Treatment for ringworm in dogs. Characteristic manifestations of trichophytosis in dogs, signs of colonization of pathogenic flora and treatment of a contagious disease Advanced trichophytosis in a dog what to do

Trichophytosis is a fungal skin disease in dogs. Simply this. This is an infectious disease not only of animals, but also of humans.

It is caused by imperfect fungi of the genus Trichophyton. These form a large number of spores that spread easily and widely. Fungi are very resistant to the action of disinfectants and heat, they live for a long time in the external environment: in the soil, on bedding, on wooden objects.

Rats and mice, stray dogs can carry them. The appearance of ringworm is also facilitated by superficial skin lesions and adverse weather conditions. Most often, we deprive puppies, as well as animals with reduced immunity and poor nutrition.

Symptoms of trichophytosis in dogs

Trichophytosis is a chronic disease. It becomes noticeable when areas appear on the skin of the animal, on which broken hairs of wool are visible. These areas are also covered with crusts and scales. Often the spots are round in shape, and the crusts and scales are asbestos-gray in color.

Most often, the lesion appears on the skin of the neck, head, limbs. If the case is neglected, then multiple spots can capture significant areas of the body and merge. Itching is mild or absent. There is also a deep form of trichophytosis, when pus accumulates under the crusts - this is the suppuration of the hair follicles. Trichophytosis can also affect the claws - they become deformed and become thick. The dog tries to scratch and lick the lesions.

Treatment of trichophytosis in dogs

It is better not to treat the animal on your own.
It must be shown to a veterinarian, who will make a diagnosis based on clinical signs and microscopic examination of skin scrapings and ultraviolet irradiation of the affected areas.
Inoculations can also be made on special nutrient media.
If the damage to the skin of the dog is local, the hair at the edges of the plaque is cut off, and the skin is washed with betadine solution, removing dead scales.
It is necessary to treat the affected areas daily with a fungistatic solution, cream or ointment.
If the affected areas are infected, they are needed with an antibiotic.
With severe lesions, it is better to cut off all the hair, and treat the dog twice a week with a fungistatic liquid.
Preparations are also prescribed orally - griseofulvin (fulvicin).

For the prevention and treatment of lichen, highly effective inactivated vaccines are used.

Trichophytosis in animals is a skin fungal disease, in other words, "ringworm". This disease is quite dangerous, it is transmitted not only from animal to animal, but also from animal to human. Any dog can become infected with trichophytosis, regardless of age and breed. This disease is transmitted from rodents, through contaminated liquid, food, any other object. Such things can be dishes, furniture, bedding, toys, etc.

The following groups of animals are most vulnerable to infection with trichophytosis: stray dogs, dogs with weak immunity, hungry animals, dogs with lice and worms, and puppies that have just undergone stress.

Symptoms of trichophytosis

Ringworm becomes noticeable on the dog's body only when rounded areas with broken hair appear. Such affected areas are covered with scales and crust, they have a gray color.

Typically, areas affected by trichophytosis occur on the neck of dogs, as well as the head and limbs of the animal. If the disease is allowed to take its course, places with lichen will grow, and eventually merge into a single diseased area. There is also a more severe stage of the disease, which is accompanied by suppuration of the subcutaneous layer. Ringworm can also affect the nails, in which case they become rough and thick, which makes the animal uncomfortable.

Treatment of trichophytosis in dogs

With trichophytosis, self-medication is not recommended, you must contact a veterinary clinic for a doctor's consultation. After the veterinarian has made a diagnosis, a complex treatment is prescribed - injections and tablets must be combined with ointments and.

Trichophytosis in dogs is so common that every breeder must know its causes and the basic principles of treatment, because the disease is dangerous not only for the animal, but also for humans.

According to statistics, outbreaks of the disease occur in autumn and winter, due to the natural decrease in the dog's immunity. In summer, it is more difficult to get infected, as the body's strength is getting stronger, and the external environment is unfavorable for the fungus, which dies under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Most often, homeless animals suffer from ringworm, however, pets also have a high chance of contracting the fungus, especially under conditions of stress.

Development of the disease

It cannot be argued that once on the skin of an animal, the fungus will necessarily cause disease. For healthy dogs, this contact may be asymptomatic. With provoking factors, the following will happen:

mycelium penetrates the thickness of the epidermis and germinates there;
hair follicles are affected, in which inflammation begins.

The complexities of treatment include the fact that the disease does not manifest itself immediately, but after about 2 weeks. Before that, it is almost impossible to suspect a Trichophyton lesion, because in the early stages the disease can manifest itself only in a change in the dog's behavior.

Symptoms

During the incubation period, the animal begins to itch. The first thing the owners suspect is a flea infestation. After watching the pet, you can immediately assume lichen: the dog will itch in one place. The first stage is the appearance of redness and swelling. As a rule, there are no rashes at first. Just a red spot, which is often confused with ordinary dermatitis and they try to identify the allergen.

Single lesions are localized on the paws, head, neck, at the base of the tail; when the fungus spreads, spots appear on the muzzle, abdomen, and even at the base of the growth of the claws. More dangerous for the animal is a secondary lesion of the epidermis. The stronger the disease manifests itself, the more itching becomes, as a result of which the dog itself injures the upper layer of the epidermis - a favorable environment for the growth of mycelium.

If the animal is not treated, then small foci of lichen merge, covering large areas of the body. In place of the primary spots, scabs are formed, which, when opened, degenerate into an ulcer. Further ignoring the problem leads to pyoderma, to purulent inflammation of the skin. The dog becomes lethargic, her appetite disappears, her body temperature rises, and an increased number of leukocytes is found in the blood tests.

Diagnosis and treatment

If you suspect a disease, you should contact your veterinarian. Trichophytosis in dogs is diagnosed in several ways:

examination of samples of the epidermis and hairline under a microscope;
translucence of the lesion with "black light" under the Wood's lamp;
inoculation of biomaterial in a nutrient medium. Usually this method gives 100% result.

Once diagnosed, treatment should begin immediately. This process is lengthy. What you definitely can’t do is try to get rid of red spots on your own. First you need to cut the hair in the affected area, even if the process of hair loss has already begun. The more thoroughly the wound is cleaned, the easier it is to process. The cut hairs are burned to prevent the spread of the disease.

Hydrogen peroxide is used to soften the crusts. The second step is antiseptic treatment, for which you can take ordinary chlorhexidine. But these are only the first measures that alleviate the condition in the affected areas. Trichophytosis is a fungal disease, so you can not do without special preparations.

To combat the fungus, drugs are used in the form of ointments, tablets and vaccines. Also in therapy, preparations based on iodine are necessarily used, which fungi simply cannot tolerate. The two most common antifungal agents are Intraconazole and Griseofulvin, with Nystatin and Ketoconazole also being used successfully.

With a small skin lesion and in the absence of generalized areas, the drugs are used in the form of an ointment, in case of complications they are used orally, and the animal is also bathed with a special shampoo containing ketoconazole.

Griseofulvin is an antibiotic that destroys the cell membrane of the fungus. When using it inside, it is necessary to provide the dog with good nutrition. The diet must contain fatty foods, as the drug affects the gastric mucosa. The minus of griseofulvin is the impossibility of treating pregnant females, as well as aged animals with impaired renal function. A prerequisite is following the doctor's recommendations, otherwise nausea and diarrhea may occur during therapy.

Intraconazole is considered safer, which does not destroy, but blocks the spread of mycelium, which gives a good effect in complex therapy. This drug is less toxic and causes fewer side effects.

Often, veterinarians use sulfur-based ointments to treat trichophytosis. They treat the affected areas of the skin, carefully making sure that the dog does not lick itself. Plus, it is advised to increase the number of baths. The convenience of sulfur-based ointments is manifested in the fact that the treated areas of the skin are always visible, because sulfur-containing preparations have a yellowish tint.

Vaccines against trichophytosis are successfully applied. They can be administered both for prevention and directly during treatment. The most popular drugs are Vakderm, Microderm and. Their minus is the impossibility of using during complications obtained with this disease. It should also be remembered that often after the administration of the drug, the symptoms of trichophytosis increase, but after a while they disappear: this indicates the correct reaction of the animal's body to treatment.

To protect your pet from infection with the Trichophyton fungus, you need to pay special attention to increasing the immunity of the animal, as well as monitor the hygiene of the dog and limit its contact with stray dogs.

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.2

Chapter 2. Diagnostics. Treatment. Prevention and control of trichophytosis in dogs

Chapter 3

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work.Before the domestic veterinary medicine and mycology, the issue of improving existing and developing new methods for diagnosing dermatomycosis, as well as indicating pathogens of mycoses in environmental objects, is acute. Changes in the ecological background in a number of republics and regions, urbanization processes and related changes in the structure and boundaries of the nosoareals of these diseases make serious changes in the epidemiology and affect the nature of the clinical course of modern zoonotic dermatomycosis in animals and their owners. This contributes to the spread of zoonotic dermatomycosis in areas of the country that differ in climatic, geographical, economic and environmental conditions.

The studies of N.A. Medvedeva (1968), P.N. Pestereva (1988), E.V. Chistyakova (1992). They highlight the features of the morphology of pathogenic fungi, issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinics and treatment of these mycoses. However, over the past decade, the spectrum of pathogens and clinical manifestations of trichophytosis have changed, which indicates the need for further study of the ethnological originality and clinical features of the latter. The problem of the pathogenesis of trichophytosis, including the study of the processes of immunogenesis in this mycosis, is devoted to the research of Yu.A. Medvedev (1989) and other authors.

A characteristic feature of all dermatomycosis and trichophytosis in dogs, in particular, is the modification of the microbiota. If earlier anthropophilic fungi were the most common causative agents of dermatomycosis, now they account for no more than 1% of mycobiota. The main causative agents of microsporia and trichophytosis are zoophilic fungi. For trichophytosis, these are Trichophyton verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes var. gypsum.

Goal of the work:to study the features of trichophytosis in dogs, to make a medical history of a puppy with a diagnosis of trichophytosis.

Subject of work:trichophytosis.

Work object:puppy diagnosed with trichophytosis.

Work tasks:

1. Give the concept of trichophytosis, epizootic data, characteristics of trichophytosis pathogens in dogs.

Consider the pathogenesis and clinical signs of trichophytosis in dogs.

To study the methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of trichophytosis in dogs.

Make a medical history of a supervised puppy diagnosed with trichophytosis.

Research methods:analysis of literature on the topic, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, observation, medical research.

Scope and structure of work.Course work is presented on 37 pages of printed text. The coursework consists of an introduction, three chapters, including paragraphs, conclusions and a list of references. The list of references includes 40 sources, including 34 domestic and 6 foreign authors.

CHAPTER 1

.1 Definition of illness. epizootic data. Characteristics of causative agents of trichophytosis in dogs

Trichophytosis is a common disease among dog ringworms, the main causative agents of which are Trichophyton verrucosum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. gypsum. Trichophytosis is a natural focal infection, the epidemic features and frequency of outbreaks of which depend on geographical, environmental and a number of other factors.

The source of infection is a sick person, animals or soil. The pathogens are resistant to the action of the environment, their spores in the dried state remain viable for several months. Transmission occurs through contact with an infected person or animal, or through household items. Changes in the pH of the environment play a certain role in the occurrence of pathological processes on the skin. In modern natural conditions, trichophytosis has a number of characteristic features - the species composition of pathogens has changed. The main causative agent is trichophyton faviform, the specific gravity of which is 80-85%.

The causative agent of this disease is a fungus belonging to the genus Trichophyton. The mycelium of the fungus is not resistant. The spores are very stable: they remain indoors for 4-10 years, on animal hair - 12-15 months, in soil - 1.5 years, in manure and slurry - 8 months, pathological material (skin, hair) when dried - more two years. Fungal cells consist of a shell of protoplasm, a nucleus and a number of inclusions. They contain fat, vitamins, glycogen and crystals of organic salts. Under natural conditions, dermatophytes form mycelium, which breaks down into arthrospores, and in culture on nutrient media, usually abundant and varied growth. Spores are formed inside and outside the mycelium. Most fungi are aerobes .. mentagrophytes - small spores - 3-5 microns. Cultures grow rapidly, colonies appear on the 3-5th day, mature on the 14-16th day. Colonies are white, cream, dark yellow, and may be powdery. Velvety. There are spiral endings of spores. Microconidia numerous, round or oval. Arthrospores are absent. Club-shaped microconidia (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. gypsum

Verrucosum - large-spore fungi from 5 to 8 microns in size, affect the hair as an ectothrix (Fig. 2). Their elements in most cases are located outside the hair, the spore sheath is located at the base of the hair and is well expressed. Mushrooms grow slowly on wort agar or Sabouraud agar. Mature colonies appear on the 15-25th day. Colonies are white, gray, leathery, elevated or flat, folded or bumpy, the growing edge is even, radiant, cobweb. Branching mycelium, microconidia (aleuria) oval, pear-shaped, rounded arthrospores. Chlamydospores are terminal or intercalary. Microconidia are elongated.

Rice. 2. Trichophyton verrucosum

Lesions are most often found on the scalp (near the nose, eyes), limbs, neck; may be in other places. On the affected areas, peeling of the skin and breaking off of the hair are first observed, as a result of which bald spots are formed. Then small, quickly drying blisters appear on them, covered with grayish-white dry crusts. The affected areas gradually increase, expanding to the periphery. In sick animals, body weight gain decreases, the quality of wool and the level of natural resistance decrease.

Carriers of pathogenic dermatomycetes are mice, rats and other rodents. In dogs and cats, ringworm occurs and easily spreads when zoohygienic rules are violated, so it is especially common in homeless, stray animals. Such animals pose the greatest danger to humans (primarily for children). Adverse weather conditions and superficial skin lesions contribute to the manifestation of ringworm.

Most often, microsporia and trichophytosis affect young animals - puppies and kittens under the age of 1 year. The spread of diseases contributes to the violation of zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary rules for keeping, feeding and exploiting animals (violation of the normal microclimate, crowded keeping, movement and regrouping of animals, as well as mass contact examination during exhibition events).

In the last 30-40 years, zooanthroponotic trichophytosis with an atypical form of localization of the pathological process has not been recorded. The predominant (97.9%) causative agent of the disease is Trichophyton verrucosum. In 2011, 2.3 cases of trichophytosis per 100,000 dogs were registered on the territory of the Russian Federation. Trichophytosis is most common in the Southern Federal District (incidence rate was 5.7 and 6.7 per 100,000 dogs in 2010 and 2011, respectively). The regions with a high incidence of trichophytosis in dogs include the republics of Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Sakha (Yakutia). On the territory of the North-Western Territorial District of the Russian Federation (RF), trichophytosis in dogs is recorded sporadically, although in recent years there has been a tendency towards a gradual increase in the incidence. This is facilitated by the active migration of the population from the southern regions of Russia and Central Asia, the weakening of veterinary control, the weak level of knowledge about the clinical picture of trichophytosis by dermatologists and doctors of other specialties.

1.2 Pathogenesis. Clinical signs of trichophytosis in dogs

Trichophytons multiply in tissues containing horny substance - kerotene, which is present in the stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin and in the hair. The pathogen releases toxins and keratolytic enzymes that cause superficial inflammation and loosening of the stratum corneum. Under conditions favorable for development, the pathogen penetrates to the mouth of the hair follicles and into the neck of the hair, destroys the cuticle, the inner hair sheath, and the cortical substance, which leads to malnutrition of the hair and its loss. Hyperkeratosis develops at the site of the lesion.

Clinical signs . The incubation period lasts from a week to a month. The disease proceeds chronically and is expressed in the appearance on the skin of small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color (Fig. 3). Most often, the skin of the head, neck, and extremities is affected. In advanced cases, multiple spots can merge and capture significant areas of the body. Itching is absent or mild.

Rice. 3.Trichophytosis in a puppy

With a deep form of trichophytosis in dogs, suppuration of the hair follicles occurs, a lot of pus accumulates under the crusts. Ringworm can also affect the nails (onychomycosis). In this case, they become thick and deformed. In mild cases, the disease proceeds without itching. Crusts and scabs may appear on the affected areas, which later begin to become wet. The dog licks them and tries to scratch them. Sometimes there is an extensive skin lesion. In mild cases, the disease leads to hair loss and local flaking of the skin.

CHAPTER 2. DIAGNOSIS. TREATMENT. PREVENTION AND MEASURES FOR TRICHOPHYTIA IN DOGS

In recent years, there has been a clinical diversity of trichophytosis in dogs, the presence of atypical and erased clinical forms, which, in turn, makes it difficult to timely diagnose. Atypical forms of the disease must be differentiated from lichen simplex in dogs, Gibert's pink lichen, psoriasis, microbial and seborrheic eczema, atopic dermatitis, hydradenitis, chronic pyoderma, sycosis vulgaris.

Superficial, infiltrative and suppurative forms of trichophytosis are successive stages in the development of the pathological process. The clinical picture of superficial trichophytosis is quite characteristic. In dogs, one or more foci of pink color, round-oval shape, with clear boundaries, peeling appear; on the periphery of the foci, follicular nodules can be located. With an infiltrative form, the lesions are sharply defined, the skin is hyperemic, edematous, infiltrated and somewhat rises above the general level, single pustules, crusts of a purulent-hemorrhagic nature can occur.

With the development of the process on the skin, vellus hair is often affected, which leads to the development of ostiofolliculitis; when the head or the area of the beard and mustache is affected, the hair breaks off. The suppurative form of trichophytosis in dogs often develops on the scalp or in the growth zone of the beard and mustache due to the further progression of the mycotic process.

Hyperemia of the skin in the area of the lesion intensifies, multiple folliculitis appear, merging into a massive infiltrate, which protrudes significantly above the skin surface and is painful on palpation. As a rule, with a suppurative form of trichophytosis, an increase in regional lymph nodes, an increase in body temperature, and a violation of the general condition of the animal are observed. With the infiltrative-suppurative form of trichophytosis, the hair in the lesions is very easily epilated. Often, with the development of cicatricial changes in the skin, the hair is not completely restored.

The clinical diagnosis of trichophytosis in dogs must be confirmed by laboratory data. In normal clinical practice, trichophytosis is limited to microscopic and cultural methods for examining infected material. Before microscopy, the affected objects (skin scales, hair, blisters) are pre-treated with a 10% potassium hydroxide solution or a 25% sodium hydroxide solution to clear the preparation. Therefore, this diagnostic method is often called the KOH test. Microscopic identification of micromycetes directly in a clinical sample is a rapid diagnostic method, however, the presence of false negative results in more than 15% of cases indicates a lack of specificity and sensitivity of the method. This method can detect the presence of dermatomycetes, but their identification is not possible. Also, this test is limited by the subjective assessment of the laboratory assistant. Thus, the sensitivity of direct microscopy in case of fungal infection of the head of an animal, according to a number of authors, varies from 67 to 91%.

In order to increase specificity and sensitivity, a number of methods have been developed that allow simple and quick identification of various types of micromycetes. In mycological laboratories, preparations for microscopic examination are clarified with a 15-30% KOH solution, to which a 5-10% solution of Parkers Superchrome Blue-Black Ink is added. With this method, the hyphae and spores of dermatomycetes are stained blue.

Recently, a new method of microscopy of native preparations with calcofluor white staining has been developed and put into practice. This reagent is used as a bleaching agent in the textile and paper industries. The combined use of white calcofluor with KOH makes it possible to detect both young and mature hyphae of dermatomycetes. The use of the white calcofluor staining method in the microscopic diagnosis of dermatomycosis allows a 10% increase in the detection of a fungal infection compared to the standard KOH method. The paint fluoresces in ultraviolet light (with short-wave irradiation). Visualization is done under a fluorescent microscope.

For staining histological sections of hair, the PAS (periodic acid reaction) staining method is widely used. The latter differs little from the procedure for staining tissue sections and is accompanied by the staining of certain glycans (polysaccharides) located in the cell wall of dermatomycetes. In order to identify the most informative diagnostic method, J. Weinberg et al. compared four diagnostic tests, namely microscopic, culture, white calcofluorescent microscopy and nail biopsy. The authors found a sensitivity of 80% for microscopy, 59% for culture, and 92% for nail biopsy compared to fluorescent microscopy with white calcofluor, which was chosen as the primary method. The advantage of all the above microscopy techniques is their fast and simple technique, but they do not make it possible to identify the type of micromycetes.

To establish the species of the pathogen, the material is sown on the Sabouraud nutrient medium, followed by identification of the isolated culture. A known method of isolating dermatomycetes on a dense Sabouraud medium with selective additives in the form of penicillin (20,000 IU) or streptomycin (40,000 IU), gentamicin (0.005 g/l), chloramphenicol (0.16 g/l). The disadvantage of this culture medium is the slow growth of isolated cultures, which leads to long periods of diagnosis. In order to reduce the growth period of cultures, a number of authors have proposed various modifications of the composition of the Sabouraud medium. A method for cultivating dermatophytes in a liquid medium containing keratin is described.

Z.R. Khismatullina et al. A method was developed for the identification of dermatomycetes using a Sabouraud culture medium with keratin hydrolyzate, which makes it possible to reduce the time for isolating fungi from the material of a sick animal. An increase in the growth rate of cultures of micromycetes occurs when the content of keratin hydrolyzate in the nutrient medium is above 20 g/l. Seeding dermatophytes by the proposed method allows identification for Tr. mentagrophytes var. gypseum on day 4-5, for Tr. verrucosum - on the 7-8th day.

One of the attempts to improve and provide mass cultural diagnostics of dermatomycetes is the development of a test medium for dermatophytes (DTM, delmatophyte test medium) containing Sabouraud agar with antibiotics, cycloheximide and a dermatophyte growth indicator. The introduction of the DTM environment gave birth to the concept of "office culture", in which it became possible to observe growth in disposable cups not in a special laboratory, but directly in the veterinarian's office, since the growth of the culture takes place at room temperature.

Even if all the rules for collecting material are observed, with the availability of equipment and the high professionalism of the laboratory staff, the number of detected positive results of a cultural study is very small. The culture method is a specific diagnostic test that requires up to 8 weeks of time before a result is obtained. However, according to foreign literature, the proportion of positive cultural studies barely reaches 50%, in domestic studies, the pathogen cannot be isolated even in 64% of cases. This is due to technical errors (violation of the rules for the collection of material, its transportation, etc.), but most often - the previous (usually local) antifungal therapy in dogs by their owners. Dog owners often self-medicate their dogs with the use of external antimycotic agents, which leads not only to a change in the clinical picture, but, of course, to the appearance of false-negative results of the study in dermatophytosis.

Some authors have repeatedly proposed different diagnostic approaches that would improve the identification of fungal infection, supplement or replace classical methods. Therefore, in addition to routine microscopic and cultural methods, new possibilities are being actively studied, such as the determination of the Tr antigen. verrucosum var. verrucosum by enzyme immunoassay, as well as direct DNA diagnostics of dermatomycetes. Molecular biological techniques such as RSI-RFLP, real-time PCR, and multiplex PCR have been adapted for the detection of dermatomycetes in clinical specimens. These molecular methods have good potential for the direct detection of dermatomycetes, however, they still need to be standardized for routine clinical laboratories.

In 2004, the first genetic probes for the direct diagnosis of dermatophytosis of the skin, hair, and nails were developed in Russia and successfully applied in clinical settings. This project was initiated in 2003 by the National Academy of Mycology to explore the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of Trichophyton rubrum in clinical specimens. A similar method was then created for Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Only a few authors have compared KOH microscopy and culture with the PCR method in clinical specimens. In a study by Nagao et al. identified Trichophyton rubrum by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (BTC1) gene, which was negative both by KOH microscopy and culture. Yan et al. compared random primed PCR with conventional methods showed that random primed PCR is a faster, more sensitive and specific method for diagnosing dermatophytosis. Similar studies have not been conducted on the causative agents of trichophytosis in dogs.

In line with the general trends observed in the field of diagnostics, real-time PCR may in the future become a replacement for direct microscopy and culture methods. The high cost of PCR today and the infrequent use of this method in veterinary clinics is a limiting factor, but this may change as a result of decreasing prices in the reagent market and the savings generated by the replacement of conventional diagnostics.

Thus, the traditional available methods of laboratory diagnosis of trichophytosis in dogs do not always allow us to determine the type of pathogen and, accordingly, choose the optimal method of treatment. The urgent need for methods for rapid and accurate identification of pathogens opens up prospects for the introduction of such a modern, highly sensitive and specific research method as the polymerase chain reaction method into the diagnosis of this disease.

After confirming the diagnosis of trichophytosis in dogs, a 2- or 3-fold vaccine against trichophytosis is administered for therapeutic purposes. At the same time, agents with fungistatic and fungicidal properties are prescribed. In the initial period of the disease, the affected areas are treated with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as liquids and pastes with fungicidal properties. A number of ready-made fungicidal forms are quite widely represented: fungin, nitrofungin; ointments: undecin, zincundan, mycoseptin, Yam, clotrimazole, vedinol, ecalin, travogen; solution "Niklofen", epacid F, Apit. Lubricate or rub into the affected areas of the skin 2-3 times a day. The therapeutic effect is enhanced with the simultaneous administration of griseofulvin or nizoral. After recovery, Carbolici cristall, Ricini, etc. are rubbed into the affected areas of the skin to accelerate hair growth. Rub into the skin of a sick animal daily to stimulate hair growth.

Prevention of trichophytosis in animals creates the prerequisites for the elimination of trichophytosis in humans<#"justify">trichophytosis dog epidemic clinical

CHAPTER 3

Clinical Status

1. Kind: dog

Gender: female

Breed: French Bulldog

Date of birth of the animal: 04/15/2012

Nickname: Margot

Color: fawn

The owner and address of the animal: Antonova K.P., Moscow.

Date of receipt of the animal: 08.07.12

Preliminary diagnosis: Trichophytosis

Final diagnosis: Trichophytosis

Date of outcome of the disease: 18.07.12

Anamnesis

1. Anamnesis vitae . Puppy 3 months old, kept in a comfortable apartment. Feeding 3 times a day; morning, lunch, evening. Approximate puppy diet: meat - 300 g / day, oatmeal - 100 g / day, potatoes - 40 g / day, cabbage - 40 g / day, carrots - 30 g / day, cottage cheese - 200 g / day. Walking 3 times a day for 15 minutes.

2. Amamnesis morbi. According to the owner, the puppy fell ill on July 4 in the evening, which manifested itself in the appearance of a slightly noticeable rash on the chin, then there was an increase in the area of the lesion, a reddish crust formed on the skin, and hair loss began at the site of the lesion. On July 6, the puppy developed a bald spot with clear boundaries on the affected area. Pus began to flow from under the crust.

Clinical examination

1.General state - Status Praesens. Build: correct, corresponds to the breed. Constitution: dense. Position: natural, standing. Temperament: balanced. Fatness: good.

2. Examination of the skin and coat. The skin is dry, unpigmented, elastic. The hairline is shiny, firmly held, evenly distributed over the entire surface of the body, except for the affected one. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching is pronounced. There is a slight suppuration of the hair follicles.

Examination of the lymph nodes. Submandibular, slightly enlarged, mobile, dense consistency, painless, local temperature is not elevated. Inguinal - mobile, painless, oval-round shape, not enlarged.

Examination of mucous membranes. The mucous membrane of the conjunctiva is pink, shiny. Without damage. The mucous membrane of the mouth is pale pink, pigmented. The body temperature of the animal in the rectum at the time of administration is normal.

The cardiovascular system. On palpation, the cardiac region is painless. Percussion determined the following borders of the heart: anterior - along the anterior edge of the 3rd rib; upper - along the line of the scapular-shoulder joint; back - up to the 7th rib. Absolute dullness of the heart in the 5-6th intercostal space. On auscultation, heart sounds are loud, clear, and clear. The arterial pulse on the inner side of the thigh is rhythmic, evenly filled, the frequency is 100 beats/min.

Respiratory system. The examination of the nasal cavity did not reveal serous outflows. Breathing is shallow, rhythmic, abdominal breathing prevails. Respiration rate: 30 breaths. dv./min. Palpation of the larynx and trachea is painless.

Digestive system. Appetite is reduced, food and water intake is free. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is pale pink, without damage. Tongue wet, pink with white coating. The position of the teeth corresponds to the age of the animal. Palpation of the pharynx is painless. Salivary glands are not enlarged, painless. The shape of the abdomen is symmetrical. The abdominal wall is painless, moderately tense. Deep palpation reveals the stomach. On palpation of the intestinal area, there is no pain; on percussion, the sound is tympanic.

Intestinal motility is moderate, peristaltic noises are heard. The intestines are painless, moderately full. On palpation, the liver is not enlarged, painless, with percussion the sound is dull. The area of hepatic dullness is located on the right from the 11th to the 13th intercostal space along the Maklok line, on the left in the area of the 12th intercostal space. According to the owner, the animal assumes a natural posture during defecation. Feces are dense without foreign inclusions and mucus.

Urogenital system. The external genitalia of the dog without pathological changes correspond to the age and sex of the animal. Expiration from the genital organs uncharacteristic for the animal is not observed. With deep palpation, two bean-shaped bodies are found - the kidneys, the left one is palpated better, due to a more convenient location in the area in the corner of the left iliac fossa. Painful reaction in the area of the kidneys and bladder is not observed. In general, the puppy behaves calmly on palpation. According to the owner, urination occurs in a natural position for the age and gender of the dog. Urine clear watery.

Studies of the skull and spinal column. Skull of regular shape, symmetrical, corresponds to the exterior of the breed. Vertebral column without curvature. Palpation of the costal and vertebral processes revealed no signs of osteomalacia or displacements. The tail is straight docked. The last ribs are whole, dense, without rickets; intercostal spaces are even.

Nervous system. The general condition of the animal is depressed. The coordination of movements is correct. Tactile and pain sensitivity is preserved.

Sense organs. The eye position is correct, without deviations. The eye environments are clean, the pupils are slightly dilated, the reaction of the pupils to light is not slowed down. There are no corneal opacities. The iris is a normal brown, as far as I can tell. Hearing is not weakened, the external auricles are intact, of the correct form, without redness. There are no unnatural outflows from the auditory openings.

Laboratory research

1.Complete blood count, urinalysis

General analysis of urine from 8.07.12. The color of urine is straw yellow. Protein is negative. Urine is transparent. Epithelium (squamous) 1-2 in p / s. Leukocytes 1-2 in p / s. The reaction is acidic. Weight 1010. Conclusion: within the normal range.

Complete blood count dated 8.07.12.

Erythrocytes 4.5*10 12 /l

Leukocytes - 8.0 * 10 9

Neutrophils - 7

Band - 0

Segmented - 61

Lymphocytes - 29

Monocytes - 3

ESR - 10 mm/h

Conclusion: within the normal range

Blood chemistry

Biochemical blood test dated 8.07.12.

Tot. Protein - 74 g/l

Bilirubin total - 19.4 µmol/l

Creatinine - 0.08 µmol

Thymol test - 2.0 units

AST - 14.8 units/l

ALT - 21.6 units/l

Conclusion: within the normal range

Analysis of the affected area of the puppy's skin for fungi.

Fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. gypsum.

4. Analysis of feces for eggs of worms.

No worm eggs were found.

Diagnosis and its rationale

Based on the history and clinical examination of the animal, the diagnosis was made: trichophytosis.

Treatment prognosis

Subject to all the points of the puppy treatment plan, the prognosis is favorable due to the timely visit to a medical institution and some competence of the owner-dog breeder with experience.

Treatment plan

Treatment of trichophytosis is complex. To eliminate the etiological factor of the disease, the animal needs to create optimal zoohygienic conditions for keeping and feeding. For therapeutic purposes, a trichophytosis vaccine is administered 2 or 3 times. At the same time, agents with fungistatic and fungicidal properties are prescribed. In the initial period of the disease, the affected areas are treated with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as liquids and pastes with fungicidal properties. A number of ready-made fungicidal forms are quite widely represented: fungin, nitrofungin; ointments: undecin, zincundan, mycoseptin, Yam, clotrimazole, vedinol, ecalin, travogen; solution "Niklofen", epacid F, Apit. Lubricate or rub into the affected areas of the skin 2-3 times a day.

The therapeutic effect is enhanced with the simultaneous administration of griseofulvin or nizoral. After recovery, to accelerate hair growth, Carbolici cristall, Ricini, etc. are rubbed into the affected areas of the skin. They are rubbed into the skin of a sick animal daily to stimulate hair growth.

Recipes

1. Rp.: Acidi salicylici 1.0rae jodi spirituosae 5% 10.0.D.S. External. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin and surrounding healthy tissues several times.

2. Rp.: Sol. Fuxini spirituosae 10.0 ml. Phenoli 5% 100.0 ml. borici 1.010.05.0.D.S. Fungicide. Apply to the affected areas of the skin (Castellani liquid).

Rp.: Sol. Fungini 20ml

D.S. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin 2-3 times a day.

Rep.: Tab. Griseofulvini 0.125 N.40

D.S. Inside 1 tablet 1 tablet 2 times a day - 1 week.

5. Rp.: 01. Ricini 25.05.0aethylici 95% 150, 0. Sinapis actherei 2.0

M.D.S. Rub into skin daily to stimulate hair growth.

Course of the disease

Date °CPulse Respiratory rateSymptomsTreatment8.07.1237, 610030 Depression, general weakness, elevated body temperature, enlargement of regional lymph nodes, loss of appetite. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching. Suppuration of hair follicles. Introduction of a vaccine against trichophytosis. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% iodine tincture, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 times a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching. Suppuration of hair follicles. No deterioration is observed. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching. Suppuration of hair follicles. No deterioration is observed. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 11.07.1237,29729 Depression, general weakness, elevated body temperature, enlargement of regional lymph nodes, loss of appetite. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching. Suppuration of hair follicles. No deterioration is observed. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 12.07.1237.39430 Depression, general weakness, elevated body temperature, enlargement of regional lymph nodes, decreased appetite In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching is not pronounced. Suppuration of the hair follicles is reduced. No deterioration is observed. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 13.07.1237,28531 General condition improved, body temperature decreased, regional lymph nodes enlarged, appetite decreased. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching is not pronounced. Suppuration of the hair follicles is reduced. No deterioration is observed. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 07/14/1237, 19025 General condition improved, body temperature decreased, regional lymph nodes enlarged, appetite decreased. In the chin area on the skin there are small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Itching is not pronounced. Suppuration of the hair follicles is reduced. No deterioration is observed. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 07/15/1237, 18828 General condition improved, body temperature decreased, regional lymph nodes decreased, appetite improved. Itching is not pronounced. The suppuration of the hair follicles has ceased. Peeling of the affected area has decreased. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 07/16/12379430 The general condition is satisfactory, the dog is mobile, body temperature is normal, appetite is normal. There is no itch. The suppuration of the hair follicles has ceased. Peeling is not pronounced. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 17.07.1236.99930 The general condition is normal, the dog is mobile, body temperature is normal, appetite is normal. The affected areas of the skin are restored. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day. 18.07.1236.99829 The general condition is normal, the dog is mobile, body temperature is normal, appetite is normal. The affected areas of the skin are restored. Lubrication of the affected areas with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 r. in a day. Griseofulvin inside 1 tab. 2 times a day.

After recovery, to accelerate hair growth in the affected areas of the skin, it is necessary to rub Carbolici cristall, Ricini, etc. Rub into the skin of a sick animal daily to stimulate hair growth.

Rice. 4. Graph of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of a puppy with trichophytosis on the days of the disease.

Epicrisis

Trichophytosis is a common disease among dog ringworms, the main causative agents of which are Trichophyton verrucosum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. gypsum. Trichophytosis in dogs is more common than other dermophytosis. Puppies, malnourished dogs, as well as animals with reduced immunity due to another disease, usually get sick. The source of the pathogen are sick and recovered animals. This skin disease is transmitted to dogs from other animals through damaged areas of the skin, through contact with spores found in the ground, on toys and furniture.

Sick dog, French bulldog, female, 04/15/2012 has been on treatment since 08.07. to 18.07. 2012 with a diagnosis of suppurative trichophytosis of the chin (1 focus). On admission, the dog's owner complained that the puppy had a slightly noticeable rash on her chin, then the area of the lesion increased, a reddish crust formed on the skin, and hair loss began at the site of the lesion. On July 6, the puppy developed a bald spot with clear boundaries on the affected area. Pus began to flow from under the crust.

Examination was carried out: physical, analysis for fungi, KLA, OAM, blood BC.

Treatment was carried out: a vaccine against trichophytosis was introduced. The affected areas were treated for 10 days with a solution of salicylic acid in a 5% tincture of iodine, as well as fungin and Castellani liquid 2 times a day. At the same time, griseofulvin was administered orally, 1 tab. 2 times a day. After recovery, to accelerate hair growth in the affected areas of the skin, rubbing Carbolici cristall or Ricini daily is recommended.

The disease in the puppy proceeded with typical clinical signs. The prescribed treatment had the desired effect, because. recovery came in the shortest possible time. A more expanded diet and more complete nutrition is recommended.

CONCLUSION

Trichophytosis - (Trichophytosis), trichophytosis, ringworm, an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by imperfect fungi of the genus Trichophyton, characterized in animals by the appearance on the skin of areas with broken hair, covered with crusts and scales. Distributed in most countries of the world, including Russia. T. verrucosum causes mainly trichophytosis of cattle, zebu, buffaloes, camels, less often silver-black foxes, arctic foxes. T. mentagrophytes (gypseum) is the main causative agent of trichophytosis in dogs, rabbits, silver-black foxes, arctic foxes, voles, ground squirrels, as well as animals kept in zoos, nurseries, etc..

Trichophytosis affects animals of all types and ages. Sources of infection are sick and recovered animals. Transmission factors - infected premises, inventory. Mouse-like rodents are a permanent reservoir of T. mentagrophytes in nature.

Hay, straw, fluff, hair, wool infected with pathogens of trichophytosis serve as a source of infection for rabbits, fur-bearing animals, cattle, sheep, horses. Microtraumas contribute to the introduction of the pathogen. In fur farms, rabbit-breeding complexes, fattening state farms, nurseries, where a large number of animals is concentrated, trichophytosis can proceed as enzootic.

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Trichophytosis is a fairly common disease among street dogs. But it can also occur in pets, the condition of which is constantly monitored by the owners. Let's talk about the causes of the disease, its symptoms, methods of treatment and prevention.

What is trichophytosis?

Trichophytosis in dogs is an infectious disease caused by a fungus. It is more popularly known as

The fungi that provoke the appearance of the disease are distinguished by a high level of resistance to temperature extremes and disinfectants, and are also able to survive for a long time in the external environment: on wooden objects, bedding and in the soil.

The disease is very dangerous, as it can be transmitted not only among animals, but also to humans. It is quite difficult to cure it, especially if the disease was discovered too late and is already in an advanced stage.

Causes of the disease

Fungal skin diseases can affect absolutely any pet. Infection occurs through food, toys or after contact with a sick animal.

The likelihood of depriving increases in the following cases:

The organism of such dogs cannot resist the development of the fungus, as it is in a very weakened state. It is their disease that strikes in the first place.

Symptoms of the disease

Trichophytosis in dogs may be accompanied by some specific symptoms. It is worth noting that during the incubation period, the owners do not even know that the pet has a disease, since there are no clear signs at this moment. But after about two weeks, the symptoms manifest themselves very clearly.

First of all, this is the appearance of a rash. At first, it may be barely noticeable, but over time it increases and turns red. In the same period, hair loss occurs in the animal, as the fungus grows in the epidermis. The head, ears, lower parts of the paws and the base of the tail are most susceptible to the influence of microorganisms. In the absence of the necessary treatment, the infection spreads to the rest of the body.

As a rule, the resulting spots on the dog's skin are very itchy and flaky. After some time, a crust forms on them. At this point, it is important to pay attention to the health of the pet and start timely treatment. Otherwise, pus will begin to form under the crust, and it will be much more difficult to deal with the problem. This condition is called "neglected trichophytosis in a dog." What to do in this case? Immediately contact your veterinarian who will help you choose the necessary medicines.

Preparation for treatment

What to do if a fungus (trichophytosis) was found in dogs? Treatment primarily involves the observance of some simple rules:

Isolate the pet from other animals and children.
During the treatment period, all family members should pay maximum attention to the rules of personal hygiene.
In the house or apartment where the sick dog is located, wet cleaning should be carried out regularly. It is important to use disinfectants.
All other objects with which the dog comes into contact during the day are also subject to disinfection.

Medical treatment

We remember that trichophytosis in dogs is a fungal infection. Therefore, it is logical that antifungal drugs are used for its treatment, which can be presented in the form of ointments, tablets, vaccines. In most cases, these products contain iodine, which is not tolerated by fungi. The most common drugs include:

"Itraconazole";
"Griseofulfin";
"Dermatol";
"Yuglon";
"Zoomikol";
"Nitrofungil;
"Betadine" (solution).

The price of each of the above funds is quite low, but they are all very effective in the fight against fungus.

Before using any of the external means, some preparation is necessary. On the damaged area, you need to carefully cut off the remaining hair, rinse the skin with water and treat with iodine. Next, an antifungal drug is applied directly, for example, "Betadine" (solution). Its price, by the way, is about 166 rubles per bottle. You can repeat the procedure up to 2-3 times a day.

In addition, it is important to ensure that the dog does not lick off the product after applying it. Alternatively, you can bandage the affected area.

Together with antifungal agents, the veterinarian may prescribe immunomodulatory drugs, nutritional supplements and vitamins to the pet.

How to treat ringworm at home

It is immediately worth noting that the use of any of the folk remedies is important to first coordinate with the veterinarian. In addition, this type of treatment is still recommended to be combined with drug therapy.

So, how to treat ringworm at home? You can get rid of the problem with apple cider vinegar and iodine. In the first case, you need to lubricate the cleaned affected area about 4-5 times a day, and in the second - up to 3-4 times.

Trichophytosis in dogs can also be cured with garlic. To do this, you need to clean one of its clove and grease with lichen juice. Next, apply a mixture of plantain juice (1: 1) to the affected area. In the absence of the latter, you can limit yourself only to garlic.

Disease prevention

Such trouble as trichophytosis in dogs can be avoided. To do this, you will need to follow some simple preventive measures:

Special attention should be paid to a special anti-infective vaccine. It can be used both for the treatment of the disease and as a prophylactic. The most famous drugs in this area are Microderm and Vakderm. They show the greatest efficiency in combination with Baksin.

Vaccination is carried out in two stages, during which one vaccination is given. The interval between them is within ten days.

It is worth considering that after vaccination, the condition of the dog may noticeably worsen. There is no need to be afraid of this process, since it is quite normal and soon the animal returns to its former life, but with increased immunity.