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Theme: “An inexhaustible storehouse of natural medicinal raw materials. The significance and role of medicinal plants in nature and human life (on the example of medicinal plants of the Saratov region)" Educational and research work on ecology

Pavlenko Liza Shevtsova Polina

Purpose of the study:

1. Find out which plants are medicinal.

2.Are there medicinal plants in our area?

3.What medicinal properties do they have?

4. Rules for collection and use.

Research objectives:

1. Identify the effect of medicinal plants on human health

Encourage teenage children to treat medicinal plants with care.

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Subject. Medicinal plants in human life.

Purpose of the study:

1. Find out which plants are medicinal.

2.Are there medicinal plants in our area?

3.What medicinal properties do they have?

4. Rules for collection and use.

Research objectives:

Identify the effect of medicinal plants on human health
Encourage teenage children to treat medicinal plants with care. (slide 2)

Research hypothesis :

Perhaps some plants have healing powers. (slide 3)

OBJECT OF STUDY.

Medicinal plants.

Research methods.

Analysis
Comparison.
Observation.

Introduction

The plant world is rich and diverse. Many of them are very useful. They give people food and are a source of oxygen. Nature seems to have programmed into the plant world everything that people need. The healing properties of plants have long been known to them. My grandmother, a great lover of nature, knows many plants that are medicinal. She uses some of them in the treatment of various diseases. When I have a slight cough or when I have a sore throat, she prepares a herbal tea for me. We wanted to learn more about medicinal plants, and so the topic of our research work arose.We began our work with the theoretical part, reading popular science and fiction literature about medicinal plants. First, we got acquainted with the history of their use in ancient times. (slide 4)

History of the use of medicinal plants.

As you know, the healing properties of plants have been known to man since ancient times. While obtaining food for himself, primitive man practically learned the properties of individual plants. The healing properties of certain plants were often reported by animals who instinctively found plants for their health. It has been established that among the remains of clay products, archaeologists find special dishes in which medicinal herbs were ground and boiled. Some information about medicinal plants is found in the first written sources - clay tablets discovered in Assyria, indicating which diseases and in what form they should be used.Healing has been a sacrament since ancient times, so healers were very picky in choosing their students. The collection, production of medicines and treatment were accompanied by magical techniques and spells. Already the outstanding ancient Greek physician and thinker Hippocrates described 236 plants that were used in medicine of that time. Among them are henbane, elderberry, mint, almonds and others.

Hippocrates believed that the juices of medicinal plants optimally combine biologically active, organic and mineral substances. Therefore, he recommended using plants in the form in which nature created them.

In Ancient Rus', much attention was paid to the use of medicinal plants. Only women had the right to practice healing in Rus'. With the formation of Kievan Rus, the profession of “lechtsy” appeared

Even kings and princes have long been interested in the cultivation and use of medicinal plants. At the beginning of the 17th century, under Alexei Mikhailovich, the Pharmacy Order was created, supplying the court and army with herbs. By order of Peter the Great, pharmacies and so-called apothecary gardens were created in all major cities. (slide 5)

Much has changed since then, but interest in medicinal herbs has not faded away - on the contrary, it is especially great now. Nowadays, people are increasingly resorting to phototherapy - treatment with medicinal plants, and folk remedies. Juices, decoctions, infusions taken orally, external lotions and rinses help the sick body cope with

many ailments, get rid of suffering.

3.Medicinal plants of our region.

The natural plant resources of the Rostov region are rich and varied. (slide 6). We found out that in the Rostov region there are over 90 species of medicinal plants. Our village is located in the steppe zone. In the steppes you can find medicinal herbs: valerian, thyme, St. John's wort, oregano. Along the river terraces in the region, sandy massifs covered with feather grass, fescue and other plants are widespread. Among them, a valuable medicinal plant, sandy tsmin, is of great interest. In floodplain meadows you can find elecampane, meadowsweet, marshmallow, and string.

It is difficult to meet a person who has not seen or known medicinal plants, for example, plantain, dandelion, but little knows what diseases they help against. The result of our research work will be a collected collection of medicinal herbs from our region.

Plantain (slide7)

There are about 250 species of plantain that are found in our area. Plantain grows mainly along roads, which is how this plant got its name. One of the most effective and widespread folk healers. Plantain leaves and seeds stop bleeding and heal wounds. Plantain leaf juice is more recommended for the treatment of patients with chronic colitis and acute gastrointestinal diseases. The drug is administered orally, 1 tablespoon 3 times a day, 15-20 minutes before meals. June-early July is the time to collect plantain.

Dandelion . (slide 8)

Dandelion has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Eyes were washed with milky juice when they were sick. Theophrastus recommended dandelion for freckles and age spots. It is believed that the Latin name for dandelion originated from the Greek words to treat and treat eye disease. Medicine uses dandelion root as a medicinal raw material. Dandelion root is used in various preparations for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is used as food. In the Rostov region it grows as a weed along roads, in parks, crops, meadows and steppe slopes everywhere.

Chamomile (slide 9)

It was used as a medicinal plant by doctors of Ancient Greece and Rome, and was highly valued in the ancient world. Hippocrates and Dioscorides used chamomile for diseases of the liver, kidneys and headache.

St. John's wort,

It has been known for a long time as a medicinal plant. In domestic medicine, a decoction is used for diseases of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and liver diseases. Leaves heal wounds. St. John's wort preparations improve venous circulation and blood supply to some internal organs.

4. Rules for collecting, drying and storing medicinal plants.

Many medicinal plants exist in nature. But different plants have different parts that are medicinal, some have flowers, such as chamomile and marigold, others have leaves, such as nettle or string, and others have roots, such as licorice and ginseng.

Why is this happening? From books we learned that it is in these places that biologically active substances accumulate, and they also accumulate at different periods of plant development. This determines the period of its procurement. Procurement of medicinal raw materials is a responsible matter and requires knowledge and skills. Collection rules must be followed:

1. Adhere to optimal timing for the procurement of fresh raw materials.

2.Collect only in dry weather after the dew has dried.

3.Do not collect different types of raw materials in one container.

4.Leave at least 20% of unharvested plants in place for renewal

5.Collect in one place no more than once every 2 years, and perennials once every 5-7 years.

6.Do not store freshly picked plants for more than 1-2 hours

Leaves and grass are collected during the budding period. Flowers and inflorescences are in the beginning of flowering phase and drying slowly or the flowers will turn black. Fruits and seeds are harvested when fully ripe. Seeds are dried in air dryers, and fruits in fire dryers.

The roots of the rhizome are collected in the fall or spring before the start of the plant growing season. They are dug up, freed from the aboveground part, washed in running water, large ones are cut lengthwise and sent to dry in fire dryers.

It should be dried so that direct sunlight, rain or dew do not reach the raw material, otherwise it will lose its properties.

In fire dryers, the regime is followed.

Dried raw materials should be stored in dry, clean rooms, protected from direct sunlight and free from pests.

It is necessary to remember one very important rule: you cannot harvest herbs, leaves, flowers and rhizomes near enterprises, highways and railways, where there are a lot of harmful emissions. After all, plants tend to absorb and accumulate them, and when they enter the body people, they can only harm him.

5. Sociological survey

We conducted a survey among classmates. “Are there any families in our class who are treated with medicinal plants?”

As a result of the survey, we found out that 84% of the families of our classmates use medicinal plants for illnesses.

For throat disease - 67%; cough - 53%; kidney - 22%

Some families shared their recipes.

Isaev family recipe.

Sore throat, tonsillitis, laryngitis.

1 tablespoon aloe juice, 1 tablespoon black cumin oil,

3 tablespoons of honey.

Mix everything.

Lubricate the tonsils or take 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

Recipe from the Pavlenko family.9 (for kidney disease)

Dog-rose fruit - 20 g, birch leaves - 20 g. Use 0.3 cups of infusion 3 times a day

6.Results of the study.

We found out that medicinal plants are a national treasure and wealth. About half of all medicines are prepared from plants. 70% of heart medications are made from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants grow everywhere. True, it is not the same everywhere and in the same quantity. You need to know well what plants are found in our area and how many there are. Everyone must learn to search, collect and protect the gifts of nature. Before collecting plants, it is necessary to study their biological characteristics, method of collection, drying and storage. This will allow the rational use of raw materials for medicinal purposes. The cultivation of medicinal plants in gardens and orchards should be used more widely. Perhaps such a garden can be made on the territory of our school. Through our work, we encourage all students to take care of nature. Form your own ecological culture, a culture of health. After all, a lot depends on you and me on how we treat nature.

Bibliography.

A. F. Sinyakov. Life stimulants. M-1990
Yu. V Sinadsky Healing herbs. M-1991
Zh. Shilova, L. Anishchenko. Rostov-on-Don 1991

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Slide captions:

Presentation for the research work “Medicinal Plants” Completed by: students of 4th “B” class. Pavlenko Liza Shevtsova Polina Head: Reshetnikova G.A. MBO ZSOSH No. 1

Purpose of the study: 1. Which plants are medicinal. 2. Are there medicinal plants in our area? 3.What medicinal properties do they have? 4. Rules for collection and use. Objectives of the study: 1. Identify the effect of medicinal plants on human health 2. Encourage adolescent children to treat medicinal plants with care.

Research hypothesis: Some plants may have healing powers. OBJECT OF STUDY. Medicinal plants.

Only women had the right to practice healing in Rus'

By order of Peter the Great, pharmacies and apothecary gardens were created in all major cities

There are over 90 species of medicinal plants in the Rostov region.

Chamomile was used as a medicinal plant by doctors of Ancient Greece and Rome, and was highly valued in the ancient world. Hippocrates and Dioscorides used chamomile for diseases of the liver, kidneys and headaches.

St. John's wort has been known for a long time as a medicinal plant. In domestic medicine, a decoction is used for diseases of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and liver diseases. Leaves heal wounds. St. John's wort preparations improve venous circulation and blood supply to some internal organs.

Rules for collecting, drying and storing medicinal plants 1. Adhere to optimal timing for the procurement of fresh raw materials. 2.Collect only in dry weather after the dew has dried. 3.Do not collect different types of raw materials in one container. 4. Leave at least 20% of unharvested plants in place for renewal 5. Collect in one place no more than once every 2 years, and perennial plants once every 5-7 years. 6. Do not store freshly harvested plants for more than 1-2 hours 7. Drying should be done so that direct sunlight, rain or dew do not reach the raw material, otherwise it will lose its properties. 8. In fire dryers, the regime is observed.

As a result of the survey, we found out that 84% of the families of our classmates use medicinal plants for illnesses. For throat disease - 67%; cough - 53%; kidneys - 22% Recipe from the Isaev family (for sore throat, tonsillitis, laryngitis). 1 tablespoon aloe juice, 1 tablespoon black cumin oil, 3 tablespoons honey. Mix everything. Lubricate the tonsils or take 1 teaspoon 3 times a day. Recipe from the Pavlenko family. 9 (for kidney disease) Rose hips - 20 g, birch leaves - 20 g. Use 0.3 cups of infusion 3 times a day for the Isaev family: Sociological survey

Medicinal plants are a national treasure and wealth.

Internet resources http://www.doctor-travkin.ru/boretsdgyng.html http://subscribe.ru/group/vse-o-lekarstvennyih-rasteniyah/ http://nature.baikal.ru/phs/ph.shtml ?id=5829 http://nature.baikal.ru/phs/ph.shtml?id=5829 http://www.rod1.org/subd/svetlica/prirodnaya_kladovaya/podorozhnik.html http://vospitatel.com. ua/zaniatia/priroda/rastenia/oduvanchik.html

Zainullina A.A. 1

Khasanova F.Z. 1

1 Municipal budgetary educational institution “Pelevskaya secondary school” of the Laishevsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan

The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
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Introduction

The plant world is rich and diverse. Many of them are very useful. They give people food and are a source of oxygen. Nature seems to have programmed into the plant world everything that people need. I wanted to learn more about medicinal plants. study the problem of using plants as medicinal raw materials. She began her work by studying literature.

Purpose of the study:

1. Find out which plants are medicinal.

2.Are there medicinal plants in our area?

3.What medicinal properties do they have?

4. Rules for collection and use.

5.Use of medicinal plants in our family.

Research objectives:

Identify the effect of medicinal plants on human health

Encourage children and adolescents to treat medicinal plants with care.

First, we got acquainted with the history of the green pharmacy.

The Green Pharmacy is the oldest pharmacy on our planet, and its age is calculated not even in tens, but in hundreds of thousands of years. Plants are the first medicines of ancient man. How he found and used them, we will apparently never know, but already in the very first written monuments of human history, medicines from plants are mentioned.

Thus, in a herbal book compiled in China 5 thousand years ago, 230 species of medicinal and poisonous plants are listed; about 4 thousand years ago in India, methods for collecting medicinal plants were described. 2 thousand years ago, the Egyptians grew medicinal plants and equipped special expeditions that delivered planting material from different countries. In ancient Greece, there were professions of collectors and sellers of medicinal raw materials, and some recipes of Greek doctors, compiled almost 2 thousand years ago, have remained relevant to this day, as you will see after reading this book.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, the recommendations of Avicenna, who lived in X century in Bukhara and widely used medicines from plants. Pharmacies in Europe at this time were created according to the Arab model and imported oriental medicinal plants. WITH XV century, after the great geographical discoveries, the arsenal of medicinal remedies was replenished with plants exported from America. IN XVII-XX For centuries, Western European pharmacies used plant materials from all parts of the world.

In ancient Rus', herbal medicine was successfully used by wise men and healers, and later, with the introduction of Christianity, monasteries played a major role in this, where the sick were treated and medicinal herbs were collected. But the first pharmacy in Moscow was opened only in XVI century. At first, foreign pharmacists worked there, but already XVII century, the pharmacy began to serve not only the royal court, but also the army; trained Russian pharmacists worked in it, stocked medicinal raw materials, and for this purpose a special expedition to Siberia was organized. At the same time, “pharmaceutical gardens” were created in Moscow - the first plantations of medicinal plants. Subsequently, Peter I organized an apothecary garden in St. Petersburg and plantations of medicinal plants in Astrakhan and near Poltava (in Lubny).

This is the ancient history of the green pharmacy.

However, in our time, the antiquity of any field of knowledge does not serve as proof of its relevance. What is the role of medicinal plants in modern medicine? Have they lost their significance now, when a lot of medicinal drugs are created by direct synthesis from organic and inorganic compounds? Isn’t it anachronistic in the age of advanced chemistry to collect some herbs and roots like a caveman?

And the all-knowing statistics answer - no, it’s not an anachronism.

Man managed to change beyond recognition only the world around him, but not the vital processes of his body. Therefore, functional disorders are still treated mainly with herbal preparations: more than half of the choleretic, diuretic, laxatives, and hemostatic agents are obtained from plant materials, and in the treatment of widespread cardiovascular diseases they generally occupy first place! The further we go, the more we become convinced of the benefits of treatment with natural products, to which the human body has adapted for thousands of years and which do not cause the undesirable consequences associated with the abuse of synthetic drugs.

So the green pharmacy continues its work, so necessary for humanity, today!

Why are they medicinal?

The therapeutic effect of medicinal plants is associated with the presence of physiologically active substances in them.

Already from the beginning XIX have been known for centuries alkaloids. Many of the alkaloids have a very strong effect on the vital processes of the body - in small doses they are medicines, and in large doses they are strong poisons. This list alone shows how alkaloids differ in their action: they depress or excite the nervous system, dilate or constrict blood vessels, paralyze nerve endings, etc. The most powerful poison, strychnine, is also an alkaloid. The richest in them are representatives of the families Ranunculaceae, Poppy, and Solanaceae.

The second group of chemical compounds that is very important in terms of medicinal properties are glycosides. Glycosides are also very different in their physiological action, and this is determined by the different nature of the aglycones. Thus, for the treatment of heart failure, cardiac glycosides are indispensable, increasing the force of contraction of the heart muscle. Cardiac glycogens are part of such well-known drugs as digoxin, digitoxin, celanide, adonisitol, korglykon, etc. They are obtained from some types of foxglove, spring adonis, and May lily of the valley. The effect of cardiac glycosides on the human body is very strong, and they can only be used under medical supervision.

Bitter glycosides act on the body in a completely different way than cardiac ones - they stimulate the secretion of gastric juice, and therefore they are used for digestive disorders and to increase appetite. Bitter glycosides were found in wormwood, trifoliate, centaury, etc.

Coloring substances are associated with sugars - flavonoids. Some of them, such as rutin, contained in buckwheat and Japanese sophora, reduce the permeability and fragility of capillaries, others have an anti-inflammatory effect and affect liver function.

Saponins have an expectorant effect, the aglycones of which, called sapogenins, foam and are washed off like soap. Saponins are found, for example, in licorice roots.

Biotically active include tannins (tannins). There are especially many of them in plants of the pine, beech, willow, buckwheat, and rosaceae families. In medicine, tannins are used as astringents and anti-inflammatory agents.

Essential oil is essentially a mixture of various volatile substances (alcohols, esters, terpenes, etc.) that have a strong odor. Essential oil is found in various plant organs, but most often in flowers or fruits. Depending on the composition of the essential oil, its use in medicine may vary. Thus, essential oil containing azulenes, such as chamomile and yarrow oil, has anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects; oil containing phenolic alcohols, such as thyme oil, acts as an expectorant as well as an antiseptic and is therefore often used to treat inflammation of the respiratory tract. But the importance of essential oil is especially great not in medicine, but in perfumery. Already several thousand years ago it was used as incense, and although synthetic substances have recently become widespread in perfumery, the need for natural essential oil is still great. Proof of this is the plantations of lavender, Crimean essential oil rose, clary sage, rosemary, etc.

Vitamins These are also substances with strong biological activity. Over 30 vitamins are known.

However, we are not always able to say with certainty which substance is responsible for the healing effect of the plant. For example, it has not yet been precisely established which of the chemical compounds contained in valerian rhizomes gives the therapeutic effect that the tincture of rhizomes has.

Obviously, in many cases, the effect of not one particular substance, but their entire complex contained in the plant, is important. Then they try to use their entire amount and prepare the so-called galenic preparations - tinctures, extracts, etc. They received their name from the Roman physician Galen, who lived in the 2nd century, who introduced them into use.

Until now, herbal remedies occupy a significant place in the arsenal of medicinal products, as you can see by looking at any pharmacy counter.

In medicine, those organs or parts of the plant that contain the largest amount of physiologically active substances are used. In some species these are leaves and flowers, in others - bark, roots or rhizomes. Usually in the above-ground organs of the plant - shoots, leaves - the maximum amount of biologically active substances accumulates during flowering, and in the underground - roots and rhizomes - before the beginning of the growing season and at the very end of it.(4)

How to collect and dry medicinal plants

When collecting medicinal plants, it is necessary to do this in such a way that the maximum amount of physiologically active substances is preserved in the raw materials and, in addition, so that after the collection of the raw materials, the population of medicinal plants retains the ability to recover. If these requirements are not met, the collection of medicinal raw materials will turn into a simple theft of natural resources.

There are certain rules for collecting medicinal plants.

The best time to collect buds is spring, when the buds have swollen but not burst. At this time, they are especially rich in resins and other active ingredients.

The bark is also usually collected in the spring during sap flow. It is removed from three to four year old trunks and branches. In this case, ring-shaped and longitudinal cuts are made, after which the bark is peeled off and removed.

It is better to collect leaves at the beginning of the plant's flowering or shortly before it. The aboveground part of the plant, the so-called “grass,” is most often recommended to be collected during flowering.

Flowers or inflorescences are taken at the beginning of flowering, and not during the second half, when they begin to fade, fruits - only when they are completely ripe, and, of course, there is no need to collect damaged or rotten fruits.

Leaves, shoots and flowers can only be collected in dry weather, after the dew has disappeared: plants collected after rain or covered with dew will not be able to dry properly - they will turn black and spoil. Collect leaves, shoots and flowers of only healthy plants. You should also not collect plants in contaminated areas (for example, near barnyards), in fields where herbicides have been treated or mineral fertilizers have recently been applied, near industrial enterprises - in a word, anywhere where the resulting raw materials may be contaminated with harmful organic or mineral substances.

With this in mind, we need to follow the general rules for collecting plants as much as possible: do not pick the shoots (grass) and flowers of perennial herbaceous plants, but cut them off, since by picking them we can pull out the plant or, in any case, damage its roots. Only annuals can be plucked or even pulled out of the soil, but not all of them - a few specimens must be left for seeding. Roots and rhizomes should only be dug up from mature plants; young ones should be left to renew the population. The buds and especially the bark need to be harvested only at cutting sites during thinning, from felled specimens. The fruits are collected only by hand - all mechanical devices damage the plants. Of course, when picking fruits or flowers, you cannot break off branches. And most importantly, remember - plants need rest. It is impossible to carry out harvesting in the same place every year. And you should never take more than necessary!(4)

Medicinal plants of Tatarstan

A very large number of species of medicinal plants grow on the territory of our republic. (3) These are woody, shrubby and herbaceous plants. In our area, near the village of Pelevo, many of them can be found. Trees include silver birch, common oak, heart-shaped linden, and rowan; shrubs - bird cherry, cinnamon rose hip, common viburnum, common raspberry; more than fifty species of herbaceous plants, such as blue cornflower, knotweed, oregano, St. John's wort, wild strawberry, stinging nettle, coltsfoot, dandelion shepherd's purse, spring primrose, common tansy, great plantain, wormwood, etc. Among them there are also protected species: yellow egg capsule, May lily of the valley. (2)

Many of these medicinal plants are used in my family, and many residents of our village also use them.

How to use medicinal raw materials

The success of treatment largely depends on the correct preparation of medicinal preparations from plant materials. To do this, we must extract active ingredients from raw materials. Usually they are extracted either with alcohol (so-called tinctures are prepared) or with water. At home, the easiest way to prepare water extracts is infusions and decoctions. To prepare them, certain knowledge is required. So, for example, the active substances from leaves and flowers are easily extracted after ordinary brewing with boiling water and infusion, but the bark and roots need to be boiled to extract the active substances.

Some dosage forms and rules for their preparation.

Infusions- aqueous extracts of active ingredients. They are prepared by brewing the crushed raw materials with boiling water, usually in a ratio of 2 teaspoons per glass of water. Leave for 15-30 minutes in a sealed container, preferably in a thermos, and then filter. Sometimes, if the raw material contains essential oil or mucus, an infusion is prepared by pouring boiled water at room temperature over the raw material and infusing it for 6-8 hours.

Decoctions - also water extracts. They are prepared by heating raw materials filled with water in a boiling water bath in a sealed container for 30 minutes. Then the broth is cooled and filtered.

Decoctions and infusions should be taken cold or warm. For example, diaphoretic infusions are taken warm. To improve the taste of infusions, you can add a little sugar or honey. However, it is not recommended to sweeten it heavily, especially for gastrointestinal diseases.

Tinctures- extracts obtained with 70° alcohol or vodka in a ratio of 1:5 or 1:10. Infuse in a well-closed container, protected from sunlight, for 7 days at room temperature.

Extracts- These are condensed extracts from medicinal raw materials. They can be liquid or dry. The methods for obtaining them are quite complex, so they are usually not prepared at home.

At home, you can use juices obtained from fresh, not dried plants, such as the juice of aloe or Kalanchoe leaves.

When it is necessary to further enhance the complexity of the action of different substances, infusions and decoctions are prepared not from one, but from several types of plants that complement each other well. These are the so-called “teas” or “collections”. For example, choleretic tea made from immortelle flowers, mint leaves and watchwort, or soothing tea made from valerian rhizomes, mint leaves, and hop “cones.” All infusions, decoctions, and teas are suitable for use within two days if they are stored at room temperature.

Cultivated medicinal plants

Cultivated medicinal plants are medicinal plants that you can grow yourself.

Other plants also have healing properties - fruit, vegetable and ornamental plants grown in the garden, such as apple trees, cherries, plums, etc.

People began to cultivate medicinal plants a long time ago. There is information about some plants, for example, cumin, coriander, etc., that they were grown before our era.

Growing medicinal plants is becoming an urgent need. Scientific and technological progress is increasingly displacing plant species from their natural habitats, their thickets are thinning out, and the distribution area of such species is shrinking.

Pharmacy in the garden.

These are plants like Marshmallow, Noble basil, Red hawthorn, Valerian officinalis, Oregano, St. John's wort, Hyssop officinalis, Viburnum common, Coriander, Schisandra chinensis, Melissa officinalis, Peppermint, Marigold (calendula), etc.

Pharmacy on the windowsill

In addition to plants that can grow in open ground, there is a way to grow some indoor plants: aloe, Kalanchoe, bud tea. These plants are easy to grow at home, on the window, and it is not difficult to prepare medicine from them at home.

Pharmacy on the dining table

Most of the vegetable and herb plants we eat every day have certain healing properties. Some of them, such as carrots, were first introduced into culture as medicinal ones, and only then became food. So at lunch we get not only food, but also medicine. The importance of vitamins is well known, but vegetables contain not only vitamins, but also a number of other substances that have a healing effect.

Head cabbage.

Instructions for the medicinal use of cabbage are available from Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen. In Russian medicine, cabbage was widely used to treat digestive disorders, diseases of the liver and spleen, to treat eczema, burns, festering wounds, ulcers and other diseases.

Cabbage leaves contain vitamins: C, B, folic and pantothenic acids, carotene, phosphorus, potassium, calcium.

Freshly prepared cabbage juice has a strong anti-ulcer property. It helps with pulmonary tuberculosis (mixed with honey) and liver diseases. Effect on certain groups of microbes (tuberculosis bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, etc.)

Potato

Potato tubers are valuable not only for their starch. There are also organic acids (citric, malic, oxalic) and various vitamins - C, B1, B2, B5, PP, provitamin A, as well as potassium and phosphorus.

Potatoes are valuable due to the vitamin content they contain.

Bulb onions

The leaves and bulbs contain essential oil, vitamin C; the bulbs also contain vitamins B and PP, flavonoids, and saponins. Onions are very rich in phytoncides - volatile substances with bactericidal and fungicidal properties.

During the Crusades, you could ransom a prisoner for 8 onions.

Fresh leaves are applied to abscesses and calluses: crushed bulb scales are a good remedy for hair loss.

Onions are a well-known remedy for vitamin deficiencies.

Carrot

Root vegetables of high-vitamin varieties of carrots are used to obtain carotene; in addition, this is an excellent dietary food for anemia, diseases of the liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. Carrots have a weak diuretic and anthelmintic (especially against pinworms) effect. Not only root vegetables are healing, but also carrots.

Capsicum

For medicine, only spicy varieties of pepper are of interest. Their burning taste depends on the volatile substance contained in the fruits - capsaicin; in addition, they contain a lot of vitamin C, vitamins B1, and P.

An alcoholic tincture of pepper stimulates the secretion of gastric juice and improves digestion, but pepper is mainly used externally - as an irritating and distracting rub for neuralgia, radiculitis, myositis, etc.

Radish

Root vegetables contain a glycoside that breaks down to release essential oil. This is what gives the radish its pungent and pungent taste. In addition, root vegetables contain sugars, vitamins C, B1 and carotene.

Recommendations for the use of radish juice are very wide. So, in Bulgaria it is used for bronchitis, neuralgia, flatulence, and especially for liver diseases, sand and stones in the liver and bladder. A paste of crushed seeds in the form of a poultice is recommended for difficult-to-heal wounds.

Common pumpkin

Pumpkin seeds are used in medicine; they contain 50% fatty oils, resinous substances, vitamins and organic acids. Which of the substances contained in the seeds have anthelmintic properties has not yet been established, however, in their effect, pumpkin seeds are similar to male fern extract, only less toxic, so they are especially recommended for children and the elderly. As an anthelmintic, the seeds are eaten raw. Pumpkin pulp improves intestinal function. In folk medicine, pumpkin dishes are considered a good diuretic that removes salts from the body.(1)

Conclusion

What is the secret of the effectiveness of herbal medicines? The fact is that plants are a biogenetically formed complex consisting of active substances and other (secondary) elements, including: metabolites, proteins, various essential oils, chlorophyll, trace elements, vitamins of different groups, inorganic salts.

This kind of complex, which is formed in a living cell, is more similar to the human body than the active substance created chemically. Therefore, medicinal plants are more easily assimilated by the body and have fewer side effects.

Therefore, it is not surprising that scientific medicine, which considers traditional methods of treatment imperfect and archaic, nevertheless resorts to the help of medicinal plants that have proven their effectiveness and usefulness during its existence. And this is not surprising, because medicinal herbs and plants do not have any chemical additives, since nature itself has endowed them with beneficial properties, creating a kind of safe “natural pills”.

Moreover, modern science not only studies and carefully checks the experience of traditional medicine, but also expands the arsenal of therapeutic agents.

Bibliography

1.A.M.Rabinovich Medicinal plants on a personal plot Kazan 1990

2. V. I. Poulyanova Poisonous plants of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Kazan 1987

3. I.I. Rakhimov, K.K. Ibragimova Flora and fauna of Tatarstan Magarif 2007

4. L.S. Soboleva, I.L. Krylova Green pharmacy of Tatarstan Kazan 1990

5 R.G. Ivanova Wild edible plants of Tatarstan Kazan 1987

The importance of medicinal plants in the life of mankind is difficult to overestimate. At one time, herbal treatment helped him survive. What am I talking about? Let’s not forget that the mass production of non-plant-based drugs did not appear that long ago. This happened a little over a hundred years ago. However, even in our time, official medicine is in no hurry to abandon herbal-based drugs...

So we should all also know about the healing properties of some plants in order to use them to neutralize the first signs of the disease, without waiting for it to make itself known loudly. Of course, we are not talking about replacing medicines with plants: rather, herbs, as an addition to pharmaceutical products, can provide the body with invaluable support in the healing process... Therefore, I will tell you about the ways to use them, the benefits and applications of some popular plants.

Methods of use

Infusion. Leaves, flowers or roots of one or more plants are placed in a deep pan and filled with hot water. Wait at least half an hour, then the liquid is filtered and can be used for its intended purpose.

Decoction. To make a decoction, add fresh or dried herbs to cold water, then place in a saucepan. After this, you need to bring everything to a boil and let it simmer over low heat for 20-30 minutes. Cool and strain before using.

Tincture. Extract from plants prepared with alcohol. Liquid tinctures of plants can also be prepared using vinegar or vegetable glycerin. Usually a few drops, according to the dosage, are diluted in a small amount of water before use.

Oil. You just need to place the plant in vegetable oil for several days and then strain.

Ointments. In this case, the oil should become solid, and for this purpose beeswax or lanolin should be added to it.

The benefits of medicinal plants

There are plants that can be consumed every day. In addition to the fact that they are effective in the case of certain diseases. These herbs also bring a large amount of nutrients to the body, tone and activate the body as a whole. These medicinal medicinal plants are consumed mainly in the form of infusion, 1-3 cups per day.

Oats

Being a particularly nutritious plant for the nervous system, oats are recommended for apathetic or overly stressed people. It promotes concentration and healthy sleep. Oats also serve as a good reinforcement for the baby during the mother’s pregnancy, and for the newborn in case of lack of milk or weaning.

Nettle

Rich in magnesium and iron, nettle strengthens the kidneys. It helps people who suffer from disorders associated with the accumulation of toxins in the body: skin diseases, allergies, arthritis, cancer. Nettle tones the body by regulating blood sugar and reducing the effects of stress. In addition, nettle is a good ally for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Recommended for use as an infusion.

Clover

Rich in calcium, red clover is good for people suffering from toxins. The nutrients of clover are especially healing for children, women of climatic age, and the elderly. An infusion of flowers or the whole plant is used, but you should beware of using it in parallel with blood thinning medications.

Flaxseed is a popular laxative. For these purposes, you should brew 1 tablespoon of seeds with cool water, boil for half an hour and consume once or twice a day.

Raspberry bush

Raspberry bush leaves are without a doubt the best remedy for female diseases. Nutritious and rich in nutrients, this plant tones the uterus and helps women who have problems with the reproductive system (premenstrual syndrome, cramps, menstruation, endometriosis, fibroids, infertility). Raspberries are also good for pregnant women and nursing mothers: they tonify the uterus and enrich milk. In addition, thanks to its astringent effect, the plant soothes sore throats and eliminates digestive system disorders. Drink an infusion of raspberry leaves (no more than 2 cups per day). The infusion can also serve as a vaginal rinse or be used as a compress to be applied to small wounds or conjunctivitis.

Dill

Dill seeds promote harmonious digestion, eliminate putrefaction and intestinal cramps. Dill is the best remedy for children prone to colic. In addition, this plant helps the production of milk in nursing mothers.

Chamomile flowers

Chamomile promotes balance and harmony. Its flowers tone and activate both the digestive, nervous and reproductive systems. Chamomile is a daily ally for people in the fight against indigestion, ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, stress, insomnia and menstrual problems. A light infusion is prepared that we can drink or add to the bath to calm the nerves or relieve skin irritations. Chamomile oil can also be used to treat wounds and childhood rashes.

Melissa

This plant is a good helper for those who constantly indulge in dark thoughts. Melissa relaxes, promotes normal sleep, digestion, and reduces fever in children and adults. The antiviral effect of lemon balm is effective in case of flu or herpes. An infusion of the leaves of this plant is used.
Herbal healing restores our relationship with the richness that the earth offers us, and also restores a person's sense of autonomy in relation to their own health.

Thousands of different plants grow on the earth. Among them are a large number of medicinal ones. They are found in mountains, forests, steppes, deserts, and swamps. Even many edible plants have medicinal effects.

Due to their wide distribution, accessibility and valuable properties, medicinal plants have been used since ancient times. Already three thousand years ago, many of them were known in China and Egypt. The experience of using them has accumulated over centuries and led to the creation of traditional medicine. medicinal plant substance

Knowledge about the properties of medicinal plants and their use was stored in people's memory, forgotten, restored, replenished with new information and passed on from generation to generation.

In folk medicine there is a lot that is imperfect, naive, archaic, but at the same time very valuable, sometimes even completely unknown to scientific medicine. Modern science studies and tests the centuries-old experience of traditional medicine, expanding the arsenal of therapeutic agents.

Each medicinal plant goes a long way before it begins to be used in clinics. Its chemical composition is studied, the active substances are determined, the influence of them and the plant as a whole on the functions of various human organs and systems, the degree of toxicity of individual chemicals and the entire plant is revealed, the main medicinal effect of the plant and the mechanism of this action are established, and finally, the medicinal qualities of the plant are assessed and its drugs in experimental models of various diseases. And only then, according to specially drawn up instructions, the new drug is tested in several clinics. If the result is positive, the pharmacological committee of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation approves the plant for wide clinical use and distribution among the population, and its medicinal preparations for industrial production. This is how many plants move from traditional medicine to scientific medicine. Valuable medicinal plants such as lily of the valley, adonis, gray jaundice and leftwort, immortelle, marsh grass, broadleaf ragwort, blue cyanosis, Chinese lemongrass and many others have received wide scientific recognition and distribution.

Most of the plants growing in the vast expanses of our country are still insufficiently studied. “There are still many secrets,” notes Prof. A.F. Gammerman, “they store medicinal plants, and they still promise a lot to a person in the fight for his health.”

Through the centuries-old experience of traditional medicine and in the process of comprehensive study of plants by scientific medicine, effective medicinal plants are found, new medicinal properties are discovered in long-known but then forgotten plants. In the East, folk wisdom believes that “there is no plant that is not medicinal, there is no disease that cannot be cured by a plant.”

The path to the formation of traditional medicine was long and winding. It arose from the need to combat human diseases.

The first known work on medicinal plants belongs to the outstanding physician of Ancient Greece, Hippocrates (born around 460 - died in 377 BC). Hippocrates believed that all parts of them are equally useful and that the entire plant as a whole should be used for treatment. He described over two hundred plants used in medicine of his time.

But only six centuries later, the Roman physician Galen (2nd century AD) showed that medicinal plants are healing precisely because they contain certain active ingredients. Galen determined how these substances should be extracted. He used decoctions, infusions, plant juices, powders and pills from them for treatment.

In Russia, medicinal plants have also been used for a long time. Residents of Ancient Rus' widely used herbs to treat various

diseases. Treatment was carried out by sorcerers and healers. The learned monks also collected medicinal plants and treated the sick with them. Special “herbal shops” began to open in cities, selling herbs and medicines made from them. Even then, such well-known plants as horseradish and onions began to be used in folk medicine, and mold - the prototype of penicillin - was used to treat purulent wounds and ulcers.

At the end of the 16th century, numerous handwritten herbal books appeared in Russia - “vertograds”, representing translations from the Latin and German originals. In the 16th century in Moscow, a publicly accessible guide to the use of medicinal plants was compiled - “The Herbalist of Local and Local Potions.” Herbalists were used as remedies and were copied many times until the end of the 18th century. During correspondence they were supplemented and improved.

The use of medicinal plants began to develop greatly from the middle of the 17th century, when Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich created a special Pharmacy Order, which supplied the royal court and army with medicinal herbs. In the 17th century, organized collection of herbs and rose hips was already carried out by special expeditions. Rose hips were then highly valued and were given out for treatment to noble people with special permission. The cultivation of medicinal plants also began in the 17th century. By order of Peter I, the first botanical gardens, or apothecary gardens, were created at pharmacies (in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan and other cities) and at military hospitals. Large plantations of medicinal plants were also established, and wild plants began to be harvested. Under Peter I, the scientific study of the flora of our country began. Special expeditions are sent to various regions of Russia. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the study of Russian medicinal flora intensified. In the 19th century, books were published in Russia describing domestic medicinal herbs, as well as herbalists talking about their use in folk medicine.

Russian and Soviet scientists made great contributions to the science of medicinal plants. They have great merit in the search and study of medicinal herbs, the introduction of plants and preparations made from them into medicinal practice.

Thus, cardiac preparations from adonis and lily of the valley, now used all over the world, were introduced into scientific medicine by outstanding clinicians prof. S.P. Botkin and prof. F. I. Inozemtsev. Prof. B.P. Tokin initiated the study of phytoncides - biologically active substances that kill or suppress the growth and development of other organisms, mainly various microbes. Our country takes the leading place in the study of poisonous alkaloid-containing plants. Academician A.P. Orekhov discovered 65 new alkaloids in various plants. Our pharmaceutical industry has produced such valuable drugs from plant materials as ephedrine, salsolin, platiphylline, adonizide and others.

One of the most important tasks healthcare is the creation of diverse, accessible, cheap and highly effective medicines. For this purpose, in our country there is a wide network of research institutions that study medicinal plants, their medicinal properties and create new drugs. All research is headed by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal Plants, established in 1931. Research is also carried out in a number of other research institutes, botanical gardens and departments of many medical and chemical-pharmaceutical institutes.

In order to find new effective medicines, the country is conducting activities to study wild plants in the Caucasus, Crimea, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Far East.

When conducting expeditions for medicinal plants, animals can help in discovering new plants and attracting attention to them. The well-known valerian plant was discovered with the help of cats. Leuzea, or maral root, which has strong tonic properties, has been eaten by deer - Siberian deer - since ancient times to restore strength. Wounded deer eat red cloves, which are known as a folk styptic. Bitter wormwood is eaten by livestock to get rid of worms, and moose eat the leaves of the wormwood for the same purpose.

Currently, in our country, about 45% of all medicines are made from higher plants, 2% from fungi and bacteria. 80% of drugs used for cardiovascular diseases are of plant origin.

Having read the previous material, hardly anyone will doubt that plants were widely used as medicinal agents by our distant and recent ancestors. But should they be used now, in the era of widespread use of chemotherapy drugs? What is their role in modern healing science? Will herbal medicines be needed in the future? In order to answer these questions, you first need to understand how medicinal herbs can be used. Here it is necessary to highlight two main directions: firstly, the use of minimally processed natural plants as medicines (decoctions, collections, tinctures, etc.), and, secondly, the use of substances isolated from plants (alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, etc.). Natural preparations from medicinal herbs, which have served people as the main medicines for thousands of years, in the 19th and 20th centuries were greatly replaced by chemotherapy drugs, which, as a rule, act more quickly and powerfully and are indispensable in providing emergency care. Nevertheless, they remain in the arsenal of a modern doctor. The list of them is quite large and is constantly growing. Currently, in our country, scientific medicine alone uses more than 200 types of plants.

There are several reasons for this situation. Quite a few natural preparations from medicinal plants are quite effective, well-tested and reliable means of treatment, meeting all the conditions for drugs, and therefore do not require any improvement or replacement with stronger ones. For example, bird cherry and blueberry fruits and oak bark are widely and successfully used as astringents; sage leaves and chamomile flowers are indispensable as a weak antiseptic and astringent; preparations of marshmallow and licorice root have pronounced expectorant properties. Natural medicinal preparations from plants, as a rule, act more slowly, gently, do not accumulate in the body, do not give side effects, i.e., they are devoid of precisely those disadvantages that are often observed in chemically pure substances. Therefore, they are often used for chronic diseases, in pediatric practice. Thus, for the treatment of chronic liver diseases, immortelle flowers and corn silk are used as choleretic agents; for chronic kidney diseases, juniper fruits, bearberry leaves, horsetail grass and other plants are used as mild diuretics. In pediatric practice, the herb succession has proven itself well, an infusion of which is added to baths for diathesis in children.

An important advantage of natural preparations that have a beneficial therapeutic effect is that plants, being a food product for humans and animals and thus an inextricable part of the entire living world, contain complex complexes of biologically active substances, adapted for millions of years to influence living organisms. It is the presence of such complexes, perhaps consisting of dozens or more individual chemical compounds, that explains the ability of a natural drug to sometimes cause a significant positive effect where individual compounds isolated from the same plant are ineffective. Until now, for example, it has not been possible to isolate compounds from valerian root that cause an effect as strong as the tincture of this plant. A special complex of substances may also explain the specific effect of drugs from adaptogen plants - ginseng, lemongrass, Leuzea, zamanika, Eleutherecoccus, etc. A special role in the sharp increase in interest in plants as a source of natural medicines is played by the often unreasonably broad, sometimes the thoughtless use of chemicals as therapeutic agents, as well as the “chemicalization” of food, household, industry, and agriculture. One of the results of environmental pollution by waste from various industries and transport, mineral fertilizers and pesticides, and food additives is the population’s concern for their health and the future of their children. People do not want to “swallow chemicals,” which are “always harmful,” and look for a way out in the use of medicinal plants, often forgetting that they too can accumulate harmful chemical compounds and sometimes contain them in tens of times higher concentrations than in water and soil. Huge harm to health can be caused, for example, by plants growing along highways or within the city, which accumulate lead compounds that enter the air and soil from car exhaust pipes. Considering the possibility of collecting chemically contaminated raw materials, one must be very careful when purchasing medicinal herbs from private individuals.

As a summary of the above, we can say that natural preparations from medicinal plants are used with great success and very justifiably in modern medicine, bringing great benefits to humans, and in the near future there is no acceptable alternative to many of them. Since the time of Galen, doctors have tried to isolate chemically pure active principles from the plant. Paracelsus did a lot in this direction, developing the technology for obtaining galenic preparations. However, a completely new period in pharmacology began in 1803, when the German chemist K. L. Deroon first isolated the active principle of opium - the dried milky juice of the unripe heads of the soporific poppy. This compound was named morphine (morphine) by the god of dreams Morpheus. Subsequently, caffeine was obtained from coffee seeds and tea leaves, belladonna (belladonna) leaves - atropine, cocoa seed husks - theobromine, coca bush leaves - cocaine, cinchona bark - quinine, Calabar bean seeds - physostigmine (eserine), emetic nuts - strychnine. The isolated substances belonging to the group of alkaloids were a godsend for physicians and are now included in the main stock of medicines. Obtaining chemically pure drugs from plants made it possible to determine their biological activity, dose them by weighing, prepare such convenient dosage forms as tablets, dragees, powders, etc., and administer drugs by injection.

The history of isolating valuable medicinal compounds from plants did not end with the discovery of alkaloids. A huge success was the isolation of the active principles from various types of digitalis, containing cardiac glycosides - digitoxin, digoxin, celanide, etc. Soon, cardiac glycosides were obtained from strophanthus - strophanthin, lily of the valley - korglykon, adonis - adonizid. In 1952, reserpine was isolated from the roots of the evergreen shrub Rauwolfia serpentina. This compound opened a new era in the treatment of hypertension. Later, other antihypertensive substances were obtained from this plant. An instructive example of the incompleteness of our knowledge about the properties of plants are the results of studies of the Madagascar (pink) periwinkle carried out in 1957 - 1963 by the American scientist G. Svoboda. From this plant he isolated the alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, which are successfully used to treat certain blood cancers. This discovery created a sensation in pharmacology and medicine. No one could have imagined the serious possibilities of using plants to fight cancer.

The successes of chemistry in isolating medicinal compounds from plants are very impressive, but many secrets of plant-derived drugs have not yet been revealed. Research in the field of identification and use of new medicinal plants is carried out in several directions. One of them is the study and use of the experience of traditional medicine. The manual of Tibetan medicine gives the following commandment: “If you look at nature with the eyes of a doctor looking for medicines, then we can say that we live in a world of medicines, because there is no substance in nature that would not be suitable as a medicine.” Over the millennia of its development, traditional medicine has revealed a large number of natural remedies that are also used in scientific medicine.

Another direction for the discovery of medicinal plants is based on the principle of phylogenetic relationship, i.e., based on the fact that botanically related plants may have similar or similar chemical composition and pharmacological action. Using the phylogenetic principle, scientists study plant species that are closest to those used in scientific medicine. In this way, it was discovered that the effective anthelmintic substance santonin, obtained from cypress wormwood, is also found in sufficient quantities in six other types of wormwood. Cardiac glycosides, first discovered in foxglove purple, were later isolated from foxglove woolly, rusty, etc. This way of searching for new medicinal plants is very promising, as it often allows one to replace scarce imported raw materials with domestic flora.

Phylogenetic patterns encourage us to increasingly return to undeservedly forgotten medicinal plants, the chemical composition of which has not been established due to imperfect methods and insufficient knowledge of the chemistry of natural compounds. Newly conducted targeted phytochemical studies made it possible to introduce into medical practice such “forgotten” plants as smokeweed, steelwort, istod, periwinkle, etc. However, the principle of botanical relationship is not always accurate and true. The same or similar substances can sometimes be found in plants of different families. For example, eugenol, which is part of clove oil, is found not only in various plants of the myrtle family, which includes the clove tree, but also in cinnamon, camellia oilseed and other species of the laurel family. Sometimes a valuable medicinal compound is found only in a single form. So, despite intensive searches, the amount of morphine sufficient for industrial use was found only in the medicinal opium, or Turkish, poppy.

The third main direction in the search for medicinal plants is a massive field (reconnaissance) phytochemical analysis for the main biologically active substances of all plant species in a certain area or region without choice (or with partial choice). Identified promising plants are subsequently subjected to more in-depth research. This approach has been used with sufficient efficiency quite widely in recent decades due to the successes of analytical chemistry and is called screening (from the English screening - sifting). During screening, plants are checked for the presence of certain chemical compounds or biological properties using a series of tests, according to which it is possible to evaluate this or that activity. The method, despite the seemingly enormous amount of work, is quite effective in modern conditions. The work is facilitated by the use of the latest analytical methods, modern computing technology and is being deployed quite widely under the auspices of the World Health Organization.