

The use of the letter “Ё” in proper names is mandatory.

When completing documents, pay the operator’s attention to the correct spelling of your personal data! All citizens, not only those with the problematic “Y”, should carefully check the papers when completing and receiving them. In legal matters, every little detail matters.

When is it necessary to replace documents because of the letters E, E?

In 2009, a situation resonated in Russia when a retired judge of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, when applying to the Pension Fund, was faced with the “E and E problem.” Then the head of the personnel department of the RF Armed Forces wrote a letter to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation with the position that there are no discrepancies in this particular surname, since spelling with an E does not distort the essence. Then many citizens perceived it as a decree or instruction. However, the letter has no legal force and is explanatory in nature for a specific (indicative) case.

As a result of studying the laws and regulations presented in this article, you may get the impression that they contradict each other. Let's summarize by dotting the e's:

• When in some documents there is E in the first or last name, and in others - E, this is not the citizen’s fault;
• When a person’s other data matches, there can be no grounds for refusing to accept papers or perform certain legal actions. There is also no need to replace documents.

Also, employees of executive authorities, when preparing documents and entering personal data of citizens into databases and registers, are required to write the letter E in proper names and all official papers.

In modern times, the Russian language is developing every day. Neologisms appear more often and acquire a new trend. But the seventh letter of the alphabet “ё” is increasingly less and less given due importance in print. It made history during Soviet times in 1942 and remains to this day. However, many officials, when drawing up important documents identifying a citizen’s identity or affiliation, consider it unnecessary to use the letter “e”, replacing it with “e”.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated July 1, 2005, No. 53 “On the state language of the Russian Federation”, Article 3, requires the use of the letter “е” in all official documents, such as identity cards, passports, civil registration certificates, education documents in names and surnames of citizens of the Russian Federation.

You can download the text of Federal Law 53 “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”

Rules for writing E and E

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in 2009 approved a ruling that the letters “e” and “e” in different documents of the same person are equivalent, and valid for all rights if the person’s identity is identified. Controversial issues arise when drawing up official papers of a pension fund, when purchasing real estate, registration of registration and any other significant documents. In more than 2.5 thousand Russian surnames, it is necessary to use the letter “ё”, but they write “e”.

Thus, in the law “On the spelling of the letters “e” and “e” the documents state that it is necessary to oblige a person to change acts due to the use of a particular letter only when the semantic meaning in the surname, first name, patronymic or city ​​names.

Spelling E and Yo in last name and first name

When there is a letter “ё” in the first name, last name, city of residence or other significant facts for any documentation, which is written as “e”, this can cause inconvenience when buying or selling real estate, obtaining citizenship, and so on.

It happens that the letter “e” is written in the passport, and “e” in the birth certificate. In this case, additional information and corrections of errors in documents may be required. Citizens of the Russian Federation often seek advice on such issues. to the Ministry of Education and Science .

The Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation, certified by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1956, indicate that the letter “ё” should be used in cases of preventing the incorrectness of the stated word. Thus, regional authorities represented by officials are required to enter into the document the letter “е” in proper names (first name, surname and patronymic), as detailed in letter No. 159/03 dated 05/03/2017.

Examples

Case 1

One of the employees of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation appealed to the Pension Fund with a request to accrue an insurance pension. The citizen was refused, citing different readings of the letters in the spelling.

On the identity card, the surname is spelled out with an “е”, and in the owner’s work book the letter “e” appears. The Supreme Court explained to the man that there is no double meaning of the letter “e”, since the letter “e” is not meaningful and does not affect personal identification data.

For additional confirmation, it was necessary to contact the Russian Language Institute. V.V. Vinogradov, where it was confirmed that “e” and “e” in the surname Solovyov, in different letters are the same surname belonging to the same citizen. In this case, the meaning of the surname is not lost, and the refusal of the Pension Fund bodies contradicts the constitutional right of a citizen of the Russian Federation to a pension.

Case 2

Another letter to the Ministry of Education and Science dated October 1, 2012, IR 829/08 “on the spelling of the letters “e” and “e” in official documentation” confirms the law of Russian language spelling and punctuation, its importance and use.

The Moscow Regional Court recently stated that it is possible to fine a person whose last name contains such a mistake. However, legal practice suggests the opposite. A similar incident occurred in the young Snegirev family. A daughter was born, on whose birth certificate it was written Snegireva N.

They refused to receive maternity capital, citing the fact that the surnames of the mother and daughter were different. The couple had to abandon their original surname and forward their documents to the proper letter “e.” Thus, all family members received the same surname.