Plague- a particularly dangerous infectious disease. it is highly resistant to environmental factors (survives in soil for up to 7 months, on clothes for 5–6 months, in milk for up to 90 days, at a temperature of 60 ° C it dies after 30 minutes, and at 100 ° C - after a few seconds).

Symptoms of the disease: general weakness, chills, headache; pains in the glands in the neck, under the armpits and in the groin, where boils later form; unsteady gait, speech "braided", vomiting, delirium, high fever, blackout of consciousness. In the pulmonary form - chest pain, severe cough with a large amount of sputum.

First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from the rest of the family, give an antipyretic at high temperature, give a headache remedy for severe pain and call a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you can apply a folk remedy: ripe figs cut in half are tied to the sore spot.

Cholera- an acute infectious disease only in humans.

Symptoms of the disease: diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, temperature drop to 35 ° C. First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from healthy people, cover with hot bottles, wrap with a warm blanket. Put a warming compress of vodka or a poultice of bran, cooked in a peel and mashed potatoes on the stomach. If available, it is good to give Botkin's cholera drops inside: 15–20 drops every two to three hours. You can also give several times half a cup of a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate. If there is camphor alcohol, then you can give it 8 drops on sugar every 10 minutes, especially when the patient starts to get cold. You can also give hot, strong coffee, tea with rum or cognac. Drink and give as much liquid as possible.

anthrax- an infectious disease of humans and animals. The anthrax bacterium is able to endure environmental influences for a very long time. Having formed a spore, it even withstands boiling for 10–15 minutes. Symptoms of the disease: with a skin form, itchy spots first appear on the areas of the arms, legs, neck and face. These spots turn into bubbles with a cloudy liquid, over time the bubbles burst, forming ulcers, while there is no sensitivity in the area of the ulcer. In the pulmonary and intestinal form, similar ulcers form in the lungs and stomach. In all three forms, there may be a general intoxication of the body. First aid: bed rest, isolate the patient from others, bandage the patient's mouth, nose and his gauze mask, call a doctor. Antibiotics, gamma globulin and other drugs are usually used for treatment.

Glanders- an infectious disease of animals (more often horses) and humans. The bacterium is very stable in the external environment, in water it survives up to 30 days, in decay products - up to 25 days. When heated to 55 ° C, it dies in 10 minutes, when boiled - instantly.

Table 1 - Duration of the incubation period of infectious diseases

Instructions for behavior during the spread of infectious diseases in epidemics. Rules of behavior of the population in infectious diseases

to prevent the introduction of infection from outside, the exchange of goods is stopped and borders are closed.

2.2. ASIAN CHOLERA ( Cholera asiatica )

An acute infectious disease characterized by severe intoxication and pronounced gastroenteritis, which leads to a violation of water-salt metabolism. The endemic focus of cholera is India, where it has been known since ancient times. When cholera is brought to other countries, it can cause formidable epidemics, even pandemics. The cholera epidemic in the past claimed tens of thousands of human lives. For the period from 1817 to 1925. There were 6 pandemics as a result of the penetration of cholera from India to other countries, including Russia.

Etiology and epidemiology.

The causative agent of cholera - vibrio cholerae and vibrio El Tor - was discovered by Koch in 1883 in the feces of patients. The cholera embryo has the shape of a comma with a flagellum at the end, which ensures its mobility; it grows well on ordinary nutrient alkaline media with oxygen available. The stability of cholera vibrio in the external environment depends on various conditions. It usually dies when dried and under the influence of sunlight, instantly dies when boiled, and is unstable to disinfectants - bleach, lysol, sublimate. In a humid environment, the vibrio can remain viable for a long time. In feces, it survives up to 150 days, on the surface of oil - up to 30 days, vegetables - up to 8 days, in dairy products it remains viable up to 14 days, in boiled water - up to 39 hours, in open water - up to several months. It is also resistant to low temperatures. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier. The patient excretes the causative agent of cholera with feces, and sometimes with vomit during the entire illness. The ways of spreading the infection are different: through hands contaminated with secretions of a cholera patient, through food. Flies are carriers of the causative agent of cholera, but the spread of cholera through water is of greatest epidemiological importance. Water epidemics are explosive.

Clinic.

Infection occurs through the mouth. Vibrio cholerae, having penetrated into the small intestine, vigorously multiplies in it and partially dies. When it dies, endotoxin is released, intoxication quickly sets in, an inflammatory process develops in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, the activity of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs is disturbed, metabolism and thermoregulation are disturbed. The incubation period lasts 2-3, less often 6 days, sometimes it is calculated in hours. The clinic of cholera is diverse - from mild diarrhea to an extremely severe course, sometimes ending with lightning speed in death. The disease occurs acutely. The initial stage of cholera is diarrhea - diarrhea, it can only occasionally be preceded by mild abdominal pain. Then there is liquid stool. The bowel movements become more frequent and each time they become more abundant. Weakness grows. Body temperature is normal. The stools quickly become watery and resemble rice water in appearance and color. Later, vomiting joins, repeated, very plentiful. The combination of diarrhea and vomiting leads to a significant loss of water by the body: in a few hours, patients lose up to 7 liters of fluid with vomit and up to 30 liters with feces. Due to the large loss of fluid, the skin gathers in folds. Seizures are possible. The voice becomes hoarse, and sometimes completely disappears. There is intense thirst. There may be shortness of breath.

Treatment.

Treatment is complex. Measures are primarily directed against dehydration and desalting. Intravenously and subcutaneously, the patient is injected with saline, heated to 39-40. The infusion should be plentiful - up to 2-3 liters per injection, continuous or repeated, 3 to 6 times a day. An intravenous infusion of 5% glucose solution is also used. Conduct antibiotic therapy (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol). A cholera patient should receive extensive cardiovascular therapy. Careful care. During vomiting, the patient's head should be supported. The disease is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature

Infectious diseases. Rules of behavior of the population

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people worldwide are infected with infectious diseases every year. Within a short time, large masses of people can become infected. So, El Tor cholera, which began in 1960. in Indonesia, by 1971 covered all countries of the world. The fourth pandemic (an epidemic covering a group of countries, continents) of influenza in two years () struck about 2 billion people on all continents and claimed about 1.5 million lives. No, no, yes, and there are patients with plague, cholera, brucellosis. The incidence of acute dysentery, typhoid fever, diphtheria, viral hepatitis, salmonellosis, and influenza is still high. Their occurrence is especially dangerous in enterprises, educational institutions, military collectives, where one can infect everyone.

That is why it is very important to know the signs of infectious diseases, how they spread, how to prevent and how to behave.

THE APPEARANCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

November 1990 The taiga city of oil producers Laigepas (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug) turned into a huge infirmary. More than 2,000 people went to the hospital with an intestinal infection, more than 100 were hospitalized, of which 13 were in a very serious condition. What is the reason? The fact that water and sewer pipes were laid side by side, in one trench. As a result, faecal water began to penetrate into the water supply network.

Another example. In the campsite "Rodnik", located on the outskirts of Stavropol, at the end of July 1990, 45 of its settlers fell ill with cholera. A critical situation developed, because 733 people visited the campsite in a short time. They had to be found, isolated and treated. Carriers of cholera vibrio were found in Barnaul, Perm, Krasnodar and many other cities. Only emergency measures prevented the spread of infection. The spring near the campsite was to blame. Landslides damaged the sewer network, and sewage got into the spring water.

It must be remembered that the causative agents of infectious diseases, penetrating into the body, find there a favorable environment for development. Reproducing rapidly, they release toxic products (toxins) that destroy tissues, which leads to disruption of the normal vital processes of the body. The disease occurs, as a rule, after a few hours or dienes from the moment of infection. During this period, called the incubation period, microbes multiply and toxic substances accumulate without visible signs of the disease. Their carrier infects others or inoculates various objects of the external environment with pathogens.

There are several ways of distribution: contact, when there is direct contact of the patient with a healthy person; contact-household - transmission of infection through household items (linen, towels, dishes, toys) contaminated with the secretions of the patient; airborne - when talking, sneezing; water. Many pathogens remain viable in water for at least a few days. In this regard, the transmission of acute dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever can occur through it very widely. If the necessary sanitary measures are not taken, water epidemics can lead to sad consequences.

And how many infectious diseases are transmitted with food products?! In the Tula region in November 1990, five cases of brucellosis were detected. Cause? Neglect of veterinary requirements of II norms: 65 heads of cattle with brucellosis were sent by the state farm to a meat processing plant, from whose products people were infected.

Today, salmonellosis has acquired a leading role. The incidence of them increased by 25 times. This is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Various animals can be peddlers: cattle, pigs, horses, rats, mice and poultry, especially ducks and geese. Perhaps such an infection from a sick person or a carrier of salmonella.

Patients who do not see a doctor in a timely manner are a great danger to others, since many infectious diseases are mild. But at the same time, an intensive release of pathogens into the external environment occurs.

The survival time of pathogens is different. So, on the smooth surfaces of celluloid toys, the diphtheria bacillus remains less than on soft toys made of wool or other fabric. In ready meals, in meat, milk, pathogens can live for a long time. In particular, milk is a favorable breeding ground for typhoid and dysenteric bacilli.

In the human body, protective barriers stand in the way of the penetration of pathogenic microbes - the skin, the mucous membrane of the stomach, and some components of the blood. Dry, healthy and clean skin releases substances that lead to the death of microbes. Mucus and saliva contain a highly active enzyme - lysozyme, which destroys many pathogens. The airway sheath is also a good protector. A reliable barrier to microbes is the stomach. It secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes that neutralize most pathogens of infectious diseases. However, if a person drinks a lot of water, then the acidity, diluted, decreases. Microbes in such cases do not die and penetrate into the intestines with food, and from there into the blood.

It should be noted that the protective forces are more effective in a healthy, hardened body. Hypothermia, non-observance of personal hygiene, trauma, smoking, radiation, alcohol intake sharply reduce its resistance.

RECOGNITION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

The most typical signs of an infectious disease are: chills, fever, fever. In this case, there is a headache, pain in muscles and joints, malaise, general weakness, weakness, sometimes nausea, vomiting, sleep is disturbed, appetite worsens. With typhoid, meningococcal infection, a rash appears. With flu and other respiratory diseases - sneezing, coughing, sore throat. Angina and diphtheria cause sore throat when swallowing. With dysentery - diarrhea. Vomiting and diarrhea are signs of cholera and salmonellosis.

Let us briefly consider the most common infections, ways of their spread and methods of prevention.

Respiratory tract infections are the most numerous and most common diseases. Up to 15-20% of the total population is overdosed with them annually, and during epidemic outbreaks of influenza - up to 40%. Pathogens are localized in the upper respiratory tract and spread by airborne droplets (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. The spread of infectious agents
diseases when coughing and sneezing of the patient.

Microbes enter the air with saliva and mucus when the patient talks, sneezes, coughs (the highest concentration is at a distance of 2-3 m from the patient). Large drops containing pathogens settle rather quickly, dry up, forming microscopic nucleoli. With dust, they again rise into the air and are transferred to other rooms. When they are inhaled, infection occurs. With high humidity in the premises, insufficient ventilation and other violations of sanitary and hygienic rules, pathogens remain in the external environment longer.

During a natural disaster and major catastrophes, people usually accumulate, the norms and rules of the hostel are violated, which leads to the mass incidence of influenza, diphtheria, tonsillitis, meningitis.

Flu. Its virus can infect a significant number of people within a short time. It is resistant to freezing, but quickly dies when heated, dried, under the action of disinfectants, and under ultraviolet irradiation. The incubation period lasts from 12 hours to 7 days. Characteristic signs of the disease are chills, fever, weakness, severe headache, cough, sore throat, runny nose, soreness behind the sternum, hoarse voice. In severe cases, complications are possible - pneumonia, inflammation of the brain and its membranes.

Diphtheria is characterized by an inflammatory process in the pharynx and toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Pathogen

diseases - diphtheria bacillus. The entrance gates of infection are most often the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx and nose. It is transmitted by airborne droplets. The incubation period is from 5 to 10 days. The most characteristic manifestation of the disease is the formation of films in the upper respiratory tract. Danger to life is toxic damage by poisons of diphtheria bacilli of the patient's body. When they spread, breathing problems may occur.

Cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, infectious hepatitis - all these acute intestinal infections take second place after airborne ones. In this group of diseases, pathogens get inside with swallowed food or water.

The destruction of water and sewer networks, poor sanitation, carelessness and indiscretion in the use of open water leads to the emergence of these epidemics.

Acute bacterial dysentery. The causative agents are dysenteric bacteria that are excreted in the stool of the patient. In the external environment, they persist for 30-45 days. The incubation period is up to 7 days (usually 2-3 days). The disease is accompanied by fever, chills, fever, general weakness, headache. It begins with cramping pains in the abdomen, with frequent liquid stools, in severe cases - with an admixture of mucus and blood. Sometimes there is vomiting.

Typhoid fever. The source of infection is sick or bacterial carriers. A typhoid and paratyphoid bacillus is excreted in feces and urine. They can survive in soil and water for up to four months, in feces for up to 25 days, and on wet linen for up to two weeks. The incubation period lasts from one to three weeks. The disease develops gradually: the state of health worsens, sleep is disturbed, the temperature rises. On the 7-8th day, a rash appears on the skin of the abdomen, chest. The disease lasts 2-3 weeks and may be complicated by intestinal bleeding or intestinal perforation at the site of one of the many ulcers formed during this.

BASIS OF PROTECTION AND RULES OF POPULATION CONDUCT

Infectious diseases occur when there are three main factors: the presence of a source of infection, favorable conditions for the spread of pathogens, and a person susceptible to the disease. If at least one link is excluded from this chain, the epidemic process stops. Therefore, the purpose of preventive measures is to influence the source of infection in order to reduce the contamination of the external environment, localize the spread of microbes, and also increase the population's resistance to diseases.

Since the main source of infection is a sick person or a carrier, early detection, immediate isolation and hospitalization are necessary. With a mild course of the disease, people tend to see a doctor late or not at all. Household rounds can help in the early identification of such patients.

The rooms where the patient is located should be regularly ventilated. For him, allocate a separate room or fence off with a screen. Service personnel must wear protective gauze masks (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Isolation of the infectious patient.

Emergency and specific prophylaxis is important for preventing the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prophylaxis is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been accurately determined. It consists in taking antibiotics, sulfanilamide and other drugs by the population. Means of emergency prophylaxis with their timely use according to the schemes provided in advance allow to prevent infectious diseases to a large extent, and in case of their occurrence, to alleviate their course.

Specific prophylaxis - the creation of artificial immunity (immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccination) - is carried out against some diseases (natural smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, etc.) constantly, and against others - only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

It is possible to increase the resistance of the population to infectious agents through mass immunization with protective vaccines, the introduction of special sera or gamma globulins. Vaccines are killed or weakened by special methods of pathogenic microbes, which, when introduced into the body of healthy people, they develop a state of immunity to the disease. They are administered in different ways: subcutaneously, cutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, through the mouth (into the digestive tract), by inhalation.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the order of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the funds contained in the first-aid kit of an individual AI-2.

In the event of a focus of an infectious disease, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of diseases.

Quarantine is introduced in case of occurrence of especially dangerous diseases (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, a city, a group of settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at the complete isolation of the focus and the elimination of diseases in it (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. quarantine zone.

The main regime measures in the establishment of quarantine are: the protection of the focus of the inspection disease, settlements in it, infectious isolation wards and hospitals, checkpoints. Prohibition of the entry and exit of people, the entry and exit of animals, as well as the export of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Dividing the population into small groups and limiting communication between them. Organization of delivery of food, water and basic necessities to the population in apartments (houses). The cessation of the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets. Termination of production activities of enterprises or their transfer to a special mode of operation.

Anti-epidemic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures under quarantine conditions include: the use of medicines by the population, the protection of food and water, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization, sanitization, stricter observance of personal hygiene rules, active identification and hospitalization of infectious patients.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of the observation is to prevent the spread of inspection diseases and eliminate them. To do this, essentially the same therapeutic and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation, isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

The period of quarantine and observation is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease, calculated from the moment of isolation of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the outbreak.

People who are on the territory of the focus of an infectious disease should use cotton-gauze bandages to protect their respiratory organs. For short-term protection, it is recommended to use a handkerchief or scarf, towel or scarf rolled up in several layers. Goggles don't hurt either. It is advisable to use capes and raincoats made of synthetic and rubberized fabrics, coats, padded jackets, rubber shoes, shoes made of leather or its substitutes, leather or rubber gloves (mittens).

The protection of food and water consists mainly in creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. Reliable means of protection can be all types of tightly closed containers. Water from the water supply and artesian wells is allowed to be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the focus of the inspection disease, disinfection, disinsection and deratization cannot be dispensed with.

Disinfection is carried out in order to destroy or remove microbes and other pathogens from environmental objects that a person may come into contact with. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, lysol, formalin, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water with soap or soda is used.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and ticks - carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases. For this purpose, various methods are used: mechanical (knocking out, shaking, washing), physical (ironing with an iron, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides - chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, repellents (repellents) are used, which lubricate the skin of exposed parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out for the extermination of rodents - carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases. It is carried out most often with the help of mechanical devices and chemicals.

An important role in the prevention of infectious diseases is played by strict observance of the rules of personal hygiene: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bath, bath, shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking out outerwear and bedding; maintaining the cleanliness of residential and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; the use of only proven products, boiled water and milk, fruits and vegetables washed with boiled water, thoroughly boiled meat and fish.

The success of the liquidation of the inspection center is largely determined by the active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly comply with the established regime and rules of conduct at work, on the street and at home, constantly carry out anti-epidemic and

v Plague- a particularly dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from the rest of the family, give an antipyretic at high temperature, give a headache remedy for severe pain and call a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you can apply a folk remedy: ripe figs cut in half are tied to the sore spot.

v Cholera- an acute infectious disease only in humans.

First aid : bed rest, immediately isolate the patient from healthy people, cover with hot bottles, wrap in a warm blanket. Put a warming compress of vodka or a poultice of bran, cooked in a peel and mashed potatoes on the stomach. If available, it is good to give Botkin's cholera drops inside: 15–20 drops every two to three hours. You can also give several times half a cup of a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate. If there is camphor alcohol, then you can give it 8 drops on sugar every 10 minutes, especially when the patient starts to get cold. You can also give hot, strong coffee, tea with rum or cognac. Drink and give as much liquid as possible.

v anthrax- an infectious disease of humans and animals.

First aid: bed rest, isolate the patient from others, bandage the patient's mouth, nose and his own gauze mask, call a doctor. Antibiotics, gamma globulin and other drugs are usually used for treatment.

v Tularemia- an acute bacterial infectious disease of humans and some rodents.

First aid : bed rest, isolate from others, give an antipyretic, headache remedy and call a doctor.

v Meningitis is a dangerous infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Dangerous complications and consequences, in particular, dementia may persist for life.

First aid: exposure of the patient, a cold compress on the head, wiping the body with a damp cloth, blowing with a household fan, antipyretics (aspirin, amidopyrine, etc.), headache remedies (analgin, etc.), call an ambulance or a doctor.

v Diphtheria - dangerous infectious disease leading to toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

First aid: give a laxative, gargle with a strong solution of table salt or vinegar - both of which remove films. Cold compresses are applied to the neck, often changing them. If swallowing is difficult, then they give a little ice to swallow, but if the cervical glands swell, then this should not be done. Then you need to call an ambulance or a doctor. Before the doctor arrives, you cannot lubricate the throat yourself, since if pus enters the bloodstream, it may become infected.

v Dysentery- a dangerous infectious disease that affects the large intestine.

First aid: bed rest, water-tea diet for 8-10 hours, drinking plenty of water(5% glucose solution, sodium chloride solution, rosehip decoction, antibiotics), at high temperatures give antipyretics, call a doctor.

v Flu - infectious disease, dangerous complications of the central nervous system and respiratory organs.

First aid: rest, bed rest, hot milk, alkaline drink, mustard plasters on the anterior surface of the chest, drink 3-4 liters of fluid per day (especially Borjomi type water), take vitamin C, eat protein-rich foods, as well as lean fish, seafood, walnuts, sauerkraut, onions, garlic, call a doctor.

v Pulmonary tuberculosis- a dangerous infectious disease.

First aid: rest, bed rest. For better sputum discharge, the patient is given a position that facilitates drainage. With a strong cough, antitussive drugs are given: codeine tablets, expectorants. Facilitate the position of mustard plasters, circular banks.

v Viral hepatitis type A - infectious disease. Affects the liver.

Prevention. Avoid drinking unboiled drinking water from open water, observe the rules of personal hygiene and avoid contact with patients with hepatitis.

First aid. Isolation of the patient, bed rest, diet (proteins, carbohydrates, trace element potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins). Call a doctor or an ambulance.

v Tetanus - acute infectious disease.

Prevention and first aid . Prevention - vaccination (tetanus toxoid). Prevention of the disease is achieved by removing foreign bodies, dead tissue from the wound and its processing. When symptoms of the disease appear, create peace for the patient and call an ambulance.

v Mumps - infection.

First aid: lubricate swollen glands with ichthyol or iodine ointment, but do not rub.

Other infectious diseases, as rare ones, are not considered in this paragraph.

B) Actions of the population in case of infectious diseases of domestic and agricultural animals

Infectious diseases caused by viruses. Many animal diseases caused by viruses (foot-and-mouth disease, plague, sheep pox, rabies, etc.) cause significant economic damage. The most common viral infections that cause respiratory and intestinal diseases.

When infectious diseases appear among wild animals, they are simply destroyed. To preserve the livestock of domestic animals, vaccination and veterinary treatment of animals is usually carried out by the veterinary services. This is done at special processing points where the animals are treated with special disinfectant solutions. The type of disinfectant solution depends on the type of infectious disease, but in the case of already sick pets, they are not treated, but destroyed mainly by burning, followed by disinfection of outbuildings and animal burial sites.

With the most common diseases of animals, and from them to humans, it is necessary to take into account the resistance of microbes and take protective and safety measures. Let's briefly consider the most common and dangerous viral diseases and measures for their prevention.

Rabies - an acute infectious disease caused by a virus that enters a wound and reaches the central nervous system.

.Prevention measures: sick animals are not treated, but isolated and killed when the diagnosis is confirmed. Dogs are often vaccinated. Animals that have bitten people or other animals are observed for 10 days. Bitten people are vaccinated, and a complex of their treatment is carried out.

Rinderpest - dangerous infectious disease.

Prevention measures : keeping in quarantine with subsequent slaughter and burning of corpses.

smallpox- an acute infectious disease. The disease affects all kinds of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: imported animals are kept in quarantine and vaccinated. Dead animals are burned.

Bovine leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer) – chronic infectious disease. Caused by a virus and affects immunocompromised animals

Prevention measures: regular examination of livestock by clinical and other methods. Destruction of diseased animals.

foot and mouth disease- an infectious disease of artiodactyl animals.

Prevention measures : mass vaccination of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs.

Pseudoplague of birds is an infectious disease of the chicken family.

Prevention measures : in the autumn-summer period, chickens are fed with proven feed, chickens should drink clean water.

Ornithosis - infectious natural focal disease of many birds, including domestic birds, as well as mammals and humans. It is characterized by atypical pneumonia, fibrous peritonitis, encephalitis.

Prevention measures : sick birds are destroyed.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Here are some examples of the most common diseases.

Glanders- an infectious disease of one-hoofed animals.

Prevention measures : glanders are detected at an early stage by an allergic test with mallein. If such animals are found, they are destroyed..

Tuberculosis (animals, humans and birds) – a chronic infectious disease with localization in most internal organs, more often the lungs.

Prevention measures: allergic diagnosis, positive responders are killed.

Leptospirosis -.

Prevention measures: animals are vaccinated, new arrivals are quarantined.

Anthrax - especially dangerous acute infectious disease of humans and animals.

Prevention measures: immunization of animals. Treat with anti-anthrax serum and penicillin.

Listeriosis - infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans . .

Prevention measures : animals are vaccinated. Sick animals are isolated and treated.

Tularemia - infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention measures: rodent control (destruction in warehouses, indoors).

Salmonella - infectious diseases caused by intestinal bacteria.

Prevention measures : patients are isolated and treated, antiseptic serum and bacteriophage are used.

Botulism - infection in humans and animals.

Prevention measures : strictly control the production of sausages, canned food, pickles.

Brucellosis. It is a chronic infectious disease of animals and humans.

Prevention. Animals with a positive reaction to brucellosis are destroyed. The rest are vaccinated.

Rules for the provision of catering services ": concepts, information about services, the procedure for the provision of services, the responsibility of the contractor and consumer for the provision of services.

Name of the disease	Incubation period
Typhoid fever	From 7 to 25 days
salmonellosis	From 6 hours to 2 days
Botulism	6 to 24 hours
Dysentery	From 1 to 7 days
Cholera	From 6 hours to 5 days
infectious hepatitis	From 15 to 50 days
Brucellosis	From 1 week to 2 months
smallpox natural	From 5 to 22 days
chickenpox	From 11 to 22 days
Diphtheria	From 2 to 10 days
Scarlet fever	From 3 to 7 days
Measles	From 7 to 17 days
Typhus	From 3 to 21 days
Plague	2 to 3 days
Tularemia	From 2 to 8 days
anthrax	From several hours to 8 days
Tetanus	From 5 to 14 days
Flu	From 12 hours to 7 days

Symptoms of the disease: first, a rash appears both on the skin and on the internal organs, which eventually turns into ulcers. There are also ulcerative lesions of the nasopharynx, possibly pneumonia, which is accompanied by a cough with bloody sputum. There may also be debilitating diarrhea. Sometimes there are also subcutaneous abscesses.

First aid: burn all wounds on the body with a red-hot nail, and if the wound is on the mucous membrane, then the mouth and nose should be washed well with a solution of potassium permanganate and cauterized with lapis. If glandular cracks appear in the muscles, joints, skin, then it is necessary to open and cauterize with lapis or carbolic acid. After that, see a doctor.

Tularemia- an acute bacterial infectious disease of humans and some rodents. The bacterium is not very resistant to high temperatures, to ultraviolet rays. The bleach kills the microbe in 3-5 minutes.

Symptoms of the disease: a sharp increase in temperature, fever, severe headache, muscle pain. In the pulmonary form, the disease proceeds according to the type of pneumonia, in the intestinal form it is characterized by severe abdominal pain and diarrhea, in the generalized form there are no local signs, but the general state of health is severe.

First aid: bed rest, isolate from others, give an antipyretic, headache remedy and call a doctor.

smallpox natural- an acute infectious disease.

Symptoms of the disease: sudden severe headache, rapid temperature rise to 40 ° C, runny nose and back pain. After 3 days, a rash appears on the face and head, which then spreads throughout the body in the form of red round spots, the temperature drops slightly, and after 3 days it rises again. Then white vesicles with pus appear in the middle of the spots. After 4-6 days, the abscesses dry up and subside, leaving behind scars, the temperature becomes normal.

First aid: bed rest, isolate from others. If, during a rash, the patient is steamed in a hot bath, and then wrapped up in a sheet with his head and allowed to lie down like that, then all the abscesses will go to the sheet, and there will be no traces left on the body. But remember that smallpox must be treated by a specialist.

Meningitis is a dangerous infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Dangerous complications and consequences, in particular, dementia may persist for life.

Symptoms of the disease: sudden chills, fever up to 39–40 0 С, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, rash on the buttocks, thighs, arms, drop in blood pressure, possibly affecting the joints.

First aid: exposing the patient, a cold compress on the head, wiping the body with a damp cloth, blowing with a domestic fan, antipyretics (aspirin, amidopyrine, etc.), headache remedies (analgin, etc.), call an ambulance or a doctor.

Diphtheria - dangerous infectious disease leading to toxic damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Symptoms of the disease : inflammatory process in the pharynx with the formation of films in the upper respiratory tract.

First aid: give a laxative, gargle with a strong solution of table salt or vinegar - both of which remove films. Cold compresses are applied to the neck, often changing them. If swallowing is difficult, then they give a little ice to swallow, but if the cervical glands swell, then this should not be done. Then you need to call an ambulance or a doctor. Before the arrival of the doctor, you cannot lubricate the throat yourself, since if pus enters the blood, it may become infected.

Dysentery- a dangerous infectious disease that affects the large intestine.

Symptoms of the disease: fever, vomiting, frequent loose stools mixed with blood and mucus. Increase in body temperature. The pain in the abdomen is moderate.

First aid: bed rest, water-tea diet for 8-10 hours, plenty of fluids (5% glucose solution, sodium chloride solution, rosehip decoction, antibiotics), at high temperature give antipyretics, call a doctor.

Measles- an infectious disease that most often affects children.

Symptoms of the disease: fever up to 38–39 ° C, runny nose with copious purulent discharge, cough with sputum, conjunctivitis with purulent discharge, photophobia, persistent fever, rash for 3–4 days: first on the face, then spreads to the neck, trunk, limbs. The temperature decreases 5–7 days after the onset of the rash.

First aid: rest, drink plenty of water, darken the room, cold compress on the head, antipyretics, headache remedies, call a doctor.

Flu - infectious disease, dangerous complications of the central nervous system and respiratory organs.

Symptoms of the disease: chills, fever up to 38–40 ° C, weakness, chills, fatigue, dizziness, tinnitus, headache in the forehead. The onset of the disease is characterized by a feeling of dryness, scratching in the pharynx, pharynx, trachea, stuffy nose, pain in the eyeballs, lacrimation, runny nose and dry cough. In severe cases, insomnia, vomiting, fainting, delirium, convulsions, loss of consciousness are possible.

Note. In addition to influenza, other acute respiratory diseases (ARI) with similar symptoms are also possible - these are parainfluenza, rhinovirus infection, yadenoviral infection, and respiratory syncytial infection. First aid: rest, bed rest, hot milk, alkaline drink, mustard plasters on the anterior surface of the chest, drink 3-4 liters of fluid per day (especially Borjomi type water), take type C vitamins, eat protein-rich foods, and also lean fish, seafood, walnuts, sauerkraut, onions, garlic, call a doctor.

Pulmonary tuberculosis- a dangerous infectious disease. The bacterium is resistant to physical and chemical agents. When contaminated clothing is boiled, it dies after 5 minutes, and when exposed to direct sunlight, it dies after a few hours. Tuberculosis is more common in children, people over 60 and more men.

Symptoms of the disease: paroxysmal dry cough or cough with mucopurulent sputum.

First aid: rest, bed rest. For better sputum discharge, the patient is given a position that facilitates drainage. With a strong cough, antitussive drugs are given: codeine tablets, expectorants. Facilitate the situation mustard plasters, circular banks

Viral hepatitis type A- an infectious disease. Affects the liver. The source of infection is a person with hepatitis. It poses a danger to others from the end of incubation, in the preicteric period and in the first 10 days of the icteric period. The main route of transmission is fecal-oral. The virus enters the body with dirty hands, with unboiled drinking water.

Symptoms of the disease: the human body acquires a yellow color, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium, body temperature rises periodically, the work of the cardiovascular system worsens.

Prevention. Avoid drinking unboiled drinking water from open water, observe the rules of personal hygiene and avoid contact with patients with hepatitis.

First aid. Isolation of the patient, bed rest, diet (proteins, carbohydrates, trace element potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamins). Call a doctor or an ambulance.

Tetanus - acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a rather large movable stick up to 10 microns long. Spores are resistant to temperature and die only after 8 minutes of boiling, but are quickly destroyed by oxygen and sunlight. The rod forms an exotoxin. It is one of the strongest poisons and affects primarily the nervous system. The bacillus multiplies in dead tissues. The microbe can enter the human body through an open wound. The incubation period is usually 14-15 days.

Symptoms of the disease: malaise, anxiety, irritability, in the wound area - pain, burning, convulsions of masticatory, facial, cervical, occipital muscles and limbs. Body temperature is moderately elevated.

Prevention and first aid. Prevention - vaccination (tetanus toxoid). Prevention of the disease is achieved by removing foreign bodies, dead tissue from the wound and its processing. When symptoms of the disease appear, create peace for the patient and call an ambulance.

Typhus - an acute infectious disease characterized by damage to the vascular and nervous system, occurring with symptoms of intoxication and a rash. The causative agent is rickettsia, which is carried by lice and feces.

Symptoms of the disease: the disease manifests itself after 12–14 days, at first, malaise, mild headache, then an increase in temperature to 41 ° C, a sharp headache, tremendous chills, joint pain and nausea, insomnia, loss of strength. The rash appears on the 4-5th day on the lateral surfaces of the chest, abdomen, and arms. After 2-3 days, the rash turns pale, consciousness is disturbed, death.

First aid: give quinine in the evenings, cold decoctions of barley and oats, warm baths, cold on the head. They are treated with antibiotics.

Typhoid fever- an acute infectious disease, mainly affects the small intestine. Transmitted by "dirty hands", dirty water.

Symptoms of the disease: onset - slight malaise, headache. In the morning, the temperature rises for 5-6 days, drowsiness, delirium, the tongue is dry, thickened, dark gray coating, frequent stools up to 3 times a day.

First aid: isolate the patient, give an antibiotic, call an ambulance.

Chicken pox- an acute infectious disease characterized by the presence of a spotty-vesicular rash.

Symptoms of the disease: The appearance of red spots, then blisters on the mucous membranes and on the skin On the skin - usually on the scalp, face, but may be on the trunk.

First aid: bed rest, hygiene, especially the oral cavity; lubricate the bubbles with an alcohol solution of aniline dyes, consume more vitamins.

Scarlet fever is a form of streptococcal infection.

Symptoms of the disease: high fever, pain when swallowing, the next day a rash appears all over the body, the rash covers the tongue, pharynx. Only the nose, lips and chin remain clean.

First aid: bed rest, drink exclusively boiled milk, the air in the patient's room should be moist and clean.

Mumps - infection.

Symptoms of the disease: the parotid glands swell, as a result of which it is painful to open the mouth and chew, purulent inflammation of the ear is possible, in girls the large childbearing lips sometimes swell, in boys the testicles.

First aid: lubricate swollen glands with ichthyol or iodine ointment, but do not rub.

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1. Rules of behavior of the population in case of infectious diseases 2

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 6

Literature 13

1. Rules of behavior of the population in case of infectious diseases

The rooms where the patient is located should be regularly ventilated. For him, allocate a separate room or fence off with a screen. Service personnel must wear protective gauze masks.

Emergency and specific prophylaxis is important for preventing the development of infectious diseases.

Emergency prophylaxis is carried out when there is a danger of mass diseases, but when the type of pathogen has not yet been accurately determined. It consists in taking antibiotics, sulfanilamide and other drugs by the population. Means of emergency prevention with their timely use according to the schemes provided in advance can significantly prevent infectious diseases, and in case of their occurrence, alleviate their course.

Specific prophylaxis - the creation of artificial immunity (immunity) through protective vaccinations (vaccination) is carried out against some diseases (variola, diphtheria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, etc.) constantly, and against others only when there is a danger of their occurrence and spread.

To prevent and mitigate infectious diseases in the order of self-help and mutual assistance, it is recommended to use the funds contained in the first-aid kit of an individual AI-2.

In the event of a focus of an infectious disease, quarantine or observation is declared in order to prevent the spread of diseases.

Quarantine is introduced in case of occurrence of especially dangerous diseases (smallpox, plague, cholera, etc.). It can cover the territory of a district, a city, a group of settlements.

Quarantine is a system of regime, anti-epidemic and therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at the complete isolation of the focus and the elimination of diseases in it. The main regime measures in the establishment of quarantine are: the protection of the focus of an infectious disease, settlements in it, infectious isolation wards and hospitals, checkpoints. Prohibition of the entry and exit of people, the entry and exit of animals, as well as the export of property. Prohibition of transit passage of transport, with the exception of rail and water. Dividing the population into small groups and limiting communication between them. Organization of delivery of food, water and basic necessities to the population in apartments (houses). The cessation of the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets. Termination of production activities of enterprises or their transfer to a special mode of operation.

Observation is introduced if the type of pathogen is not particularly dangerous. The purpose of the observation is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and eliminate them. To do this, essentially the same therapeutic and preventive measures are carried out as during quarantine, but during observation, isolation and restrictive measures are less strict.

The protection of food and water consists mainly in creating conditions that exclude the possibility of their contact with a contaminated atmosphere. Case means of protection can be all types of tightly closed containers.

Water from the water supply and artesian wells is allowed to be used freely, but it must be boiled.

In the focus of an infectious disease, disinfection, disinsection and deratization cannot be dispensed with.

Disinsection is carried out to destroy insects and ticks carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases. For this purpose, various methods are used: mechanical (knocking out, shaking, washing), physical (ironing with an iron, boiling), chemical (use of insecticides chlorophos, thiophos, DDT, etc.), combined. To protect against insect bites, repellents (repellents) are used, which lubricate the skin of exposed parts of the body.

Deratization is carried out for the extermination of rodents carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases. It is carried out most often with the help of mechanical devices and chemicals.

An important role in the prevention of infectious diseases is played by strict observance of the rules of personal hygiene: washing hands with soap after work and before eating; regular washing of the body in a bath, bath, shower with a change of underwear and bed linen; systematic cleaning and shaking of outerwear and bedding; maintaining the cleanliness of residential and working premises; cleaning from dirt and dust, wiping shoes before entering the room; the use of only proven products, boiled water and milk, fruits and vegetables washed with boiled water, thoroughly boiled meat and fish.

The success of the elimination of the infectious focus is largely determined by the active actions and reasonable behavior of the entire population. Everyone must strictly comply with the established regime and rules of conduct at work, on the street and at home, constantly comply with anti-epidemic and sanitary and hygienic standards.

2. Actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage

Cities, other settlements, objects of the national economy and territories contaminated with bacterial agents and being a source of the spread of infectious diseases are called the focus of bacteriological damage. The enemy can create such a hotbed using numerous pathogens of various infectious diseases.

The timeliness and effectiveness of taking measures to protect against bacteriological agents, which form the basis of the destructive effect of bacteriological weapons, will be largely determined by how well the signs of an enemy bacteriological attack are studied. With some observation, one can notice: in the places of ruptures of bacterial ammunition, the presence of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the soil, vegetation and various objects, or when the ammunition bursts, the formation of a light cloud of smoke (fog); the appearance of a dark stripe behind a flying aircraft, which gradually settles and dissipates; the accumulation of insects and rodents, the most dangerous carriers of bacterial agents, unusual for a given area and a given season; the emergence of mass diseases among people and farm animals, as well as the mass death of animals.

Having discovered at least one of the signs of the use of bacteriological weapons by the enemy, it is necessary to immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask or cotton-gauze bandage), if possible, skin protection and report this to the nearest civil defense control body or medical institution. Then, depending on the situation, you can take cover in a protective structure (shelter, anti-radiation or simple shelter). Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment and protective structures will prevent bacterial agents from entering the respiratory system, skin and clothing.

Successful defense against bacteriological weapons largely depends, moreover, on the degree of immunity of the population to infectious diseases and the effects of toxins. Immunity can be achieved primarily by general strengthening of the body through systematic hardening and physical education and sports; even in peacetime, the holding of these events should be the rule for the entire population. Immunity is also achieved by carrying out specific prophylaxis, which is usually carried out in advance by inoculation, vaccination and sera. In addition, immediately in case of a threat of injury (or after injury) by bacterial agents, antibacterial agent No. 1 from the AI-2 first aid kit should be used.

In order to ensure effective protection against bacteriological weapons, anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures are of great importance. It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary and hygienic requirements when providing food and water supply to the population. Cooking and eating should exclude the possibility of contamination with bacterial agents; various types of utensils used in the preparation and consumption of food must be washed with disinfectant solutions or boiled.

The simultaneous emergence of a significant number of infectious diseases among people in the event that the enemy uses bacteriological weapons can have a strong psychological impact even on healthy people. The actions and behavior of each person in this case should be aimed at preventing possible panic.

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases when the enemy uses bacteriological weapons, by order of the chiefs of civil defense of districts and cities, and the tactics of objects of the national economy, quarantine and observation are applied.

Quarantine is introduced when it is indisputably established that the enemy has used bacteriological weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for the complete isolation of the lesion from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Armed guards are established at the outer borders of the quarantine zone, commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. In settlements and at facilities where quarantine has been established, a local (internal) commandant's service is organized, infection isolation rooms and hospitals, checkpoints, etc. are guarded.

From areas in which quarantine is declared, the exit of people, the withdrawal of animals and the export of property are prohibited. Entry into the contaminated territory is allowed by the chiefs of civil defense only to special formations and modes of transport. Transit passage of transport through the lesions is prohibited (the only exception can be railway transport).

The objects of the national economy that are in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to a special mode of operation with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Work shifts are divided into separate groups (possibly smaller in composition), contact between them is reduced to a minimum. Meals and rest for workers and employees are organized in groups in specially designated rooms. In the quarantine zone, the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets and bazaars is stopped.

The population in the quarantine zone is divided into small groups (the so-called fractional quarantine); he is not allowed to leave his apartments or debts unless absolutely necessary. Food, water and basic necessities are delivered to such populations by special teams. If it is necessary to perform urgent work outside buildings, people must be sure to wear personal protective equipment.

Each citizen bears strict responsibility for compliance with regime measures in the quarantine zone; control over their observance is carried out by the public order service.

In the event that the established type of pathogen does not belong to the group of especially dangerous, the introduced quarantine is replaced by an observation, which provides for medical observation of the lesion and the implementation of the necessary therapeutic and preventive measures. Isolation and restrictive measures during observation are less stringent than during quarantine.

In the focus of bacteriological damage, one of the priority measures is to conduct emergency preventive treatment of the population. Such treatment is organized by medical personnel attached to the facility, district medical workers, as well as personnel of medical units. For each sanitary friend, a part of the street, quarter, house or workshop is assigned, which are managed by sanitary troopers 2 - 3 times a day; medical preparations are issued to the population, workers and employees. For prevention, broad-spectrum antibiotics and other drugs that provide a preventive and therapeutic effect are used. The population with AI-2 first-aid kits carries out prophylaxis on their own, using drugs from the first-aid kit.

As soon as the type of pathogen is determined, specific emergency prophylaxis is carried out, which consists in the use of antibiotics, serums, etc., specific for this disease.

The emergence and spread of epidemics largely depend on how strictly emergency preventive treatment is carried out. In no case should you shy away from taking medicines that prevent diseases. It must be remembered that the timely use of antibiotics, serums and other drugs will not only reduce the number of victims, but will also help to quickly eliminate foci of infectious diseases.

Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are organized in the quarantine and observation zones from the very beginning. Disinfection aims to disinfect objects of the external environment that are necessary for normal activities and the safe presence of people. Disinfection, for example, of territory, structures, equipment, machinery and various items can be carried out using fire fighting, agricultural, construction and other equipment; small objects are decontaminated using manual equipment. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, lysol, formalin, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water (with soap or soda) and steam can be used to disinfect premises, equipment, and technology.

Disinsection and deratization are activities associated with the extermination of insects and the extermination of rodents, which are known to be carriers of infectious diseases, respectively. For the destruction of insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfectants) and combined methods are used; the extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps of various types) and chemicals. Among the disinfectants, DDT, hexachloran, chlorophos can be most widely used; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, scurvy phosphide, potassium sulphate.

After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, a complete sanitization of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.

Simultaneously with the considered measures in the quarantine (observation) zone, sick people and even those who are suspicious of the disease are identified. Signs of the disease are fever, feeling unwell, headaches, rashes, etc. Sanitary workers and medical workers find out these data through responsible tenants and owners of houses and immediately report to the commander of the formation or to a medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat patients .

After sending the patient to a special infectious diseases hospital and the apartment where he lived, disinfection is carried out; things and clothes of the patient are also disinfected. All those who have been in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special rooms).

If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urinal. In the morning and in the evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before bedtime - to wash and brush his teeth.

Seriously ill people need to wipe their face with a damp towel or napkin; eyes and mouth are wiped with swabs moistened with 1-2% solution of boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to correct the patient's bed and help him change position, and if necessary, apply lining circles.

At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions.

The caregiver should use a cotton-gauze bandage, gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, emergency and specific prophylaxis; he must carefully monitor the cleanliness of hands (nails should be cut short) and clothes. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, it is necessary to wash hands and disinfect them with a 3% solution of Lysol or 1% solution of chloramine. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be wetted with a disinfectant solution.

Literature

Avazhansky Yu.V. Defense of the Fatherland - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

Civil defense. - / Ed. N.P. Olovyanishnikova - M .: Higher school, 1979.

Civil defense. / Edited by General of the Army A.T. Altunin - M .: Military Publishing House, 1982.

Kammerer Yu.Yu. Protective structures of civil defense - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1985

Kulpinov Sergey. Website for civil defense http://www.gr-obor.narod.ru/- 2003

Instructions for behavior during the spread of infectious diseases in epidemics. Rules of behavior of the population in infectious diseases

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