Wrong use of words. Speech errors: examples and types

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.

And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:

Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
Lexical compatibility
Use of synonyms
Use of homonyms
The use of ambiguous words
Verbosity
Lexical incompleteness of the statement
New words
obsolete words
Words of foreign origin
Dialectisms
Colloquial and colloquial words
Professional jargon
Phraseologisms
Cliches and stamps

1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word.

1.1. The use of a word in an unusual sense.

Example: The fire got hotter and hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of the word:

Get inflamed - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, get hot. 2. (transl.) To become very excited, to become overcome by some strong feeling.

To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.

Example: Thanks to the fire that broke out from the fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down.

In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in those cases when it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).

Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.

If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.

Example: The man leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.

Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for a holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with work, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.

Example: A good leader should show an example to his subordinates in everything. You can show an example, but not a sample. And a model can be, for example, to follow.

Example: Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many. The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.

To distinguish from a speech error should be a deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle ... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.

In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary

3. The use of synonyms.

Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. So, the words mistake, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral, commonly used; a hole, an overlay - colloquial; slip - colloquial; blooper - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the director of the plant immediately began to correct it.

When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.

Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express a different degree of manifestation of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, interchangeable in some cases, in others, synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.

Example: Yesterday I was sad. A synonym for sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences, these synonyms are interchanged. Sadly, I look at our generation ...

4. The use of homonyms.

Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.

Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.

Very often, ambiguity leads to the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that match in sound and spelling in separate forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must also pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. The use of polysemantic words.

When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation. When using polysemantic words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of the word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a segment of speech that is semantically complete, allowing you to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it happens otherwise.

Example: He's already cracked up. It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Verbosity.

There are the following types of verbosity:

6.1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excess) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.

Example: All guests received souvenirs. A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable in this sentence is an extra word. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a feature in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the feature.

6.2. Use of extra words. Superfluous, not because the lexical meaning inherent in them is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.

Example: Then the Druzhba bookstore will take care of that on April 11 so that you can smile.

6.3. Tautology (from the Greek. tauto - the same logos - word) - the repetition of single-root words or identical morphemes. Not only students' writings, but also newspapers and magazines are full of tautological errors.

Example: Business leaders are in a businesslike mood.

6.4. Splitting the predicate. This is a replacement of the verbal predicate with a synonymous verb-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean up - clean up.

Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard. Perhaps, in an official business style, such expressions are appropriate, but in a speech situation it is better: The students decided to clean up the school yard.

Example: In small cheap cafes, you know, where people from their neighborhood go, there are usually no empty seats.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.

This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.

Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word. Or: "... do not allow on the pages of the press and television statements that can incite ethnic hatred." So it turns out - "page of television".

When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.

Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are speech errors. Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.

9. Obsolete words.

Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.

Example: Now the university had an open day. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.

Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denoted: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.

Example: The peasants can not stand their hard life and go to the chief governor of the city. The governor is the head of some area (for example, a province in tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Therefore, the chief governor is an absurdity, besides, there could be only one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.

Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts. Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced by the words: goes slower, paused, etc.

11. Dialectisms.

Dialectisms are words or set combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.

Example: A shaberka came to me and sat the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Spoken words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Vernacular is a word, grammatical form or turn of predominantly oral speech, used in the literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple, relaxed speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the whole people.

Example: I have a very thin coat. Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.

13. Professional jargon.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: a typo - a blunder in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, the steering wheel.

But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, hearing and others spoil literary speech.

In terms of the limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (slangs of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.

Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut does not allow it. Hibara - home.

14. Phraseologisms.

It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, figurative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.

14.1. Mistakes in mastering the meaning of phraseological units.

There is a danger of a literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free combinations of words.
Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.

Example: Khlestakov throws pearls all the time in front of pigs, and everyone believes him. Here, the phraseological unit throwing pearls in front of pigs, which means “it’s in vain to talk about something or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it,” is used incorrectly - in the meaning of “invent, weave fables.”

14.2. Mistakes in mastering the form of phraseological unit.

Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.

Example: I'm used to giving myself full reports. Here the form of the number has been changed. There is a phraseological unit to give an account.

Example: He always sits with his arms folded. Phraseologisms such as folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfect participle with the suffix -а (-я).

In some phraseological units, short forms of adjectives are used, replacing them with full forms is erroneous.

Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.

Example: It's time for you to take control of your mind. Most phraseological units are impenetrable: it is impossible to introduce an additional unit into the phraseological unit.

Example: Well, at least hit the wall! The omission of a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.

Example: Everything returns to its own spiral! .. There is a phraseological unit in full circle. Word substitution is not allowed.

14.3. Changing the lexical compatibility of a phraseological unit.

Example: These and other questions play an important role in the development of this still young science. There was a mixture of two stable revolutions: plays a role and matters. You could say that questions matter a lot... or questions matter a lot.

15. Cliches and stamps.

Chancery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are clichés.

Example: There is a lack of spare parts.

Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.

A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by stencil appendages: work is everyday, level is high, support is hot. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism (an exciting image, angry protest).

Cliches - speech stereotypes, ready-made turns used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Cliches are used in official business documents (summit); in the scientific literature (to be proved); in journalism (our own correspondent reports from); in different situations of colloquial everyday speech (Hello! Goodbye! Who is the last one?).

What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from the language norms that are valid. A person without knowledge of these laws can work normally, live, build communications with others. However, in certain cases, efficiency may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, it is simply necessary to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.

Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.

When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the unit of the linguistic tier as the fundamental criterion - the one, the norms of writing, education, the functioning of which was violated. The following levels are distinguished: words, phrases, sentences and text. A classification of speech errors was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember the different types.

At the word level

The word is the most important unit of language. It reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, one should pay attention to stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, and usage, since a violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Here you can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of the spelling that exists in modern Russian. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.

Derivatives at the word level

At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, a violation of various norms of word formation in the Russian literary language. These include the following types:

incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word "hare" instead of the correct version of "hare", or a "thoughtful" (instead of "thoughtful") look, and others.
speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, "loga" (from the word "spoon"). Such use is usually inherent in children of primary school or preschool age.
another type is a substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: "hang" (from the word "hang"), "dodge", used instead of "scatter".
word-composing, that is, the creation of a derivative unit, which cannot be considered as occasional: reviewer, winder.

All these are types of speech errors that are related to word-formation.

Grammar at the word level

There are also other varieties of misuse of words. There are in the Russian language, in addition to word-formation, both grammatical and speech errors. They should be able to distinguish. Grammatical errors are the incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:

associated with a noun. This may be the formation of the form of the accusative case of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, "She asked for a breeze" (you should use the accusative form "breeze"). Here we also include the reverse situation - the formation of the form of the accusative case in an animate noun in the same way as in an inanimate one. Example: "Two bears harnessed to the sleigh" (correct: "two bears"). In addition, when forming case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: "February blue", "pie with jam". There are times when indeclinable names are inclined: "to ride a meter", "to play the piano". Some of us sometimes form plural forms of nouns, while they only have a singular, and vice versa: "a tray of teas."
speech errors associated with the adjective. This may be the wrong choice of short or long forms: "The man was very full", "The building was full of people." Here we also include the incorrect formation of degrees of comparison: "Lena was weaker than Luda", "The new ones are becoming more combative."
another speech error is an error associated with the verb (the forms of its formation). Example: "A person is rushing around the room."
speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: "Looking around, a hunter was walking", "Riding in a bus."
errors related to the incorrect use of forms of pronouns: "I did not want to tear myself away from (the book)," "Their contribution to the common cause" and others.

Lexical at the word level

The next type of errors are lexical, that is, violation of various lexical norms, lexical-semantic compatibility and word usage norms. They are manifested in the fact that compatibility is violated (less often - in a sentence, most often - at the level of a phrase).

This may be the use of an unusual meaning for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence "All the walls of the room were covered with panels" (you cannot use the word "covered" in this context). Another example: "Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troekurov."

It should also be noted here that there is a violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: “The sky was bright” (“to stand” in the meaning of “take place” can only be used in relation to the weather), “The rays of the sun lay on the meadow” (correctly: “illuminated the meadow” ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.

In addition, one can distinguish the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have it: "The overworked hands of this man claim that he had to work hard."

The use of synonyms can also be incorrect. These are speech errors, examples of which are as follows: "Mayakovsky uses satire in his work" (instead of "uses"), "With legs wide apart, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting" (correctly - "fight"). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of “surprised”), “This work is a typical image of the fantastic genre (that's right -“ sample ”). these lakes live for several days a year.

At the phrase level

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, one should refer to the compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid errors at the level of phrases, sentences, as well as text.

Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic links. For example, agreements: "I want to teach everyone volleyball - this is a good, but at the same time hard sport" (good, hard sport). Controls: "I feel thirst for glory", "I am amazed by his strength", "gain strength". The connection between the predicate and the subject may be broken: "Neither the heat nor the summer is eternal (the singular form is used instead of the plural form "eternal"). All these are types of speech errors at the level of the phrase.

Offer level errors

At this level, we can distinguish syntactic and communicative. Let us consider in detail these speech errors in Russian.

Syntax errors at the sentence level

This may be unjustified parceling, violation of structural boundaries. As an example, the following sentences with speech errors can be cited: "Seryozha went hunting. With dogs", "I see. My dogs are running around the field. They are chasing a hare." Syntax errors include violations in the construction of various homogeneous rows: the choice of different forms in a series of homogeneous members: "She was smoothly combed, ruddy." Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary sentence: "I wanted to tell you about the case with that person and why he did this (correctly" and about his act ""). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: “She said that I would definitely fight (here the same subject is meant - “she”, correctly - “will be”). Violation in the subordinate and main clauses of the aspect-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: "She goes and said", "When the girl was sleeping, she sees a dream." And another variation is a separation from the defining word of the subordinate clause: "One of the works in front of us hangs, which is called" Spring ".

Communication errors at the sentence level

The next section is communicative errors, that is, violations of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of a certain utterance. They are as follows:

actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to the fact that false semantic connections are obtained): "The boys are located on the boat with the keel up."
logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as conceptual-logical). This may be a substitution of the subject performing the action ("Masha's eyes and facial contours are carried away by the film"); substitution of the object of action ("I like Pushkin's poems, especially the theme of love"); the combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row ("He is always serious, of medium height, his hair is a little curly at the edges, inoffensive"); violation of various genus-species relations ("The tone of angry gatherings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches against the regime, as well as calls to rally ranks"); an error when using causal relationships ("But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he did not really believe in nihilism").

constructive-communicative, that is, a violation of the laws of construction of statements. This may be a poor connection or lack of it between parts of the statement: "They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes." This also includes the use of a participial turnover without connection with the subject related to it: "Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it." Another type of such errors is the break in participial turnover: "There is little difference between the written questions on the board."
information-communicative, or semantic-communicative. This type is close to the previous one, but differs in that here there is a deterioration in communicative properties not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the statement, but due to the absence of part of the information in it or its excess. This may be the vagueness of the primary intention of the statement: "We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world." Its incompleteness can also be attributed here: "I myself adore plants, so I am glad to see that our village becomes so unrecognizable in summer." This may be the omission of part of the statement and the necessary words, semantic redundancy (repetition of words, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally colored means. For example, the use of various vernacular words in literary speech, book expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressive vocabulary that is unjustified (“A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy”), unsuccessful comparisons, metonymy, metaphors.

At the text level

All errors at this level are communicative in nature. They can be of the following types:

logical violations are very common errors at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of links between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of generic relations.
grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. Here there may be a violation in different sentences of the aspectual-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as a violation of agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and subject in different sentences.
information and communication disorders. These include constructive and informational-semantic insufficiency, that is, the omission of part of the statement in the text; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a heap of structures); discrepancy between the constructive specification of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautologies, repetitions.

Stylistic errors in the text

Style violations existing at the text level can be considered in a similar way. At the same time, it should be noted that we also attribute to them the monotony and poverty of syntactic constructions, since texts like: “The boy was dressed very simply. syntactic violations, but about the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the level of the text, speech disorders are more complex than at the level of the utterance, although in the latter they are "isomorphic". As a rule, textual errors are of a syncretic nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, logical aspects of a speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to build. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in our memory previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.

The ability to find flaws in the text, as well as correcting speech errors, are important tasks that every school graduate faces. Indeed, in order to write the exam well in the Russian language, you need to learn how to identify all of the above types of errors and try to avoid them as much as possible.

The purpose of the lesson:

Introduce students to the types of speech errors and give training exercises to correct them.

Technologies:

Computer technology.

Business game technologies: lecture for two, lecture-visualization, lecture-provocation.

Formed competencies:

Listening skills.

Faculty of Computer Presentation.

Ability to apply knowledge in practice.

The ability to transfer knowledge into reality.

Lesson equipment:

1. Computer.

2. Multimedia projector.

4. A package of materials for the lesson for each student on the desk: a memo “Types of speech errors”, exercises to consolidate the studied material, individual cards for homework.

During the classes

Introduction by the teacher.

Computer presentation on the topic of the lesson with the correction of speech errors in the examples given.

Oral training exercises to correct speech errors.

Written exercises to consolidate the acquired knowledge.

Lesson results.

Homework.

1. Introductory speech of the teacher.

Remember the previous lesson and name the main signs of a good speech.

All errors in writing fall into several groups: factual, logical, speech.

Speech errors violate the correctness of speech, its accuracy, expressiveness, purity, imagery.

2. Presentation "Speech errors".

The presentation was made and commented by the student with the collective correction of speech errors in the examples given. (Presentation and student handouts attached)

3. Oral training exercises to correct speech errors.

(Students are offered the material in the form of a computer presentation, errors are corrected orally with a collective discussion of correction options. You can discuss 1-2 examples orally, and invite students to complete the rest in writing on their own with subsequent verification)

I. The use of a word in an unusual sense.

1. He fell back (prone) and buried his face in the ground.

2. He intently (attentively) listened to my story.

3. The monument amazes us with its bizarre dimensions (dimensions).

II. Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by a prefix and a suffix.

In such cases I I glance (drop in) in the Spelling Dictionary.

Rivals zealously (jealously) related to each other's successes.

People started happy and troublesome (troublesome) follow orders.

First about Manilow develops double (dual) impression.

III. Distinguishing synonymous words.

The name of this poet familiar (known) in many countries.

Now our press devotes considerable space (place) advertising, and this is not for us impresses (like).

IV. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring.

1. There are squares and parks in our city deployed (located) very well.

3. In advance of the meeting, we need to prepare all the necessary papers (documents, papers).

4. In view of the lack red rose, the prince's heart will be broken.

NOTE. The famous writer V. Soloukhin did not accept the title Matrimonial Palace ; it is “... anyway,” he thought, “that a clerical pin is attached to a string of pearls on a woman’s neck.”

V. Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units.

This, of course, talented writer M. Zoshchenko finger don't put it in your mouth , and just let the reader laugh.

Sisyphean labor
(in vain) was to start building a house in this place: in two years there will be a reservoir here.

Sun light all over Ivanovskaya .

NOTE. A.P. Chekhov deliberately replaced the component of the stable phrase shout in all Ivanovskaya, updating phraseology and making speech more expressive.

VI. Unjustified use of colloquial and dialect words.

We planted cabbages, carrots, beetroot (beets).

could not and wanted (wanted) Katerina to live in a “dark kingdom”.

Unexpectedly on help (help) The police captain came to Chichikov.

VII. Violation of lexical compatibility.

was born

(Saved) is a tradition to widely celebrate City Day. (A tradition is a custom, an established order, inherited from previous generations; a tradition cannot be born: it can be preserved, inherited.)

Already being old man (human old age), the writer created one of his best novels.

The landowners appropriated the lion's share (the lion's share) income of peasants.

VIII. The use of superfluous words (pleonasm - from the Greek "excess").

He said autobiography of your life (autobiography, biography).

The poet experienced a strong nostalgia for home(nostalgia). Nostalgia in Greek means homesickness.

Parting with guests from Belarus, we gave them memorable souvenirs (souvenirs). A souvenir is a gift made to remember.

We value each minute of time (minute). A minute is a unit of time.

IX. The use of nearby or closely related words (tautology - from the Greek "the same word").

1. This extraordinary the case happened (happened) with me in my youth.

2. In the poem "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol captured (reflected) their impression about the Russian village.

3. Poetically describes poet (A.S. Pushkin) our town.

X. Unjustified repetition of words.

1. Pavel works hard on his plan book . Finally three chapters books written. He sends these chapters books to my friends.

2. I recently read one book . This book called "Young Guard". In this

the book tells...

XI. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions.

1. The man was wearing a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was rough mended. Boots were almost new. Socks were eaten away moth. (The man was dressed in a burned-out padded jacket, roughly mended. His boots were almost new, and his socks were moth-eaten.)

2. Pavel works hard on his plan book . Finally three chapters books written.

He sends these chapters books to my friends. (Pavel is working hard on the book he has planned, and when he finishes three chapters of it, he sends them to his friends.)

XII. Poor use of pronouns.

1. I took the book out of my bag and put it in her(book or bag?) on the table.

2 After his (perfect) of killing, fear seizes him.

4. Written exercises to consolidate the acquired knowledge.

(Exercises in printed form lie on the desk of each student. The first exercise is performed on the board by 2 students in 5 sentences. The rest of the exercises are performed by everyone on their own with subsequent verification)

Exercise #1

Rewrite, inserting instead of points the words you need in meaning.

1. Laugh ... with laughter. Transfer ... disease (contagious, contagious). 2. Have… intentions. Possess ... character (hidden, secretive). 3. ... master. ... silk (artificial, skillful). 4. ... a woman. ... word (offensive, touchy). 5. Stand in ... pose. Take ... measures against violators of discipline (spectacular, effective). 6. Watch for ... the development of plants. Go ahead ... (process, procession). 7. To be an ill-mannered person, .... It is not enough to read, to be ... (ignorant, ignorant). 8. The writer I.S. Turgenev spoke about the tragic fate of ... Gerasim. Troekurov was cruel ... (serf, serf). 9. An experienced ... works in the hospital. In the play, a negative ... (character, staff) is displayed. 10. ... child. ... a jacket and boots (put on, put on).

Exercise #2

Read and look for speech errors. Rewrite, making necessary corrections.

1. Friends, let's try to look into the future. 2. The plot of patriotism runs through the whole novel. 3. Very early I realized that biology is an exciting science. 4. From the first moment, he may even seem like a very wonderful person. 5. The sudden departure of Khlestakov and the news of the arrival of a real auditor lead officials into a stupor. 6. It is impossible to treat various Chichikovs, Nozdrevs, Plyushkins without angry indignation. 7. The author decides in a new way the question of the place of the poet in life, of the citizenship of poetry.

Exercise #3

Read. Indicate what speech errors were made, correct and rewrite.

1. The story is written in high-calorie language. 2. There were many young athletes among the accomplices of the competition. 3. When smelting steel, a new, more effective technology was applied. 4. Women's images are of great importance in the novel. 5. Critics praised the poet's new poems. 6. The students of our group paid a visit to the sick teacher. 7. Chichikov did not soon realize what Plyushkin's clothes consisted of.

Exercise number 4

Rewrite, correcting speech errors and distributing sentences into three types: the use of words of a different stylistic coloring, tautology, pleonasm.

1. In the evenings, the peasants go to the center of culture. 2. Grinev composed a song and took it to Shvabrin for consideration. 3. Wealthy nobles paid each other visits. 4. It so happened that it was on these days that the exhibition opened. 5. A carriage drove up to the pier, a beautiful girl got out of it. 6. In Krasnodon, young patriots organized the underground organization "Young Guard". 7. The girl, with her head up, looked longingly at her beloved. 8. He was seized by nostalgia for his homeland.

5. The results of the lesson.

The knowledge gained today is very important for you in life, and not just when writing an essay. Any incorrectness makes it difficult to understand and interferes with your communication.

6. Homework.

As homework, students are offered individual cards with their speech errors, written out from notebooks for the development of speech. Task: classify the speech errors made and correct them.

Example (card of 11th grade student “B” Alina Khalilullina):

So N.V. Gogol reveals to readers the problem communication skills. In this text, the author compares ability to communicate Russian and foreigner.
And the Russian man, as Gogol shows, shows his servility if someone is higher than him in rank, he pleases in everything...
The position of the author is that a person is not must to be a clerk, not must show arrogance and must always remember human dignity.
Chatsky always behaved with dignity, not being afraid to treat people the way they do. such deserve.

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Modern linguists approach the definition of the concept of “speech error” in different ways: they understand a speech error as an unsuccessfully chosen word, and an incorrectly constructed sentence, and a distorted form of a word, and in general any case of deviation from existing language norms.

The most complete definition of speech errors and shortcomings is given in the works of Doctor of Sciences Professor Taisa Alekseevna Ladyzhenskaya, a leading specialist in the field of rhetoric and culture of speech. By her definition, speech error- "This is a violation of the requirements correctness speech, and speech defect– “this is a violation of the recommendations related to the concept good speech, that is, rich, precise and expressive. In other words, if it is impossible to say (write) like this, this is a speech error, and if it is possible in principle to say (write) like this, but it will be inaccurate, meager and inexpressive, this is a speech defect.

Test yourself: you may find that you make (or don't, which is very gratifying!) mistakes in speech and writing.

TO speech errors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya includes the following:

Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word, the use of the word in an unusual sense. (He back began to command! Right : again, again. The fire is getting bigger fired up blazed. Right: flared up.)
Mixing of aspect-temporal forms of the verb. (In water jump rats , ran lapwings - a mixture of time. Right: jump, run or jumped, ran. When came december, the weather is sharp changes - mixing of species . Right : or came, changed or comes and changes.)
Poor use of pronouns, resulting in unclear or ambiguous speech ( When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry. It is not clear who did not cry, the boy or the father: say He it is possible and about that, and about another. Right: Saying goodbye to father, boy didn't cry. Or like this: When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry(this is if we want to say that the father was crying).
Unjustified use of colloquial and dialect words. (Kolya walked behind. Right: behind, behind.)
A mixture of paronyms. (I was told to stay at home, but I across refused. Right: flatly refused . This person leads festive life. Right: celebrating life.)
Pronominal doubling of the subject. (Olya - She was the youngest in the family. Correct: Olga was the youngest in the family.)

TO speech defects All experts refer to the following:

1. Violation of the order of words in a sentence. ( The dog helped to dig snow with its paws and muzzle for people. A narrow strip only connects the island with the coast.)

2. The use of an extra word. (He will come in the month of January. Better so: He will come in January. All guests received memorable souvenirs. Required: All guests received souvenirs. Souvenir already means " memorable gift».)

3. Indistinguishability of shades of the meaning of synonyms or words that are close in meaning. (The team lost and the goalkeeper was returning home with dull head. You need it like this: ... with drooping head. Yesterday I was sadly. Had sad.)

4. Violation of the compatibility of words (Soldiers fulfilled the oath. The oath cannot be fulfilled, it is possible take an oath, be true to one's oath, A execute Can promise, mission, assignment, command.)

5. Unjustified repetition of the same word within a sentence or in adjacent sentences. ( Birds birds about to touch the water. Better this way: Birds hovered over the river low, low, it seemed that They they are about to touch the water.) Note, however, that repetition is not always an indicator of a speech defect. It can enhance the author's thought, give it a special emotional coloring. Compare: In life, there is some level of happiness that we count from, as we count from sea level. (D.S. Likhachev)

6. The use of words next to or close to the same root, or a tautology. (This happening with me happened in summer. Better like this: case happened. watchman guarded at night and sleep during the day. It is better to replace one of the two words: or the watchman worked or he guarded. Today hunt something reluctance. Suggest your edits to this sentence.)

Introduction. 3

Causes and types of speech errors. 4

Factors leading to communication failure. 8

Conclusion. eleven

References.. 12

Introduction

Russian is one of the richest languages in the world. He has a huge vocabulary. No less important is the fact that language is also an instrument of thought. Human thinking is based on linguistic means, and the results of mental activity are formed in the form of certain speech units - statements complete in meaning and integral texts.

Language is a form of existence of national culture, a manifestation of the very spirit of the nation. In proverbs and sayings, songs and fairy tales that have survived to this day, in archaic words, the language keeps references to the features of the past life of the people. The greatest works of literature have been written in Russian.

The ability to competently and effectively build one's speech is a necessary prerequisite for the training of highly qualified specialists of any profile. Mastering the culture of speech allows you to avoid interference in communication when attention is drawn to the illiterate, tongue-tied form of the statement, and not to its content. Knowing the rules of style helps to communicate not only competently, but also expediently. Acquaintance with the basics of rhetoric contributes to the development of the ability to quickly perceive speech in all types of words, the ability to create a monologue, conduct a dialogue and manage it.

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.

The purpose of the work is to study the types and causes of language errors and communication failures.

Causes and types of speech errors

Speech errors are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms.

The causes of speech errors will be discussed below.

1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word:

a) The use of a word in an unusual sense.

Example: The fire got more and more inflamed, blazed. In this case, the mistake lies in the wrong choice of the word "burn up" - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, heat up. 2. Get into a strong excitement, become seized by some strong feeling. To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.

b) The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.

Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down. In modern Russian, the preposition "thanks" retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in cases where it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb "thank". In this sentence, the preposition "thanks" should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

c) The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).

Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases. If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.

d) The use of paronyms is incorrect.

Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today. Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: 1) festive - an adjective to the noun holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); 2) idle - not filled, not busy with work, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.

Example: Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many. The word "friendship" is combined with the adjective "strong" - strong friendship.

3. The use of synonyms.

Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. Thus, the words “mistake”, “miscalculation”, “oversight”, “error” are stylistically neutral and commonly used. "Prorukha", "overlay" - colloquial words; "oversight" - colloquial; "blooper" - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the plant manager immediately began to correct it.

4. The use of homonyms.

Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But, nevertheless, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.

Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The very word "crew" is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.

5. The use of polysemantic words.

When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation.

Example: He has already sung. It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Lexical incompleteness of the statement

This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.

Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word.

7. New words.

Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are also speech errors.

Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.

8. Obsolete words.

Example: Now the university had an open day. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.

9. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.

Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts. Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word "limit" in this sentence should be replaced by the words: it is slower, it has stopped. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.

Example: A scraper came to me and sat all evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.

10. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to the dialect (regional) vocabulary, is used in the speech of the whole people.

Example: I have a very thin jacket. Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.

Thus, when choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.