What are the signs of a mental disorder? Mental illnesses: a complete list and description of diseases

Today, the science of the soul, psychology, has long ceased to be a “servant of the bourgeoisie,” as it was once defined by the classics of Leninism. More and more people are interested in psychology, and are also trying to learn more about such a branch of psychology as mental disorders.

Many books, monographs, textbooks, scientific studies and scientific papers have been written on this topic. We will try in this short article to briefly answer the questions of what it is - mental disorders, what types of mental disorders exist, the causes of such severe mental illnesses, their symptoms and possible treatment. After all, each of us lives in the world of people, rejoices and worries, but may not even notice how a severe mental illness will overtake him at a life turn of fate. You should not be afraid of it, but you need to know how to counteract it.

Definition of mental illness

First of all, it is worth deciding what a mental illness is.
In psychological science, this term is commonly used to refer to a state of the human psyche that differs from a healthy one. The state of a healthy psyche is the norm (this norm is commonly referred to as “mental health”). And all deviations from it are deviation or pathology.

Today, such definitions as "mentally ill" or "mental illness" are officially prohibited as degrading the honor and dignity of a person. However, these diseases themselves have not gone away from life. Their danger to humans lies in the fact that they entail serious changes in such areas as thinking, emotions and behavior. Sometimes these changes become irreversible.

There are changes in the biological state of a person (this is the presence of a certain pathology of development), as well as changes in his medical condition (the quality of his life worsens up to its destruction) and social state (a person can no longer live as a full member of society, enter into certain productive relationships with other people). This leads to the conclusion that such conditions bring harm to a person, therefore they must be overcome both with the help of a medical method and with the help of psychological and pedagogical assistance to patients.

Classification of mental illness

To date, there are many ways to classify such diseases. We present only a few of them.

• The first classification is based on the identification of the following symptom - an external or internal cause of mental illness. Hence, external (exogenous) diseases are pathologies that have arisen as a result of human exposure to alcohol, drugs, industrial poisons and waste, radiation, viruses, microbes, brain injuries and injuries affecting the activity of the central nervous system. Internal mental pathologies (endogenous) are those that are caused by a person's genetic predisposition and the circumstances of his personal life, as well as the social environment and social contacts.
• The second classification is based on the allocation of symptoms of diseases, based on the defeat of the emotional-volitional or personal sphere of a person and the factor in the course of the disease. Today this classification is considered classical; it was approved in 1997 by the World Health Organization (WHO). This classification identifies 11 types of diseases, most of which will be discussed in this article.

According to the degree of course, all mental illnesses are divided into mild ones, which cannot cause serious harm to human health, and severe ones, which pose a direct threat to life.

Let us briefly outline the main types of mental disorders, give their detailed classification, and also give them a detailed and comprehensive classical description.

The first disease: when severe doubts torment

The most common mental disorder is anancaste personality disorder. This condition is characterized by a person's tendency to excessive doubt and stubbornness, preoccupation with unnecessary details, obsessions and obsessive caution.

Anancastic personality disorder also manifests itself in the fact that the patient cannot violate any of the rules adopted by him, he behaves inflexibly, shows intractability. He is characterized by excessive perfectionism, manifested in the constant pursuit of excellence and constant dissatisfaction with the results of his work and life. It is typical for such people to come to a difficult state as a result of any life failures.

Anancastic personality disorder in psychoanalysis is considered as a borderline mental illness (that is, a state of accentuation that is on the verge of norm and deviation). The reason for its occurrence is the inability of patients to own the world of their emotions and feelings. According to psychotherapists, people who experience such emotionally uncomfortable unstable personality disorders were punished in childhood by their parents for not being able to control their behavior.

In adulthood, they retained the fear of punishment for losing control of themselves. It is not easy to get rid of this mental illness, the specialists of the Freudian school offer hypnosis, psychotherapy and the method of suggestion as methods of treatment.

Disease two: when hysteria becomes a way of life

A mental disorder that manifests itself in the fact that the patient is constantly looking for a way to attract attention to himself is called hysterical personality disorder. This mental illness is characterized by the fact that a person by any means wants to achieve recognition from others of his significance, the fact of his existence.

Hysterical personality disorder is often called acting or theatrical. Indeed, a person suffering from such a mental disorder behaves like a real actor: he plays various roles in front of people in order to arouse sympathy or admiration. Often, others blame him for unworthy behavior, and a person with this mental illness is justified by the fact that he cannot live otherwise.

According to psychiatrists, people with hysterical personality disorder are prone to exaggerated emotionality, suggestibility, desire for excitement, seductive behavior and increased attention to their physical attractiveness (the latter is understandable, because patients think that the better they look, the more they like others). The causes of hysterical personality disorder should be sought in a person's childhood.

According to scientists of the psychoanalytic Freudian school, this type of mental disorder is formed during puberty in girls and boys, whose parents forbid them to develop their sexuality. In any case, the manifestation of hysterical personality disorder is a signal to parents who sincerely love their child that they should reconsider the principles of their upbringing. Histrionic personality disorder does not respond well to medical treatment. As a rule, when diagnosing it, psychotherapy of the Freudian school, hypnosis, as well as psychodrama and symbol-drama are used.

Disease three: when egocentrism is above all

Another type of mental illness is narcissistic personality disorder. What it is?
In this state, a person is sure that he is a unique subject, endowed with great talents and entitled to occupy the highest level in society. Narcissistic personality disorder gets its name from the ancient mythological hero Narcissus, who loved himself so much that he was turned into a flower by the gods.

Mental disorders of this kind are manifested in the fact that patients have great conceit, they are absorbed in fantasies about their high position in society, they believe in their own exclusivity, they need the admiration of others, they do not know how to sympathize with others, they behave extremely arrogantly.

Usually, others blame people with such a mental pathology for. Indeed, selfishness and narcissism are true (but not the main) signs of this disease. Narcissistic personality disorder does not respond well to drug treatment. As a rule, psychotherapy (art therapy, sand therapy, game therapy, symbol-drama, psychodrama, animal therapy and others), hypnotic suggestions and methods of consultative psychological conversation are used in the treatment.

Fourth disease: when it is difficult to be a two-faced Janus

Mental disorders are diverse. One of them is bipolar personality disorder. Symptoms of this disease are frequent mood swings in patients. A person laughs merrily at his problems in the morning, and weeps bitterly over them in the evening, although nothing has changed in his life. The danger of bipolar personality disorder is that a person, falling into a depressed state, can commit a suicidal act.

An example of such a patient can be patient N., who, having come to see a psychotherapist, complained that in the morning he was always in a great mood, he wakes up, goes to work, communicates friendly with others there, but by the evening his mood begins to deteriorate sharply , and by night he does not know how to appease his spiritual anguish and pain. The patient himself called his condition night depressions (in addition, he complained of poor night sleep and nightmares). Upon closer examination, it turned out that the cause of such a state of a person was a serious hidden conflict with his wife, they have not found a common language for a long time, and each time returning to his home, the patient experiences fatigue, longing and a feeling of dissatisfaction with life.

Disease five: when suspicion reaches the limit

Mental disorders have been known to mankind for a long time, although their symptoms and ways of treatment could not be determined until the end. This also applies to paranoid personality disorder. In this state, a person has excessive suspicion, he suspects anyone and anything. He is vindictive, his attitude towards others comes to hatred.

Paranoid personality disorder also manifests itself in such symptoms as belief in "conspiracy theories", suspicion of one's relatives and friends, eternal struggle with others for rights, constant discontent and painful experiences of failure.

Psychoanalysts call the cause of such mental disorders a negative projection, when a person seeks to find in those around him those qualities that he himself does not like in himself, he transfers them from himself (considering himself ideal) to other people.

Overcoming this mental disorder with drugs is ineffective, as a rule, active methods of psychological interaction are used.

Such a state of mind of the patient, as a rule, causes many complaints from others. People of this type cause hostility, they are asocial, so their mental illness entails serious consequences and, above all, social trauma.

Disease six: when emotions are in full swing

A mental state that is characterized by emotional instability, increased excitability, high anxiety and lack of connection with reality is commonly called borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder is an emotionally unstable personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder has been described in a diverse scientific literature. In this state, a person cannot control his emotional-volitional sphere. At the same time, there is a debate in science about whether borderline personality disorder is considered a serious type of mental disorder or not. Some authors consider nervous exhaustion to be the root cause of borderline personality disorder.

In any case, borderline personality disorder is a state between the norm and deviation. The danger of borderline personality disorder is the tendency of patients to suicidal behavior, so this disease is considered in psychiatry as quite serious.

Borderline personality disorder has the following symptoms: a tendency to unstable relationships with idealization and subsequent devaluation, impulsiveness, accompanied by a feeling of emptiness, the manifestation of intense anger and other affects, suicidal behavior. The methods of treatment of borderline personality disorder are diverse, they include both psychotherapeutic (art therapy, game therapy, psychodrama, symbol-drama, psychodrama, sand therapy) and medicinal methods (in the treatment of depressive states).

Disease seventh: when a person has a teenage crisis

Mental disorders can have a variety of manifestations. There is such a disease when a person experiences a state of extreme nervous excitement in acute crisis moments of his life. This condition in psychology is called transient personality disorder.

Transient personality disorder is characterized by the short duration of its manifestation. Usually such a mental disorder is observed in adolescents and people of adolescence. A transient personality disorder manifests itself in a sharp change in behavior towards deviation (that is, deviations from normal behavior). This condition is connected with the rapid psychophysiological maturation of a teenager, when he cannot control his internal state. Also, the cause of transient personality disorder can be stress experienced by a teenager due to the loss of a loved one, unsuccessful love, betrayal, conflicts at school with teachers, and so on.

Let's take an example. A teenager is an exemplary student, a good son, and suddenly in the 9th grade he becomes uncontrollable, begins to behave rudely and cynically, stops studying, argues with teachers, disappears on the street until night, hangs out with dubious companies. Parents and teachers, of course, begin to “educate” and “admonish” such an adult child in every possible way, but their efforts stumble upon even greater misunderstanding and negative attitude on the part of this teenager. However, adult mentors should think about whether a child has such a severe mental illness as transient personality disorder? Maybe he needs serious psychiatric help? And notations and threats only increase the course of the disease?

It should be noted that, as a rule, such a disease does not require medical treatment; non-directive methods of providing psychological assistance are used in its treatment: psychological counseling, conversation, sand therapy and other types of art therapy. With proper treatment of transient personality disorder, manifestations of deviant behavior disappear after a few months. However, this disease tends to return at times of crisis, so if necessary, the course of therapy can be repeated.

Disease eight: when the inferiority complex has reached its limit

Mental illnesses find their expression in people who suffered from an inferiority complex in childhood and who could not completely overcome it in adulthood. This condition can lead to anxiety disorder. Anxiety personality disorder manifests itself in the desire for social isolation, a tendency to experience negative assessment of one's behavior by others, and avoidance of social interaction with people.

In Soviet psychiatry, anxiety personality disorder was commonly referred to as "psychasthenia". The causes of this mental disorder are a combination of social, genetic and pedagogical factors. Also, a melancholic temperament can have an impact on the development of anxiety personality disorder.

Patients who have been diagnosed with signs of an anxious personality disorder create a kind of protective cocoon around themselves, inside which they do not let anyone in. A classic example of such a person can be the famous Gogol image of the “man in a case”, an eternally ill gymnasium teacher who suffered from social phobia. Therefore, it is quite difficult to provide comprehensive assistance to a person with an anxious personality disorder: patients withdraw into themselves and reject all the efforts of a psychiatrist to help them.

Other types of mental disorders

Having described the main types of mental disorders, consider the main characteristics of the lesser known of them.

• If a person is afraid to take independent steps in life in the performance of any deeds, plans, this is a dependent personality disorder.
  Diseases of this type are characterized by the patient's feeling of helplessness in life. Dependent personality disorder is manifested in the deprivation of a sense of responsibility for one's actions. A manifestation of dependent personality disorder is the fear of independent living and the fear of being abandoned by a significant person. The cause of dependent personality disorder is a family parenting style such as overprotectiveness and an individual tendency to fear. In family education, parents inspire their child with the idea that without them he will be lost, constantly repeating to him that the world is full of dangers and difficulties. Having matured, a son or daughter brought up in this way seeks support all his life and finds it either in the person of his parents, or in the person of spouses, or in the person of friends and girlfriends. Overcoming a dependent personality disorder occurs with the help of psychotherapy, however, this method will also be ineffective if the patient's anxiety has gone far.
• If a person cannot control their emotions, then this is an emotionally unstable personality disorder.
  Emotionally unstable personality disorder has the following manifestations: increased impulsivity, combined with a tendency to affective states. A person refuses to control his state of mind: he may cry because of a trifle or be rude to his best friend because of a penny insult. Emotionally unstable personality disorder is treated with exposure therapy and other types of psychotherapy. Psychological help is effective only when the patient himself wants to change and is aware of his illness, but if this does not happen, any help is practically useless.
• When a deep traumatic brain injury was experienced, it is an organic personality disorder.
  With an organic personality disorder, the patient undergoes a change in the structure of the brain (due to injury or other serious illness). An organic personality disorder is dangerous because a person who has not previously suffered from mental disorders cannot control his behavior. Therefore, the risk of organic personality disorder is high in all people who have experienced brain injury. This is one of the deepest mental illnesses associated with disruption of the central nervous system. Getting rid of an organic personality disorder is possible only with medication or even direct surgical intervention. Avoidant personality disorder. This term characterizes a state of mind in which people seek to avoid failures in their behavior, therefore they withdraw into themselves. Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a loss of self-confidence, apathy, and suicidal ideation. Withdrawal from avoidant personality disorder is associated with the use of psychotherapy.
• Infantile personality disorder.
  It is characterized by the desire of a person to return to the state of a wounded childhood in order to protect himself from the problems that have piled up. Such a short-term or long-term condition, as a rule, is experienced by people who were dearly loved by their parents in childhood. Their childhood was comfortable and calm. Therefore, in adult life, faced with insurmountable difficulties for themselves, they seek salvation in returning to childhood memories and copying their childhood behavior. You can overcome such an ailment with the help of Freudian or Ericksonian hypnosis. These types of hypnosis differ from each other in the power of influence on the patient's personality: if the first hypnosis involves a directive method of influence, in which the patient is completely dependent on the opinions and desires of the psychiatrist, then the second hypnosis involves a more careful attitude towards the patient, such hypnosis is indicated for those who does not suffer from serious forms of this disease.

How dangerous are mental illnesses?

Any mental illness harms a person no less than a disease of his body. In addition, it has long been known in medical science that there is a direct relationship between mental and bodily diseases. As a rule, it is emotional experiences that give rise to the most severe forms of physical diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis, etc. Therefore, peace of mind and harmony with other people and with oneself can cost a person additional decades of his life.

Therefore, mental illnesses are dangerous not so much for their manifestations (although they can be severe), but for their consequences. To treat such diseases is simply necessary. Without treatment, you will never achieve peace and joy, despite external comfort and well-being. Actually, these diseases belong to the field of medicine and psychology. These two directions are designed to save humanity from such serious ailments.

What to do if you find yourself showing signs of mental illness?

Reading this article, someone may find in himself the signs that were described above. However, do not be afraid of this for several reasons:

• firstly, you should not take everything upon yourself, a mental illness, as a rule, has a severe internal and external manifestation, therefore, simply speculation and fears are not its confirmation, sick people often experience such strong mental anguish that we never dreamed of them;
• secondly, the information you read may become a reason for visiting a psychiatrist's office, which will help you competently draw up a course of treatment for you if you are really sick;
• and thirdly, even if you are sick, you should not worry about this, the main thing is to determine the cause of your illness and be ready to make every effort to treat it.

In conclusion of our brief review, I would like to note that mental disorders are those mental illnesses that occur in people of any age and any nationality, they are very diverse. And it is often difficult to distinguish them from each other, which is why the term “mixed mental disorders” has appeared in the literature.

Mixed personality disorder is a mental state of a person when it is impossible to accurately diagnose his illness.

This condition is considered rare in psychiatry, but it does occur. In this case, treatment is very difficult, since a person must be relieved of the consequences of his condition. However, knowing the manifestations of various mental disorders, it is easier to diagnose and then treat them.

And the last thing to remember is that all mental ailments can be cured, but such treatment requires more effort than overcoming ordinary bodily ailments. The soul is an extremely delicate and sensitive substance, so it must be handled with care.

Automatic obedience (ICD 295.2) - the phenomenon of excessive obedience (manifestation of "command automatism") associated with catatonic syndromes and hypnosis.

Aggressiveness, aggression (ICD 301.3; 301.7; 309.3; 310.0) - as a biological feature of organisms lower than humans, is a component of behavior implemented in certain situations to meet the needs of life and eliminate the danger emanating from the environment, but not to achieve destructive goals, unless it is associated with predatory behavior . Applied to humans, this concept is expanded to include harmful behavior (normal or painful) directed against others and oneself and motivated by hostility, anger or rivalry.

Agitation (ICD 296.1)- marked restlessness and motor excitation, accompanied by anxiety.

Agitation catatonic (ICD 295.2)- a condition in which psychomotor manifestations of anxiety are associated with catatonic syndromes.

Ambivalence (ICD 295)- the coexistence of antagonistic emotions, ideas or desires in relation to the same person, object or position. According to Bleuler, who coined the term in 1910, momentary ambivalence is part of normal mental life; pronounced or persistent ambivalence is the initial symptom schizophrenia, in which it can take place in the affective ideational or volitional sphere. She is also part of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and is sometimes observed manic-depressive psychosis, especially in chronic depression.

Ambition (ICD 295.2)- psychomotor disorder characterized by duality (ambivalence) in the sphere of arbitrary actions, which leads to inadequate behavior. This phenomenon is most often seen in catatonic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia.

Selective amnesia (ICD 301.1) - the form psychogenic loss of memory for events associated with factors that caused a psychological reaction, which is usually regarded as hysterical.

Anhedonia (ICD 300.5; 301.6)- lack of ability to feel pleasure, which is observed especially often in patients schizophrenia and depression.

Note. The concept was introduced by Ribot (1839-1916).

Astasia-abasia (ICD 300.1)- inability to maintain an upright position, leading to the inability to stand or walk, with unimpaired movements of the lower extremities lying or sitting. With absence organic lesions of the central nervous system astasia-abasia is usually a manifestation of hysteria. Astasia, however, may be a sign of an organic brain lesion involving the frontal lobes and corpus callosum in particular.

Autism (ICD 295)- a term introduced by Bleuler to refer to a form of thinking characterized by a weakening or loss of contact with reality, a lack of desire for communication and excessive fantasizing. Profound autism, according to Bleuler, is a fundamental symptom schizophrenia. The term is also used to refer to a specific form of childhood psychosis. See also early childhood autism.

Affect instability (ICD 290-294) - uncontrolled, unstable, fluctuating expression of emotions, most often observed with organic brain lesions, early schizophrenia and some forms of neuroses and personality disorders. See also mood swings.

Pathological affect (ICD 295) is a general term describing painful or unusual mood states, of which depression, anxiety, elation, irritability, or affective instability are the most common. See also affective flatness; affective psychoses; anxiety; depression; mood disorders; a state of elation; emotions; mood; schizophrenic psychoses.

Affective flattening (ICD 295.3) - pronounced disorder of affective reactions and their monotony, expressed as emotional flattening and indifference, in particular as a symptom that occurs when schizophrenic psychoses, organic dementia or psychopathic personalities. Synonyms: emotional flattening; affective dullness.

Aerophagia (ICD 306.4) Habitual swallowing of air leading to regurgitation and bloating, often accompanied by hyperventilation. Aerophagia can be observed in hysterical and anxiety states, but it can also act as a monosymptomatic manifestation.

Morbid jealousy (ICD 291.5)- a complex painful emotional state with elements of envy, anger and desire to possess the object of one's passion. Sexual jealousy is a well-defined symptom mental disorder and sometimes occurs when organic lesion brain and states of intoxication (see mental disorders associated with alcoholism), functional psychoses(see paranoid disorders), with neurotic and personality disorders, the dominant clinical sign is often delusional beliefs in the betrayal of a spouse (wife) or lover (lover) and a willingness to convict a partner of reprehensible behavior. Considering the possibility of the pathological nature of jealousy, it is also necessary to take into account social conditions and psychological mechanisms. Jealousy is often a motive for committing violence, especially in men against women.

Nonsense (ICD 290—299) - a false, uncorrectable belief or judgment; not corresponding to reality, as well as to the social and cultural attitudes of the subject. Primary delirium is completely impossible to understand on the basis of a study of the life history and personality of the patient; secondary delusions can be psychologically understood, since they arise from morbid manifestations and other features of the mental state, such as a state of affective disorder and suspicion. Birnbaum in 1908 and then Jaspere in 1913 differentiated between delusion proper and delusional ideas; the latter are simply erroneous judgments that are expressed with excessive persistence.

Delusions of grandeur- a painful belief in one's own importance, greatness or high purpose (for example, delirium messianic mission), often accompanied by other fantastical delusions that may be a symptom of paranoia, schizophrenia(often, but not always, paranoid type), mania and organic diseases brain. See also ideas of greatness.

Delusions concerning changes in one's own body (dysmorphophobia) a painful belief in the presence of a physical change or illness, often bizarre in nature and based on somatic sensations, that leads to hypochondriacal concerns. This syndrome is most commonly seen in schizophrenia, but may present with severe depression and organic brain diseases.

Delusions of the Messianic Mission (ICD 295.3)- a delusional belief in one's own divine chosenness for accomplishing great feats to save the soul or atone for the sins of humanity or a certain nation, religious group, etc. Messianic delusions can occur when schizophrenia, paranoia and manic-depressive psychosis, as well as in psychotic conditions caused by epilepsy. In some cases, especially in the absence of other overt psychotic manifestations, this disorder is difficult to distinguish from the beliefs inherent in this subculture, or the religious mission carried out by members of any fundamental religious sects or movements.

Delusions of persecution- the patient's pathological belief that he is a victim of one or more subjects or groups. It is observed at paranoid condition, especially when schizophrenia, and also when depression and organic diseases. In some personality disorders, there is a predisposition to such delusions.

Delusional interpretation (ICD 295) is a term coined by Bleuler (Erklarungswahn) to describe delusions that express a quasi-logical explanation for another, more generalized delusion.

Suggestibility- a state of receptivity to uncritically accepting ideas, judgments and behaviors observed or demonstrated by others. Suggestibility may be enhanced by environmental exposure, drugs, or hypnosis and is most commonly seen in individuals with hysterical character traits. The term "negative suggestibility" is sometimes applied to negativistic behavior.

Hallucination (ICD 290-299)- sensory perception (of any modality) that appears in the absence of appropriate external stimuli. In addition to the sensory modality that characterizes hallucinations, they can be subdivided according to intensity, complexity, distinctness of perception, and according to the subjective degree of their projection onto the environment. Hallucinations can appear in healthy individuals in a half-asleep (hypnagogic) state or in a state of incomplete awakening (hypnopompic). As a pathological phenomenon, they can be symptoms of brain disease, functional psychoses and toxic effects of drugs, having their own characteristic features in each case.

Hyperventilation (ICD 306.1)- a condition characterized by longer, deeper or more frequent respiratory movements, leading to dizziness and convulsions due to the development of acute gas alkalosis. Often is psychogenic symptom. In addition to wrist and foot cramps, subjective phenomena such as severe paresthesias, dizziness, a feeling of emptiness in the head, numbness, palpitations, and apprehension can be associated with hypocapnia. Hyperventilation is a physiological response to hypoxia, but may also occur during states of anxiety.

Hyperkinesis (ICD 314)- excessive violent movements of the limbs or any part of the body, appearing spontaneously or in response to stimulation. Hyperkinesis is a symptom of various organic disorders of the central nervous system, but can also occur in the absence of visible localized lesions.

Disorientation (ICD 290-294; 298.2) - violations of the temporal topographic or personal spheres consciousness, associated with various forms organic brain damage or, less commonly, psychogenic disorders.

Depersonalization (ICD 300.6)- psychopathological perception, characterized by heightened self-awareness, which becomes inanimate with an intact sensory system and the ability to emotionally respond. There are a number of complex and distressing subjective phenomena, many of which are difficult to put into words, the most severe being the sensations of change in one's own body, careful introspection and automation, lack of affective response, disturbance of the sense of time, and feelings of alienation. The subject may feel that his body is separated from his sensations, as if he himself is watching himself from the side, or as if he (she) is already dead. Criticism of this pathological phenomenon, as a rule, is preserved. Depersonalization may appear as an isolated phenomenon in otherwise normal individuals; it can occur in a state of fatigue or with strong emotional reactions, and also be part of the complex observed with mental chewing, obsessive anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, some personality disorders and disorders of brain function. The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown. See also depersonalization syndrome; derealization.

Derealization (ICD 300.6)- subjective feeling of alienation, similar to depersonalization, but more related to the external world than to self-awareness and awareness of one's own personality. The surroundings seem colorless, life is artificial, where people seem to play their intended roles on the stage.

Defect (ICD 295.7)(not recommended) - a long-term and irreversible impairment of any psychological function (eg, "cognitive defect"), the general development of mental abilities ("mental defect"), or the characteristic way of thinking, feeling and behaving that constitutes an individual. A defect in any of these areas may be congenital or acquired. Kraepelin (1856-1926) and Bleuler (1857-1939) regarded the characteristic defective state of the personality, ranging from impaired intelligence and emotions or from mild eccentricity of behavior to autistic isolation or affective flattening, as criteria for exiting schizophrenic psychosis (see also personality changes) as opposed to leaving manic-depressive psychosis. According to recent studies, the development of a defect after a schizophrenic process is not inevitable.

Dysthymia- less severe condition repressed mood than with dysphoria associated with neurotic and hypochondriacal symptoms. The term is also used to designate a pathological psychological sphere in the form of a complex of affective and obsessional symptoms in subjects with a high degree of neuroticism and introversion. See also hyperthymic personality; neurotic disorders.

Dysphoria- an unpleasant condition characterized by depressed mood, gloominess, anxiety, anxiety and irritability. See also neurotic disorders.

Clouded consciousness (ICD 290-294; 295.4)- a state of disturbed consciousness, which is a light stage of the disorder that develops along a continuum - from clear consciousness to coma. Disorders of consciousness, orientation and perception are associated with brain damage or other somatic diseases. This term is sometimes used to refer to a wider range of disorders (including limited perceptual field after emotional stress), but it is most appropriate to use it to refer to the early stages of an organic state of confusion due to an organic disease. See also confusion.

Ideas of greatness (ICD 296.0)- exaggeration of one's abilities, strength and excessive self-esteem, observed during mania, schizophrenia and psychosis on organic soil, for example progressive paralysis.

Ideas of relation (ICD 295.4; 301.0)- pathological interpretation of neutral external phenomena as having a personal, usually negative significance for the patient. This disorder manifests itself in sensitive individuals as a result of stress and fatigue, and can usually be understood in the context of current events, but it can be a precursor delusional disorders.

Personality change- violation of fundamental character traits, usually for the worse, as a result of or as a consequence of a physical or mental disorder.

Illusions (ICD 291.0; 293)- erroneous perception of any real-life object or sensory stimulus. Illusions can occur in many people and are not necessarily a sign of a mental disorder.

Impulsivity (ICD 310.0)- a factor related to the temperament of the individual and manifested by actions that are performed unexpectedly and inappropriately to the circumstances.

Intelligence (ICD 290; 291; 294; 310; 315; 317)- general mental ability to overcome difficulties in new situations.

Catalepsy (ICD 295.2)- a painful condition that begins suddenly and lasts a short or long time, which is characterized by the suspension of voluntary movements and the disappearance of sensitivity. Limbs and torso can maintain the position given to them - a state of waxy flexibility (flexibilitas cegea). Breathing and pulse slow, body temperature drops. Sometimes a distinction is made between flexible and rigid catalepsy. In the first case, the position is given by the slightest external movement, in the second, the given posture is steadfastly maintained, despite attempts made from outside to change it. This condition can be caused by organic lesions of the brain (for example, with encephalitis), and can also be observed with catatonic schizophrenia, hysteria and hypnosis. Synonym: wax flexibility.

Catatonia (ICD 295.2)- a number of qualitative psychomotor and volitional disorders, including stereotypes, mannerisms, automatic obedience, catalepsy, echokinesis and echopraxia, mutism, negativism, automatisms and impulsive acts. These phenomena can be detected against the background of hyperkinesis, hypokinesis or akinesis. Catatonia was described as an independent disease by Kalbaum in 1874, and later Kraepelin regarded it as one of the subtypes of dementia praecox. (schizophrenia). Catatonic manifestations are not limited to schizophrenic psychosis and can occur with organic lesions of the brain (for example, with encephalitis), various somatic diseases and affective conditions.

Claustrophobia (ICD 300.2)- pathological fear of confined spaces or enclosed spaces. See also agoraphobia.

Kleptomania (ICD 312.2) is an obsolete term for a painful, often sudden, usually irresistible and unmotivated urge to steal. Such conditions tend to recur. Items that subjects steal are usually devoid of any value, but may have some symbolic meaning. It is believed that this phenomenon, more common in women, is associated with depression, neurotic diseases, personality disorder or mental retardation. Synonym: shoplifting (pathological).

Compulsion (ICD 300.3; 312.2)- an irresistible need to act or act in a way that the person himself regards as irrational or meaningless and is explained more by an internal need than by external influences. When an action is subject to an obsessive state, the term refers to the actions or behavior that result from obsessive ideas. See also obsessive (compulsive) action.

Confabulation (ICD 291.1; 294.0)- memory disorder with clear consciousness characterized by memories of fictitious past events or experiences. Such memories of fictitious events are usually imaginative and must be provoked; less often they are spontaneous and stable, and sometimes show a tendency to grandiosity. Confabulations are commonly seen on organic soil at amnestic syndrome (for example, with Korsakov's syndrome). They may also be iatrogenic. They should not be confused with hallucinations, relating to memory and appearing with schizophrenia or pseudological fantasies (Delbrück syndrome).

Criticism (ICB 290-299; 300)- this term in general psychopathology refers to an individual's understanding of the nature and cause of his disease and the presence or absence of a correct assessment of it, as well as the effect that it has on him and others. Loss of criticism is seen as an essential feature in favor of the diagnosis. psychosis. In psychoanalytic theory this kind of self-knowledge is called "intellectual insight"; it differs from "emotional insight", which characterizes the ability to feel and comprehend the significance of "unconscious" and symbolic factors in the development of emotional disorders.

Personality (ICD 290; 295; 297.2; 301; 310)- congenital features of thinking, sensations and behavior that determine the uniqueness of the individual, his lifestyle and the nature of adaptation and are the result of constitutional factors of development and social status.

Mannerability (ICD 295.1)- unusual or pathological psychomotor behavior, less persistent than stereotypes, related rather to personal (characterological) features.

Violent sensations (ICD 295)- pathological sensations with clear consciousness in which the thoughts, emotions, reactions or movements of the body are, as it were, influenced, as if "made", directed and controlled from outside or by human or non-human forces. True violent sensations are characteristic of schizophrenia, but in order to realistically evaluate them, one should take into account the level of education of the patient, the characteristics of the cultural environment and beliefs.

Mood (ICD 295; 296; 301.1; 310.2)- the prevailing and stable state of feelings, which, to an extreme or pathological degree, can dominate the external behavior and internal state of the individual.

Capricious mood (ICD 295)(not recommended) - changeable, inconsistent or unpredictable affective reactions.

Inadequate mood (ICD 295.1)- painful affective reactions that are not caused by external stimuli. See also mood incongruent; parathymia.

Mood incongruent (ICD 295)- the discrepancy between emotions and the semantic content of experiences. Usually a symptom schizophrenia, but also occurs in organic brain diseases and some forms of personality disorders. Not all experts recognize the division into inadequate and incongruent mood. See also inadequate mood; parathymia.

Hesitation moods (ICD 310.2)- pathological instability or lability of an affective reaction without an external cause. See also affect instability.

Mood disorder (ICD 296) - a pathological change in affect that goes beyond the norm, which falls into any of the following categories; depression, elation, anxiety, irritability and anger. See also pathological affect.

Negativism (ICD 295.2)- antagonistic or oppositional behavior or attitude. Active or command negativism, expressed in the commission of actions opposite to those required or expected; passive negativism refers to a pathological inability to respond positively to requests or stimuli, including active muscular resistance; internal negativism, according to Bleuler (1857-1939), is behavior in which physiological needs, such as eating and expelling, are not obeyed. Negativity can come from catatonic states, at organic brain diseases and some forms mental retardation.

Nihilistic delirium- a form of delusion, expressed primarily in the form of a severe depressive state and characterized by negative ideas about one's own personality and the world around, for example, the idea that the outside world does not exist, or that one's own body has ceased to function.

Obsessive (obsessive) action (ICD 312.3) - quasi-ritual performance of an action aimed at reducing feelings of anxiety (for example, washing hands to exclude infection), due to obsession or need. See also compulsion.

Obsessive (obsessive) ideas (ICD 300.3; 312.3) - unwanted thoughts and ideas that cause persistent, persistent reflections that are perceived as inappropriate or meaningless and which must be resisted. They are regarded as alien to the given personality, but emanating from the personality itself.

Paranoid (ICD 291.5; 292.1; 294.8; 295.3; 297; 298.3; 298.4; 301.0) is a descriptive term denoting either pathological dominant ideas or rave a relationship dealing with one or more topics, most commonly persecution, love, envy, jealousy, honor, litigation, grandiosity, and the supernatural. It can be observed at organic psychoses, intoxications, schizophrenia, and also as an independent syndrome, reaction to emotional stress or personality disorder. Note. It should be noted that French psychiatrists traditionally attach a different meaning to the term "paranoid", which was mentioned above; the French equivalents for this meaning are interpretatif, delirant, or persecutoire.

parathymia- mood disorder observed in patients schizophrenia in which the state of the affective sphere does not correspond to the situation surrounding the patient and / or his behavior. See also inadequate mood; incongruent mood.

Flight of ideas (ICD 296.0) A form of thought disorder usually associated with a manic or hypomanic mood and often felt subjectively as thought pressure. Typical features are fast speech without pauses; speech associations are free, quickly arise and disappear under the influence of transient factors or for no apparent reason; increased distractibility is very characteristic, rhyming and puns are not uncommon. The flow of ideas may be so strong that the patient is hardly able to express it, so his speech sometimes becomes incoherent. Synonym: fuga idearum.

Surface effect (ICD 295)- lack of emotional response associated with the disease and expressed as indifference to external events and situations; usually seen with schizophrenic hebephrenic type, but can also be organic brain damage, mental retardation and personality disorders.

Habit to laxatives (ICD 305.9) - the use of laxatives (abuse of them) or as a means of controlling one's own body weight, often combined with "feasts" in bulimny.

High spirits (ICD 296.0)- an affective state of joyful fun, which, in cases where it reaches a significant degree and leads to a separation from reality, is the dominant symptom mania or hypomania. Synonym: hyperthymia.

Panic attack (ICD 300.0; 308.0)- a sudden attack of intense fear and anxiety, in which signs and symptoms of painful anxiety become dominant and are often accompanied by irrational behavior. Behavior in this case is characterized by either extremely reduced activity or purposeless agitated hyperactivity. An attack can develop in response to sudden, serious threatening situations or stresses, and also occur without any previous or provoking events in the process of anxiety neurosis. See also panic disorder; panic state.

Psychomotor disorders (ICD 308.2)- violation of expressive motor behavior, which can be observed in various nervous and mental diseases. Examples of psychomotor disorders are paramimia, tics, stupor, stereotypes, catatonia, tremor and dyskinesia. The term "psychomotor epileptic seizure" was previously used to refer to epileptic seizures characterized mainly by manifestations of psychomotor automatism. Currently, it is recommended to replace the term "psychomotor epileptic seizure" with the term "seizure of automatism epileptic".

Irritability (ICD 300.5)- a state of excessive arousal as a reaction to unpleasantness, intolerance or anger, observed with fatigue, chronic pain, or a sign of a change in temperament (for example, with age, after a brain injury, with epilepsy and manic-depressive disorders).

Confusion (ICB 295)- a state of confusion, in which answers to questions are incoherent and fragmentary, reminiscent of confusion. seen in acute schizophrenia, strong anxiety, manic-depressive illness and organic psychoses with confusion.

Flight reaction (ICD 300.1)- an attack of vagrancy (short or long), escape from places of habitual a habitat in a broken state consciousness, followed by a partial or complete amnesia this event. Reactions flight associated with hysteria, depressive reactions, epilepsy, and sometimes with brain damage. As psychogenic reactions, they are often associated with escape from places where trouble has been observed, and individuals with this condition behave more orderly than "disorganized epileptics" with an organic-based flight reaction. See also narrowing (restriction) of the field of consciousness. Synonym: state of vagrancy.

Remission (ICD 295.7)- a state of partial or complete disappearance of symptoms and clinical signs of the disorder.

Ritual behavior (ICD 299.0)- repetitive, often complex and usually symbolic actions that serve to enhance biological signaling functions and acquire ritual significance when performing collective religious rites. In childhood, they are a component of normal development. As a pathological phenomenon, consisting either in the complication of everyday behavior, such as compulsive washing or dressing, or acquiring even more bizarre forms, ritual behavior occurs when obsessive disorders schizophrenia and early childhood autism.

Withdrawal symptoms (ICD 291; 292.0)- physical or mental phenomena that develop during the period of withdrawal as a result of the cessation of the consumption of a narcotic substance that causes dependence in this subject. The picture of the symptom complex with the abuse of different substances is different and may include tremor, vomiting, abdominal pain, fear, delirium and convulsions. Synonym: withdrawal symptoms.

Systematized nonsense (ICD 297.0; 297.1) - a delusional belief that is part of an associated system of pathological ideas. Such delusions can be primary or represent quasi-logical conclusions derived from a system of delusional premises. Synonym: systematized nonsense.

Decreased memory capacity (ICD 291.2)- a decrease in the number of cognitively unrelated elements or units (normal number 6-10), which can be correctly reproduced after a single sequential presentation. Memory capacity is a measure of short-term memory associated with perceptual ability.

Sleep-like state (ICD 295.4)- upset state consciousness, in which against the background of the lung clouding of consciousness phenomena are observed depersonalization and derealization. Dream-like states can be one of the steps on the deepening scale organic mental disorders leading to twilight state of consciousness and delirium, however, they can occur in neurotic diseases, and in a state of fatigue. A complex form of dream-like state with bright, scenic visual hallucinations, which may be accompanied by other sensory hallucinations (oneirontic dream-like state), is sometimes seen in epilepsy and some acute psychotic illnesses. See also oneirophrenia.

Social isolation (autism) (ICD 295)- Refusal of social and personal contacts; most common in early stages schizophrenia, when autistic tendencies lead to alienation and alienation from people and impaired ability to communicate with them.

Spasmusnutans (ICD 307.0)(not recommended) - 1) rhythmic twitching of the head in the anteroposterior direction, associated with compensatory balancing movements of the body in the same direction, sometimes with spread to the upper limbs and nystagmus; movements are slow and appear in series of 20-30 persons with mental retardation; this condition is not associated with epilepsy; 2) the term is sometimes used to describe epileptic seizures in children, characterized by a fall of the head on the chest due to loss of muscle tone in the neck and tonic spasm during flexion due to contraction of the anterior muscles. Synonyms; salaam teak (1); spasm of babies (2).

Confusion of consciousness (ICD 290-294)- a term commonly used to refer to a state of delusion consciousness, associated with acute or chronic organic disease. Clinically characterized disorientation slowing down mental processes with meager associations, apathy lack of initiative, fatigue and impaired attention. For mild conditions confusion when examining a patient, rational reactions and actions can be achieved, however, with a more severe degree of disorder, patients are not able to perceive the surrounding reality. The term is also used in a broader sense to describe thought disturbance in functional psychosis, but this use of the term is not recommended. See also reactive confusion; blurred consciousness. Synonym; a state of confusion.

Stereotypes (ICD 299.1)- functionally autonomous pathological movements that are grouped into a rhythmic or complex sequence of non-purposeful movements. In animals and humans, they appear in a state of physical limitation, social and sensory deprivation, and can be caused by taking drugs, such as phenamine. These include repetitive locomotion (movement), self-injury, head bobbing, bizarre postures of the limbs and torso, and mannerisms. These clinical signs are seen in mental retardation, congenital blindness, brain damage and autism in children. In adults, stereotypes can be a manifestation schizophrenia, especially when catatonic and residual forms.

Fear (ICD 291.0; 308.0; 309.2)- a primitive intense emotion that develops to a real or imagined threat and is accompanied by physiological reactions resulting from the activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system, and protective behavior when the patient, trying to avoid danger, runs away or hides.

Stupor (ICD 295.2)- a condition characterized by mutism, partial or complete immobility and psychomotor unresponsiveness. Depending on the nature or cause of the disease, consciousness may be disturbed. Stuporous states develop with organic brain diseases, schizophrenia(especially when catatonic form), depressive disease, hysterical psychosis and acute reactions to stress.

Catatonic stupor (ICD 295.2)- a state of depressed psychomotor activity due to catatonic symptoms.

Judgment (ICD 290-294)- a critical assessment of the relationship between objects, circumstances, concepts or terms; hypothetical presentation of these connections. In psychophysics, this is the distinction between stimuli and their intensity.

Narrowing of consciousness, limitation of the field of consciousness (ICD 300.1)- a form of disturbance of consciousness, characterized by its narrowing and the dominance of a limited small group of ideas and emotions with the practical exclusion of other content. This condition appears with extreme fatigue and hysteria; it may also be associated with certain forms of cerebral disorders (particularly state of twilight consciousness with epilepsy). See also foggy mind; twilight state.

Tolerance- pharmacological tolerance occurs when repeated administration of a given amount of a substance causes a reduced effect or when a consistent increase in the amount of the administered substance is required to obtain the effect previously achieved with a lower dose. Tolerance may be innate or acquired; in the latter case, it may be the result of predisposition, pharmacodynamics, or behavior that contributes to its manifestation.

Anxiety (ICD 292.1; 296; 300; 308.0; 309.2; 313.0)- a painful addition to a subjectively unpleasant emotional state of fear or other premonitions directed to the future, in the absence of any tangible threat or danger, or the complete absence of a connection between these factors and this reaction. Anxiety can be accompanied by a feeling of physical discomfort and manifestations of voluntary and autonomic dysfunction of the body. Anxiety can be situational or specific, that is, associated with a particular situation or object, or "free floating" when there is no obvious link to external factors that cause this anxiety. The characteristics of anxiety can be distinguished from the state of anxiety; in the first case, this is a stable feature of the personality structure, and in the second, a temporary disorder. Note. Translation of the English term "anxiety" into other languages ​​may present certain difficulties due to subtle differences between the additional connotation expressed by words related to the same concept.

Separation anxiety(not recommended) is a vaguely used term that most often refers to normal or painful reactions - anxiety, distress or fear- in a young child separated from parents (parent) or persons caring for him. In the further development of mental disorders, this disorder in itself does not play a role; it becomes their cause only if other factors are added to it. Psychoanalytic theory identifies two types of separation anxiety: objective and neurotic.

Phobia (ICD 300.2)- pathological fear, which may be diffuse or focused on one or more objects or circumstances, out of proportion to external danger or threat. This state is usually accompanied by bad forebodings, as a result of which the person tries to avoid these objects and situations. This disorder is sometimes closely associated with an obsessive-compulsive disorder. See also phobic condition.

Emotions (ICD 295; 298; 300; 308; 309; 310; 312; 313)- a complex state of the activation reaction, which consists in a variety of physiological changes, heightened perception and subjective sensations aimed at certain actions. See also pathological affect; mood.

Echolalia (ICD 299.8)- automatic repetition of words or phrases of the interlocutor. This symptom may be a manifestation of normal speech in early childhood, occur in some disease states, including dysphasia, catatonic states, mental retardation, early childhood autism or take the form of the so-called delayed echolaline.

The basis of emergency psychiatric care in acute psychopathological conditions is a syndromological, and in some cases, a symptomatic approach. The need for it arises with complications of a somatic disease (for example, pneumonia) with mental disorders; with mental disorders resulting from alcohol, drug and other poisoning; with an acute onset or exacerbation of a mental or narcological disease; in an acute period of traumatic brain injury, etc. A general practitioner or emergency doctor may be the first to meet with such a patient in the hospital emergency room, in the office of a city clinic or when calling an ambulance at home. The ability to provide emergency psychiatric care is all the more important because an error in assessing the condition of such a patient can lead not only to serious, but also to tragic consequences.

Diagnosis of most acute states of psychomotor agitation is not difficult. First, you should quickly and at least approximately assess the patient's condition, since a variety of clinical manifestations fit (and this is quite acceptable when providing first aid) to several clinical pictures, each of which already requires a special therapeutic approach. Practice shows that, first of all, patients with the following syndromes need emergency medical care:

Agitated depression;

Severe alcohol or drug withdrawal, alcoholic psychosis;

Hallucinatory-delusional syndrome (any etiology);

Manic syndrome;

Psychopathic arousal (psychomotor agitation of a psychopath or oligophrenic);

Reactive states and psychoses;

epileptic status.

When you first look at the patient, you should try to quickly carry out the following “mental sorting”, which will help you get closer to the correct diagnosis:

Dreary - too cheerful;

Excited - inhibited;

Does not respond to questions at all - quite communicative;

Looking for help - refuses it;

Understandable in their experiences - strange, "wonderful", causing you bewilderment, etc.

A specific feature of the provision of emergency psychiatric care is the fact that medical personnel have to solve an additional (not characteristic of other professions) task - how to get closer to a patient who needs such help, but he has a negative attitude towards it. It is better, while maintaining a continuous conversation with him, to calmly approach the patient from the side (so that he does not strike with his foot) and seat him. After this, you should gently and sympathetically calm him down, explaining that nothing threatens him, he only has “nerves are upset”, “it will pass soon”, etc. After that, it is necessary to proceed directly to drug treatment, remembering that even externally effective therapy can be accompanied by far from stable improvement, and the patient's behavior at any moment will again become unpredictable.

After providing first aid, it is necessary to decide in what conditions and where the patient should remain: 1) can he be sent home from the clinic (in any case, it is better with relatives); 2) whether it is possible to leave for continuation of treatment in the ward of the general somatic department or 3) should be transferred for further treatment to a psychiatric hospital. The first two cases include patients with mild situational affective disorders (which may be short-term), with neurotic reactions, neurosis-like and other non-psychotic conditions in somatic diseases. Clinically, these disorders are characterized by a rapid improvement in the mental state (for example, after an injection of Relanium and a carefully presented glass of water, a “crazy person” suddenly calms down and becomes quite sociable and obedient). It is best to resolve these issues together with a psychiatrist, who should be called for a consultation.

The main indications for calling the psychiatric emergency team:

Socially dangerous actions of the mentally ill (aggression or self-aggression, threat of murder);

The presence of psychotic or acute psychomotor agitation, which can lead to socially dangerous actions (hallucinations, delusions, impaired consciousness syndromes, pathological impulsivity);

Depressive states, if they are accompanied by suicidal tendencies;

Acute alcoholic psychoses;

Manic states, accompanied by a gross violation of public order or aggressiveness;

Acute affective reactions in psychopaths, oligophrenics, patients with organic diseases of the brain, accompanied by excitement or aggression;

Suicidal attempts by persons who are not on a psychiatric register, if they do not need somatic assistance;

Conditions of a deep mental defect that cause mental helplessness, sanitary and social neglect, vagrancy of people in public places.

The following conditions are not indications for calling a team of specialized psychiatric care:

Alcohol intoxication of any degree (if we are not talking about mentally disabled people);

Acute intoxications with drugs or other substances, if they occur without psychotic disorders;

Somatic variants of withdrawal syndrome;

Affective (situational) reactions in persons who do not pose a danger to others, and antisocial actions in persons if they are not on a psychiatric register.

The decisive role in this is played not so much by the severity of the mental illness as by the following features and situations: the possibility of socially dangerous actions, the patient's lack of criticism in assessing his condition, the impossibility of proper supervision and care in out-of-hospital conditions or in the somatic department. Most often in these cases we are talking about a hallucinatory-delusional, manic syndrome with psychomotor agitation or a pronounced depressive syndrome.

Any patient requiring urgent psychiatric care should immediately consult a psychiatrist: depending on the circumstances, either a psychiatrist is called to the place where the patient is located, or the patient is taken by ambulance to a neuropsychiatric dispensary for consultation. In case of emergency, temporary mechanical fixation should not be neglected, since most often emergency care is provided to a patient with strong motor excitation, with a sharp decrease in his criticism of his behavior.

The correct psychotherapeutic tactics carried out by the medical staff in relation to a patient with acute psychosis can sometimes replace medical care or, in any case, be an extremely important addition to it. There are several conditions that must be followed:

When talking with a tense delusional patient, do not make any notes with him, do not be distracted by other patients, in no case show the patient your fear of him;

Behave kindly towards the patient, avoiding either rudeness or familiarity, which can cause an irritation reaction; it is better to address him as “you” and keep a “distance” that does not offend the patient;

Do not start a conversation with questions about the disease; it is better to ask a few formal or "soothing" questions, talk "about this and that";

Demonstrate to the patient your desire and readiness to help him; do not argue or dissuade him; one should not, however, recklessly agree with all his statements and, even more so, suggest possible answers to questions that are delusional in nature;

Do not discuss with others in the presence of the patient his condition;

Do not lose "psychiatric vigilance" for a single minute, since the patient's behavior can change dramatically at any moment (there should be no objects near him suitable for attack or self-harm; he should not be allowed to approach the window, etc.).

The main task of emergency care is not the treatment of the disease itself, but the medical "preparation" of the patient, which allows you to gain time before consulting a psychiatrist or before hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital. It includes, first of all, the relief of psychomotor agitation, the prevention of suicide and the prevention of status epilepticus. For these purposes, the following medicines (in ampoules) should always be at the disposal of medical personnel: chlorpromazine, tizercin, Relanium (Seduxen), droperidol, diphenhydramine, in addition, cordiamine and caffeine.

Mental disorders are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore very insidious. They significantly complicate the life of a person when he is unaware of the presence of a problem. Experts who study this aspect of the boundless human essence argue that many of us have mental disorders, but does this mean that every second inhabitant of our planet needs to be treated? How to understand that a person is really sick and needs qualified help? You will receive answers to these and many other questions by reading the following sections of the article.

What is a mental disorder

The concept of "mental disorder" covers a wide range of deviations of a person's state of mind from the norm. The problems with internal health in question should not be taken as a negative manifestation of the negative side of the human personality. Like any physical illness, a mental disorder is a violation of the processes and mechanisms of perception of reality, which creates certain difficulties. People faced with such problems do not adapt well to real life conditions and do not always correctly interpret what is happening.

Symptoms and signs of mental disorders

The characteristic manifestations of a mental disorder include behavioral/mood/thinking disorders that go beyond generally accepted cultural norms and beliefs. As a rule, all the symptoms are dictated by an oppressed state of mind. At the same time, a person loses the ability to fully perform the usual social functions. The general spectrum of symptoms can be divided into several groups:

• physical - pain in various parts of the body, insomnia;
• cognitive - difficulties in clear thinking, memory impairment, unjustified pathological beliefs;
• perceptual - states in which the patient notices phenomena that other people do not notice (sounds, movements of objects, etc.);
• emotional - a sudden feeling of anxiety, sadness, fear;
• behavioral - unjustified aggression, inability to perform elementary self-service activities, abuse of mentally active drugs.

The main causes of diseases in women and men

The aspect of the etiology of this category of diseases is not fully understood, so modern medicine cannot clearly describe the mechanisms that cause mental disorders. Nevertheless, a number of reasons can be distinguished, the connection of which with mental disorders has been scientifically proven:

• stressful life conditions;
• difficult family circumstances;
• brain diseases;
• hereditary factors;
• genetic predisposition;
• medical problems.

In addition, experts identify a number of special cases, which are specific deviations, conditions or incidents, against which serious mental disorders develop. The factors that will be discussed are often encountered in everyday life, and therefore can lead to a deterioration in the mental health of people in the most unforeseen situations.

Alcoholism

The systematic abuse of alcohol often leads to disorders of the human psyche. The body of a person suffering from chronic alcoholism constantly contains a large amount of the breakdown products of ethyl alcohol, which cause serious changes in thinking, behavior and mood. In this regard, there are dangerous mental disorders, including:

1. Psychosis. A mental disorder due to a violation of metabolic processes in the brain. The toxic effect of ethyl alcohol overshadows the mind of the patient, but the consequences appear only a few days after the cessation of use. A person is seized by a feeling of fear or even a persecution mania. In addition, the patient may have all sorts of obsessions associated with the fact that someone wants to cause him physical or moral harm.
2. Delirium tremens. A common post-alcohol mental disorder that occurs due to deep metabolic disorders in all organs and systems of the human body. Delirium tremens manifests itself in sleep disorders and convulsive seizures. The listed phenomena, as a rule, appear in 70-90 hours after the termination of the use of alcohol. The patient shows sudden mood swings from carefree fun to terrible anxiety.
3. Rave. A mental disorder called delirium is expressed in the appearance of unshakable judgments and conclusions in a patient that do not correspond to objective reality. In a state of delirium, a person's sleep is disturbed and photophobia appears. The boundaries between sleep and reality become blurred, the patient begins to confuse one with the other.
4. Hallucinations are vivid representations, pathologically brought to the level of perception of real-life objects. The patient begins to feel that the people and objects around him are swaying, rotating or even falling. The sense of the passage of time is distorted.

brain injury

When receiving mechanical injuries of the brain, a person can develop a whole range of serious mental disorders. As a result of damage to the nerve centers, complex processes are triggered that lead to clouding of consciousness. After such cases, the following disorders / conditions / diseases often occur:

1. Twilight states. As a rule, they are celebrated in the evening hours. The victim becomes drowsy, delirium appears. In some cases, a person can sink into a state similar to a stupor. The patient's consciousness is filled with all sorts of pictures of excitement, which can cause appropriate reactions: from psychomotor disorder to brutal affect.
2. Delirium. A serious mental disorder in which a person has visual hallucinations. So, for example, a person injured in a car accident can see moving vehicles, groups of people and other objects associated with the roadway. Mental disorders plunge the patient into a state of fear or anxiety.
3. Oneiroid. A rare form of mental disorder in violation of the nerve centers of the brain. It is expressed in immobility and slight drowsiness. For some time, the patient may be chaotically excited, and then freeze again without movement.

Somatic diseases

Against the background of somatic diseases, the human psyche suffers very, very seriously. There are violations that are almost impossible to get rid of. Below is a list of mental disorders that medicine considers the most common in somatic disorders:

1. Asthenic neurosis-like condition. A mental disorder in which a person exhibits hyperactivity and talkativeness. The patient systematically experiences phobic disorders, often falls into a short-term depression. Fears, as a rule, have clear outlines and do not change.
2. Korsakovsky syndrome. A disease that is a combination of a memory disorder regarding ongoing events, a violation of orientation in space / locality and the appearance of false memories. A serious mental disorder that cannot be treated with methods known to medicine. The patient constantly forgets about the events that have just happened, often repeats the same questions.
3. Dementia. A terrible diagnosis, deciphered as acquired dementia. This mental disorder is often found in people aged 50-70 who have somatic problems. Dementia is a diagnosis for people with cognitive impairment. Somatic disorders lead to irreparable abnormalities in the brain. The mental sanity of a person does not suffer. Learn more about how treatment is carried out, what is the life expectancy with this diagnosis.

Epilepsy

Almost all people with epilepsy have mental disorders. Disorders that occur against the background of this disease can be paroxysmal (single) and permanent (permanent). The following cases of mental abnormalities are found in medical practice more often than others:

1. Mental seizures. Medicine distinguishes several varieties of this disorder. All of them are expressed in sharp changes in the mood and behavior of the patient. A mental seizure in a person suffering from epilepsy is accompanied by aggressive movements and loud screams.
2. Transient (transient) mental disorder. Prolonged deviations of the patient's condition from normal. A transient mental disorder is a prolonged mental seizure (described above), aggravated by a state of delirium. It can last from two to three hours to a whole day.
3. Epileptic mood disorders. As a rule, such mental disorders are expressed in the form of dysphoria, which is characterized by a simultaneous combination of anger, longing, causeless fear and many other sensations.

Malignant tumors

The development of malignant tumors often leads to changes in the psychological state of a person. With the growth of formations on the brain, pressure increases, which causes serious deviations. In this state, patients experience causeless fears, delusional phenomena, melancholy, and many other focal symptoms. All this may indicate the presence of the following psychological disorders:

1. hallucinations. They can be tactile, olfactory, auditory and gustatory. Such abnormalities are usually found in the presence of tumors in the temporal lobes of the brain. Often, along with them, vegetative-visceral disorders are detected.
2. affective disorders. Such mental disorders in most cases are observed with tumors localized in the right hemisphere. In this regard, attacks of horror, fear and longing develop. Emotions caused by a violation of the structure of the brain are displayed on the face of the patient: the facial expression and skin color change, the pupils narrow and expand.
3. Memory disorders. With the advent of this deviation, signs of Korsakov's syndrome appear. The patient gets confused in the events that just happened, asks the same questions, loses the logic of events, etc. In addition, in this state, a person often changes mood. Within a few seconds, the patient's emotions can switch from euphoric to dysphoric, and vice versa.

Vascular diseases of the brain

Violations of the circulatory system and blood vessels instantly affect the mental state of a person. With the appearance of diseases associated with an increase or decrease in blood pressure, brain functions deviate from the norm. Serious chronic disorders can lead to the development of extremely dangerous mental disorders, including:

1. Vascular dementias. This diagnosis means dementia. In their symptoms, vascular dementias resemble the consequences of some somatic disorders that manifest themselves in old age. Creative thought processes in this state are almost completely extinguished. The person withdraws into himself and loses the desire to maintain contact with anyone.
2. Cerebral-vascular psychoses. The genesis of mental disorders of this type is not fully understood. At the same time, medicine confidently names two varieties of cerebrovascular psychosis: acute and protracted. The acute form is expressed by episodes of confusion, twilight clouding of consciousness, delirium. For a protracted form of psychosis, a state of stupor is characteristic.

What are mental disorders

Mental disorders in people can occur regardless of gender, age and ethnicity. The mechanisms of development of mental illness are not fully understood, so medicine refrains from making specific statements. However, on this moment the relationship between some mental illnesses and age limits has been clearly established. Each age has its own common deviations.

In the elderly

In old age, against the background of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, heart / kidney failure and bronchial asthma, many mental disorders develop. Senile mental illnesses include:

• paranoia
• dementia;
• Alzheimer's disease;
• marasmus;
• Pick's disease.

Types of mental disorders in adolescents

Adolescent mental illness is often associated with adverse circumstances in the past. Over the past 10 years, young people often have the following mental disorders:

• prolonged depression;
• bulimia nervosa;
• anorexia nervosa;
• drancorexia.

Features of diseases in children

In childhood, serious mental disorders can also occur. The reason for this, as a rule, are problems in the family, incorrect methods of education and conflicts with peers. The list below lists mental disorders that are most often recorded in children:

• autism;
• Down syndrome;
• attention deficit disorder;
• mental retardation;
• developmental delays.

Which doctor to contact for treatment

Mental disorders are not treated on their own, therefore, if there is the slightest suspicion of mental disorders, an urgent appeal to a psychotherapist is required. A conversation between a patient and a specialist will help to quickly identify the diagnosis and choose an effective treatment strategy. Almost all mental illnesses are curable if treated early. Remember this and don't delay!

Video about the treatment of mental illness

The video attached below contains a lot of information about modern methods of dealing with mental disorders. The information received will be useful for everyone who is ready to take care of the mental health of their loved ones. Listen to the words of experts to break stereotypes about inadequate approaches to the fight against mental disorders and find out the real medical truth.

Psychiatric disorders are a subgroup of mental illnesses that include a wide array of symptoms on their composite lists. Mankind has always sought the need to know, as if realizing itself, and this was carried out through various naturalistic methods, and comparing our knowledge of the physical body, our organs and the totality of their systems, we can declare that this knowledge is enormous. Mankind, having endless capital and not being guided by the laws of ethics, is able to resolve, that is, get rid of, almost any pathology. But not a single specialist can confirm this about the psyche, our brain is known very partially, while the spheres of influence on the brain have been taken away by many specialists, which naturally affects the provision of assistance. The functionality itself, that is, conversation, recognition, tactile feelings, speech understanding, is handled by neurologists. Neurologists take care of a normal psyche, trying to preserve and even increase it. Psychiatrists also deal with disorders in this area. Psychotherapists seem to combine the role of a psychologist and a psychiatrist. They can often be needed by almost every individual who is trying to understand only his disturbing problems.

What are mental disorders?

Psychiatric disorders are diseases that develop when there is a malfunction in the mental sphere. Since ancient times, mankind has noticed that some people are very different from others. Many noticed that some of these "strange" ones can be very dangerous and they were expelled from the cities. And other quieter persons, but no less crazy, were worshiped and given gifts, considering them deities. At the same time, the attitude towards mental disorders in antiquity was quite pragmatic, they tried to study them if possible, and if it was impossible to understand, they came up with explanations.

Many scientists took part in the study of these pathologies, it was then that they first identified epileptic seizures, melancholy, as a prototype of modern depression, and frenia. Later, in different centuries, diametrically different methods were used for the mentally ill. For example, during the Middle Ages and the Inquisition, people were simply burned for some “irregularities” in behavior, then many individuals with mental disorders died. But in the Slavic lands, there was no bad attitude towards the mentally ill in those days, they were kept at the monasteries with the money of the tithe, which went to the churches. At that time, the Arab countries made a huge leap towards the attitude towards the mentally ill, it was there that they first opened a psychiatric hospital and they even tried to treat patients with herbs. Since ancient times, people have been frightened by the realization that someone hears unheard voices that are not available to anyone. From time immemorial, such things have inspired otherworldly fear, and even now mental disorders are becoming a byword. Horror movies about psychiatric hospitals, psychopathic killers and the news have taken their toll, and psychiatry is perhaps the most unfair rumor of any medical industry.

But it is worth returning to the history of mental disorders. After the period of the Middle Ages, which was difficult for all mankind, the Renaissance came. It was during the revival that Pinel and many other truth-seekers first realized that keeping people on chains, even the mentally ill, is at least inhuman. It was then that hospitals began to be created. One of the first created a hospital - a haven for the insane and called it Bedlam. It was from this name that the word “bedlam” known to us came from, in terms of a mess. After the Renaissance, the scientific period of psychiatry began, when patients began to be examined and sorted out in causes and things like that. And it is worth noting - very successful. Even if a lot has changed and new diagnoses have appeared, the old school of psychiatry remains relevant and in demand. This is due to the chic and detailed descriptions of clinical cases. Now psychiatric disorders are only multiplying, regardless of the standard of living, and the reasons for this will be described in the appropriate chapters.

Psychiatry comes from the Greek "psycho", which means soul, and "atria", which translates as treatment. A psychiatrist is one of the few doctors who treats the soul. There are many methods for this and everyone will choose their own. The main pattern in relation to individuals with mental disorders should be respect. It should not be forgotten that each individual, regardless of the disease, remains invariably a person, like the rest, and deserves an appropriate attitude. Most individuals tend to defend themselves against such patients, it is not uncommon to hear advice for the patient to pull himself together. It is important that relatives realize that an individual with a mental disorder is not always able to meet expectations and needs support. But this does not mean that the individual must be belittled, since these people simply have certain features that are alien to others.

List of mental disorders

Mental disorders, invariably and close to diseases of any genesis, can be divided into many subtypes, the most important classifier for them is ICD 10. But before sorting out different types according to the classifier, you need to remember the main divisions of mental disorders.

All mental disorders can be classified into three different levels:

Psychotic level - these are the most serious ailments, having in their entirety the most dangerous psychiatric symptoms.

The neurotic level does not pose a danger to others, such a person "eats" himself.

There is also a borderline level - these are things that are within the competence of many specialists. Separately, psycho-organic symptoms can also be endured, since they can have completely their own characteristics.

All psychopathology belongs to the category F from 0 to 99.

The first in the list of psychiatric disorders are organic disorders numbered from 0 to 9. They are grouped according to the obvious presence of organics, even in cases of their symptomatic, that is, transient. This large subgroup includes dementias with a variety of cortical functions. These pathologies include, as well.

Mental disorders, which in their composition are leading to disorders of the behavioral range, can be associated with various psychoactive substances that are taken by individuals. This subgroup belongs to F 10-19. It includes not only psychoses associated with the intake of alcohol or any other substances, but also meth-alcohol psychoses, as well as all those emerging from this state.

As a form of thinking disorder. This group also includes schizotypal states. Delusional disorders are also included in this group due to the productive symptomatology, namely delusional ideas. This subgroup corresponds to F 20-29 numbers.

Disorders of the mood circle in a more modern classification sound like, revert to F 30 to 39.

Neuroses and neurotic states are associated with stressors, as well as somatoform, that is, associated with somatic disorders. Such an extensive subgroup includes phobic, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, dissociative disorder, response to stressors. Those disorders that affect behavioral aspects are excluded from these as they are included under other headings.

From F 50 to F 59 include behavioral syndromes that include physiological disorders in their composite chain, that is, a circle of instincts, needs and physical influences. All of these syndromes lead to disruption of normal bodily functions such as sleep, nutrition, sexual desires, and overwork. In adulthood, not adolescence, after 40, personality disorders, as well as behavioral disorders, can also form. This includes specific personality disorders, as well as mixed forms, in addition to personality disorders, which interfere with some other disorders.

From F 70 to F 79 manifests itself as a state of mental retardation. These figures have an identification, which depends on the form, degree of mental retardation. They are also identified depending on the presence of behavioral disorders or their absence.

From F 80 to F 89 include violations of psychological development. These psychosyndromes are characteristic of children's age categories and manifest themselves in speech, motor function, and psychological development disorders.

The emotional range of disorders and behavioral aspects most often go from childhood and this is a group that is completely different from other disorders, belonging to the category F 90-98. These are a variety of behavioral disorders that lead to problems in society due to their association with social maladaptation. They also include tics and hyperkinetic states.

The last in any group of diseases are unspecified disorders, and in our case these are mental disorders F 99.

Causes of mental disorders

Mental disorders have many root causes, which is associated with the diversity of groups, that is, all pathologies can be caused by a variety of things. And given the symptoms, it is undoubted that the same symptomatology can lead to irreparable, but structurally similar outcomes. But at the same time, it is caused by completely diverse factors, which sometimes burdens the diagnosis.

The organic group of mental disorders is caused by organic factors, of which there are many in psychiatry. If there are psychiatric symptoms, then any, even indirect, organic matter is taken into account. The cause of such disorders are head injuries. If the diagnosis is TBI, then you can expect a lot of symptomatic things.

Many brain diseases also lead to similar consequences, especially if they are not properly controlled. Complications are very dangerous in this regard, as well as the final stages of HIV with the addition of dementia. In addition, almost all "childhood" infectious diseases in adults lead to irreparable consequences in the brain: chickenpox, like all herpes infections, can cause serious encephalitis. also has similar serious complications, such as panencephalitis. In general, meningitis and encephalitis of any etiology are dangerous for the brain with the subsequent development of organic matter. Sometimes such a pathology can form after strokes, vascular diseases and with endocrinological disorders, as well as with encephalopathies of various origins. Systemic diseases: vasculitis, lupus, rheumatism can also involve the brain in the process, burdening the person with psychiatric symptoms over time. Neurological diseases with demyelination can also be attributed to the reasons for this genesis.

The use of psychoactive substances also leads to mental disorders. This is due to several methods of influence of psychosubstances on the brain. The first is the formation of addiction, which leads to some kind of personality change and brings out the worst features of the person. Also, any drug is a toxin that directly affects neurons and leads to irreparable consequences, consistently killing the will and intellect. This includes energy drinks, although these are not prohibited substances. It is also alcohol, hashish, hemp, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, amphetamine. Substance abuse also carries a considerable danger, especially considering that the toxic effect of such substances is much higher. Withdrawal syndromes and a general negative effect on the body, which over time will lead to encephalopathy with all the consequences, are also dangerous for mental disorders.

It is worth noting that heredity can be a serious cause of many disorders. Many mental disorders already have a certain genetic location and can be identified if necessary. In addition to heredity, social factors play a role, in particular, the usefulness of the family, adequate upbringing and the right conditions for growing up a baby. Endogenous pathologies in their root cause always have disorders of neurotransmitters, which is successfully taken into account in treatment. Neurotic pathologies usually take their origins from childhood, but nevertheless, stress is a provocateur of a significant group of pathologies, it leads to failures in the protective systems of the psyche.

Many pathologies can lead to subsequent physiological failures, in particular, physical and moral exhaustion, infectious diseases. Some diseases are the result of constitutional features and relationship factors with others. Many pathologies of this spectrum can come from a pattern of behavior.

Children's pathologies come from the womb, as well as maternal health itself. These include such possible provoking factors as perinatal infections, bad maternal habits. Also in this regard, injuries, unsuccessful obstetric aid and obstetric problems, as well as poor somatic health in the mother and the presence of sexually transmitted diseases are dangerous. Also in childhood, the cause may be a biological developmental delay.

Symptoms and signs of mental disorders

The description of mental disorders is very diverse due to the many areas that are capable of being affected by these pathologies.

A detailed description of mental disorders is most conveniently carried out according to violations of various mental systems:

Feelings, sensations and perception. Violations of sensations, in the sense of a simple display of the stimulus, include a violation of their strength. This includes hyperesthesia - a subjective or, in the case of neurological pathology, an objective enhancement of sensations. The opposite is hypoesthesia. Anesthesia - this lack of sensitivity, its complete loss, happens not only with mental disorders, but also with anesthesia. These groups are still more characteristic of people with a normal psyche and happen to each of us. And here is a more specific pathology characteristic of many psychosyndromes. It is characterized by polymorphism, that is, the individual is not able to indicate the exact localization of such strange pains. In this case, the nature of the pain is pretentious and is burdened. Such pains are persistent and not correlated with any somatic disorder, while their projections are very atypical. Further from the symptomatology, it is worth paying attention to perceptual disturbances, illusions belong to them - these are changes, a distortion of a really existing object of perception. Illusions occur not only in pathologies, when they are called mental, but also in the norm, for example, physical deceptions of perception. As a subspecies of illusory disorders, it is worth designating a psychosensory disorder. Metamorphopsias, violations of the bodily scheme, belong to it. Hallucinations are the perception of what is really absent, there are many types of them and normally they do not exist. They are divided by analyzers and types and have specific features, for example, division into true and pseudo. It depends on the projection: the first is outward, and the second is inward.

The description of mental disorders also includes the emotional and volitional spheres. Emotions can be pathologically enhanced: hyperthymia, moria, euphoric sensations, ecstasy, mania. Mania can be different: solar is characterized by kindness; angry - excessive irritation; expansive with overestimation of possibilities, a leap of ideas and confused with thinking disorders. Negative emotions can also increase pathologically, such conditions include: hypothymia, as the opposite of mania. There are also several such states: anxious with a huge level of anxiety; apathetic with complete immobility; masked, manifested by somatic symptoms. Some mental disorders are characterized by a pathological weakening of emotions, such as apathy, coldness and emotional dullness. There are violations of emotional stability, often in dementia patients, for example, lability, explosiveness, emotional weakness, emotional incontinence, emotional inertia. Also, emotions can be inadequate to the situation and even ambivalent. Various phobias that turn into obsessions can also color the background of the disease. The will and instincts are violated during long-term processes and belong to the category of problems that are difficult to stop: the will can increase or weaken. Food, intimate spheres and the instinct of self-preservation may be violated.

The description of mental disorders also includes a section on thinking. Disorders of his thinking can be unproductive and productive. The most famous of the mental problems is, this is a very dangerous symptom that forces the individual to a variety of actions. Overvalued and obsessive ideas also belong to thought disorders. Memory, intellect and even consciousness can suffer in such persons, this is especially true for individuals with dementia and similar pathologies.

Types of mental disorders

Mental disorders by subspecies can be divided into two large groups: exogenous, which came from outside, and endogenous. The exogenous genesis of the disorder is formed from the outside, that is, the root cause of such a pathology lies in life moments. It can be trauma, abuse, exhaustion of the body, diseases, infections. Endogenous disorders imply the presence of a problem in the person himself, these are a kind of consonant endogenous diseases that have a genetic innate nature.

Neuropsychiatric disorders take shape due to the individual life regime, forcing the individual to be subjected to stress. Excessive haste drains individuals, leading to unpleasant effects. Neuropsychiatric disorders do not lead a person to insanity, but nevertheless they cause an impressive discord in the systems of the body.

Neuropsychiatric disorders have several pathologies in their composition:

- as a pathology with a clearly preceding psychotrauma. Further, sleep gradually worsens, knocking the individual out of the rut of life. Later, in addition to irritation and fatigue, persistent somatics appear, like nausea, similar problems with the gastrointestinal tract, lack of appetite, but still the quality of life decreases.

- Obsessive states are also one of these forms, forcing the individual to constantly remain fixated on some thought or action. It is worth noting that this pathology includes not only thoughts and actions, but also memories and fears.

Neuropsychiatric disorders also include this form of disorder, which still causes more trouble for others. The individual himself enjoys his theatricality and pretentiousness. The clinic of hysterics is very polymorphic, which is mainly due to the personality itself: someone stamps their feet, others bend in a hysterical arc and convulse, and some are even capable of losing their voice.

It is possible to separately designate such a subspecies as severe mental disorders, which mainly include endogenous and organic pathologies. They always have consequences and incapacitate the individual.

Criminal mental disorders are not a separate subtype of disorders, in fact, if an individual with a mental disorder commits a crime, then this will be a criminal mental disorder. Criminally mental disorders require confirmation by forensic psychiatrists with an examination. This disorder is assessed in this way: if at the time of the commission of a crime an individual is considered sane, then he bears full responsibility for his crime. Criminally mental disorders in individuals who are recognized as non-judicial require not cell imprisonment, but compulsory psychiatric treatment. In some cases, it is so difficult to determine that a stationary examination is required.

Mental disorders in children are different from the adult contingent. They can appear at different ages, depending on the pathology. Developmental delay up to three years, schizophrenia at an age closer to adolescence, with complex courses of the disease, it is possible from the first month. Mental disorders in children are characterized by the severity of the course, which is associated with an unformed nervous system, on which the imprint of the disease is superimposed.

Treatment of mental disorders

There are many methods of stopping psychiatric pathologies. One of the rarely used, and in some countries banned methods of active biological therapy.

Insulin-comatose, atropine coma, pyrogenic, where the drugs of the same name and the temperature method are used to bring the individual into remission.

Electroconvulsive therapy is also effective and is used when various methods of treating patients with various mental disorders are ineffective.

Craniocerebral hypothermia, as opposed to the pyrogenic method, uses cooling of brain tissues, in some cases this can be done even with improvised means.

Of the drugs for different groups, different drugs with different effects are used. Tranquilizers have an inhibitory effect due to the potentiation of GABA: benzodiazepines, nidefinylmethanes, nibusterones, nicarbamyl and benzyl acids. Tranquilizers have a "addictive" effect, so they are not used for a long time and in mentally safe people. These include: Meprobamate, Andaxin, Elenium, Librium, Tazepam, Nozapam, Nitrazepam, Radedorm, Eunoctin, Mebicar, Trioxazine, Diazepam, Valium, Seduxen, Relanium.

Antipsychotics, in addition to their sedative and sedative effects, have the main antipsychotic effect, that is, they are able to relieve productive symptoms in patients, and are naturally used in the psychotic spectrum. The typical neuroleptics applicable for rapid sedation and removal of psychomotor agitation are: Haloperidol, Triftazin, Stelocin, Pimozide orap, Flushpiren imap, Pinfluridol semap, Chlorprothixen, Chlorpromazine, Leaomepromazine, Aminazine, Propazine, Taracten, Tizercin.

Atypical neuroleptics are used as maintenance therapy because, among other actions, they can have a stimulating effect, which is so necessary for individuals in the apato-abolic state. These include Neuleptil, Azaleptin, Sulpiride, Karbidin, Meterazin, Mazheptil, Etaperazin, Trivalon, Frenolon, Trisedil, Eglonil, Teralen, Sonapax, Meller, Azapine, Clozapine.

Antidepressants have an effect only on a pathologically reduced mood, while not affecting the normal one, therefore they are not addictive. These include: Amitriptyline, Triptizol, Elavil, Floratsizil, Pirazedol, Azafen, Oxylidine Melipramil, Thiophranil, Anafranil, Nuredal, Nialamide.

A separate group of drugs that are used for many pathologies are psychostimulants. They are designed to relieve fatigue and activate: Sidnocarb, Stimuloton, Sidnofen.

Normotimics normalize mood, are used in bipolar disorder, as a cover that does not allow phase inversion: Lithium carbonate, oxybutyrate, retard, as well as Depakine, Valprocom.

Means of metabolic therapy, like nootropics, improve mnestic functions: Aminalon, Acephan, Piracetam, Piraditol, Gamalon, Lucidril, Nootropil.

Mental disorders in children are stopped by age, it is important to pay attention to age-related crises. It is important to remember that unnecessarily continuous treatment will adversely affect development. Dosage and preparations are selected softer. It is important not to lose sight of maintenance therapy and correct dosing in time. To maintain the effect, depot preparations are excellent: Moniten depot, Haloperidol Deconaate, Fluorphenazine deconaate, Piportil, Fluspirilen, Penfluridol.

Of the psychotherapeutic methods for some pathologies, suggestive therapy, drug suggestion, psychoanalysis, behavioral methods, autogenic relaxation, occupational therapy, socio- and art therapy are excellent.

Test for mental disorders

Doctors usually determine mental health through conversation. The individual talks about himself, about his complaints, about his ancestors. At the same time, the doctor notes heredity, looks at the structure of thinking, the formulation of speech, and behavior. If the patient behaves cautiously, falls silent, psychoproduction can be assumed.

Memory and intelligence are also determined in conversation and respond or do not respond to life experience. Attention is drawn to facial expressions, weight, appearance and neatness. All this allows you to add up the first picture, identify suspicions and think about further research.

In general, in addition to the usual conversation, many tests of various forms and types are used:

For depression, these are the Beck test, PNK 9 and similar small questionnaires that allow you to control the dynamics.

For anxiety, which is in the structure of all mental disorders, we use the Spielberger test.

For intelligence, there is a Mocha test, MMCE, which also tests memory. For memory, there is also a test of remembering ten words. In addition, diagnostic criteria are necessarily applied to identify the problem and clearly formulate the diagnosis.

The methods for studying attention include: Schulte's table, Landolph's test, proofreading test, Riesz lines.

Gorbov's red-black table helps to determine the switching of attention.

Munsterberg and Kraepelin, with their search for words in the merged text and subtraction.

Tests for associative memory, memorization of artificial syllables, Beck's visual retention test and the pictogram technique.

For the diagnosis of thinking, the pictogram method, the method of classification by cards and the decoding of proverbs, as well as the elimination of the superfluous, the establishment of sequences, the identification of signs, the establishment of analogies and complex analogies, as well as the method of naming 50 words, are also applicable.

Wexler and Raven tests are used to test intelligence, as well as mini Koch, clock drawing, and a battery of frontal dysfunction.

Questionnaires for temperament and character are also used: Eysenck, Ruzanova, Strelyalo, Shmishek.

Big MMPI test to determine personality traits. As well as the PANS clinical scale.