Is chlorine dangerous for humans? Eliminate chlorine odor

Chlorine is a well-known chemical element in the form of a yellow-green gas with a characteristic pungent odor, listed in the periodic table as CI. This non-metal contains two atoms. The best-known chemical hallmark of chlorine is its explosiveness and ability to quickly ignite organic compounds (paper, wood, and even sugar).

CI can react with almost any liquid except sulfuric acid. That is why it is a lubricant that is used when pumping chlorine. Unfortunately, there is a sufficient amount of chlorine-containing materials in ordinary household waste, which, when burned, form toxic dioxides.

Chlorine is a key biogenic component, so it is part of all living organisms. Chlorine ions have an optimal size for penetration through the cell membrane. Among other things, this substance promotes the release of hydrochloric acid in the human stomach, so that the proteolytic enzymes of gastric juice can function normally.

What is useful chlorine

Chlorine is actively used in various areas of industrial activity. Consider the main ones:

used in the production of bleach, drugs, poisons, fertilizers and hydrochloric acid;
used to produce titanium, tin and silicon;
used in the production of final building, household and industrial products;
used for the manufacture of plastic elements and rubber.

In addition to household products, this element is actively used in the manufacture of explosives, as well as freon (a cooling element in refrigerators).

Chlorine has also proven to be an excellent bleaching agent (in this case it is used in liquid form). It perfectly cleans wood, linen and cotton, but is absolutely unsuitable when working with silk and wool. When bleaching such "sensitive" materials, CI simply corrodes them.

Another area in which chlorine is used is the food industry. In this case, the substance can be identified by the corresponding E925 number.

How poisonous is the combination of chlorine and organics

Chlorine has a huge list of properties and is an absolutely universal substance. However, such a component is not at all harmless in cases where it reacts with certain products. Chlorine itself is completely safe, but as soon as it reacts with a liquid, such chlorinated water can easily be poisoned. Therefore, it is highly recommended not to drink tap water. If you use unboiled water (add it to a dish or tea), then chlorine mixes with organic substances and causes dangerous chemical reactions in the human body. In the process of such compounds, plant estrogens (which are useful in themselves) completely change their phytochemical composition, leading to undesirable consequences.

In Japan, they even came up with a special term "mutagen X", which refers to the toxicity of a substance in the process of interaction with organic components. "X" in this case demonstrates the fact that this phenomenon has not yet been fully studied. There is undeniable evidence that this mutagen causes thyroid cancer as well as suppression of the immune system.

Finnish scientists also came to the conclusion that a completely unexplored element exceeds in harmfulness all known by-products of chlorination. If we imagine that only pure water flows from the tap, without additives in the form of chlorine, then when such a liquid is consumed or used in dishes, it would only benefit the body.

So how much do you need to drink or eat food with organic impurities to get poisoned?

Surprisingly, nothing is enough. Even the smallest dose of chlorine can cause great damage to the body if it reacts with a small portion of food.

Chlorine has a detrimental effect both on the foods that we eat every day (vegetables, fruits, herbs, tea, etc.), as well as on medications and various nutritional supplements.

Undoubtedly, CI is added to running water in order to neutralize harmful bacteria that can provoke dangerous diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery. Despite the fact that no one has heard of such ailments for a long time, the danger of their occurrence still exists. The only salvation from deadly diseases is the purification of water with chlorine. By the way, the first such treatment of running water took place in 1985 in New York.

It is worth noting that chlorinated water is dangerous not only when taken internally, showers and baths are also dangerous. Particles of the substance calmly penetrate the skin, as a result of which a person experiences itching and some dryness of the skin. And if you like to “steam” in the shower, then you risk inhaling harmful substances along with hot steam. The consequences of such water procedures can be bronchitis or asthma.

Experts recommend avoiding the use of chlorinated water whenever possible. To do this, you should purchase filters and special nozzles for a shower head. And, of course, the main rule is not to drink raw tap water.

How chlorine affects the human body

In gaseous form, chlorine becomes extremely dangerous. In order to get irritation of the mucous membrane, only 0.0001% of this substance in the air is enough. The main symptoms of intoxication of the body:

heat,
vision problems,
dry cough,
chest pain,
elevated levels of leukocytes in the blood.

Longer exposure to chlorine leads to lack of appetite, pulmonary edema and convulsions. After that, patients have catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract.

If the concentration of CI increases to 0.1%, then a severe cough appears, from which a person can suffocate and die.

Among other things, it should be borne in mind that chlorine is a strong carcinogen that causes cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis.

Inhaling chlorine concentrate, a person can get a burn of lung tissue.

Summing up, we can say that CI is both a useful and extremely harmful substance. With the right concentration, nothing will threaten your life, otherwise you risk your health. To permanently get rid of doubts, it is recommended to conduct an environmental impact assessment and determine the amount of chloride vapors in the room.

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas with a pungent odor (the smell of bleach), 2.5 times heavier than air, therefore, in case of leaks, chlorine primarily fills ravines, basements, first floors of buildings, spreads along the floor. Gaseous chlorine and chemical compounds containing active chlorine are hazardous to human health (toxic).

Inhalation of this gas may cause acute and chronic poisoning. Clinical forms depend on the concentration of chlorine in the air and the duration of exposure. There are four forms of acute chlorine poisoning: fulminant, severe, moderate, and mild.

For all these forms, a sharp primary reaction to the impact of gas is typical. Nonspecific irritation of chlorine receptors of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract causes reflex protective symptoms (cough, sore throat, lacrimation, etc.). As a result of the interaction of chlorine with the moisture of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, hydrochloric acid and active oxygen are formed, which have a toxic effect on the body.

At high concentrations of chlorine, the victim can die in a few minutes (fulminant form): persistent laryngospasm occurs (narrowing of the glottis leading to respiratory arrest), loss of consciousness, convulsions, cyanosis, swelling of the veins on the face and neck, involuntary urination and defecation.

In a severe form of poisoning, a short-term cessation of breathing occurs, then breathing is restored, but not normal, but superficial, convulsive. The person loses consciousness. Death occurs within 5-25 minutes.

In case of moderate chlorine poisoning, the consciousness of the victims is preserved; reflex respiratory arrest is short-lived, but during the first two hours asthma attacks may be repeated. There is burning and pain in the eyes, lacrimation, pain behind the sternum, bouts of excruciating dry cough, and after 2-4 hours toxic pulmonary edema develops. In a mild form of acute chlorine poisoning, only signs of irritation of the upper respiratory tract are expressed, which persist for several days.

Long-term effects of acute chlorine poisoning are manifested as chronic pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumosclerosis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, pulmonary heart failure. The same changes in the body occur during a long stay in conditions where the air constantly contains gaseous chlorine in low concentrations (chronic chlorine poisoning). Exposure to unprotected skin of chlorine-containing compounds causes chlorine acne, dermatitis, pyoderma.

First aid for victims includes:

Washing the eyes, nose, mouth with a 2% solution of baking soda;

Instillation into the eyes of vaseline or olive oil, and for pain in the eyes - 2-3 drops of a 0.5% dicaine solution;

Applying an eye ointment to prevent infection (0.5% synthomycin, 10% sulfacyl) or 2-3 drops of 30% albucid, 0.1% zinc sulfate solution and 1% boric acid solution - 2 times a day;

The introduction of hydrocortisone 125 mg / m, prednisolone 60 mg / in or / m.

It is necessary as soon as possible treatment and hospitalization of the victims.

Poisoning with an organochlorine compound or chlorine occurs due to their penetration into the human body. These substances penetrate the skin, the mucous membrane of not only the respiratory tract, but also the digestive organs. It is one of the most dangerous chemical elements often used in household chemicals.

Each person keeps in his house all kinds of household chemicals, the basis of which is chlorine. This can happen not only at home, but also in the pool. This is due to the fact that in institutions such as a swimming pool, the water is regularly cleaned and disinfected with bleach.

That is why you should know the signs and symptoms of chlorine poisoning, treatment and first aid. Such a chemical element has a harmful and dangerous effect not only on human health and the general condition of the body, but also on life. In case of bleach poisoning, prompt assistance and subsequent professional medical treatment will be required. Also learn important information about alcohol poisoning.

Symptoms of poisoning

In case of chlorine poisoning, the symptoms appear quite quickly and distinctly, the treatment of which should be urgent. It is very toxic, prolonged inhalation of vapors or exposure to the body in other ways, threatens with serious consequences. Also, chlorine poisoning has a negative, harmful effect on the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin. If you do not provide timely assistance and treatment, a fatal outcome occurs.

Chlorine vapor poisoning can be chronic and acute. The severity of the effects of chlorine on the body can be as follows:

Mild - the safest form of bleach poisoning, resolves on its own within three days. It is expressed by redness, irritation of the skin, mucous membranes.
Medium degree - accompanied by such signs as severe suffocation, lack of air, disturbed heart rhythm, pain in the chest, dry cough, profuse lacrimation, burning of mucous membranes, and pulmonary edema. Urgent care and medical treatment required.
A severe form of chlorine poisoning - fainting, dizziness, thirst, convulsions are possible, death occurs within five to thirty minutes.
Lightning - convulsions develop, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, all veins located on the face and neck swell, then instant death occurs.
Chronic chlorine poisoning and chlorine vapor manifests itself as follows - convulsions, coughing, various ailments of the respiratory system, apathy, depression, frequent headaches and loss of consciousness. Occurs in the case of frequent use of such a substance.

Poisoning from inhaling chlorine can occur in the textile, pharmaceutical, chemical industries, as well as when visiting the pool and at home. Don't be surprised if an emergency happens at home, since you're using the following substances:

bleach;
products designed to combat mold;
washing liquids, tablets used in the dishwasher;
powder, solution for disinfection.

As for poisoning with bleach in the pool, this is a fairly common incident. The most effective and cheapest method of water purification in the pool is chlorine, which has a large number of disadvantages that have a harmful effect on the body. It is necessary to strictly control the concentration of this substance in, as it is easy to exceed. How to notice an overdose? Very simple. You will feel a pungent smell that is characteristic of this chemical element.

People who frequent the pool may point out its negative effects, namely: brittle/dry nails, hair, skin aging. If you swim in such water - there is a slight poisoning. A person develops vomiting, nausea, cough, pneumonia.

Chlorine poisoning is accompanied by the following unfavorable consequences that manifest themselves in the body:

laryngitis;
pharyngitis;
acute, chronic bronchitis;
pneumosclerosis;
various skin diseases;
blurred vision;
sinusitis;
tracheitis.

The above symptoms and effects may appear after an indefinite amount of time, gradually progressing.

If you find symptoms, then you should be examined and treated if necessary. Chlorine poisoning has serious health consequences.

First aid

Timely treatment affects the successful outcome. Therefore, you must concentrate, set aside panic and follow the step-by-step instructions:

call an ambulance;
provide the patient with enough air;
make sure that the victim is warm and comfortable;
remove tight clothing from him, cover with a light blanket;
prepare a weak soda solution, then rinse your nose, eyes, mouth;
you can drip a special solution into your eyes - dikain 0.5%;
intramuscular prednisone.

Chlorine poisoning requires urgent care, which must be carried out quickly and efficiently.

Mandatory preventive measures

To avoid health problems and tragic consequences, the following is necessary:

compliance with sanitary standards;
regular medical check-ups;
Remedies;
follow the safety requirements.

Be careful, if you notice symptoms - contact an ambulance. Chlorine poisoning can wreak havoc on your life.

Residents of modern cities are daily exposed to substances that are added to tap water to disinfect it. Information about the dangers of chlorine used for disinfection in water is not known to everyone. However, with frequent use, it is this element that can cause many serious diseases.

From this article you will learn:

What is chlorine and where is it used

Why is chlorine in water dangerous for humans and what degrees of chlorine poisoning exist

What is dangerous chlorine in water for children and pregnant women

What is chlorine and where is it used

Chlorine is a simple chemical that has dangerous toxic properties. To make chlorine safe for storage, it is subjected to pressure and low temperature, after which it turns into an amber-colored liquid. If these measures are not observed, at room temperature chlorine turns into a yellow-green volatile gas with a pungent odor.

Chlorine is used in many industries. In paper and textile industries, it is used as a bleach. In addition, chlorine is used to create chlorides, chlorinated solvents, pesticides, polymers, synthetic rubbers and coolants.

The discovery that made it possible to use chlorine as a disinfectant can be called one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century. Thanks to the chlorination of tap water, it was possible to reduce the incidence of intestinal infections, which were widespread in all cities.

The water supplied from natural reservoirs to the city water supply contains many toxic substances and pathogens of infectious diseases. Drinking such water without treatment is extremely dangerous for any person. Chlorine, fluorine, ozone and other substances are used to disinfect water. Due to the low cost of chlorine, it is actively used to disinfect water and to clean water pipes from the accumulation of vegetation that has got there. This method helps to reduce the likelihood of clogging the city water supply.

What is dangerous chlorine in water for the human body

Thanks to chlorination, a modern person can quench their thirst with water directly from the tap without fear. However, chlorine in water is dangerous because it can become a source of many diseases. In a chemical reaction with organic substances, chlorine creates compounds that can cause serious illness. In addition, interacting with drugs, vitamins or products, chlorine can change their properties from harmless to dangerous. The result of this influence can be changes in metabolism, as well as a failure of the immune and hormonal systems.

Entering the human body through the respiratory tract or skin, chlorine can provoke inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, esophagus, exacerbate or develop bronchial asthma, the appearance of skin inflammation and increase blood cholesterol levels.

If a large amount of chlorine enters the human body with water, this can manifest itself in irritation of the respiratory tract, wheezing, difficulty breathing, sore throat, cough, tightness in the chest, irritation of the eyes and skin. The severity of health effects depends on the route of exposure, dose and duration of exposure to chlorine.

Thinking about the dangers of chlorine in water and whether it is worth abandoning its use because of the obvious danger of this substance, it must be borne in mind that water that has not undergone the necessary disinfection can cause many diseases. In this regard, the use of chlorine for water purification seems to be the lesser of two evils.

What is dangerous chlorine in water: four degrees of poisoning

At mild chlorine poisoning the following symptoms may be observed:

Irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and respiratory tract;

Obsessive smell of chlorine when inhaling clean air;

Lachrymation.

If such signs are observed, then there is no need for treatment, since they disappear after a few hours.

At medium degree of poisoning chlorine the following symptoms are observed:

Difficulty breathing, sometimes leading to suffocation;

lacrimation;

Pain in the chest.

With this degree of chlorine poisoning, it is necessary to start timely outpatient treatment. Otherwise, inactivity can lead to pulmonary edema after 2 to 5 hours.

At severe chlorine poisoning the following symptoms may be observed:

Sudden delay or cessation of breathing;

Loss of consciousness;

Convulsive muscle contractions.

To neutralize the severe degree of chlorine poisoning, it is urgent to start resuscitation, including artificial ventilation of the lungs. The consequences of such exposure to chlorine can lead to damage to body systems and even death within half an hour.

Fulminant course of chlorine poisoning is developing rapidly. Symptoms include convulsions, swollen neck veins, loss of consciousness, and cessation of breathing, leading to death. Cure with this degree of administration of chlorine is almost impossible.

Can chlorine in water cause cancer?

Chlorine in water is dangerous due to its increased activity, due to which it easily reacts with all organic and inorganic substances. Quite often, the water entering the city water supply, even after treatment facilities, contains dissolved chemical waste from industry. If such substances react with chlorine added to water for disinfection, chlorine-containing toxins, mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and poisons, including dioxides, are formed as a result. Among them, the most dangerous are:

Chloroform, which has carcinogenic activity;

Dichlorobromomethane, bromomethane chloride, tribromomethane - have a mutagenic effect on the human body;

2-, 4-, 6-trichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, dichloroacetonitrile, chlorhieredin, polychlorinated biphenyls are immunotoxic and carcinogenic substances;

Trihalomethanes are carcinogenic compounds of chlorine.

Modern science is studying the consequences of the accumulation in the human body of chlorine dissolved in water. According to experiments, chlorine and its compounds can provoke such dangerous diseases as bladder cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, cancer of the rectum and colon, as well as diseases of the digestive system. In addition, chlorine and its compounds that enter the human body with water can cause heart disease, atherosclerosis, anemia, and increased blood pressure.

Scientific research on chlorine as a possible cause of cancer began as early as 1947. However, it was not until 1974 that the first confirmatory results were obtained. Thanks to new analysis technologies, it was possible to establish that a small amount of chloroform appears in tap water after treatment with chlorine. Animal experiments have confirmed that chloroform can provoke the development of cancer. Such results were also obtained as a result of statistical analysis, which showed that in those regions of the United States where residents drink chlorinated water, the incidence of bladder and bowel cancer is higher than in other areas.

Subsequent studies have shown that this result cannot be considered 100% reliable, since previous experiments did not take into account other factors that affect the life of the population of these regions. In addition, during a practical laboratory analysis, experimental animals were injected with an amount of chloroform that is several times higher than the amount of this substance in ordinary tap water.

What is dangerous chlorine in water for children

Many diseases in young children can be caused by drinking water containing chlorine dissolved in it. These diseases include acute respiratory viral infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, fenitis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, allergic manifestations, as well as some infections such as measles, chicken pox, rubella, etc.

Chlorine is also used to disinfect water in public swimming pools. If the concentration of this substance in the water is dangerously exceeded, the result of such negligence can be mass poisoning of children. Such cases, unfortunately, are not uncommon. In addition, inhaling the air near a pool that uses chlorine to disinfect the water can be dangerous to a person's lungs. This fact was confirmed by the results of a study in which 200 schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years were daily in this environment for more than 15 minutes. As a result, it turned out that the majority of the subjects had a deterioration in the condition of their lung tissues.

What is dangerous chlorine in water during pregnancy

Studies by British scientists from Birmingham have confirmed that the use of tap water containing chlorine by pregnant women can provoke the development of dangerous birth defects in the fetus, such as heart or brain defects.

This conclusion was drawn from an analysis of data on 400,000 infants. The objective of the study was to identify the relationship between the 11 most common congenital malformations of the fetus and the chlorine content in drinking water. It turned out that chlorine and chlorine-containing substances dissolved in water, one and a half and even two times increase the risk of developing three dangerous birth defects of the fetus:

Defect of the interventricular septum of the heart (a hole in the septum between the ventricles of the heart, which leads to mixing of arterial and venous blood and chronic lack of oxygen).

"Cleft palate".

Anencephaly (complete or partial absence of bones of the cranial vault and brain).

What is dangerous chlorine in the water when you take a shower

Many of you may now argue that if you do not use tap water for drinking, you can avoid the risk of chlorine entering the body. However, it is not. Chlorinated water during hygiene procedures can also be harmful. Due to the effect of chlorine contained in water, human skin loses its natural fatty membrane. This leads to dryness and premature aging of the epidermis, and can also provoke itching or allergic reactions. Hair exposed to chlorine dissolved in water becomes dry and brittle. Medical studies have shown that an hour-long bath with water containing an excess amount of chlorine corresponds to 10 liters of chlorinated water drunk.

How to protect yourself from the effects of chlorine in the water

Since chlorination of tap water in Russia is carried out everywhere, the solution of problems arising from such disinfection should be carried out at the state level. Today, a radical rejection of the technology of adding chlorine to drinking water is impossible, since its implementation will require the replacement of the entire pipeline system of cities and the installation of expensive treatment facilities. The implementation of such a project will require large financial and time costs. However, the first steps towards a nationwide phase-out of adding chlorine to drinking water have already been taken. Well, today you can take steps to help protect you and your family from the harmful effects of chlorine.

Use a special filter shower head. It will significantly reduce the chlorine content in the water that comes into contact with your skin.

After visiting the public pools, it is mandatory to take a shower, and wear safety goggles while swimming.

Emollients can help restore softness to skin after a shower or pool, reducing the risk of itching and irritation.

Do not use water containing chlorine for bathing young children.

To neutralize chlorine in water, the following drugs are used:

Lime milk, for the manufacture of which one weight part of slaked lime is poured into three parts of water, mixed thoroughly, then the lime mortar is poured on top (for example, 10 kg of slaked lime + 30 liters of water);

5% aqueous solution of soda ash, for the manufacture of which two parts by weight of soda ash are dissolved with stirring with 18 parts of water (for example, 5 kg of soda ash + 95 liters of water);

5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, for which two parts by weight of sodium hydroxide are dissolved by stirring with 18 parts of water (for example, 5 kg of sodium hydroxide + 95 liters of water).

Is chlorine dangerous in water after settling and boiling

From this article, you learned in detail how chlorine is dangerous in water. And, of course, many are wondering how to eliminate or at least minimize the effects of adding chlorine to drinking water. Folk councils offer two of the simplest ways - settling and boiling.

Sedimentation of tap water is one of the most common methods of water purification. Indeed, chlorine and its dangerous compounds are unstable, and therefore easily decompose and volatilize upon contact with air. To simplify this process, water must be poured into a glass or enameled container with a large contact surface with air. After 10 hours, the chlorine will almost completely disappear, and the water will be drinkable.

However, this method of water purification does not relieve it of organic substances that may be contained in it after passing through the city water supply system. Being in an open container at room temperature, these microorganisms begin to multiply actively, and after a day the water can acquire a characteristic musty smell. Drinking such water is extremely dangerous, since it may contain pathogens of intestinal diseases.

The boiling method removes not only chlorine and its compounds from water, but also kills microorganisms that are not resistant to high temperatures. However, after cooling, boiled water again becomes an ideal breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms that enter it from the atmospheric air. Therefore, it is impossible to store boiled water. In addition, the constant use of such water can lead to the development of a dangerous urolithiasis.

The most reliable way to purify water from chlorine

It is possible to protect yourself from the dangerous effects of chlorine. First of all, for this you need to install a water treatment system. The modern market offers many systems for purifying water from chlorine and other harmful substances. Do not waste your precious time looking for the option that is right for you, it is better to trust the professionals.

Biokit offers a wide range of reverse osmosis systems, water filters and other equipment to restore tap water to its natural characteristics.

Our specialists are ready to help you:

Connect the filtration system yourself;

Understand the process of choosing water filters;

Pick up replacement materials;

Troubleshoot or solve problems with the involvement of specialist installers;

Find answers to your questions over the phone.

Entrust water purification systems from Biokit - let your family be healthy!

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Introduction

Part I: History of the discovery of chlorine

Part II: General characteristics

1. Location in the table of D. I. Mendeleev

2. The structure of the atom (Cl)

3. Physical properties

4. Chemical properties

4.1 Interaction with non-metals

4.2 Reaction with metals

4.3 Other properties

4.4 Oxidizing properties of chlorine

4.5 Reactions with organic substances

Part III: Physiological effects of chlorine on the human body

1. Decreased chlorine content in the body

1.1 Main causes of chlorine deficiency

1.2 The main manifestations of chlorine deficiency

2. Increased chlorine content in the body

2.1 Main causes of excess

2.2 The main manifestations of excess

Part IV: Quantitative human need for chlorine

Part VI: The influence of halogen on a healthy lifestyle

1. The consequences of a lack or excess of chlorine in the body

2. Biological role

Part VII: The diet of a healthy person

VIII part: Application of chlorine

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

This year, for the first time, we are taking part in a scientific society in chemistry. We are studying this subject for the second year, and therefore we wanted to get to know him better. Everyone knows the saying of M.V. Lomonosov: "Chemistry stretches its hands wide in human affairs! ...". We wanted to understand how far the hands of chemistry had gone into our affairs, and especially into the human body. We decided to start with the element chlorine, which is part of the halogen group, which is found in our lives more often than other elements of the periodic table. Undoubtedly, our topic is relevant, because we need to know about everything that can somehow negatively affect our health. And chlorine is an element found in our daily life. Table salt, bleach, chlorine-containing polymers, chemical warfare agent, water disinfection, production of organochlorine insecticides, registered in the food industry as a food additive E925; in the chemical production of hydrochloric acid, bleach, berthollet salt, metal chlorides, poisons, medicines, fertilizers; in metallurgy for the production of pure metals: titanium, tin, tantalum, niobium, as well as an indicator of solar neutrinos in chlorine-argon detectors - all this is the element chlorine. We became interested: how such an important element affects the human body, how it should be taken, and where you can find "pure" chlorine. chlorine physical chemical organism human

Purpose: to identify the effect of the element chlorine on the human body, when it enters in a "pure" form.

To study in depth the element chlorine, its properties.

Find out the effect of the element chlorine on the human body.

Find out where chlorine is found in a "pure" form.

Find out the rate of consumption of the element chlorine.

Ipart: The history of the discovery of chlorine

The history of elemental chlorine is relatively short; it dates back to 1774. It is very likely that alchemists encountered elemental chlorine, since in the countries of the East already in the 9th, and in Europe in the 13th century. "royal vodka" was known - a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

Chlorine was first described in detail by the Swedish chemist K. Schelle in the interaction of pyrolusite with hydrochloric acid in his treatise on pyrolusite.

4HCl + MnO2 = Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O

Schelle noted the smell of chlorine, similar to the smell of aqua regia, its ability to interact with gold and cinnabar, as well as its bleaching properties.

Berthollet and Lavoisier suggested that chlorine is an oxide of the element murium, but attempts to isolate it remained unsuccessful until the work of Davy, who managed to decompose table salt into sodium and chlorine by electrolysis.

Gay-Lussac gave the new element a shorter name - chlorine.

IIpart: general characteristics

1. Plocation in the table D.I. Mendeleev

Chlorine (from the Greek member - “green”) is an element of the main subgroup of the seventh group, the third period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 17. It is denoted by the symbol Cl (lat. Chlorum). Reactive nonmetal. It belongs to the group of halogens (originally, the name "halogen" was used by the German chemist Schweiger for chlorine [literally, "halogen" is translated as salt), but it did not take root, and subsequently became common for the VII group of elements, which includes chlorine).

2. FROMtripling of the atom (CI)

The valence level of the chlorine atom contains 1 unpaired electron: 1SI 2SI 2p6 3SI 3p5, so the valence equal to 1 for the chlorine atom is very stable. Due to the presence of an unoccupied orbital of the d-sublevel in the chlorine atom, the chlorine atom can also exhibit other valences. Scheme of the formation of excited states of the atom:

3. Fphysical properties

Under normal conditions, chlorine is a yellow-green gas with a suffocating odor. When cooled, chlorine turns into a liquid at a temperature of about 239 K, and then crystallizes below 113 K. Some of its physical properties are presented in the table.

4. Xchemical properties

4.1 Interaction with non-metals

With non-metals (except carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and inert gases), forms the corresponding chlorides.

In the light or when heated, it actively reacts (sometimes with an explosion) with hydrogen by a radical mechanism. A mixture of chlorine and hydrogen in small concentrations burns with a colorless or yellow-green flame.

5Cl2 + 2P > 2PCl5

2S + Cl2 > S2Cl2

With oxygen, chlorine forms oxides in which it exhibits an oxidation state from +1 to +7: Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O6, Cl2O7. They have a pungent odor, are thermally and photochemically unstable, and prone to explosive decomposition.

When reacting with fluorine, not chloride is formed, but fluoride:

Cl2 + 3F2(e) > 2ClF3

4.2 Interaction with metals

Chlorine reacts directly with almost all metals (with some only in the presence of moisture or when heated):

Cl2 + 2Na > 2NaCl

3Cl2 + 2Sb > 2SbCl3

3Cl2 + 2Fe > 2FeCl3

Now on the video we can observe the reactions of chlorine with some elements

Burning candles in chlorine

The interaction of chlorine with metals: a) with iron

Interaction with complex substances

Displacement by a more active halogen of a less active one from its salt

4.3 Other properties

Chlorine displaces bromine and iodine from their compounds with hydrogen and metals:

Cl2 + 2HBr > Br2 + 2HCl

Cl2 + 2NaI > I2 + 2NaCl

When reacted with carbon monoxide, phosgene is formed:

Cl2 + CO > COCl2

When dissolved in water or alkalis, chlorine dismutates, forming hypochlorous (and when heated, perchloric) and hydrochloric acids, or their salts:

Cl2 + H2O > HCl + HClO

3Cl2 + 6NaOH > 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

By chlorination of dry calcium hydroxide, bleach is obtained:

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCl(OCl) + H2O

The action of chlorine on ammonia can be obtained nitrogen trichloride:

4NH3 + 3Cl2 > NCl3 + 3NH4Cl

4.4 Oxidizing properties of chlorine

Chlorine is a very strong oxidizing agent.

Cl2 + H2S > 2HCl + S

4.5 Reactions with organic substances

With saturated compounds:

CH3-CH3 + Cl2 > C2H6-xClx + HCl

Attaches to unsaturated compounds by multiple bonds:

CH2=CH2 + Cl2 > Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl

Aromatic compounds replace a hydrogen atom with chlorine in the presence of catalysts (for example, AlCl3 or FeCl3):

C6H6 + Cl2 > C6H5Cl + HCl

IIIpart: Physiological effects of chlorine on the human body

Chlorine is one of the biogenic elements, a constant component of plant and animal tissues. The daily requirement of an adult in chlorine (2-4 g) is covered by food. With food, chlorine usually comes in excess in the form of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Bread, meat and dairy products are especially rich in chlorine. In the human body, chlorine is the main osmotically active substance in blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid and some tissues. Plays a role in water-salt metabolism, contributing to the retention of water by tissues. The regulation of acid-base balance in tissues is carried out along with other processes by changing the distribution of chlorine between the blood and other tissues. Chlorine is a component of gastric juice.

1. Decreased chlorine content in the body

Chlorine deficiency has only been studied in experiments on laboratory animals. Growth retardation, constipation, hemoconcentration, dehydration, decreased appetite, decreased blood chloride levels, and elevated bicarbonate levels were noted. Under the influence of a sound stimulus, tetany is easily caused in chlorine-deficient rats.

In humans, the occurrence of alkalosis, anorexia and constipation is noted. Clinical studies have shown that chlorine is a regulator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and acts as a pathogenetic determinant of "sodium-dependent" hypertension, as a pathogenetic factor in disorders of extracellular fluid volume, acid-base balance and homeostasis. It has been established that in children fed for a long time with infant formulas with a low content of chlorine, symptoms of hypokalemia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with an increase in the level of renin in plasma and aldosterone in serum appeared.

1.1 The main causes of chlorine deficiency:

Insufficient intake of chlorine with food;

Dysregulation of chlorine metabolism

1.2 MainCommon manifestations of chlorine deficiency

It mainly manifests itself in the form of a pronounced growth retardation, increased convulsive readiness in response to noise exposure, which is accompanied by a decrease in the level of chlorine and an increase in the level of bicarbonate ion in the blood. Alkalosis, anorexia, and constipation have been described in humans. Elevated levels of bicarbonate ion (alkalosis) can cause chloride and sodium to be excreted in the urine.

Increased sweating (secretory dysfunction and hormonal imbalance)

Loss of hair and teeth

Acidosis (a disease associated with an increase in the excretion of chlorine by the kidneys in the urine)

Overdose of diuretics

Renal failure (with polyuria)

Head injury

2. Increased chlorine content in the body

Chlorine and its compounds are highly toxic.

2.1 The main reasons for the excess:

Oversupply

2.2 The main manifestations of excess chlorine:

Dehydration (not getting enough water into the body)

Acute renal failure (with anuria, oliguria)

diabetes insipidus

Alkalosis (a disease associated with an increase in the level of alkaline elements - chlorine)

Increased function of the adrenal cortex

IVpart: Quantitative human need for chlorine

The human need for chlorine is about 2 g/day. Harmless dose up to 5-7 g.

The need for chlorine is met in excess by the usual diet, containing an average of 7-10 g of chlorine, of which we get 3.7 g with bread and 4.6 g when salting food with table salt. The natural content of chlorine in food products ranges from 2-160 mg%. A diet without added salt would contain about 1.6 g of chlorine. Its main amount (up to 90%) adults receive with table salt.

Lots of chlorine in red beets. Present in many vegetables, fruits, cereals.

Vpart: Chlorine content in water and cleaning methods

Chlorine disinfects water, since chlorine is a powerful oxidizing agent that can destroy pathogens. However, in the rivers and lakes where water is taken from, there are many substances that got there with sewage, and chlorine reacts with some of them. As a result, much more unpleasant compounds are formed than chlorine itself. For example, chlorine compounds with phenol; they give the water an unpleasant odor, affect the liver and kidneys, but in small concentrations are not very dangerous. However, compounds of chlorine with benzene, toluene, gasoline are possible, with the formation of dioxin, chloroform, chlorotoluene and other carcinogens.

VIpart: The effect of halogen on a healthy lifestyle

1. Consequences of a lack or excess of Chlorine in the body

They occur in infants receiving demineralized food. Occur in connection with vomiting, treatment with diuretics, kidney disease. Violations in the exchange of chlorine lead to the development of edema, insufficient secretion of gastric juice, etc. A sharp decrease in the content of chlorine in the body can lead to a serious condition, even death. An increase in its concentration in the blood occurs with dehydration of the body, as well as with a violation of the excretory function of the kidneys. The content of chlorine in the urine depends mainly on its content in food.

2. Biological role

Maintains normal osmotic pressure of blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid.

Participates in the formation of hydrochloric acid, metabolism, tissue construction.

Required for disinfection of cells.

Helps to get rid of excess weight.

Dissolves deposits on the joints.

Hydrochloric acid, which is part of human gastric juice, performs a number of important functions:

Kills most of the bacteria that enter the stomach with food. For example, Vibrio cholerae dies in 0.5% HCI. Therefore, an epidemic of cholera occurs only in summer, when, due to the heat, a person consumes a lot of water and the acidity of gastric juice decreases;

0.5% hydrochloric acid in the stomach creates conditions for the action of enzymes on proteins. Enzymes become active in an acidic environment already at 37-38 °C.

VIIpart: healthy person diet

The content of chlorine in foodstuffs is negligible. Somewhat more of it in cereals and legumes, little in fruits and vegetables. Animal products contain much more chlorine. The main need for chlorine is met by table salt introduced into food. With food, chlorine usually comes in excess in the form of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Bread, meat and dairy products are especially rich in chlorine.

Everyone should remember: water does not remove salt! But if a person decides to change his diet and completely refrain from adding salt to food, gradually he can achieve the fact that excess salt is excreted. Unfortunately, salt is never excreted in quantities up to 25 g per day, which theoretically can be excreted by the kidneys. In fact, if a person reduces their salt intake to 2 grams per day, they can excrete up to 3-4 grams per day in the urine and then afterwards.

VIIIpart: Application of chlorine

Huge amounts of chlorine - tens of millions of tons - are produced annually all over the world. Only in the USA by the end of the 20th century. annually, about 12 million tons of chlorine were obtained by electrolysis (10th place among chemical industries). One of the important branches of the chemical industry is the chlorine industry. The main quantities of chlorine are processed at the place of its production into chlorine-containing compounds. Chlorine is stored and transported in liquid form in cylinders, barrels, railway tanks or in specially equipped ships. For industrial countries, the following approximate consumption of chlorine is typical: for the production of chlorine-containing organic compounds - 60-75%; inorganic compounds containing chlorine -10-20%; for bleaching pulp and fabrics - 5-15%; for sanitary needs and water chlorination - 2-6% of the total output.

Chlorine is used:

In the production of polyvinyl chloride, plastic compounds, synthetic rubber, which are used to make: insulation for wires, window profiles, packaging materials, clothing and footwear, linoleum and gramophone records, varnishes, equipment and foam plastics, toys, instrument parts, building materials. The bleaching properties of chlorine have been known since ancient times, although it is not chlorine itself that “bleaches”, but atomic oxygen, which is formed during the decomposition of hypochlorous acid: This method of bleaching fabrics, paper, and cardboard has been used for several centuries.

Production of organochlorine insecticides - substances that kill insects harmful to crops, but are safe for plants. A significant part of the produced chlorine is spent on obtaining plant protection products. One of the most important insecticides is hexachlorocyclohexane (often referred to as hexachlorane). This substance was first synthesized back in 1825 by Faraday, but found practical application only after more than 100 years - in the 30s of our century.

It was used as a chemical warfare agent, as well as for the production of other chemical warfare agents: mustard gas, phosgene.

For water disinfection - "chlorination".

For dismantling copper pipes.

It is registered in the food industry as a food additive E925.

In the chemical production of hydrochloric acid, bleach, berthollet salt, metal chlorides, poisons, medicines, fertilizers.

As an indicator of solar neutrinos in chlorine-argon detectors.

Conclusion

Having done this work, we learned some features of the structure of the atom of the element chlorine, its physical and chemical properties; revealed the positive and negative effects of the element chlorine on the human body; got acquainted with products that help keep the chlorine content in the body; methods of intake and excretion of the element chlorine. On the example of this work, we were convinced of the statement of M.V. Lomonosov. In our today's life it is impossible to do without chemistry, this also applies to human health and its surrounding life.

Bibliography

1. Aleksinsky V.N. Entertaining experiments in chemistry - M .: "Enlightenment", 1980.

2. Aranskaya O.S. Project activity of schoolchildren in the process of teaching chemistry - M .: "Ventana-Graf", 2007.

3. Arshanskaya E.Ya. Methods of teaching chemistry in humanitarian classes - M .: "Ventana-Graf", 2002.

4. Gabrielyan O.S. Chemical experiments at school - M .: "Drofa", 2005

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