Lymphatic leukemia in dogs symptoms and treatment. Oncological diseases of dogs

Oncology in a dog is not yet a verdict.

The reaction of dog owners to the appearance of a "bump" in a pet on a particular part of the body can be different: from "nothing, it will resolve itself" to "God, it's cancer. Running to euthanasia so that the dog does not suffer. But the rational option of behavior would be to contact a veterinary oncologist.

Remember that even a harmless abscess can open not outside, but inside, so hoping for an independent recovery, you risk the life of your dog. If the dog has a neoplasm, then you need to act quickly - a long stay in the body of even a benign tumor can lead to its malignancy, and delaying the start of treatment for a malignant neoplasm will inevitably end with local tumor growth and metastasis to other organs.

A general practitioner may not be sufficiently informed in this specific issue, he may well not know everything about the possibilities of treating oncological diseases. To get comprehensive answers to all your questions, you need to contact a narrow specialist - an oncologist.

Doctor, what do we have?

It is impossible to make a diagnosis based on the appearance of the tumor. Only having a histological analysis of the affected tissue on hand, the veterinarian will be able to tell how the tumor will behave, what are the possibilities and prospects for its treatment. Therefore, a biopsy is a necessary diagnostic procedure in the vast majority of cases.

But there are a number of tumors that cannot be "disturbed" because damage causes increased growth of the neoplasm. Such tumors should be removed completely and examined after surgery. Or combine the sampling of material for research with chemotherapy treatment.

Are there metastases? What if I find it?

The presence of metastases, as well as tumor lesions of the lymph nodes, indicates a more severe course of oncological disease. It is necessary to find out about the presence of metastases before the owner decides to treat the dog, because the tactics of the doctor’s actions and the very possibility of recovery or improving the quality of life of the four-legged patient directly depend on this. Therefore, the delivery of a general blood test, X-ray and ultrasound are among the mandatory studies for an oncological patient.

Symptoms and prognosis largely depend on which anatomical structures the tumor belongs to.

Tumors of the skin and related tissues

The average age of onset of skin tumors in dogs is ten and a half years, although some types of tumors are found in young animals, such as cutaneous histiocytoma. A breed predisposition to skin tumors has been revealed in Boxers, Scottish Terriers, Schnauzers, Cocker Spaniels, Bullmastiffs, Labrador Retrievers and Basset Hounds. 25-35% of skin tumors in dogs are malignant.

Oncological diseases should be distinguished from inflammatory skin lesions.

The rapid growth of the inflamed area directly indicates the malignant nature of the neoplasm. Periodic changes in the size of the edema, and the presence of episodic vomiting in the dog are characteristic signs of a mast cell tumor.

But it is possible to determine exactly what inflammatory or tumor process you are facing only by making a cytology smear-imprint or punctate, and a histological examination will be needed to determine the nature of the tumor.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a solitary malignant neoplasm on the extremities or head, most commonly on the fingers, eyelids, lips, and nasal planum. Outwardly, it may resemble a cauliflower or an ulcer with convex edges. Often inflamed, damaged, and exudates.

Squamous cell carcinoma can be confused with papilloma or a skin infection. The exact cause of the tumor is not known, but in the experiment it was possible to cause squamous cell carcinoma by irradiating non-pigmented skin with ultraviolet rays for a long time.

For treatment, radical removal of the neoplasm with a wide capture of healthy tissue is used. That is, if the tip of the ear is damaged, the entire auricle is removed, with a tumor on the nail, the entire finger is removed, and so on. PKK - is characterized by aggressiveness, is able to metastasize to neighboring tissues, as well as remotely with the flow of blood and lymph. This tumor is not sensitive to chemotherapy; surgical excision can be combined with radiation during treatment. The prognosis is cautious.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) most often occur in older dogs (from 9 years old). Although sometimes fibrosarcomas are found in puppies up to 6 months old. Sarcomas can occur throughout the body.

The rate of growth of an SMT tumor depends on the particular tissue that forms it. So fibrosarcomas and hemangiopericytomas grow slowly, anaplastic tumors rapidly increase in size. A pseudocapsule of compressed normal tissues can be palpated around the tumor, but the tumor cells themselves are distributed far beyond its borders, so SMT should be operated on with a wide capture of healthy tissues.

Hemangiopercytomas are prone to recurrence. Approximately 25% of fibrosarcomas are able to metastasize to the lungs. SMT are not sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, so they should be removed from the body surgically, as quickly as possible, before the development of metastases.

Melanocytic tumors are solitary, often pigmented nodules on the extremities or skin of the lips or eyelids. Cutaneous melanomas are usually benign and may go away on their own. Another thing is melanoma on the lips or eyelids - they are malignant, look ulcerated and inflamed.

Malignant melanomas in the early stages are able to metastasize to nearby lymph nodes, as well as to the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity. Chemotherapy is not effective; in the early stages, surgical excision of the tumor is used, with irradiation of the lymph nodes.

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma - most commonly affects young dogs, boxers are predisposed. This is a round, painless neoplasm that grows inside the skin and quickly increases in size. Most often occurs on the head, auricles, on the feet of the pelvic limbs, sometimes on the trunk.

The surface of the skin is ulcerated and devoid of hair. The histological picture resembles human malignant cutaneous histiocytoma. But canine histiocytoma is a benign tumor that can disappear spontaneously. Surgical removal of the neoplasm is sufficient for treatment.

Mast cell tumors (mastocytoma) are the most difficult to diagnose among oncological skin diseases. A mastocytoma can look anything and resemble any of the known skin conditions. Most often, these are clearly defined intradermal seals with an inflamed and ulcerated surface, or a volumetric subcutaneous formation with an unobvious border.

Tumor behavior and patient survival are related to the stage of the disease; highly differentiated, mature TCRs are especially dangerous. Initially, the neoplasm behaves like a slowly growing benign tumor, but it is not known at what point malignancy will occur and TCR will become multiple, rapidly growing and metastasizing to the nearest lymph nodes, spleen and liver.

Part of the TCR is capable of releasing histamine and heparin, substances that cause local or general allergic reactions and bleeding. Surgical wounds of physiologically active TCR are characterized by poor healing. During the surgical removal of such a tumor, a strong release of histamine into the blood and anaphylactic shock are possible, therefore, preoperative preparation includes the administration of antihistamines.

Another common complication of TCR is gastrointestinal ulcers, caused by constant stimulation of the histamine receptors in the stomach. The gastrointestinal tract of patients with mastocytoma should be carefully examined in order not to miss the perforation of the ulcer or the development of allergic glomerulonephritis.

Single tumors are removed surgically, with mandatory chemotherapy. If the neoplasms are multiple, with involvement of the lymph nodes in the process, then the treatment will be the same, but with a more pessimistic prognosis. There are many chemotherapy protocols for mastocytoma. But they all recommend the use of prednisolone, which inhibits tumor growth.

Cutaneous lymphomas are a disease of the whole body that manifests itself in the form of skin lesions. It is customary to distinguish between primary lymphomas, when malignant T-lymphocytes penetrate the skin and cause the formation of a tumor, and secondary lymphomas, when lymphocytes from a tumor of the thymus or other organs are brought into the skin.

Primary cutaneous lymphoma can look different. Most often there are multiple nodules and plaques, redness, swelling and peeling of the skin. The neoplasm rapidly increases in size, in the later stages signs of hypercalcemia appear: increased thirst and urination, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness. Treatment: chemotherapy, it is impossible to surgically remove the lymphoma.

Fungal mycosis most often affects short-haired dogs older than 7 years. The disease begins with a tumor intradermal formation, which gradually increases in size. An ulcer appears in the center of the neoplasm, then new tumors appear, and the nearest lymph nodes are affected.

The disease progresses slowly, does not go away spontaneously, but responds well to chemotherapy. To make a diagnosis, a histological analysis of a biopsy specimen from the periphery of the tumor is performed.

Treatment depends on the stage of the disease: small, single nodes are removed surgically with a wide capture of healthy tissue. Large or multiple require chemotherapy. As a rule, leukeran and prednisolone are used.

Secondary cutaneous lymphoma is caused by infiltration of the skin with tumor cells from a primary tumor located elsewhere. On the skin, lymphoma appears as multiple, ulcerated lesions. Surgical removal of cutaneous lymphoma is meaningless, chemotherapy is prescribed.

Recommendations: if any suspicious skin changes appear, you should immediately contact a dermatologist. Attempts at self-treatment with the application of any drugs to the damaged surface will only complicate the diagnosis, and in the case of oncological processes, it can provoke an increased growth of the neoplasm.

Tumors of the mammary glands. “And we hoped it was mastitis”

Breast tumors (MT) are the most common neoplasms in dogs. Most common in dogs older than 7 years. They are considered hormonal tumors. Bitches neutered before their first estrus have a less than 0.05% chance of developing mammary tumors. In males, AMF is also extremely rare, but it proceeds more malignantly than in females.

AMF are most often malignant - these are simple and complex carcinomas and sarcomas. Initially benign neoplasms - fibromas, can become malignant with a long stay in the body. Therefore, at the slightest suspicion of a tumor, you should immediately contact a veterinarian.

In reality, doctors often have to deal with advanced forms of the disease. This is due to the fact that dog owners tend to self-diagnose and treat the dog for "mastitis" for months with various ointments and tight bandages. It is indeed easy to confuse AMF with mastitis, since many tumors produce hormones that trigger milk production.

It should be remembered that mastitis is likely in young animals, recently left without puppies. As a rule, the disease develops acutely, in the first week after birth, or immediately after weaning the babies. Mastitis is accompanied by fever, soreness in the area of ​​the affected mammary gland and loss of appetite. Occasionally, mastitis occurs as a result of "false pregnancy" 2 months after estrus.

It is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish mastitis from AMF, therefore, if seals are found on the mammary glands, you need to contact a veterinarian - an oncologist.

Clinical picture: AMF may appear as isolated from other tissues, capsule formations, or as multiple nodes growing into surrounding tissues. Any type of tumor can be malignant and prone to metastasis. To understand the nature of the neoplasm, it is necessary to make a histological examination of its tissue and regional lymph nodes.

The most aggressive carcinoma is anaplastic carcinoma, which is accompanied by severe inflammation of the skin and often extends to the inner thighs. This type of AMF is the easiest to confuse with mastitis or mastopathy, so do not trust the diagnosis made by eye - insist on a histological examination.

AMF can ulcerate and become infected. Metastasize through the lymphatic tract, affecting the nearest inguinal and axillary lymph nodes. There may also be distant metastases to the lungs, less often to the liver. To predict the outcome of the disease and decide on the tactics of treatment, the doctor should pay attention to the number and size of tumors, assess the condition of the inguinal and axillary lymph nodes, do an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity to find out if there are metastases in the liver and an X-ray of the chest cavity to detect metastatic lung damage.

If the lymph nodes are not involved in the process, and the size of the largest tumor node does not exceed 1 cm, we can talk about stage I or II and count on a successful operation. If at least one lymph node is affected, the tumor is considered stage III and the risk of postoperative recurrence increases. The presence of metastases in the internal organs indicates stage IV and the inappropriateness of surgery without prior chemotherapy.

Treatment. Surgical removal of AMF should be as radical as possible. As a rule, the entire right or left ridge is removed, along with the lymph nodes. Smaller surgery can lead to regrowth of the tumor and shorten the dog's lifespan.

If both ridges are affected, the operation is performed in two stages. First, the ridge with the largest tumors is removed, and after 4 weeks the remaining one is operated on. The removed organs are sent for histological examination to determine the type of tumor, the presence of metastases in the lymph nodes and the absence of tumor cells along the incision line.

When the edges of the incision are impregnated with altered cells, a relapse is inevitable; to prevent it, it is necessary to carry out chemotherapeutic treatment of the tumor. It is also necessary to conduct chemotherapy in case of damage to the lymph nodes.

Recommendations: AMF is a disease of elderly animals, therefore, before the operation, it is necessary to pass a general and biochemical blood test and correct the identified violations. A full-scale examination is not a whim of a doctor, but a necessity. Only with timely competent help can we hope for a good quality of life for the dog.

Invisible danger - oncology of the lymphatic system

In many animals, tumor degeneration of lymphoid tissue is caused by oncogenic viruses. Known viruses of leukemia and sarcoma of cats, as well as leukemia of cattle. No such virus has been found in dogs. But canine lymphomas do exist and it is highly likely that the causative agent will be discovered in the future.

There are lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative diseases. Lymphoproliferative lesions are associated with the degeneration of lymphocytes, and myeloproliferative lesions are associated with the degeneration of hematopoietic cells and their derivatives.

1) Lymphoproliferative diseases

Canine lymphoma can manifest as multiple nodes that occur in various organs and tissues. For example, in the digestive tract, kidneys, thymus, skin, and so on. Symptoms depend on the degree of damage to a particular organ. The tumor can block the airways, disrupt digestion, and cause convulsions.

In 25% of dogs with lymphoma, anemia is expressed, the number of platelets and leukocytes in the general blood test is reduced. This disease is also characterized by blood clotting inside the vessels, and the appearance of strange "bruises" and bruises on the skin in animals that have not received injuries.

In some types of lymphomas and leukemias, the production of gamma globulin increases, which increases blood viscosity, disrupts the normal blood supply to the brain and causes nervous phenomena. Other frequent complications are blockage of blood vessels by blood clots, hemorrhagic diathesis on the skin and loss of vision due to retinal detachment.

Lymphoma cells penetrate into various tissues of the body, disrupting its work. There is renal and hepatic failure. The body reacts especially hard to hypercalcemia. An increase in calcium in the blood is accompanied by loss of appetite, vomiting and constipation, pancreatitis and stomach ulcers develop, and the kidneys are gradually destroyed. The dog is drowsy, depressed, muscles weaken, the animal may fall into a coma.

Acute lymphoid leukemia occurs when there is an increase in lymphoid cells in the blood and the entire lymphoid tissue of the body is affected. A complete blood count is characterized by a sharp decrease in the number of erythrocytes, platelets and neutrophils with an increase in the number of lymphocytes.

The dog shows weakness and drowsiness, there is bleeding, a tendency to develop sepsis. Lymphocytes clog small vessels of the brain, causing various neurological symptoms. The disease develops rapidly, by the end of the third week, the whole complex of symptoms is observed.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia develops over months and years, without clinical manifestations for a long time. The lesions involve the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. In the early stages, the disease is diagnosed by chance, according to a general blood test, revealing altered lymphocytes.

Over time, the dog develops fever, drowsiness, and weight loss. On ultrasound, there is an increase in the liver and spleen, the mucous membranes are pale, the lymph nodes are slightly enlarged. At this point, the number of red blood cells, platelets and neutrophils is reduced, but not as much as in acute leukemia. Gammaglobulin in the blood is usually lowered.

Multiple myeloma is manifested by bone destruction, high levels of gamma globulin in the blood, and the presence of malignant cells in the bone marrow. Bone lesions can be either single or multiple. Moreover, they are localized both in the bones of the limbs and in the axial skeleton. Clinically, the disease is manifested by pain, spontaneous fractures, visual impairment and nervous phenomena.

Diagnosis of oncological lesions in the lymphatic system is difficult, since their clinical signs are characteristic of many other diseases. Definitely talking about oncology is possible only when tumor cells are detected. The most common way to make a diagnosis is to aspirate contents from the affected lymph nodes.

Treatment is carried out through chemotherapy with preliminary adjustment of the identified disorders. So, any, even the most insignificant infection must be eliminated before the start of chemotherapy, since the body weakened by treatment will not be able to resist pathogenic microbes.

Chronic lymphoid leukemia responds well to treatment with chlorbutine and prednisolone. The minimum duration of the course is 3 weeks, the dose of drugs begins to be reduced after the reduction in the number of lymphocytes to normal.

Myeloma requires urgent treatment, after normalization of blood viscosity. One popular treatment regimen is the combination of melfan and prednisolone. Successful treatment can slow down the tumor process and normalize the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood. Full recovery does not occur, therefore, throughout the life of the dog, it is necessary to monitor the concentration of gamma globulin in the blood and conduct maintenance courses of chemotherapy.

Treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia with modern methods is futile - in any case, the dog will live no more than 2-6 months from the moment the signs of the disease appear. The essence of the problem is that tumor cells replace bone marrow cells, which irreversibly disrupts hematopoietic processes. In addition, during the chemotherapy treatment of acute leukemia, the decay products of tumor cells enter the bloodstream, causing poisoning and deterioration in the general condition of the dog.

2) Myeloproliferative diseases

The cause of oncological disorders of hematopoiesis in dogs is not known. The most convincing theory of viral origin, but so far it has not been possible to detect the pathogen. There is also speculation about a genetic predisposition to these diseases, since there are breeds of dogs more susceptible to these diseases than others.

The clinical picture is typical for many diseases: lack of appetite, drowsiness, weight loss, anemia, skin hemorrhages and fever of unknown origin. In a general blood test, anemia, a lack of neutrophils and platelets, is most typical. All blood cells can look atypical and, accordingly, perform their functions poorly. An ultrasound revealed an enlarged liver and spleen.

Diagnosis is by bone marrow biopsy. Additionally, a biopsy is taken from enlarged lymph nodes, liver and spleen. In addition to making a diagnosis of myeloproliferative disease, a bone marrow biopsy allows us to clarify whether we are facing an acute or chronic form.

Treatment of acute myeloproliferative diseases requires aggressive chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation, which is not feasible in modern veterinary medicine. In less than 30% of dogs, chemotherapy improves the general condition, stopping the development of the oncological process for about 4 months.

In fact, faced with an acute course of myeloproliferative disease, a veterinarian can only provide emergency care by transfusing blood for anemia, putting antibiotics for sepsis and hemostatic drugs for bleeding. Acute leukemia most often occurs in dogs aged 5 years; German Shepherds have a breed predisposition.

Chronic myeloproliferative diseases can be controlled.

Polycytopenia erythematosus is accompanied by an excess of red blood cells, increased blood viscosity, neurological disorders, and loss of vision due to retinal detachment. In severe cases, bloodletting is carried out, with the expectation of reducing the hematocrit by 1/6 of the initial amount. Instead of the removed blood, the same volume of colloidal solutions is injected intravenously.

The dog is regularly injected with crystalloid solutions to eliminate dehydration, and 12 ml of blood per 1 kg of body weight is removed to control hematocrit. Hydroxourea is used as a chemotherapeutic agent. The drug suppresses the hematopoietic function, so you need to monitor the blood picture and stop the course of treatment with a decrease in the number of leukocytes and platelets until they are restored.

Chronic granulocytic leukemia is accompanied by excessive production of degenerate leukocytes. Myelosan is used to contain the process. The drug is stopped taking after the restoration of a normal blood picture and resumed during exacerbations.

Regular complete blood counts are required to monitor the condition of white blood. Treatment helps to win several months or even years of the dog's life. If the number of leukocytes is not controlled, chronic granulocytic leukemia will definitely turn into an acute blast crisis and the dog will die.

Myelodysplasia is characterized by an almost normal CBC, periods of drowsiness and fever. The most appropriate tactic is waiting, with postponing treatment until the moment when the disease begins to progress and the symptoms become more definite.

Recommendations: in all cases of sudden fever, anemia, or frequent occurrence of infectious diseases, one should be aware of the possibility of oncological disease and conduct appropriate diagnostics.

Before deciding to surgically remove any tumor, you need to make sure that the dog does not have cancer of the lymphatic or circulatory system. Indeed, with these oncological diseases, operations are contraindicated - they will only accelerate the progression of the disease.

Something has grown in the mouth. Oncology of the oropharynx of dogs

The oropharynx of dogs is quite often affected by certain tumors. Males get sick 2.5 times more often than females. In America and the UK, a predisposition to malignant neoplasms has been recorded in St. Bernards, Dobermans, Golden Retrievers, Weimaraners and Scotch Terriers.

Causes: Presumably, the occurrence of tumors of the oropharynx is associated with carcinogens in the air of large cities. Indeed, in dogs in rural areas, the oropharynx is affected by tumors less frequently. The papillomatosis virus also plays a certain role in the development of neoplasms of the oral cavity - initially harmless papillomas can become malignant over time, which is why the virus itself is considered oncogenic.

Clinical picture: In the early stages, the tumor can be detected only with a careful examination, later there is a bad smell from the mouth, bleeding, destruction and loss of teeth, a change in the shape of the jaw, constant salivation.

Diagnosis without a biopsy is impossible, outwardly all tumors of the oropharynx look the same. During the initial examination, it is possible, at best, to distinguish a neoplasm from a papilloma or abscess, to conduct a careful examination of the oral cavity, to determine the number and size of tumors.

Then the mandibular and pharyngeal lymph nodes are felt, with their increase and impaired mobility, a biopsy is taken. An x-ray of the jaw and chest cavity is required. It is necessary to exclude the involvement of bones in the tumor process, as well as the presence of distant metastases in the lungs.

The prognosis depends on the histological type of the tumor. It is favorable for locally invasive but non-metastasizing tumors: basal cell carcinoma, peripheral odontogenic fibroma, and ameloblastoma. In squamous cell carcinoma, the prognosis is modest to favorable, depending on the size of the tumor and the degree of bone involvement. Fibrosarcoma has a modest to poor prognosis, and a very poor prognosis for malignant melanoma.

Damage to the lymph nodes seriously worsens the prognosis - most of these dogs live no more than a year. The presence of distant metastases is evidence that the dog has several months or even weeks to live.

The "behavior" of various types of tumors has its own specifics.

Gingival squamous cell carcinoma most often occurs on the gums and dental alveoli of the upper jaw. It can grow along or across the palate, as well as on the mucous membrane of the lips. It occurs in dogs 7-9 years old, the tumor itself looks like a non-healing ulcer, it grows slowly, destroying teeth and bones. Metastasizes not to a cut. With early surgical removal, the prognosis is favorable.

Soft tissue squamous cell carcinoma is less common but more aggressive. Lesions are localized on the tonsils or tongue of dogs 10-12 years old. The tumor of the tonsils, as a rule, is unilateral, of a hard consistency with an ulcerated surface. On the tongue, the carcinoma is loose, looks like a cauliflower.

The dog is in severe pain and cannot eat normally. The carcinoma rapidly metastasizes to the lymph nodes, but lung metastases are rare. Treatment unsuccessful. Sometimes the tumor is removed in order to temporarily restore the ability to eat normally. But more often than not, the only way to make life easier for a dog is local anesthesia.

Malignant melanoma grows on the mucous membrane of the gums and cheeks, rarely affecting the palate and tongue. Dogs 10-12 years old suffer. The tumor can be either pigmented or light pink, in any case it has a loose, bleeding surface with areas of necrosis. Melanomas that grow on the gums destroy teeth and often penetrate the bone. As a rule, melanoma is malignant, already at an early stage it metastasizes to the lymph nodes and lungs.

Surgical treatment, traditional chemotherapy and radiation are useless. The effectiveness of a regimen combining intravenous administration of boron preparations and subcutaneous administration of Roncoleukin is being studied.

Fibrosarcoma is located on the upper jaw or hard palate of dogs older than 7 years. Outwardly, it can be either dense and even, or loose with areas of necrosis. Necessarily penetrates into the bones, eventually metastasizes to the lymph nodes and lungs. Even in the early stages, only radical surgery is effective, which consists in the removal of the upper or lower jaw.

Basal cell carcinoma always affects the bones and teeth, but does not give distant metastases. Most often, this neoplasm is located next to the incisors of the lower or upper jaw. The surface of the tumor is smooth, without ulcers. An x-ray of the jaw shows the destruction or pathological growth of the bone. Local surgical removal of the tumor with the affected bone leads to a complete cure and is considered the most effective therapeutic method. Peripheral odontogenic fibroma does not metastasize and does not destroy the bone. It is a dense, smooth, slow-growing neoplasm located along the gingival margin and similar in appearance to basal cell carcinoma. The tumor is firmly attached to the periosteum and is difficult to surgically remove. At the same time, local removal of the neoplasm is sufficient for a complete cure. The main thing is to carry out this operation carefully, without leaving a single piece of tumor tissue.

Ambeloblastoma is a rare benign tumor caused by the activity of the Malassezia fungus. It is located on the lower jaw, grows rapidly and, having reached a large size, interferes with food intake. It destroys teeth and bones, on x-ray it looks like a multi-chamber formation filled with exudate. Despite the intimidating appearance, it is cured by local removal, with the installation of drainage. Only in especially advanced cases is it necessary to remove a section of the affected jawbone.

Recommendations: You should brush your pet's teeth regularly. Do not allow dogs to chew on objects that damage their teeth, swallow sticks and bones. Any wound of the oral cavity must be treated with antiseptic solutions, preventing the development of stomatitis and periodontitis. When neoplasms appear, you should immediately contact an oncologist.

What are gastrointestinal tumors and how to deal with them

Tumors of the esophagus in dogs are rare because dogs do not smoke or drink alcohol. But the detected neoplasms of this organ, as a rule, are malignant: primary tumors are squamous cell carcinomas or sarcomas, secondary ones are metastases of lung tumors, or mammary or thyroid glands.

Clinically, the tumor of the esophagus does not manifest itself for a long time. The first signs are a violation of swallowing, pain in eating. Then regurgitation of swallowed, bloody vomiting, emaciation develops, the dog may completely lose its appetite.

The diagnosis is made by detecting an air-filled esophagus and massive tumors in it on an x-ray. A neoplasm can be detected during endoscopic examination of the esophagus, this method allows you to immediately take tumor tissue for a biopsy. If a tumor of the esophagus is detected, feces for spirocercosis must be given.

Surgical treatment followed by plasty or prosthetics of the esophagus. The number of diseases is small, so there are no statistics reflecting the success of certain types of operations. Without treatment, the prognosis is extremely poor.

Tumors of the stomach are also quite rare. Usually in dogs older than 8 years. Males are more susceptible to this disease than females. Primary tumors may be benign papillomas or leiomyomas. But most often, doctors have to deal with malignant adenocarcinoma, or other equally aggressive sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas.

The cause of stomach tumors is not known. In humans, a predisposing factor is considered to be the use of undercooked or fried meat and fish products. Probably, in dogs, the occurrence of stomach tumors is associated with dietary habits.

The researchers note that neoplasms are more common in dogs with chronic gastritis, ulcers or stomach polyps. Secondary tumors of the stomach are metastases from the liver, pancreas, or small intestine. Dogs of giant breeds (mastiffs) and loose constitutions (shar pei) are predisposed to the development of stomach tumors, dachshunds also quite often get stomach cancer.

Symptoms are characteristic of many diseases. For a long time, the tumor does not show its presence in any way, then periodic vomiting, weight loss, anorexia and anemia occur. In tumors with an ulcerated surface, the vomit looks like coffee grounds. If a stomach tumor metastasizes to the liver, jaundice may develop.

Diagnosis is difficult. On an x-ray, you can see signs of a neoplasm of the stomach: thickening of certain sections of the gastric wall and mucosal ulcers. The tumors themselves are usually not visible on the picture, even when using a radiopaque substance, only delayed emptying and defects in the filling of the stomach are most often detected.

Changes in the general and biochemical analysis of blood suggesting the presence of a neoplasm of the stomach: leukocytosis, thrombopenia, anemia, a decrease in the level of glucose and iron in the blood serum, an increase in LDH. The tumor can be detected during gastroscopy.

As a rule, an accurate diagnosis can be made with a diagnostic laparotomy. Often this operation turns from a diagnostic into a therapeutic one, and ends with the surgical removal of the tumor. Surgery is the main treatment for stomach tumors. Chemotherapy is effective in treating gastric lymphomas in dogs.

Tumors of the intestine. In dogs, intestinal neoplasms are rare, usually affecting older animals over 9 years of age. Malignant tumors are more common than benign ones. Adenocarcinoma is especially difficult, spreading through the lymphatic and blood vessels throughout the body and growing into neighboring organs.

Initially benign leiomyomas and adenomatous polyps can eventually degenerate into malignant tumors. Therefore, the presence of any neoplasm of the intestine is the reason for its surgical removal in the early stages. The cause of bowel tumors is not known, but in humans, the consumption of carcinogenic and intestinal-damaging substances plays a large role.

Symptoms largely depend on the size and location of the tumor. Rapidly growing and spreading tumors of the small intestine, such as adenocarcinoma, are accompanied by vomiting, food refusal, abdominal pain, rapid weight loss, diarrhea, and anemia.

Slowly developing tumors do not affect the health of the dog for a long time, but, in the end, their presence leads to blockage or rupture of the intestine.

Even small tumors of the large intestine cause soreness and difficulty defecation. There may be blood in the stool, more frequent bowel movements, or occasional constipation. Sometimes there are strange discharge from the anus.

Diagnosis of intestinal tumors is not easy; symptoms of damage to the digestive system, anemia, and a decrease in the amount of protein in the blood suggest their presence. Radiographically, one can see obstruction, slowing or accelerating the evacuation of the contrast agent, ulceration or thickening of the intestinal wall with a decrease in the diameter of the lumen. Informative endoscopic examination of the intestine, but most often the final diagnosis is made during diagnostic laparoscopy.

Treatment is mainly surgical. Most intestinal tumors are not sensitive to current chemotherapy protocols. The exception is lymphoma, which responds well to conservative treatment. With surgical removal of benign tumors, the prognosis is favorable, early surgical removal of adenocarcinoma in 50% of cases leads to a cure, but sometimes there is a local recurrence or metastasis to the nearest lymph nodes.

Tumors of the perianal region. Near the anus there are several types of tumors:
1. Tumors of the perianal and anal glands occur due to the effect on the cells of an excess amount of sex hormones. In males older than 8 years, as a rule, adenomas are found - slow-growing tumors that are not prone to metastasis.

In young dogs, the detection of a tumor of the perianal glands is a rarity; neutered males do not have such tumors at all. In older, castrated females with reduced estrogen production, these tumors are extremely rare.

Predisposition was revealed in breeds: Siberian Husky, Cocker Spaniel, Beagle, Samoyed and Bulldog. Perhaps German Shepherds are predisposed.

Clinical picture: near the anus there are multiple nodes from 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter. The skin in the area of ​​the nodes is edematous, inflamed, painful, fistulous passages with purulent discharge may occur.

2. Tumors of the apocrine glands of the perianal sacs most often develop in old, uncastrated bitches. Their appearance is associated with an excess of estrogen, the tumors themselves are usually malignant, prone to metastasis, hormonally active and cause hypercalcemia.

Clinical picture: small or large nodes located in the region of the perianal sac. The dog has increased thirst and urination accompanying hypercalcemia, as well as drowsiness and weakness.

3. Tumors of the apocrine glands are nodes delimited from the surrounding tissues. These mostly benign tumors are rare and look no different from malignant neoplasms of the perianal region.

Diagnosis includes external and rectal examination of the dog, examination of the inguinal lymph nodes, x-rays of the chest and abdomen, and rectal ultrasound. If hypercalcemia is suspected, blood is taken for a biochemical analysis with the determination of the level of electrolytes.

The final diagnosis is made during the histological analysis of the removed tumor.

Treatment consists in surgical removal of the tumor, it is desirable to castrate males. In bitches, the tumor is removed along with regional lymph nodes as early as possible. The use of hormones, antiestrogen and antiandrogen (Tamoxifen and Androlaxin) in the postoperative period reduces the risk of recurrence of benign or conditionally malignant neoplasms.

The prognosis for stage 3-4 malignancy is poor, although hormone therapy and chemotherapy can increase a dog's lifespan.

Tumors of bones and muscles - amputation or life?

Most bone tumors in dogs are malignant and 90% are osteosarcomas. As a rule, bone tumors occur primarily, but metastasis to the bone of malignant neoplasms of other organs, such as breast carcinoma, is also possible.

Sometimes the tumor occurs in the soft tissues and only after a while affects the bone. This behavior is characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma of the fingers, fibrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.

The causes of bone tumors in dogs are unknown, and no viral or chemical agents have been identified. There is evidence that tumors often occur at sites of fused fractures many years after injury. Tumors can also occur as a complication of infarction (local circulatory disorders) of the bone.

Another predisposing factor is anatomical defects (cartilaginous exostoses, fibrous dysplasia) and the presence of benign tumors (osteomas). It is known about the breed genetic predisposition to bone tumors in St. Bernards and Rottweilers. Most often, tumors occur in older dogs at the age of 7 years, in giant breeds earlier - from 4 years.

Clinical picture: The first sign of limb tumors is swelling. Gradually, the area of ​​the edema increases, it becomes hot. With the growth of the tumor, lameness and soreness increase, and spontaneous fractures may occur. Tumors of the pelvic limbs can cause constipation and painful bowel movements.

Bone tumors growing from the paranasal sinuses cause unilateral or bilateral discharge from the nostrils, epistaxis, sneezing, snorting, and wheezing. The muzzle can be deformed, become asymmetrical. Tumors of the lower jaw, skull, and cheekbones lead to painful swelling, difficulty in eating, bulging eyes, and various neurological disorders.

Tumors of the ribs are most often found only on an X-ray, as they grow inside the chest. Owners see a doctor because of chest swelling or difficulty breathing caused by an accumulation of effusion in the pleural cavity of the lungs. Tumors of the spine cause severe pain and incoordination, gradually progressing to complete paralysis.

Metastatic bone tumors can give different symptoms depending on their location and are accompanied by pain, lameness, swelling, inability to swallow, paresis and paralysis.

For diagnosis, radiography and a biopsy from the core of the affected bone, taken with a special trephine under general anesthesia, are used.

The prognosis for osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma and osteoclastoma is not favorable - the tumor is extremely aggressive and at the stage of detection it can already metastasize to the lungs or other organs. Chondrosarcomas and fibrosarcomas grow slowly and do not metastasize as quickly or as often as osteosarcomas, so these tumors have a better prognosis.

Benign bone tumors are rare. Multilobular osteomas and chondromas of the skull have a good prognosis if excised at an early stage; without treatment, the tumors are prone to malignancy and metastasis. Also, early excision of the chondroma has a good prognosis. Osteomas - dense uneven protrusions on the bones of the limbs, on the contrary, are removed only when the tumor grows into the bone and lameness occurs.

Fibrous dysplasia affects the bones of the limbs or the axial skeleton. On x-rays, instead of spongy substance, transparent cystic formations occupy. The process is benign, the removal of the affected area of ​​the bone is required.

A special place is occupied by osteochondromas - exostoses that occur on any bone that develops from cartilage. Osteochondromas of one bone occur in young dogs during intensive growth. They are asymptomatic and may present with lameness or paresis. In the presence of clinical signs, tumors are removed.

For osteochondromas of several bones, a hereditary nature has been proven. They can become malignant and cause bone destruction, in which case surgical removal and chemotherapy are indicated. The growth of exostoses stops after the dog reaches puberty.

Synovial osteochondromatosis develops in the shoulder and hock joints of dogs, causing lameness. On x-rays, periarticular or intraarticular osteophytes are found, which mechanically interfere with the normal functioning of the joint. The prognosis is favorable with surgical treatment.

Treatment of malignant tumors is not always effective. Based on histological analysis and X-ray, it is necessary to assess the chances of the dog and the capabilities of the owners. A combination of chemotherapy and surgery is recommended, consisting in the amputation of the affected limb or organ-preserving surgery with the removal of only the affected bone.

Giving a dog non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (previcox) ​​and prednisolone relieves pain and improves the general condition of the animal. There are studies confirming that NSAIDs based on coxibs (previcox) ​​can slow down tumor growth.

Breath! Do not breath. Oncological diseases of the respiratory system

Tumors of the nasal planum are neoplasms that are visible to the naked eye. The most common lesion in dogs is squamous cell carcinoma, an aggressive tumor that invades the underlying nasal cartilage and metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes. At an early stage, only pigmentation of the affected areas of the nose is noted, later ulcers appear that bleed, crust, and become infected. Dogs may experience sneezing, nasal discharge, and itching. Quite often, owners are sure that the dog simply injures its own nose.

The presence of any non-healing wound in the nose area requires the collection of material for histology. Treatment is surgical. If the tumor has managed to penetrate into the nasal cartilage, it becomes difficult to get rid of it with the help of an operation, radiation therapy is required.

Tumors of the paranasal sinuses are usually malignant and can metastasize to the lymph nodes and lungs. Predisposed older dogs, with a long nose. The fact is that the cause of the appearance of such tumors is the inhalation of carcinogens, from which the paranasal sinuses of brachycephals are partially protected.

Clinical manifestations: discharge from the nose, most often bloody or serous-bloody. Initially, the discharge appears sporadically, then becomes permanent and bilateral. The disease may be accompanied by sneezing, wheezing and shortness of breath when the nasal passages are blocked. In the later stages, lacrimation appears, the eyeball bulges forward, and the curvature of the muzzle appears.

To make a diagnosis, X-rays of the nasal cavity and chest are taken, computed tomography and histological examination of the tumor biopsy are performed. If left untreated, the dog lives for about six months after the onset of symptoms.

Treatment: radiation therapy, sometimes combined with surgical removal of the tumor. Surgery without radiation temporarily improves the general condition of the dog, but does not increase life expectancy. Chemotherapy is used only for sinus lymphomas.

Lung tumors are rare in dogs. As a rule, the neoplasm develops in the right caudal lobe of the lungs in dogs older than 9 years. Most often, a lung tumor is malignant. The cause of lung tumors in dogs has not been established; in humans, this pathology appears due to the inhalation of carcinogens, in particular tobacco smoke.

The disease can be asymptomatic for a long time, the first sign is a cough. Later, shortness of breath, expectoration of blood, exhaustion, fever, the dog gets tired quickly. Diagnosis includes a chest x-ray showing a single nodule, multiple nodules, and diffuse lung or pleural involvement. Sometimes the neoplasm is masked by a pleural effusion. Accurate diagnosis is impossible without a histological analysis of the removed tumor.

The main method of treatment remains the surgical removal of the affected lobe of the lung. Some histological types of tumors are amenable to chemotherapy. The prognosis depends on the type of tumor and the prevalence of the process. Dogs with solitary tumors without metastases after its removal can lead a normal life for a long time. The life expectancy of animals with more extensive lesions averaged 13 months after surgery. The life span of non-operated dogs and animals with metastases, as a rule, does not exceed 4 months.

Tumors of the chest wall are rare in dogs, are classified as sarcomas, infiltrate muscles and ribs, and grow rapidly. Owners notice a change in the shape of the chest, its asymmetry. The tumor is painful, often occurs at the site of injury. There may be no other symptoms, with the growth of the tumor inside the chest cavity, cough, shortness of breath and fatigue develop.

On x-rays, the destruction of the affected rib and the curvature of the neighboring ones are noted. A biopsy of the tumor tissue is taken to make a definitive diagnosis. Treatment of a tumor without metastases is to remove the affected area with adjacent ribs within healthy tissues. Sometimes it is necessary to remove 4-5 ribs and reconstruct the chest wall with artificial or natural materials. Since chest wall tumors are usually malignant, a course of chemotherapy is required after surgery.

Blood in the urine is not always cystitis. Neoplasms of the urinary system

Neoplasms in the urinary system of dogs are quite rare - only 2% of all tumors found in this species. Bladder carcinomas, which are difficult to treat, predominate among them, but with timely diagnosis, it is possible to improve the quality and life expectancy of a four-legged friend.

Neoplasms should be suspected in any chronic urinary disease, especially in older dogs. Usually the disease progresses slowly, not responding to standard therapy. Sometimes, however, antibiotic therapy brings temporary relief, eliminating a secondary infection, but after stopping the medication, the disease returns.

Tumors of the kidneys in dogs are rarely primary, usually metastases from tumors and other body systems penetrate into these organs. The most common type of primary kidney tumor is adenocarcinoma, which is common in older animals. It affects both kidneys, can metastasize to the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, brain or spinal cord, and also to the bones of the limbs. The rarest kidney tumor is fetal nephroblastoma, which affects dogs under 18 months of age and tends to invade the retroperitoneum and metastasize.

The clinical picture is associated with a slowly increasing decrease in kidney function and is expressed in a decrease in appetite, emaciation, increased thirst and an increase in urination. The abdomen may increase in size, appear visible to the naked eye or laboratory-detectable blood in the urine.

Some hormonally active kidney tumors produce large amounts of erythropoietin, resulting in increased production of red blood cells and increased blood viscosity. But anemia caused by blood loss in the urine is much more common.

A general urine test can detect the presence of blood, sometimes malignant cells are detected. Tumor masses can be seen on X-ray or ultrasound. The latter method helps to take a biopsy of the affected tissue for histological examination. But most often the material is taken during a diagnostic laparotomy.

Surgical removal of the affected kidney is currently the only effective treatment for unilateral kidney cancer.

Tumors of the ureters are rare, often the ureters are affected by a spreading tumor of the bladder. Symptoms are the appearance of blood in the urine, complete blockage of the ureter with a tumor mass is a rarity. Neoplasms can be detected on x-ray or ultrasound, to confirm the diagnosis, a laparotomy is necessary.

Treatment consists of removing the affected ureter along with the kidney. With benign neoplasms, with preserved kidney function, local excision is possible with restoration of patency.

Bladder tumors in dogs are usually malignant and represent intermediate cell carcinoma. They are most common in dogs over 10 years of age. Bitches suffer more often than males, and dogs in megacities get sick more often than rural ones. Beagles, Scottish Terriers and West Highland White Terriers have been found to have a breed predisposition, and Jack Russell Terriers are also at risk.

Malignant tumors of the bladder after some time spread to neighboring tissues, affecting the urethra and prostate gland, and distant metastases to the lungs, liver and other organs may occur. Symptoms of a bladder tumor cannot be distinguished from signs of chronic cystitis. They consist in soreness and difficulty urinating, the presence of blood in the urine.

Rare benign tumors in dogs may be asymptomatic until owners feel for a large mass in the abdomen or urinary problems or fever associated with tumor necrosis occur.

Diagnostic studies include: general urinalysis, abdominal ultrasound, x-ray of the chest and abdomen. The final diagnosis can be made after cystoscopy, this method allows you to penetrate the bladder with an endoscope, assess the condition of the mucosa and take material for cytological and histological examination from damaged areas.

Treatment and prognosis depend on the structure of the tumor: connective tissue neoplasms detected at an early stage are successfully removed surgically, and epithelial bladder cancer cannot always be controlled even with a series of operations followed by the introduction of chemotherapy drugs into the bladder or intravenously - in 50% of cases metastases develop and the dog dies.

Tumors that are sexually transmitted

In dogs, there is a unique oncological pathology characteristic only for this family - transmissible venereal sarcoma. The tumor is contagious, its cells are transmitted from one dog to another through close contact: sexual intercourse, licking, biting.

A characteristic clinical sign of the disease is bloody discharge from the genital tract. On examination, you can notice a bleeding neoplasm similar to cauliflower on the dog's genital tract. Less commonly, the tumor is located on the head or limbs.

Venereal sarcoma is characterized by local growth, occasionally the tumor metastasizes to the lymph nodes, liver or spleen. In typical cases, the diagnosis can be made after a clinical examination, with non-standard localization of the tumor, a cytological or histological examination is required in order to exclude neoplasms of a different nature: mastocytoma, lymphoma, histiocytoma.

Transmissible venereal sarcoma in most cases responds well to chemotherapy with vincristine. The prognosis is favorable, the probability of recurrence is extremely low.

Non-infectious tumors of the genital tract

Females can develop tumors of the ovaries, uterus, vagina.

Neoplasms of the ovaries are rare and are most characteristic of older non-castrated animals. Most often, ovarian tumors in dogs are benign, some of them can be hormonally active and produce androgen and estrogen, provoking the development of endometritis or pyometra. Excess estrogen can lead to the development of mammary hypertrophy or symmetrical alopecia.

It is extremely rare for malignant neoplasms of the ovaries to spread throughout the abdominal cavity and cause a general deterioration in well-being, exhaustion or ascites.

Diagnosis: Large neoplasms can be palpated in the abdominal cavity. Also, on an ultrasound or x-ray, tumor masses can be detected next to the kidney. But to make a final diagnosis, a diagnostic laparotomy is necessary, since it is difficult to distinguish an ovarian cyst from a tumor by other methods.

Surgical removal of the ovaries along with the uterus is recognized as an effective treatment. With benign tumors, you can count on a complete cure after removal of the ovaries, malignant neoplasms of this organ are dangerous by metastasizing to the abdominal cavity, although even in this case you can count on a long remission after surgery.

Tumors of the uterus are common, may be asymptomatic or cause a general deterioration in well-being and cachexia. The nature of most neoplasms is benign, you can count on a complete recovery of the dog after surgical removal of the uterus.

Tumors of the vagina are common in bitches older than 10 years. They are usually benign, hormonally determined and grow during a certain period of the sexual cycle. There are tumors that grow into the lumen of the vagina: they are attached to the wall with a thin stem and can hang outward, get injured, become infected and swell.

Extraluminal formations lead to swelling of the perineum, at an early stage they can be mistaken for fatty deposits. Any swelling of the vagina can interfere with urination.

The treatment is surgical, it is necessary to combine the removal of the vaginal tumor with castration of the bitch.

In males, tumors of the testes, prostate, penis, prepuce, and scrotum are noted.

Testicular tumors are common in male dogs, especially in older dogs. There are 3 main types of testicular neoplasms: Sertoli cell tumors, seminomas, and interstitial cell tumors. The first 2 types of tumors usually affect cryptorchids. Most testicular tumors tend to grow locally, but about 10% of Sertoli cell tumors metastasize to the regional lymph nodes, liver, and lungs.

The first signs of a testicular tumor may be an increase in the size of the organ, which is easy to notice when the testis is in the scrotum, but is quite difficult to detect in cryptorchids. Sertoli cell tumors and seminoma can produce estrogen-like hormones and lead to symmetrical alopecia of the trunk and pelvic extremities, breast enlargement, and even lactation. Sometimes there is generalized itching, sagging of the prepuce, atrophy of the adjacent testis, drowsiness, decreased libido. Anemia and a lack of blood platelets may develop, and the prostate gland may enlarge.

The treatment is castration. In the absence of metastases, the prognosis is favorable. Sometimes anemia persists even after removal of the testicles, which indicates irreversible bone marrow suppression. As a preventive measure, castration at a young age is recommended for all cryptorchid males.

Tumors of the nervous system - more common than you think

Currently, it is customary to call any convulsions epilepsy, and to explain the violation of coordination of movements as an injury. In fact, often neurological symptoms indicate a neoplasm of the nervous system. Moreover, for many animals, timely diagnosis makes it possible to provide therapeutic or surgical care and improve the quality of life.

Tumors of the nervous system often affect aging animals, but they also occur in young ones. Usually the disease proceeds chronically, with a gradual increase in neurological symptoms, but a sudden development of the disease is also possible.

Brain tumors often affect males, and there is a breed predisposition to some of them. So in brachycephals, as a rule, gliomas are found. Most brain tumors affect older animals, but there are tumors typical of young dogs.

Brain tumors grow slowly, but the symptoms can appear acutely, their nature depends on which part of the brain is affected. With a tumor of the forebrain, convulsions, increased aggressiveness or affection, depression or agitation occur, accompanied by causeless cries of the animal. Walking in a circle, blindness, unusual fearfulness, malpositioning of the limbs, leading to abrasion of the claws, or paresis of both right or left limbs may occur.

Neoplasms of the brain stem lead to atrophy of the masticatory muscles, asymmetry of the muzzle, unilateral sagging of the lips, tilt of the head, imbalance and limb positioning. Clinical signs of damage to the cerebellum: muscle tremors, sweeping gait and shyness. A tumor in any part of the brain in the long term can lead to convulsions or complete immobility due to paresis of all four limbs.

In addition to tumors, inflammatory diseases of the brain (encephalitis, meningitis, canine distemper), poisoning with substances that affect the central nervous system, otitis media, or idiopathic epilepsy give a similar clinical picture. Diagnosis includes seeing a neurologist, taking blood and urine tests to rule out other diseases, and MRI with contrast.

Treatment of brain tumors is aimed at eliminating life-threatening conditions (seizures, cerebral edema) with anticonvulsants (phenobarbital), corticosteroids and diuretics. If possible, surgical complete or partial removal of the tumor is performed, with the collection of material for histological analysis. Mortality during surgical removal of a tumor of the brain stem is high, so surgery is rarely resorted to, the prognosis for tumors of this localization is always unfavorable.

With surgical removal of easily accessible tumors, dogs can live for several years, only conservative treatment can prolong the life of an animal with severe symptoms by several months.

Spinal cord tumors tend to affect older dogs. According to their clinical manifestation, they cannot be distinguished from other diseases of the spinal cord: a painful reaction to touching the back or limbs, signs of pain during movement, impaired coordination, and sometimes control over urination and defecation is disturbed.

Diagnosis consists in examining a neurologist who determines the localization of the pathological process, taking blood tests and myelography, or MRI with contrast. Not all spinal cord tumors are treatable, but in some cases, surgical removal of the tumor and cessation of spinal cord compression will improve the dog's condition. In lymphomas of spinal localization, surgical tactics are not effective, chemotherapy is performed.

The prognosis is modest: with tumors that can be treated, it is possible to achieve an improvement in the neurological condition of the dog for several months or even years.

Peripheral nerve tumors often affect older dogs, with the brachial plexus being the most common. These tumors are difficult to detect at an early stage due to non-specific symptoms. As a rule, lameness is observed in one or two limbs, which does not respond to anti-inflammatory treatment and is accompanied by muscle atrophy.

Treatment consists of surgical removal of the nerve mass. In some cases, this can be done without loss of nerve supply to the limb, but most peripheral nerve tumors require amputation of the limb. The operation leads to the disappearance of pain, but the tumor may soon recur.

Tumors of the endocrine organs as a cause of metabolic disorders

Most of the hormonal problems in dogs are caused by the appearance of neoplasms in the endocrine organs that produce excessive amounts of hormones.

Pituitary tumors cause different symptoms depending on what kind of hormones the tumors secrete. Tumors that secrete excess ACTH lead to excessive stimulation of the adrenal glands and the development of Cushing's syndrome, accompanied by increased thirst and urination, deterioration in coat quality, shortness of breath, sagging abdomen, drowsiness and muscle weakness, and over time, the appearance of diabetes mellitus that does not respond to insulin.

Vetoril is used for treatment - the drug does not affect the tumor, it blocks the production of corticosteroid hormones and improves the condition of the dog. Surgical removal of a pituitary tumor is technically difficult and dangerous due to its uncontrolled side effects.

Tumors of the adrenal cortex occur in dogs older than 6 years, they secrete cortisol and are similar in symptoms to pituitary tumors: areas of baldness, shortness of breath, thinning of the skin, an enlarged, saggy abdomen and muscle weakness. Ultrasound shows an enlarged affected adrenal gland, and a symmetrical one is almost impossible to detect due to atrophy.

If both adrenal glands are enlarged, this is evidence of a pituitary tumor. Also, pituitary neoplasia is characterized by a high level of ACTH in the blood of a dog; with an adrenal gland tumor, this hormone is practically not detected in the blood.

If it is technically possible, the adrenal gland tumor should be removed surgically, since these neoplasms are prone to metastasis to surrounding tissues. After surgery, corticosteroid replacement therapy will be required for several months. If surgery is not possible, treatment with vetoril is acceptable. This therapy allows you to normalize the hormonal background, but does not prevent further tumor growth.

Tumors of the adrenal medulla, phechromocytomas, are more common in older dogs. Signs are not specific, can be attributed to many other diseases: emaciation, ascites, vomiting. Most of the symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of catecholamines and the development of persistent or intermittent systemic hypertension: weakness, shortness of breath, restlessness, heart murmurs, pulse deficit. A pronounced increase in pressure is accompanied by hemorrhage in the eyes and retinal detachment. Seizures, tilt of the head may be recorded.

Diagnosis is difficult, and often dogs with pheochromocytoma are euthanized due to progression of clinical signs and lack of response to symptomatic therapy. In a small number of dogs, a tumor in the adrenal region can be palpated or seen on x-ray. Ultrasound can detect bilateral adrenal enlargement.

A periodic rise in systolic pressure above 180 or diastolic pressure above 95 indicates the presence of pheochromocytoma. An accurate diagnosis is made during laparoscopy. Surgical removal of the tumor leads to recovery, but only in the absence of metastases. But even a reduction in the size of the tumor improves the condition of the dog and improves the response to alpha-blocker and propranolol therapy.

Thyroid tumors in dogs are 95% non-functional and only 5% are hormonally active and cause hyperthreosis. Regardless of their hormonal status, thyroid neoplasms can be malignant or benign. Malignant tumors are more common.

The average age of dogs with thyroid neoplasia is 10 years, and there is a breed predisposition in Beagles, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, and Boxers. Hormonally non-functional tumors attract attention with swelling of the dog's neck and symptoms of tracheal compression: shortness of breath, cough, vomiting, difficulty eating, emaciation, and depression.

Hormonally active thyroid tumors cause increased appetite, baldness, increased thirst and frequency of urination, diarrhea, muscle tremors, aggressiveness, and nervousness.

Diagnosis requires cytological and histological examination of pieces of the affected thyroid gland. Focusing on clinical signs alone, an abscess, cyst, or polyps of the salivary glands or lymph nodes can be taken for a tumor.

Benign tumors are removed surgically. If possible, they also remove malignant neoplasms to eliminate obstacles to breathing and eating. The smaller the tumor, the better the prognosis, but in practice, veterinarians often have to deal with huge neoplasms. Inoperable tumors require chemotherapy with doxorubicin or cisplatin. Chemotherapy can slow down the growth of the tumor or even reduce its size, but it rarely leads to complete remission.

Insulinoma is a hormonally active tumor located in the pancreas and produces an excess amount of insulin in response to provoking the intake of glucose into the body. It develops in dogs older than 6 years. Irish Setters, Poodles, Fox Terriers, Boxers, Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds are predisposed.

Clinical signs occur episodically after eating, during physical exertion or fasting and consist of cramps or twitching of individual muscles, extreme weakness and inability to move normally. These symptoms accompany hypoglycemia - a decrease in blood glucose levels below 3.9 mmol / l. In normal times, the dog is constantly hungry and excited, under the influence of elevated insulin levels, obesity can develop.

To make a diagnosis, you need to measure the level of insulin in the blood at the time of hypoglycemia and make sure that it is elevated. Sometimes a tumor of the pancreas can be seen with ultrasound, this diagnostic method is also useful for detecting metastases of the neoplasm in the liver.

Treatment consists of surgical removal of the tumor or reduction in the size of the tumor. After surgery, complications such as pancreatitis and temporary diabetes mellitus may develop. If the operation is impossible, frequent feeding (6 times a day) with food without simple carbohydrates, restriction of physical activity and prednisolone are prescribed.

Gastrinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, prone to metastasis to the liver, nearby lymph nodes and mesentery. The tumor secretes gastrin, which causes excess production of hydrochloric acid and the development of peptic ulcers. Occur in dogs between the ages of 3 and 12 years.

Clinically, gastrinoma is manifested by vomiting, emaciation, nausea and diarrhea. On examination, there is a decrease in skin elasticity, pallor of the mucous membranes. Ulcers in the stomach and duodenum can lead to severe anemia and life-threatening shock. Palpation of the abdominal wall is painful, the gastrinomas themselves are too small to be felt.

Gastrinoma should be suspected whenever ulcers are found during endoscopy of the stomach. The condition of a dog with gastrinoma improves when treated with H2-receptor blockers (Kvamatel, Zantak) and deteriorates sharply when they are canceled. Treatment in most cases is lifelong use of these medications. Surgical removal of the tumor is performed only in the presence of single nodes, without signs of metastasis, or as a concomitant operation in the surgical treatment of perforated ulcers.

Tumors of the parathyroid glands are located in the neck near the thyroid gland, are hormonally active and cause primary hyperparathyroidism, accompanied by hypercalcemia. Most often, the neoplasm develops in older dogs, but cases of congenital hereditary primary hyperparathyroidism have been recorded in German shepherds.

Clinical signs develop gradually and are associated with the harmful effects on the kidneys of elevated blood calcium levels and consist of lethargy, muscle weakness, decreased appetite, occasional vomiting, increased thirst, and frequent urination. Over time, the symptoms progress to kidney failure.

Diagnosis consists in excluding other causes of hypercalcemia, in particular the presence of malignant tumors of other organs. Confirmation of the diagnosis is the detection of tumors during ultrasound of the neck and an increase in the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood.

Treatment consists of removing the affected parathyroid glands. If there is an increase in the size of all 4 parathyroid glands, this indicates secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by impaired feeding or kidney function. After removal of the neoplasms, temporary hypocalcemia may develop, requiring the administration of calcium and vitamin D, until normal function of the remaining parathyroid gland is restored. When treated before irreversible kidney damage develops, the prognosis is good.

Material prepared specially
for the website of dog breeders
veterinarian Kalashnikova O.V.

This article is only an introduction to the most common health problems that are most commonly encountered these days and that all dog and puppy breeders should be aware of.

It is always worth remembering that the appointment of treatment, as well as the correct diagnosis, is all that veterinarians can do, since only they are trained in everything, have the practical experience necessary for such procedures and diagnostic equipment.

Stomach cancer in dogs symptoms and treatment, types

Symptoms of stomach cancer in dogs: bad breath, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite and weight, anemia, lethargy.

Surgery is used to treat stomach cancer.

The surgeon removes the tumor and healthy tissue around it. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are also used to treat cancer. Leimiosarcoma is a type of stomach cancer where the tumor affects the smooth tissues of the stomach and intestines.

Oncology in a dog diagnostics, how long they live after surgery, forecasts

Laboratory tests of blood and urine, biopsy, scrapings, endoscopy will help diagnose the presence of an oncological process. Dogs with oncological diseases live from one to seven years after surgery. The life expectancy of a pet after surgery depends on the stage of the disease, the age of the dog, and other factors.

Canine breast cancer

Breast cancer is quite common in dogs. At the heart of this disease is an endocrine imbalance. There are two types of breast tumors - malignant and benign. For a long time, oncology of this type may not affect the well-being of the dog, so you should regularly examine the animal.
The success of breast cancer treatment depends on the promptness of diagnosis, the age of the dog, and the presence of other diseases.

Oncology in a dog on the stomach, signs on the paw

With oncology in a dog, bumps on the abdomen may appear. Oncology on the paw is manifested by compaction.

Cancer in dogs is dangerous and contagious to humans

With oncology in a dog, a person needs to follow the basic rules of personal hygiene. An animal tumor is not dangerous to human life.

Oncology in dogs pain, blood test, pain relief, diet

Tramadol, ketarol anesthetize with oncology. If cancer is suspected in dogs, the animal's blood should be tested for the detection of "onco-markers". With oncology, there are no special diets; it is only impossible to allow the animal to become obese.

Oncology in dogs treatment with folk remedies

There are no such remedies in traditional medicine that treat cancer in animals. You should contact a specialist as soon as possible. Folk remedies can only alleviate the pain.

Oncology in dogs lung metastases, can it be cured

The result of treatment depends on how the metastases are located and what their size is.

Oncology in dogs of the rectum, the last stage, care and nutrition

With end-stage rectal cancer, the dog needs certain nutrition and constant care. Feeding an animal with oncology of the rectum should not be in large portions. The diet must include fresh vegetables and fruits, white meat and boiled fish. Avoid fried, smoked and spicy foods.

Oncology in dogs swollen all the lymph nodes

A dog's lymph nodes may swell with hemangiosarcoma of the spleen and liver or a tumor of the oral cavity.

A disease such as cancer can be not only in humans. It is also diagnosed in animals. For example, cancer in dogs is found quite often. There are statistics, based on which, in females, this disease occurs more often than in males. As a rule, this disease occurs in animals whose age is more than 10 years.

Description of the disease

Cancer in dogs is not much different from cancer in humans. The essence of this disease is that the cells begin to mutate. There is a theory that disease occurs as a result of a change in one cell in the body. Then it begins to divide, and the infected area spreads. If the disease is not diagnosed in time, then large groups of modified cells are formed. Further, tumors and metastases form.

If an animal has a disease such as breast cancer, then metastases can spread to bone tissue and lungs.

Gradually, there are more and more infected cells, tumors stop the normal functioning of the organs of the animal's body. They also interfere with the proper functioning of neighboring organs. The next stage in the development of the disease is the decomposition of tumors. This process is characterized by bleeding. From all of the above, the general condition of the dog worsens.

Dogs can have cancer in any part of the body. Mostly old animals are susceptible to the disease. But there are cases of cancer in young dogs. It should be said that cancer is a general characteristic of a disease. Mutation of cells can affect different organs and have its own variety in each individual case. Therefore, a person will not be able to cure cancer in a dog on his own. Home treatment can relieve certain symptoms of the disease. In order to provide significant assistance to the animal, you must contact a veterinarian.

Early diagnosis increases chances of recovery

It should be said that the earlier cancer is detected in a dog (whose photo does not cause positive emotions in anyone), the greater the chances of her recovery. Also, pet owners need to know that there are highly specialized veterinarians who deal with oncological diseases. Therefore, it would be advisable to treat the cancer of the animal by a veterinary oncologist.

It is impossible to predict how long a dog can live with cancer. Since there are many factors that affect this circumstance. First, the age of the dog plays a role. Secondly, an important factor is the stage at which the disease is diagnosed.

If infected cells spread slowly and cancer is detected at the initial stage of the disease, then timely assistance to the animal will ensure its further long life. It also matters which organ is affected by malignant cells. In some cases, surgery may be performed to remove the tumor. Possible treatment options and prognosis for recovery can be determined by a veterinarian after a thorough diagnosis of the dog.

How does the disease manifest itself?

The main problem of diagnosing oncological diseases is that at the initial stage they pass without any signs. The only way to detect cancer is through testing. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly visit the veterinarian with the dog for this. The main tests that will help detect cancer cells are blood and urine tests for biochemistry.

Pet owners should remember that the treatment of the disease is possible only at an early stage of detection. In the event that the distribution is running, not a single veterinarian will help.

More prone to disease bitches

Cancer is common in bitches. This is due to unstable hormonal levels during estrus, childbirth and in the postpartum period. Veterinarians recommend neutering the dog to prevent cancer in the bitch. Especially in cases where the distribution of offspring is not planned.

If the dog gives birth, then after 8 years, when breeding work ends, the animal must also be sterilized. This procedure will protect the dog from this disease.

Cancer in a dog: symptoms and types

Now consider the popular types:

1. Oncological disease of the mammary glands in bitches. can be detected at an early stage. To identify it, the owner of the dog needs to monitor the nipples. Signs of cancer may show up as bumps or lumps on the nipples. They can be detected by feeling the mammary glands. It is also recommended to show the dog to the veterinarian. If the disease progresses and no treatment measures have been taken, then the tumors will be visible visually, and the nipples will also change color. If the tumor is damaged, bleeding will occur.

2. Oncological disease of the dog's uterus. This one is harder to diagnose. Bleeding is a sign of infection. But they can also be the result of other diseases. With uterine cancer, the bitch miscarries or gives birth to dead puppies. The cause of this disease may be drugs, which include hormones. Moreover, cancer cells can appear after one dose of such a remedy.

3. Another cancer risk group are dogs of large breeds. It is almost impossible to visually determine that an animal has cancer. In large dogs, the disease sometimes affects the bones. A sign that an animal has cancer can be changes in walking and running. When these symptoms appear, you should show the dog to a specialist.

4. Oncological diseases of the stomach and intestines can be determined by violations of the body. Namely, a change in stool, vomiting, smell from the mouth. It is necessary to pay attention to the dog's feces. See if there is any discharge in it, such as blood. They will be another sign that the dog has cancer. stomach following - weight loss and appetite.

5. Skin cancer can also be diagnosed. Spotting skin cancer in dogs can be difficult. Especially in animals that have abundant hair. Therefore, it is recommended to regularly examine the dog's skin. It is best to do this while bathing or combing. Oncological skin disease is manifested by the formation of dark spots or seals on it. The color of the spots can vary from red to dark brown.

6. Cancer of the liver in dogs. When the liver is damaged by cancer cells, the mucous membranes of the animal turn yellow. This is due to the fact that bile enters the bloodstream. The consistency of metabolic products also changes. With the spread of cancer cells in the liver and it constantly vomits.

7. Cancer This disease begins with a cough. With further progression, it intensifies, expectoration begins, in which blood secretions and pus are present in saliva.

8. Cancer cells also affect the spleen in dogs. But this type of disease is rare. There are no obvious signs indicating the occurrence of this disease. Usually, the animal shows a deterioration in the general condition, lethargy, apathy, and so on.

9. Cancer of the kidney. It can be difficult to notice kidney cancer, there are practically no external manifestations, especially at an early stage of the disease. At a later stage of the progression of the disease, blood appears in the urine. Also, the dog begins colic, and she whines. The dog's gait undergoes changes due to pain.

Diagnosis

What are the ways to detect cancer in a dog? There is a theory that dogs feel the presence of infected cells in the human body. Allegedly, they can determine by smell whether a person has cancer or not. Perhaps they really manage to feel the oncological disease in the human body.

But for ourselves, it's harder to do that. There is a possibility that dogs feel that their body is infected with malignant cells. But, unfortunately, they cannot inform their owner about this fact.

Diagnostic methods

The main method of detecting the disease at an early stage of dog cancer is a visit to the veterinarian and testing. The doctor orders the animal to donate blood and urine. Based on the results of the tests, namely the presence of any changes in the blood or urine, the veterinarian prescribes repeated laboratory tests for a deeper study.

Then, depending on which organ is suspected of being affected by malignant cells, a further examination is carried out. Namely, computer diagnostics of a specific organ is assigned. It can be done through ultrasound, MRI and other methods. When a tumor is found, the veterinarian takes a puncture of the tissue in order to determine whether it is malignant or not.

Treatment

It should be said that the treatment of cancer in dogs must be entrusted to a specialist. You should not self-medicate or listen to any people who do not have special education and proper qualifications in this field.

Self-medication is not recommended due to the fact that the disease is individual in nature, for example, there is squamous cell carcinoma in dogs. Many have not heard of this. Only a veterinarian can identify the features of the disease, based on the results of tests and other studies.

Chemotherapy is used to treat malignant cells in dogs. The next step is to remove the tumor. It is not possible to do this in all cases of the disease. For example, if the brain is affected, then surgery cannot be done. If the operation to remove the tumor has taken place, then a second session of chemotherapy is prescribed.

Nutrition for Cancer

It is necessary to provide the dog with proper nutrition. The diet should not include spicy and fatty foods. Such a diet should be maintained for a long time. It should be said that fatty foods are not recommended for consumption by a healthy pet.

It must be remembered that during the rehabilitation period it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the dog. Namely, to ensure regular walking and cleanliness. It is necessary to ensure that the dog does not come into contact with stray animals, since the body is weakened after the course of treatment and it will be better to exclude any sources of infection.

put to sleep

There are times when cancer in dogs progresses very quickly and the treatment provided does not give positive results. In this case, the owner of the animal should consider putting him to sleep, as this option will save him from suffering.

If a person sees that the ongoing treatment does not alleviate the suffering of the animal, then he is recommended to talk with the veterinarian about whether it is worth continuing, whether there is a chance that the dog will recover. If the attending veterinarian says that the chances of the dog are zero, then the best way out of the situation is to euthanize the pet.

Thus, the owner of the animal will save him from excruciating pain. If death is inevitable due to cancer and the dog is suffering, then euthanasia should be resorted to.

Seek another specialist

There is an option that the veterinarian cannot help the animal, and the owner of the dog is confident in her recovery. Then it is recommended to contact another specialist. Perhaps he will select a different treatment regimen, and the dog will get better.

Conclusion

Now you know how cancer in dogs manifests itself. We have described the symptoms and treatments. Unfortunately, this disease is very serious. Therefore, if you suspect that the animal has cancer, then immediately contact a qualified specialist.

Hearing in the veterinarian's office, "Your dog has cancer," is something many owners fear. Indeed, cancer is a very serious diagnosis not only in humans, but also in animals. Alas, cancer in dogs is quite common, and many owners have to deal with it and join the fight for the health of their pet. In this article, we will tell you what types of tumors are found in dogs, what should alert the owner, what to do if the dog has cancer, and what types of cancer treatments are available in dogs.

Oncology and tumors - what is it?

Oncology is a medical discipline that studies tumors (both benign and malignant), studies the causes of their appearance, the mechanisms and patterns of their development, their prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Tumor or neoplasm (neoplasia, neoplasm) - a group of cells of a newly formed tissue in which the processes of growth, differentiation and reproduction of cells are disturbed. The body's control over these processes is lost. The main features of tumor tissue are tissue or cellular atypia, progression, relative autonomy and unlimited growth.

Metastasis - the process of spreading tumor cells in the body to other organs in various ways: with blood or lymph flow, contact (into adjacent tissues), along nerve bundles. As a result of this process, secondary foci are formed - metastases which tend to grow faster than the primary tumor.

What are tumors?

Tumors are divided into two types: benign and malignant. Benign tumors grow slowly, often have their own capsule or membrane, do not grow into the surrounding tissues, but only push them apart and, most importantly, do not metastasize and usually do not recur after removal. Such a tumor is characterized by the absence of a general effect on the body. However, some types of benign tumors can become malignant over time.

Unlike them, malignant tumors grow into the surrounding tissues and metastasize, grow rapidly, and often reappear after removal. Their cells are poorly differentiated, sometimes it is difficult to determine from which tissue they originate. They are characterized by the presence of a general effect on the body, which is manifested, among other things, in metabolic disorders.

Classify malignant tumors depending on the type of cells of the original tissue. The following main groups of malignant tumors are distinguished:

• carcinoma, or cancerous tumor - arises from epithelial cells; in fact, this type of tumor is called cancer;
• melanoma - from pigment cells;
• myosarcoma - from muscle tissue cells;
• sarcoma - from connective tissue cells;
• osteosarcoma - from bone tissue cells;
• glioma - from glial cells;
• lymphoma - from the cells of the lymphatic tissue;
• teratoma - from germ cells;

as well as some others.

Do dogs get cancer?

As in other animals and humans, dogs have both oncological diseases in general and actually cancerous tumors, or carcinomas. In dogs, cancer of the skin and its derivatives is the most common diagnosis, which is associated with a large amount of epithelial tissue in the body. Actually, cancer in dogs, depending on the type of cells and tissues, can be of the following types:

• glandular tissue cancer - adenocarcinoma;
• squamous cell carcinoma - cancer of the cells of the squamous epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes;
• small cell carcinoma - from undifferentiated cells of a lymphocyte-like structure;
• and some other types.

In general, dogs have all the oncological diseases that humans also suffer from. For each dog and each type of tumor, the course of the disease can be very individual, so it is impossible to say exactly how long dogs with cancer live. It is possible that with early treatment and competent help from a qualified oncologist, your pet will be completely cured and live a long happy life.

Causes of Cancer in Dogs.

"Why does my dog ​​have cancer?" This question torments many owners, but, unfortunately, even scientists still cannot fully answer it. There are many theories of the origin of tumors. Some of them consider the cause of oncology in dogs to be a certain virus, for example, the herpes virus or papillomavirus, others - the impact on the body of chemical and physical carcinogenic factors, for example, radioactive radiation or carcinogens. There are theories explaining the occurrence of the disease by hormonal disruptions in the body or by a violation of the development of tissues in the process of ontogenesis. However, the mutation theory of cancer is now considered the leading one, according to which the cause of cancer in your dog is mutations in its genetic material.

Cancer symptoms in dogs.

Recent studies have shown that dogs can sense cancer in humans, but a dog will not sense cancer in itself. Therefore, the entire responsibility for the detection of the disease lies with the owner of the animal.

So how does cancer in dogs show up? Signs of cancer in your dog can be divided into two groups: general deviations and immediate symptoms associated with the development of the neoplasm.

Common symptoms of cancer in dogs (the so-called cancer alert principle):

• sudden weight loss, sometimes without loss of appetite;
• loss of appetite;
• diarrhea and constipation with no obvious cause;
• chronic periodic vomiting, vomiting with blood;
• gradual increase in the volume of the abdomen;
• sharply appeared bad breath;
• shortness of breath, breathing with an open mouth, cough;
• long-lasting lameness;
• convulsions, seizures.

You may also look for the following signs of cancer in dogs: nodules or lumps, sores that do not heal for a long time, changes in moles or warts.

All these symptoms are a reason to immediately contact a veterinary clinic, where there is a specialist oncologist for dogs, perhaps even a cancer center. The development and metastasis of tumors is a very fast process, so the sooner you go to the clinic, the more chances to help your dog!

Diagnosis of cancer in dogs.

In order to understand how to cure your dog of cancer, correct, timely and accurate diagnosis is extremely important. Diagnosis of the disease always begins with an examination in the clinic. The veterinarian will carefully examine your pet, find out from you in what conditions he lives, what he eats, which alerted you to a change in his condition.

Further, methods such as blood, urine and stool tests, x-ray and ultrasound studies, and tissue biopsy will help determine oncology in dogs. Occasionally, rarer examinations, such as magnetic resonance or computed tomography, may be needed.

After the operation and removal of the tumor, the tissue is sent for histological examination. It is this that will finally show what type of tumor your dog has developed. In addition, the laboratory will determine whether there are tumor cells in the lymph nodes. If they are found, this means the presence of a metastatic process and a high stage of the disease. In this case, the chances of a cure for the dog are reduced, but chemotherapy can help in this case too.

It is the diagnostics that will answer the questions whether it is possible to cure the tumor in your dog and how long the dog will live after the operation, since the prognosis and the process of treating oncology in dogs very much depend both on the type of tumor and the stage of the disease, and on the general condition of your pet.

Dog cancer: what to do?

If, after contacting the clinic, the diagnosis of oncology in your dog was confirmed, treatment can be carried out according to different schemes. It depends primarily on the type of tumor. To cure a benign tumor in a dog, one can limit oneself only to such a method as surgical removal of the neoplasm.

Treatment of cancer in dogs in the case of a malignant tumor requires a combination of a combination of methods. To cure dog cancer, your veterinarian will recommend modern methods such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In most cases, the treatment of oncology in a dog only with the help of surgery is meaningless: complex therapy is required, otherwise the tumor will recur. Chemotherapy is also required to fight metastases.

With the spread of the tumor process and the presence of a large number of metastases, it is necessary to treat cancer in a dog symptomatically, with drugs such as, for example, painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs. The goal of palliative care is to alleviate the suffering of the animal and prolong its life as much as possible without compromising quality. If cancer in a dog makes the animal suffer, pain is not relieved by analgesics, the animal cannot eat or suffocates due to the development of a metastatic process in the lungs, it would be more humane to resort to euthanasia of the animal. This is a very difficult decision for the owner, but at the same time, the only way to help a seriously suffering dog when treatment becomes ineffective.

Cancer prevention in dogs.

The most effective prevention exists for breast and uterine and ovarian cancer in dogs: early spaying. This operation completely prevents cancer of the uterus and ovaries. As for tumors of the mammary glands, statistics show that in dogs, spaying before the first estrus reduces the risk of developing this disease by 99.95%, after the first estrus - by 92%, after the second - by 76%. After 2.5 years, sterilization no longer affects the incidence of this disease.

Oncological diseases are quite deservedly considered the scourge of mankind in the past few decades. But cancer is not only a "privilege" of people. They also hurt our pets. Veterinarians estimate that cancer in dogs today can be detected in almost 60% of older dogs. This is largely due to both unsatisfactory environmental conditions and poor-quality feeding, and a general increase in the life expectancy of animals. Previously, they lived much less often to such a “venerable” age, and therefore much fewer cases of cancer were recorded. Because of this, veterinary oncology has experienced a real “boom” in recent years; many innovative methods of treatment have been tested and created.

Alas, there are still no 100% guarantees of recovery from cancer. This applies to both humans and animals. Too much depends on the characteristics of a particular type of oncology, the state of the dog's body, and simply on the luck of the latter. Not all owners notice in time that something is wrong with their pet, and therefore they turn to the veterinarian too late. Please note that Cancer is a malignant type of tumor, most of which metastasize. If the neoplasm is too large, even surgery may be useless: a long course of radiotherapy and chemotherapy will be required, and there is no guarantee that the doctor will be able to destroy all the "processes" of the decayed tumor.

Oddly enough, but many owners know about oncology, but they don’t even approximately understand what lies behind this term. So. Cancer is uncontrolled, “meaningless” and inadequate cell division (which often turn into ugly and non-viable formations). Since cancerous tissues grow at an inadequate rate, they require a lot of nutrients and oxygen. They “steal” all this from normal cells and organs, as a result of which the body has a very difficult time: exhaustion and hypoxia develop. In addition, the "manic" layers of cells sooner or later begin to break down. The tumor, in fact, resembles a rotten potato: the upper layers look and function normally (as far as the word “norm” is generally applicable to this situation), while in its depth the tissues die and rot en masse.

Remember that "treatment" with folk remedies only delays time and worsens the course of the disease. Don't practice it!

Especially "remarkable" is the fact that in the thickness of the neoplasm there are many vessels and nerves. The processes of its destruction lead to the development of a strong pain reaction and generalized intoxication of the body. It is even worse when detached pieces of the tumor are spread throughout the body along with the blood stream (this is called metastasis). When such a piece settles somewhere in tissues or organs, a new tumor soon grows out of it.

Clinical picture

Signs of cancer in a dog largely depend on where exactly the tumor originated. For example, a tumor in the brain almost inevitably leads to serious changes in the behavior of the animal, bone lesions lead to severe lameness, and so on. In general, even a veterinarian with experience “by eye” is unlikely to be able to determine the first stages of cancer, since initially there are either no signs of something wrong, or the clinical picture is very blurred.

But still, the general symptoms can be distinguished:

• First, the animal begins to weaken. This happens gradually and not too clearly, but in the end the owners notice that their dog gets tired quickly and does not run so happily for a walk. More precisely, after a while the pet stops running altogether, limiting itself to “lazy” walking around the site.
• If the tumor is located somewhere outside, in some cases it can still be seen with the naked eye. So, with the development of melanocarcinomas, unusual-looking birthmarks on the skin are noticeable, and the appearance of various warts and strange-looking growths is also possible. But still, this rarely happens.
• The dog begins to sleep worse, as the developing tumor hurts. Appetite worsens, but even in cases where the dog eats normally, he develops progressive exhaustion.

As it is easy to guess it is impossible to determine cancer in a dog, guided by external signs alone. It may well be that your pet has some kind of infectious disease. So veterinarians do not just advise bringing pets for examination at least once a quarter. This measure may well save your pet's life.

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosing cancer is not an easy process. First, the veterinarian needs to make sure that the animal really has a malignant tumor. If a suspicious neoplasm lies superficially, then everything is relatively simple - a tissue sample is taken and sent for histological examination. In cases where a presumably malignant neoplasm lies somewhere in the internal organs, everything becomes much more complicated. First, it is necessary to determine the localization of the tumor as accurately as possible. For this purpose, they resort to the help of X-ray examination and ultrasound.

Subsequently, it is necessary to resolve the issue of how exactly to take a tissue sample (and without this it is impossible to make a diagnosis of cancer in any case). As a rule, the tumor can be reached with a long aspiration needle (sometimes even local anesthesia can be dispensed with), but in difficult cases to do diagnostic abdominal operations. And this is for the sake of a small piece of the tumor! In general, in veterinary oncology (if possible) they try to carry out treatment without surgery (through radio or chemotherapy), so this surgical intervention may be the only one.

Overview of Chemotherapy

Apart from surgical methods of cancer treatment, the most common method can be deservedly considered chemotherapy. Its meaning lies in the fact that in the body of an animal (usually intravenously) substances are introduced that inhibit the development of rapidly dividing cells (including cancer cells).

How are chemotherapy drugs administered to an animal? In most cases - exclusively intravenously. And this should be done very carefully, since when these drugs enter the subcutaneous tissue, severe inflammation may develop, and it can subsequently cause either an impressive abscess, or even “mutate” into something like phlegmon. Some types of drugs are available in oral versions.

There is just one problem - it so happened that veterinary oncology in dogs is, of course, not in its infancy, but very close to it. How your dog will react to the introduction of a particular drug is a lottery, comparable in intensity to Russian roulette. Therefore, drugs should be tested, starting with extremely small doses. Finally, by themselves, the drugs used for chemotherapy are also not very useful for human health, and therefore you should treat your pet by carefully observing at least the simplest personal hygiene measures.

In addition, there are extremely rare situations when it is possible to cure cancer in dogs by prescribing only one drug. Much more effective is the use of their combinations. With proper formulation of mixtures, you can not only significantly improve the quality of treatment, but also stop some side effects. But still, this is a difficult question. Only an experienced veterinary oncologist should make a decision on the appointment of a particular drug.

Radiotherapy: general information

In veterinary medicine, radiation therapy was first tested in the early twentieth century. In just 50 years, major advances have been made in this area of ​​treatment. This is largely due to the emergence of new diagnostic techniques that allow you to accurately identify the location of the tumor. In addition, the new equipment makes it possible to direct the flow of radio emission precisely to the neoplasm, minimizing the consequences for normal organs and tissues. Radiation therapy is believed to help treat almost all types of cancer in dogs, including tumors that are physically impossible to reach with surgery.

The essence and types of radiotherapy

As the name implies, the essence of radiotherapy is to irradiate the tumor with gamma radiation. It is known that the latter destroys the DNA of cells and blocks their ability to divide. If the therapy is carried out qualitatively and on time, the tumor begins to gradually shrink until it completely disappears. Of course, it is impossible to completely exclude the effects of radiation on normal cells, but still, modern methods of treatment in this regard are much more “humane” than those used just a few years ago, it is no longer necessary to euthanize animals due to severe side effects.

To put it simply, the essence of radiotherapy is the radiation exposure of the tumor. The modern medical industry greatly facilitates the work of physicians and veterinarians. Today, many programmable units are being produced that can smoothly change the intensity of radiation, as a result of which the effectiveness of treatment increases markedly.

Let's immediately dispel a common misconception: at the end of treatment, your dog will not begin to glow in the dark and will not become radioactive. Radiotherapy involves the use of only gamma radiation, particles of which do not linger in the body.

What types of radiation therapy are used in veterinary medicine today? A lot of. As a rule, their classification depends on the type of radioactive materials used and their tendency to settle in specific organs and tissues. In particular, the iodine isotope is always deposited in the thyroid gland, and therefore it is used in oncological lesions of the latter. In addition, in recent years, a technique involving the introduction of radioactive implants into the thickness of the tumor has become more and more common. For this purpose, the isotope of iridium 192 is usually used. Sometimes (including for the sake of saving an expensive isotope), a small amount of radioactive suspension is injected into the tumor. In dogs, by the way, the latter technique has proven itself in the elimination of tumors in the nasal cavity.

What types of tumors are treated with radiotherapy? Neoplasms in the oral and nasal cavities lend themselves especially well to it. There are many cases when only with the help of radiotherapy it was possible to eliminate brain tumors (or significantly increase the life expectancy of a sick pet). In addition, radiotherapy is indispensable in curing a dog from skin cancer. Lymphomas also lend themselves well to this method of treatment, but only in cases where chemotherapy is additionally prescribed. The same applies to sarcomas, especially osteogenic ones. Finally, before starting a course of radiotherapy, several factors must be taken into account:

• The financial resources of the owner of the animal, since the technique itself does not belong to the category of “budget pleasures”.
• The presence of some contraindications, which include the extreme degree of exhaustion, which often develops in animals with severe exhaustion.
• The type of tumor, the possibility of its removal by surgery, the likelihood of metastases.
• Whether chemotherapy has already been carried out, and how the animal's body reacted to it.
• It is also necessary to calculate in advance what dose of radiation will be relatively safe for the animal, taking into account the breed, weight, and physiological state of it.

Irradiation technique

During the procedure, the animal must be carefully immobilized to completely exclude anything other than the tumor tissue from being exposed to the radiation beam. As we already wrote, it is first necessary to accurately determine the location of the latter. In the ideal case, it is desirable to use MRI rather than X-ray and ultrasound for this (but this technique is practically not used in domestic veterinary medicine due to its high cost). After the pet is fixed, the equipment is aimed at the tumor. For the convenience of subsequent procedures, tattoos are sometimes even applied to the skin of an animal, simplifying “orientation”. The exposure time is on average 30-60 minutes (during the first treatment). All subsequent procedures are much faster - it takes no more than 10-15 minutes.

What is the processing frequency? If they are used to treat acute cancer, the average duration of therapy varies from two to five weeks (daily). This depends on the location of the tumor, the general health of the pet, and the type of cancer. In cases where it is necessary to maintain an acceptable quality of life of the pet in hopeless cases, treatment of the tumor is indicated for three weeks, daily, with the duration of each exposure of about 20 minutes.

Side effects and risks

Radiotherapy, unlike traditional "chemical" treatments, is much safer. Severe side effects are observed in less than 5% of animals. “Side effects” are related to the fact that during the procedure some part of the normal cells and tissues of the body suffers. This is inevitable, but the reaction to such troubles depends entirely on the characteristics of a particular canine organism.

But the most typical are cases of wounds and ulcers. In addition, sometimes in a "treated" dog, hyperpigmentation appears on the skin that has undergone irradiation (as if the animal had been in a solarium). These places are often irritated and itchy, which is why the pet begins to itch constantly. Treatment involves the appointment of drugs that relieve itching (even a simple diphenhydramine helps well). In addition, in areas that have been exposed to radiation, the hair falls out completely. Over time, it grows back, but the "fresh" hairs differ from the old wool in a darker color and increased stiffness.

Types of oncology and clinical picture

And now let's look at the most common types of oncology, more or less regularly detected in dogs in everyday veterinary practice.

Oncology of the mammary glands

Breast cancer is relatively common in bitches aged eight to ten years who have given birth multiple times. It is not for nothing that veterinarians advise owners of animals that are not of particular breeding value to immediately remove the ovaries to the pet before the first sexual hunt. In this case, the likelihood of breast cancer is reduced to almost zero. As a rule, in dogs, the mammary glands are affected by adenocarcinomas. And this is very bad, since these tumors are characterized by aggressive behavior and quickly spread throughout the body.

The clinical picture is relatively characteristic:

• Specific “peas” appear in the thickness of the mammary glands (which is well felt on palpation). Their consistency varies from pasty (rarely) to "stony".
• Neoplasms can be painful, the animal reacts sharply to attempts to probe them.
• With breast cancer, it often turns out that the tumor has opened, pus oozes from it with pieces of dead tissue.

Oncology of the CNS

The least explored category. The main type of tumor is gliosarcoma. As a rule, brain cancer leads to severe behavioral changes, seizures, disorientation in space, paresis and paralysis. It usually appears posthumously.

blood oncology

The most famous blood cancer is leukemia. With this disease, a huge number of immature forms of leukocytes appear in the general bloodstream. The disease is characterized by gradual depletion and extinction of the animal. Fortunately, it is easily detected through a simple blood test.

Oncology of the uterus

Immediately after the previous one, uterine cancer should be described, since it develops in the same cases and in the same dogs (older and already giving birth). It should be noted that this pathology is a frequent scourge of breeding bitches, which were injected with hormonal preparations to stimulate estrus. The main types of tumors in this case are leukosarcomas.

Symptoms are as follows:

Purulent exudate flows from the external genital organs, in which it is easy to notice pieces of decayed tissues. Sometimes the nature of exudative outflows is necrotic, ichorous, and a suffocating putrid odor emanates from them.
Since uterine tumors often grow to phenomenally large sizes, the dog's abdomen also becomes enlarged and may sag.
In advanced cases, a huge tumor can be easily detected by palpation of the abdominal cavity.

Cancers of the digestive system

Consider gastric cancer first, as it is relatively common in dogs. Characteristic varieties of neoplasms are: mastocytomas, adenocarcinomas and lymphomas. Often they are the result of improper and poor-quality feeding.

This type of oncology manifests itself as follows:

• First, the animal develops chronic digestive problems. Diarrhea alternates with constipation and vice versa, vomiting is also possible.
• Due to disturbances in the functioning of the stomach, exhaustion quickly develops.
• In the feces, you can often see melena - a black, tar-like mass, which is a semi-digested blood.

Intestinal cancer manifests itself in a similar way, but in this case, melena in the feces is rare. It is “replaced” by pure blood, which has not had time to be digested. Be that as it may, but oncological diseases of both the stomach and intestines are fraught with sudden perforation of the walls of the organ, which can cause the animal to die either from diffuse fecal peritonitis, or from massive internal bleeding.

Cancers of the jaws

Jaw cancer is relatively common in dogs. A characteristic type of neoplasm is chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma. The appearance of the disease can be judged by the presence of the following clinical signs in your pet:

• Tuberculous outgrowths appear on the surface of the bone tissue (which is easily detected by palpation).
• The dog does not eat well, because the process of chewing causes him severe pain. Because of this, the animal quickly loses weight.
• In the most severe cases, the bone tissue is completely destroyed and easily pressed through with a finger.

liver cancer

As a rule, liver cancer is almost always secondary (that is, it develops from brought metastases), and therefore the main type of tumors are adenocarcinomas (more precisely, hepatocarcinomas). It is difficult to identify this type of oncology, since the symptoms are also characteristic of dozens of other liver diseases:

• Jaundice of all visible mucous membranes and skin.
• Pain on palpation of the right hypochondrium.
• Feces are sticky and greasy, which is associated with poor digestion of lipids.

Skin cancers

Since the skin of the animal is constantly in control with the external environment, the likelihood of getting carcinogenic substances on it is quite high. If this happens, skin cancer may develop. The main types of tumors in dogs are melanomas and carcinomas.

Symptoms are as follows:

• On the surface of the skin, strange, unusual formations may appear in the form of large birthmarks of a “torn” shape. Their surface can be either smooth or bumpy, uneven.
• In these places, the appearance of cracks, ulcers, and other disturbing violations of the integrity of the skin is also possible. They itch, itch, bleed (usually this is how squamous cell carcinoma manifests itself). Because of the “scabies”, the dog constantly rubs and rubs the areas of the skin that disturb him, which causes the seeding of these places with pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora, the ulcers begin to fester.
• Sites of tumor development can be very painful on palpation.

Cancers of the lungs

Lung cancer is a common disease of dogs living in modern megacities, since the air there is far from perfect. The main type of tumor is adenocarcinoma.

Symptoms appear like this:

• Persistent bronchitis, cough, other signs of respiratory diseases.
• As the tumor grows and develops, it becomes increasingly difficult for the dog to breathe, and the animal often wheezes and chokes.

Oncology of the bladder

In general, bladder cancer is more common in cats, but can also occur in dogs. Adenocarcinomas and simple carcinomas rule the ball. Both types of tumors are aggressive, prone to rapid spread through metastasis.

The disease does not manifest itself in the most characteristic way:

• If the neoplasm has arisen near the urethral canal, the dog begins to experience serious difficulties with urination.
• There is blood in the urine.
• When probing the abdominal pelvic cavity, a large, swollen bladder is revealed.

Cancers of the reproductive system in males

Prostate cancer is common in older males. The usual type of tumors developing in this case is adenocarcinoma, which is why the disease is very difficult, and the percentage of deaths is high.

Symptoms are characterized by the following:

• Prostate cancer causes infertility and deterioration of sexual function.
• The genital area becomes painful.

Testicular cancer is more evident. The testicles noticeably increase in size, become very dense and extremely painful.

Oncology of the spleen

Spleen cancer in dogs is poorly understood. The main types of tumors are fibrosarcomas and lymphosarcomas. The symptoms are extremely blurred: lack of appetite, poor condition of the animal, increased overall body temperature. Often the disease is detected already by the results of the autopsy.