worldview trends. Worldview types and life goals

Orientation in life, reflection, actions and behavior of a person are determined by worldview. This is a rather complex philosophical concept that covers the psychological, cognitive, logical and social spheres of human existence. Different sciences define this phenomenon in their own way, philosophy seeks to combine all existing approaches, creating an integral concept.

The concept of worldview

Human consciousness has a complex structure, the basic part of which is the worldview. The main types of worldview are formed as the personality develops and are its integral part along with the character. It is a person's concentrated ideas about the world, his experience, his cognitive reserve.

Worldview is a generalizing category that denotes in philosophy the acquisition by a person of a theoretical basis in ideas about life. It includes the results of a person's understanding of global issues of being: about the meaning of life, about the concept of happiness, about what is good and evil, what is truth, etc. These are the most general principles of the existence of an individual person.

Signs of worldview

At the same time, the worldview, despite its pronounced subjective nature, has historical and social aspects, so this phenomenon is a sign of the human species as a whole and has objective, generalized features. The main characteristic of the worldview is its integrity, it is a complex formation, it is a form of social and individual human consciousness. It is also characterized by generalization, since a person draws universal conclusions from experience, explaining the universe.

Structure

Since a worldview is a complex formation, there are several levels in it, at least two of them: these are types of worldviews of a theoretical and practical order. The first ones are the result of an abstract understanding of the most general principles of the existence of the world, which is usually formed in the course of education, philosophical and scientific knowledge, the second ones are spontaneously formed ideas about the order of things in the world, they are conditioned by individual experience. The components of the structure of worldviews are knowledge, interests, aspirations, principles, ideals, stereotypes, norms, beliefs.

Worldview, its types and forms are the result of a person's understanding of the surrounding reality. The main structural elements are worldview and worldview as the implementation of two basic ways of mastering reality.

Perception of the world is the result of cognition with the help of the senses, perception and emotions. World understanding is the result of a logical, rational understanding of the facts of the objective and subjective worlds.

Complex formation process

A person does not receive all kinds of worldviews from birth, they can only be formed during their lifetime. Socialization is directly related to the formation of a worldview. When a person begins to ask universal and philosophical questions, then a worldview begins to take shape. This is a complex process that takes place in several planes simultaneously. A person accumulates experience and knowledge, interests and skills are formed in him, all this will become components of the worldview.

The main point in the formation of the worldview is the search for one's place in society, here an important role is played by self-esteem and the orientation of the individual. Gradually, the system of assessments of the world and oneself in it is fixed and passes into the category of beliefs and ideas, which form the basis of the worldview.

The process of forming a worldview is long, and perhaps even endless. It begins in childhood, when basic life ideas are laid and stereotypes are formed. In youth, a system of principles appears that will be the basis for a person’s actions, and in adulthood, the worldview crystallizes, its awareness and correction take place. This process can take a lifetime. Education plays an important role. The various ways and types of formation of a worldview lead to the fact that it takes on numerous forms and variants.

Traditional types of worldviews

A broad view of the world is a worldview, at the first stages it can develop spontaneously, based on life experience, but it is usually subject to social factors of influence, first of all, the family has the most important influence.

Traditionally, it is customary to single out such types of worldviews as everyday, philosophical, scientific, historical, religious, mythological. There are also attempts to distinguish types on various grounds, for example, optimistic and pessimistic worldview, rational and intuitive, systemic and chaotic, aesthetic. There could be countless such examples.

Mythological worldview

Primitive awareness and development of the world took different forms and types, the worldview of a person was formed on their basis. Mythological ideas about the world are characterized by syncretism and metaphorical form. They undividedly combine beliefs, knowledge, beliefs. That is why science, religion, and philosophy grew out of myths in due time.

The mythological perception of the world is based on direct experience, a person could not penetrate deep into things even at the time of formation, but he needed answers to the questions of being, and he creates a system of explanations, which he dresses in a mythopoetic form.

The mythological worldview is characterized to a lesser extent by knowledge, to a greater extent by representations and beliefs. It reflects the irresistible dependence of man on the forces of nature. Mythological representations come from primitive antiquity, but they do not disappear from the life of modern man - social mythology successfully uses the simplest explanatory mechanisms today. Each of us in his individual development goes through the stage of mythological knowledge, and the elements of the mythological worldview are relevant in any historical era.

Religious worldview

The mythological worldview is being replaced by a religious picture of the world. They have much in common, but the religious worldview is a higher stage of human development. If the mythological was based only on sensory images and was expressed in the worldview, then the religious adds logical knowledge to sensory perception.

The main form of the existence of a religious worldview is faith, it is on it that the believer's picture of the world is based. It gives a person answers to the basic questions of being, relying not only on emotions, but also on logic. The religious worldview already contains an ideological component, establishes causal relationships between phenomena, people's actions and the world.

The main types of religious worldview - Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism - embody different pictures of the world and ideals. Religion, unlike myth, not only explains the world, but also dictates certain behavioral rules. The religious picture of the world contains moral ideals and norms; this worldview is already being built in the course of answering questions about the meaning of life and the place and significance of an individual in the world.

The central place in the religious worldview is occupied by the person and idea of ​​God, he acts as the source of all phenomena and the main explanatory argument. A person is offered the only form of realization of religiosity - this is faith, that is, despite the presence of logic in religious texts, the believer's picture of the world is still built on emotions and intuition.

Historical outlook

Mankind in the process of development is undergoing significant changes in attitude and understanding of the world. In this regard, we can talk about the worldview of various historical eras, which are associated with the dominant view of the world. Thus, antiquity is the time of the dominance of aesthetic and philosophical ideals. They are the main reference point of a person in the perception of the world.

In the Middle Ages, the religious worldview dominates, it is faith that becomes the source of understanding of the world and answers to the main questions. In modern times, the scientific picture of the world becomes the basis for the formation of a worldview, the natural sciences answer the main questions of life in line with their discoveries and hypotheses.

The 19th century is the time of the formation of a multipolar picture, in parallel there are several philosophical and scientific concepts that become the main ideological principle for people. In the 20th century, the mosaic of worldviews is only growing, and today you can see that they are formed on various grounds - from mythological to scientific.

Ordinary worldview

The simplest kind of worldview is ordinary, which combines ideas about everyday life. It is a part of consciousness that flows directly from human experience. It is formed on the basis of sensory-emotional perception of the world.

The main source of ideas of the ordinary worldview is participation in practical activities, labor and social activity. A person observes the surrounding reality: nature, other people, himself. It establishes patterns that become the starting points of the ordinary worldview. Often referred to as common sense. A characteristic feature of the ordinary worldview is traditionalism. Today, the media are primarily responsible for its formation, and stereotypes are the main form of existence. Often it is realized in the form of superstitions, as it is based on ideas passed down from generation to generation, not always confirmed by science or practice.

Philosophical worldview

Reflections on the meaning of life, on the foundations of being and the purpose of man lead us to the emergence of a philosophical worldview. It is constantly developing and expanding, like any theoretical knowledge, enriched with new thoughts. A characteristic feature of the philosophical worldview, in contrast to the mythological and religious, is based on knowledge. Philosophy proceeds from objective knowledge about the world, but interprets them through a subjective method - reflection. It is also common for philosophical reflection to rely on the laws of logic, while operating with its own categories and concepts. The philosophical worldview is characterized by systematicity, instead of sensory experience, the leading method of cognition is reflection.

The philosophical worldview has gone through three evolutionary stages of formation:

• cosmocentrism, when searches were made for answers to questions about the origin of the universe;
• theocentrism, God is recognized as the root cause of all things;
• anthropocentrism, when human problems come to the fore, this stage lasts from the time of the Renaissance to the present.

The main types of philosophical outlook: idealism and materialism. They have been around since the dawn of mankind. The idealistic worldview considers the ideal to be the main beginning of the world: spiritual, mental, mental phenomena. Materialism, on the contrary, calls matter, that is, things, objects and bodies, the primary principle. Thus, philosophy not only comprehends questions about the place of man on Earth and his significance, but also reflects on the primary sources of the world.

Also distinguish other types of worldview in philosophy: agnosticism, skepticism, and more private: positivism, irrationalism and rationalism, existentialism and others.

Scientific outlook

In the course of the development of human thought, new types of worldview appear. The scientific explanation of the world is presented in the form of general knowledge about its organization and structure. It seeks to answer the main questions of being reasonably and rationally.

Distinctive features of the scientific worldview: consistency and integrity, based on logic, and not on faith or feeling. It is based solely on knowledge, moreover, proven and confirmed, or on logical hypotheses. The scientific worldview answers questions about the regularities of the existence of the objective world, but, unlike other species, does not reflect on the attitude towards them.

Since the worldview is always realized in the form of values ​​and life guidelines, science creates a cognitive reserve, which becomes the basis for behavior.

Conventionally, all types of worldview are divided into two groups: socio-historical types and existential-personal.

Already been described before. One has only to refresh the memory: a worldview is a set of concepts, beliefs, values ​​about life, about the person himself, about his position in life.

Worldview types and life goals

From what worldview we use - we set the corresponding life ones (), and, accordingly, according to the type of our idea of ​​​​the world - we choose a way to realize such a goal.

Unhappy and unsuccessful people usually take the goal from one context of worldview, and the path to it from another. For happy and successful people, the goal and the path to it are in the same coordinate system (in the same context of their worldview).

Types of worldview, historical and social

Formed in chronological order. It is very good to understand what is the difference - knowing the history of all mankind. From the Stone Age to the present day. In each period of time, the principles that lay in each of these types of worldview were reflected.

Another curious fact: humanity has developed - and its thinking has developed, its worldview has changed. And exactly the same happens with the development of the child. That is, in fact, every person - growing up, develops his worldview by choosing the appropriate goals.

Archaic type of worldview

This is the early ideas of mankind about the world, about the man himself in it.

It is characterized by the fact that realism and fantasy are not separated from each other in it. These two concepts merged in the form of early beliefs: animism, fetishism, toteism. There is no clear division from one's "I" and the world around. As such an understanding of "Soul" does not exist at all. At the same time: all living things are endowed with life, like a person: from stone to the sun.

Life goals are not formed consciously: it is to please yourself and other animate beings (sacrifice, rituals, idols ....)

Mythological type of worldview

At this turn of history, there is a clear separation of "oneself" from the outside world. And if there is “I”, then there is “He”, whose actions, thoughts may not coincide with mine. From such views there is already a confrontation (confrontation).

This is the era of cults and pantheons of gods. Just as life itself is full of confrontation and competition for a place under the sun, myths are born about exactly the same confrontation between the gods.

Life goals are already acquiring a clearer structure and meaning: to be with the Powerful of this world, to have power ... to achieve the favor of a certain god or person ...

Religious

Even more her division of the world. What is this world And that world. The concepts of soul, spirit and body appear. to the God of God, to Caesar what is Caesar's.

The concept of faith appears - in the invisible, without a critical analysis of the latter. Ideas common to all religions: about the creation of the world by God, about the concepts of good and evil, about the consequences of not following certain rules of conduct.

Life goals - according to the concept of faith that a person professes - "correct" actions and thoughts in her understanding.

Philosophical type of outlook

With an increase in knowledge about the person himself and about the world around him, a collapse (critical mass) occurs when this knowledge needs to be rethought. This is how different schools of philosophy are formed.

If knowledge is rethought in the context of such a school, then they believe that philosophy is the same, but it develops... If the contradiction with the old school is obvious, a new philosophical trend is formed.

Life goals in this context are personal growth, self-development, self-actualization, the search for truth…

Exponential-personal types of worldview

It is formed according to the growing up of the person himself. From the uncritical, not separating yourself from your mother to the teenage existential crisis ... plus the external environment of influence is superimposed.

At the heart of the worldview of each person is a collective image from many types of worldviews. It can be either a harmonious combination of philosophy, faith and traditions, or various ideological laws are perceived as axioms without much criticism.

Take the previously described types - mix something from the bottom into a pile, and here you will have a modern person such a person.

The goals will be different depending on which concept of the worldview dominates ... The most interesting thing happens: when the goals are in one plane, and the paths to them are in another ...

Dogmatic

Dogma is not critical, but conscious adherence to rules and laws, according to some worldview.

Following the goals - according to the dogmas and rules.

Reflex

Reflexes - subconscious adherence to some rules. If the mind still takes part in dogmas, in reflection it is following the principles and rules without the participation of consciousness, reflexively, impulsively.

In the whole position, reflection plays an inconspicuous but sometimes very significant role.

The right choice of goal, according to the type of worldview

Many of these types of concepts are firmly woven into our consciousness.

Some examples are before and now.

Archaic type: before - frank worship of idols (everything living), now - baubles, beads, talismans .... bringing good luck, the concept of many New - "the universe is alive" ...

Mythological type of worldview: earlier - worship of the pantheon of gods: Zeus, Veles, Iris ..., now - from chelling (obtaining sacred knowledge from unearthly forms of being) to the influence of stars, the concepts of fate and karma, implicit and subtle worlds.

If a person doesn’t succeed, it’s impossible to achieve success, here is the answer why this happens:choosing a goal not from your type of worldview.

The fact is that changing your vision of the world is quite difficult, but choosing the right one corresponding to the type of worldview, the goal is quite simple. Only its purpose will bring! From other people's, not your own, goals, you will only be unhappy ...

Good luck to you, and the right goals!

Sources of knowledge.

Who thought about where people's knowledge comes from and how the worldview and consciousness of people are formed and how all this affects the development of our society? Meanwhile, this is the main reason for our life today, good or not. Whoever has a decisive influence on the minds of people rules the World. More precisely: the one who manages the flows of information that form the worldview of people - he rules the World. Consequently, the consciousness and worldview of people, that is, the state of our society - our life, with you, depends on the purity of the sources of information. So let's look into this issue.

The concept of worldview is one of the key concepts in philosophy and in the system of education. It is impossible to do without this concept when studying history, philosophy and such subjects as "Man and Society", "The Spiritual World of Man", "Modern Society", "Science and Religion", etc.

Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness, knowledge. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Diverse blocks of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, appear as a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people.

The life of people in society has a historical character. Either slowly or rapidly, all the components of the socio-historical process change intensively in time: technical means and the nature of labor, relations between people and the people themselves, their thoughts, feelings, interests. The outlook of human communities, social groups, personalities and tactics is subject to historical changes. It actively captures, refracts large and small, overt and hidden processes of social change. Speaking about the worldview on a large socio-historical scale, they mean the extremely general beliefs prevailing at one or another stage of history, the principles of knowledge, ideals and norms of life, that is, they highlight the common features of the intellectual, emotional, spiritual mood of a particular era.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people and is used by individuals and social groups as life-determining general views. And this means that, in addition to typical, summary features, the worldview of each era lives, acts in a variety of group and individual variants.

The worldview is an integral education. In it, the connection of its components, their alloy, is fundamentally important, and just as in an alloy various combinations of elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview.

Generalized everyday knowledge, or life-practical, professional, scientific, is included in the composition of the worldview and plays an important role in it. The more solid the stock of knowledge in this or that era, in this or that people or individual, the more serious support can receive the corresponding worldview. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient means for a clear, consistent, rational justification of its views, often referring to fantastic fictions, beliefs, and customs.

The degree of cognitive saturation, validity, thoughtfulness, internal consistency of one or another worldview is different. But knowledge never fills the entire field of worldview. In addition to knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also comprehends the whole way of human life, expresses certain value systems (ideas of good and evil and others), builds images of the past and projects of the future, receives approval (condemnation) of certain ways of life , behavior.

The worldview is a complex form of consciousness, embracing the most diverse layers of human experience, capable of expanding the narrow framework of everyday life, a specific place and time, correlating a given person with other people, including those who lived before and will live later. The experience of understanding the semantic basis of human life is accumulating in the worldview, all new generations of people join the spiritual world of great-grandfathers, grandfathers, fathers, contemporaries, carefully preserving something, resolutely refusing something. So, worldview is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world.

The essential role of beliefs in the composition of the worldview does not exclude positions that are accepted with less confidence or even mistrust. Doubt is an obligatory moment of an independent, meaningful position in the field of worldview. Fanatic, unconditional acceptance of this or that system of orientations, growing together with it without internal criticism, without own analysis, is called dogmatism.

Life shows that such a position is blind and flawed, does not correspond to the complex, developing reality, moreover, religious, political and other dogmas often turned out to be the cause of serious troubles in history, including the history of Soviet society. That is why, in affirming new thinking today, it is so important to form a clear, open-minded, bold, creative, flexible understanding of real life in all its complexity. An important role in loosening dogmas is played by healthy doubt, thoughtfulness, criticality. But if the measure is violated, they can give rise to another extreme - skepticism, disbelief in anything, loss of ideals, refusal to serve high goals.

Thus, from all of the above, as well as from the course of history, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The worldview of mankind is not permanent, it develops along with the development of mankind and human society.

2. A person's worldview is greatly influenced by the achievements of science, religion, as well as the existing structure of society. The state (state machine) influences the worldview of a person in every way, restrains its development, trying to subordinate it to the interests of the ruling class.

3. In turn, the worldview, developing, has an impact on the development of society. Having accumulated qualitatively (that is, having changed radically) and quantitatively (when a new worldview has taken hold of a sufficiently large mass of people), the worldview leads to a change in the social structure (to revolutions, for example). Developing people's worldview, society ensures its development, inhibiting the development of worldview, society dooms itself to decay and death.

Thus, by influencing the development of the worldview of people, it is possible to influence the development of human society. People have always been dissatisfied with the existing system. But can people with the old worldview build a new society? Obviously not.In order to build a new society, it is necessary to form a new worldview among people, and the role of educators, teachers and teachers in this matter can hardly be overestimated. But in order for the teacher to be able to form a new worldview, he himself must possess it. Therefore, the most important condition for building a new society is the formation of a new worldview among educators and teachers.

But maybe we don't need to change the current state of society, maybe it suits everyone? It seems to me that this question does not require discussion.

We all live in a very complex and contradictory world in which it is easy to lose our bearings. Everyone now agrees that society is in crisis. However, one can often hear the opinion that this crisis has affected only our country, while in the countries of the West everything is in order. Is it really? This opinion is true only if we consider the purely material side of life. If we take its spiritual side, it is not difficult to see that the crisis of the spiritual sphere of human existence has engulfed the whole world, all of humanity.

In all countries of the world, regardless of the social system, such phenomena as alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, moral degradation are growing; the number of suicides associated with disappointment in life is growing, especially among young people. All these phenomena have spread earlier in the countries of the West and in America, that is, in those countries where the material standard of living has been and remains many times higher than ours.

In the last two or three decades, these phenomena have become widespread in our country. Material wealth does not provide a solution to the problem and does not eliminate the crisis, because the reason for it lies in the loss of people's understanding of the meaning of their existence. Figuratively speaking, in recent times, humanity has been reminiscent of train passengers, whose only concern is to get comfortable inside the car, but who have completely forgotten where and why they are going. That is, there was a loss by humanity of the more distant - the spiritual guidelines of their lives.What is the reason? The reason is only in the imperfection of the inner world of man. Man destroys not only himself, but the whole planet. Our planet is seriously ill, and we ourselves are to blame for this. Man destroys his planet not only with his technocratic activities, but also with his perverted thinking.

"Our modern world is a sinking ship. The difference between a sinking ship and the modern world is only that on a sinking ship everyone is already aware of the inevitability of death, while in the modern world many still do not want to admit it ...

The very people who caused its illness are trying to treat the sick world. Those same not personally, but in their worldview, and the means offered for cure are the very ones that laid the foundation for the disease. "(A. Klizovsky "Fundamentals of the worldview of the new era")

The reasons that brought down such a colossus as the Roman Empire still exist today. The main reason must be recognized as the decline in morals, the demoralization of society and the demoralization of the main foundation of statehood - the family, because with the decline of morals and the demoralization of the family, the destruction of any dying world begins.

When every dying world is replaced by a new one, the most important thing is not in the political or social changes that take place, but in the need to change the worldview and all outdated views and views on new ones, the need to change one’s beliefs and, in general, the whole way of life to new ones, because that, really new, that replaces the old world, is new in all respects and never resembles the old.

The difficulty is further aggravated by the fact that a person is forced to accept a political or social change by the very course of events, often after an already accomplished fact, while the acceptance or not acceptance of a new worldview, or a new belief and a new way of life, seems to depend on each person personally. In reality, a person has only two ways: either to wisely follow the flow of evolution, or to wait until the developing life throws him overboard, like unnecessary ballast.

"When the Higher Reason and the Higher Forces give impetus and impetus to a new phase of life, to a new stage of evolution, then no human forces can stop this movement. into force and the law of replacing obsolete energies with new ones begins to operate, then everything that does not progress is subject to destruction. (A. Klizovsky "Fundamentals of the worldview of the new era").

Any new construction begins with the destruction of the old, it cannot be otherwise. From a psychological point of view, this moment is the most difficult for people. They do not know that the time has come for mankind to rise to the highest level of knowledge, they do not know either about the Builder or about how the Builder of the new life thinks to carry out his reforms. They see destruction, and the first solution that comes to the mind of the majority is protest and opposition. In fact, they oppose evolution, dooming themselves to all those blows and vicissitudes of fate, with which opposition to cosmic laws is associated.

Ignorance is the main enemy of man and the source of many of his sufferings. Unfortunately, people are lazy and don't like to study. Many people live their whole lives with the knowledge that they acquired in childhood, in elementary school.

In the coming era, such knowledge is needed that should illuminate that area of ​​​​our existence, about which most people have very vague or very perverted ideas, which many are interested in for entertainment or fun, and others for deceit and profit.

The coming era requires knowledge of the cosmic laws of both the visible and invisible worlds. It requires recognition of the invisible world. But the recognition of the invisible world, which, due to its invisibility, has until now been recognized as non-existent, must fundamentally change all the foundations of the existing materialistic worldview, all existing concepts and beliefs.

This state of affairs cannot go on forever.the crown of creation, man, lives without knowing the purpose and meaning of his existence. He must, finally, cognize the foundations of Being, he must cognize the laws of the higher spiritual world, the cosmic laws.

Knowledge of the laws is a necessary condition for life in all human organizations and collectives. Most of the legislative codes of various states begin with the formula: "No one can excuse himself through ignorance of the law. Violation of the law through ignorance does not exempt a person from punishment."

Meanwhile, most people live in Cosmos in complete ignorance of cosmic laws, violating them at every step of their lives, with every deed, word and thought, and are surprised that their life is full of vicissitudes and blows.

In the entire observable history of mankind, one can trace the desire of people to build a fairly harmonious system of the universe in their minds, determine their place in it and continue to live, focusing on these ideas. For this, many different religions and teachings have been created. All these religions and teachings have a lot in common. For example, they all claim that a person has a soul that does not die, but remains after the death of the physical body and after some time is reincarnated on Earth. Meanwhile, historians have long noticed that all these religions and teachings arose on Earth almost simultaneously (by historical standards) in different parts of the Earth: in Europe, in India, in China, when there was still no communication between these parts of the world. The conclusion suggests itself that all these religions and teachings were given by someone to people.

There are several facts that cannot be refuted. For example, the well-known science of Astrology has existed for many hundreds of years. Astrologers have long been calculating the movement of such planets as Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, but modern science discovered Uranus and Neptune only in the 19th century, and even then based on the calculated data of Astrology, and Pluto was discovered in 1930! Where does this cosmic knowledge of astrologers come from? But modern science cannot explain astrology! But the predictions of astrologers about the fate of people come true! Unless, of course, these are real astrologers.

Scientists have discovered the Dogon tribe in Africa, which is at a very low level of development (according to our concepts), but they have long known that Sirius is a double star and the orbital period of this double star is known. Whereas modern science established this only a few years ago.

Well, how to evaluate the legacy left by the Miami civilization, which disappeared without a trace 600 years before the coming of Christ? Scientists are still puzzling over the mysteries of their cultures and are amazed at their high knowledge of the cosmos. The Miamians knew something we still don't know. And the Egyptian pyramids?

Anyone who is interested in these things begins to understand well that all this rich knowledge was given to people by aliens from outer space. What, they used to give, but now they don't? They are given, and practically without hiding from people! But do people want to receive this knowledge, or are they more interested in the price of vodka? Or maybe people think that the processes taking place in the Cosmos will not affect them? Maybe it is not necessary to know the Laws of the Cosmos? And what is a man, where did he come from and why does he live on Earth? This is the worldview of modern man.

TOPIC 1 The origin of philosophy. Philosophy as a science.

Mentality and Worldview

Recently, in domestic literature, the concept of "mentality" is used to characterize the spiritual side of the existence of a person and society.

mentality– a stable way of perceiving the world, characteristic of large groups of people (ethnic groups, nations or social strata), which determines the specifics of their ways of responding to the phenomena of the surrounding reality.

The mentality includes knowledge, beliefs, values, stereotypes of thinking and behavior. It develops under the influence of geographical, historical, economic, religious and other factors over long periods of time, therefore, in many respects it is not realized by its carriers and is very stable, difficult to be influenced by external influences. The mentality is clearly dominated by the historical over the modern, the social over the individual, the unconscious over the conscious. Speaking of large masses of people and large time periods, we can use such phrases as “the spirit of the era”, “the character of the nation”, etc. The "theoretical" part of the mentality, the one that can be expressed in concepts, ideas, is the worldview. This is a generalized model of the human world, a way of understanding oneself in the world.

outlook – system of human views on the world, on himself, on his place in the world.

If a person does not have his own, independent worldview, he is not able to comprehend his place in it, choose the goals and direction of his activity, easily falls under the influence of other people, becomes an object of manipulation. The same applies to large social groups, society as a whole.

Worldview structure:

2. A way of understanding reality, building a picture of the world (can be mythological, religious, philosophical, scientific, everyday, etc.)

3. The principles of life that determine the nature of the activity.

4. Ideals as decisive life goals.

Worldview is not equivalent to knowledge, it does not consist only in it. This is an inseparable fusion of knowledge, morality and faith, where each component is special, irreplaceable, but at the same time should not suppress others, should be kept within its boundaries.

Worldview in the modern era

The role of worldview in the life of society has always been great, since the activities of people are not determined directly by the circumstances of their lives, but are mediated by their perception and understanding of these circumstances. At the present time, in the era of globalization, a universal worldview is taking shape before our eyes. There is a growing understanding of the responsibility of a person who has become a planetary force for the consequences of his activity. Under these conditions, the management of the life of society should not be a matter for a narrow circle of people. Therefore, democracy is not a fashion, but an urgent need of the time. All people should take part in discussing problems and making decisions on the most important issues of public life. And for this, at least, you need to have an idea about these issues and problems, i.e. to have knowledge and own opinion.

But society is not homogeneous, it is divided into large groups with different, often opposing interests: rich and poor, entrepreneurs and wage workers, urban and rural residents, believers and non-believers, and so on. Each such group has its own views on life, goals, life principles - its own ideology.

Ideology- a system of views on the world through the prism of state, class, religious and similar interests.

In society, there is a constant struggle between these groups for power, influence, and the degree of participation in the management of society. Accordingly, we are also witnessing a struggle in the sphere of ideology, as a result of a clash of views, different approaches to solving problems, it becomes possible to choose the best option. But sometimes, in certain historical conditions, one group of people seizes power in society and imposes its ideology on all other groups, forbidding the rest. In this case, we are dealing with total ideologization society. Such a society is doomed to stagnation and, sooner or later, loses in the historical competition. The totalitarian system collapses, and in the ideological field begins de-ideologization, i.e. the abolition of total ideology and the admission pluralism.

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1. Worldview, its role in the modern world……………………..….3
2. Philosophical understanding of the concept of being……………………………....7
3.Specificity, social functions and the role of religion………………....…10
List of used literature…………………………………….15

1. Worldview, its role in the modern world

Separate ideas about the worldview itself, reflecting its various aspects and properties, began to take shape much earlier. As a rule, these were ideas about some higher knowledge, the most valuable and difficult to comprehend, the possession of which makes a person wise, as it not only equips him with an understanding of everything that happens in the world and himself, but also teaches him to live correctly, to coordinate his actions with actions. universal forces or with the imperishable laws dominating the world and over the people themselves. The beginnings of such ideas can be found in the poems of Homer.
For several tens of centuries, thinkers have raised the question of the source of worldview knowledge, the criteria for their truth. However, the problem of worldview was most definitely formulated in Germany at the end of the 18th century. The German naturalist and philosopher I. Kant, who introduced the concept of "worldview", came to the conclusion that if there is a science that a person really needs, then this is one that gives him the opportunity to know "how to properly take one's place in the world and correctly understand what it takes to be human."
In modern literature, a worldview is considered as “a system of views on the objective world and a person’s place in it, on a person’s attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as the main life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity, value orientations due to these views. ".
The worldview accumulates a wide variety of knowledge about the world and man. But not all knowledge, even the most verified by science, is a component of the worldview. Its specificity lies in the fact that it does not create some kind of generalized by people model of reality and the existence of a person in it, but mainly there is a rethinking of various types of relationship "man - the world". From this point of view, it is customary to distinguish four aspects in the worldview - ontological, epistemological (cognitive), axiological (value) and practical. They fix and reveal the main ways and facets of human existence. Ontological (ontology - the doctrine of being) relation of man to the world is manifested in the desire to explain the origin of the world and man, to reveal their structural features, the nature of the relationship. The cognitive attitude of a person to the world is characterized by a focus on reflecting material reality in its objective, universal dimensions. In this regard, views are formulated on the possibilities of cognition, its boundaries, the most optimal forms and methods of cognitive activity.
A practical or praxeological attitude to the world is a person's attitude to the world and to himself from the point of view of the possibilities, boundaries and ways of human activity.
The dominant is the value (axiological) attitude - the attitude of a person to the world and his life through the idea of ​​the meaning of life. Through it, all other worldview knowledge about the world and man is refracted, and the values ​​of human life (moral, aesthetic, socio-political, etc.) are comprehended.
Thus, in the worldview, through various forms of reflection, the whole set of relations “man - the world”, which are called spiritual and practical, is revealed. Sometimes they are divided into spiritual and practical. With this approach, the ontological and praxeological relations are recognized as a reflection of practical relations, while the epistemological and axiological relations are spiritual. However, it is possible to draw a clear line in the relations "man - the world" and define them as purely practical and spiritual only under large assumptions, i.e. dividing, for example, knowledge and practice into independent, autonomous, essentially unrelated realities.
By their nature, spiritual and practical are two inseparable moments of human existence. On the one hand, the practical activity of a person (the transformation of nature, a person by a person) is based on cognition and conscious activity (goal setting, self-awareness), i.e. spiritual assimilation of reality by man. On the other hand, consciousness (knowledge and values) as a spiritual assimilation of reality arises and develops in the process of production and socio-historical activity.
In each of modern people "in a filmed form" (in terms of Hegel) there are all historical worldview types of a person: primitive, primitive religious, mythological, philosophical, religious and scientific. They form the often unconscious deep "archetypes" of the human soul, which manifest themselves on the surface of feelings, thoughts, words and deeds in forms changed by modern culture. Each person invisibly contains within himself all the people who lived before and who live now. The worldview connects everyone with everyone with invisible threads. We see behind the bodily shell of the "spiritual person", his true "I", "worldview soul" (their spiritual nature, their "I").
Worldview is an individual subjective creative principle, as the basis of the whole diversity of a person's spiritual existence.
Worldview is the spiritual bridge through which the immaterial soul influences the spiritual world of man. Worldview - the totality of those feelings and thoughts of a person, which, firstly, are invariant at all ages and with all other natural, social and spiritual changes; secondly, feelings and thoughts, which are necessarily connected each with oneself and with other feelings and thoughts: a worldview is a system of beliefs organically soldered together. Only a conviction based on emotional and personal trust in knowledge completes it to an element of worldview, becomes an attribute, a way of being of worldview consciousness; thirdly, feelings and thoughts about the social and natural world through the prism of space and time of the culture where a person was born and became a thinking social being. The core of human spirituality - the ideological complex - arises not by the will of God and not by the a priori ability of the spirit, but is the ability acquired in the social environment to feel and think like a human, more precisely, the ability to be a person. Without a worldview, a person loses his bearings, begins to wander both in the mental world, and in the social and natural.

2. Philosophical understanding of the concept of being

Being is one of the most important categories of philosophy. It captures and expresses the problem of existence in its general form. The word "being" comes from the verb "to be". But as a philosophical category, being appeared only when philosophical thought set itself the problem of existence and began to analyze this problem. Philosophy has as its subject the world as a whole, the correlation of the material and the ideal, the place of man in society and in the world. In other words, it seeks to clarify the question of the existence of the world and the existence of man. Therefore, philosophy needs a special category that fixes the existence of the world, man, consciousness.
In modern philosophical literature, two meanings of the word "being" are indicated. In the narrow sense of the word, it is an objective world that exists independently of consciousness; in a broad sense, it is everything that exists: not only matter, but also consciousness, ideas, feelings and fantasies of people. Being as an objective reality is denoted by the term matter.
So, being is everything that exists, whether it is a person or an animal, nature or society, a huge Galaxy or our planet Earth, a poet's fantasy or a strict theory of mathematics, religion or laws issued by the state. Being has its opposite concept - non-being. And if being is everything that exists, then non-being is everything that is not.
The word "being" acquires a special meaning in philosophy, which can be understood only by referring to the consideration of the philosophical problems of being.
For the first time this term was introduced into philosophy by the ancient philosopher Parmenides (V - IV centuries BC) to designate and at the same time solve one real problem. During the time of Parmenides, people began to lose faith in the traditional gods of Olympus, mythology increasingly began to be regarded as fiction. Thus, the foundations and norms of the world, the main reality of which were the gods and tradition, collapsed. The world, the Universe no longer seemed solid, reliable: everything became shaky and shapeless, unstable; man has lost his life support. The modern Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset wrote that the anxiety and fear that people who had lost the support of life, the reliable world of traditions, faith in the gods, were undoubtedly terrible.
In the depths of human consciousness, despair arose, a doubt that sees no way out of the impasse. It was necessary to find a way out to something solid and reliable. People needed faith in a new force. Philosophy, in the person of Parmenides, realized the current situation, which turned into a tragedy for human existence, reflected the emotional intensity and tried to calm the troubled soul of people, putting the power of reason, the power of thought, in place of the power of the gods. But thoughts are not ordinary, otherworldly about things and objects of the world, about the needs and needs of everyday existence, but absolute thought (later philosophers will call it "pure", meaning such content of thought that is not connected with the empirical, sensual experience of people). Parmenides, as it were, informed people about his discovery of a new force, the force of Absolute thought, which keeps the world from tipping over into chaos, provides the world with stability and reliability, and therefore, a person can again gain confidence that everything will necessarily be subject to some kind of order. .
Necessity Parmenides called Divinity, Truth, providence, destiny, eternal and indestructible. "Everything by necessity" meant that the course of things that had been wound up in the universe could not suddenly, by chance, change; day will always come, to replace night, the sun will not suddenly go out, people will not all die out one fine day, etc. In other words, Parmenides postulated the presence of something behind the things of the object-sensible world that would act as a guarantor of the existence of this world and what the philosopher himself sometimes called the Deity, that which is really there. And this meant that there was no reason for people to despair, caused by the collapse of the stability of the old world.
To designate the described existential-life situation and ways to overcome it, Parmenides introduced the concept and problem of "being" into philosophy. The term itself was taken from the ordinary language of the Greeks, but its content received a new content that does not follow from the meaning of the verb "to be" in its everyday use: to be - to exist in presence. So, the problem of being was a kind of response of philosophy to the needs and demands of the era.
How does Parmenides himself characterize being? Being is what exists beyond the world of sensible things, and this is thought. It is one and invariable, absolutely, does not have within itself a division into subject and object, it is the entire possible fullness of perfections, among which Truth, Good, Good, Light are in the first place. Defining being as a true being, Parmenides taught that it did not arise, indestructible, unique, motionless, endless in time. It does not need anything, it is devoid of sensual qualities, and therefore it can be comprehended only by thought, by the mind.
To make it easier to understand what being is, for people who are not experienced in the art of philosophical thinking, Parmenides gives the following interpretation of being: being is a ball, a sphere that has no spatial boundaries. Comparing being with a sphere, the philosopher used the belief that had developed in antiquity that the sphere is the most perfect and most beautiful form among other geometric figures.
Arguing that being is a thought, he had in mind not the subjective thought of a person, but the Logos - the cosmic Reason, through which the content of the world is revealed for a person directly. In other words, it is not a person who discovers the Truth of being, but, on the contrary, the Truth of being is revealed to a person directly.

3. Specificity, social functions and the role of religion

Religion is a complex social and spiritual phenomenon, the roots of which come from the deep thorns of social history. The social nature and features of religion indicate its connection with the development of society - a certain self-reproducing system, where one element is connected with another. The word comes from lat. Religio - and means connection. The processes of progressive changes or the decline of spiritual values ​​in general of the whole society will certainly affect the historical evolution of religious teachings, the content of which forms the basis of religious beliefs. Hence the need arises for a comprehensive study of religious teachings, taking into account their dogmatic content and those social factors that determine the historical features of the emergence and functioning of certain religious ideas.
In religious studies, 2 important areas, or sections, are distinguished - theoretical and historical. Theoretical religious studies consist of philosophical, sociological and psychological aspects. Historical - studies the history of the emergence and evolution of individual religions and religions of beliefs in their relationship, focuses on the sequence of development of religious cults. Both directions constitute an integral system of scientific research of religion. However, the theoretical and historical issues of religious studies have their own specifics and do not completely merge, do not become identical. This point of view reflects the objective processes of integration and differentiation of scientific knowledge about the social essence of religion and its function.
We point out that religion is a very complex phenomenon and has a social character, that is, it arose in society entirely naturally and exists along with it. Religion is one of the oldest forms of social consciousness - one of the forms of displaying the world, but displaying a peculiar one.
From the standpoint of sociology, religion appears as a necessary, integral part of social life. It acts as a factor in the emergence and formation of social relations. This means that religion can also be considered from the standpoint of identifying the functions that it performs in society. The concept of “functions of religion” in religious studies means the nature and direction of the impact of religion on individuals and society, or, to put it more simply, what religion “gives” to each specific person, this or that community and society as a whole, how it affects people's lives.
One of the most important functions of religion is ideological or, as it is also called, semantic. As already mentioned above, from the point of view of functional content, the religious system includes ideally transformative activity as the first subsystem. The purpose of this activity is the mental transformation of the world, its organization in the mind, as a result of which a certain picture of the world, values, ideals, norms are developed - that, in general, is the main components of the worldview. Worldview is a set of views, assessments, norms and attitudes that determine a person's attitude to the world and act as guidelines and regulators of his behavior. The functional approach to religion involves the derivation of the features of the religious worldview from the tasks that religion solves in the social system. However, the function of a religious worldview is not only to draw a person a certain picture of the world, but above all, thanks to this picture, he can find the meaning of his life. That is why the ideological function of religion is also called the function of meaning or the function of "meanings".
Religion, many of its researchers argue, is what makes human life meaningful, fills it with the most important components of meanings.
The fundamental function of religion operated not only in the past, but operates even now. Religion not only harmonized the consciousness of primitive man, inspired the Apostle Paul to solve the universal goal - the "salvation of mankind", but also constantly supports individuals in their daily lives. A person becomes weak, helpless, is at a loss if he feels emptiness, loses understanding of the meaning of what is happening to him. On the contrary, a person's knowledge of why he lives, what is the meaning of the events that take place, makes him strong, helps to overcome life's hardships, suffering, and even perceive death with dignity. Since these sufferings, death are filled with a certain meaning for a religious person.
The doctrine of the social functions of religion most actively develops functionalism in religious studies (from the prevailing emphasis on this side of the study of society, it got its name). Functionalism considers society as a social system: in which all parts (elements) must work internally harmoniously and in harmony. At the same time, each part (element) of society performs a specific function. Functionalists consider various factors of social life to be functional if they contribute to the preservation, "survival" of the existing society. The survival of society, in their opinion, is directly related to stability. Stability is the ability of a social system to change without destroying its foundations. Stability is ensured on the basis of integration, unification and coordination of efforts of people, social groups, institutions and organizations. The function of the integrator of the social organism and its stabilizer, from the point of view of the functionalists, is performed by religion. The legitimizing (legitimizing) function is closely connected with the integrating function of religion. The theoretical substantiation of this function of religion was carried out by the modern representative of t, functionalism, the largest American sociologist T. Parsons. In his opinion, no social system is able to exist if a certain limitation (restriction) of the actions of its members is not provided, setting them within a certain framework, if their behavior can be varied arbitrarily and unlimitedly. In other words, for the stable existence of a social system, it is necessary to observe
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