Chemical elements macronutrients. Man is what he eats

There are various classifications of chemical elements contained in the human body. So, V. I. Vernadsky, depending on the average content (mass fraction, ha, %) in living organisms, divided the elements according to the ten-day system. According to this classification (Table 5.2), the elements contained in living organisms are divided into three groups:

Macronutrients. These are elements whose content in the body is above 10~2%. These include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chlorine.

Microelements. These are elements whose content in the body is in the range from 10~3 to 10~5%. These include iodine, copper, arsenic, fluorine, bromine, strontium, barium, cobalt.

Ultramicroelements. These are elements whose content in the body is below 10~5%. These include mercury, gold, uranium, thorium, radium, etc.

Currently, ultramicroelements are combined with microelements into one group. In table. 5.3 provides updated data on the content of chemical elements in the human body. However, this classification reflects only the content of elements in living organisms, but does not indicate the biological role and physiological significance of this or that element.

V. V. Kovalsky, based on the importance for life, divided the chemical elements into 3 groups.

Vital (irreplaceable) elements. They are constantly contained in the human body, are part of enzymes, hormones and vitamins: H, O, Ca, N. K, P, N3, 5, Md, C1, C, I, Mn, Cu, Co, Re, 2p, Mo, V. Their deficiency leads to disruption of normal human life.

impurity elements. These elements are constantly contained in the body of animals and humans: Oa, 5b, 5r, Br, P, B, Ve, N, 51, 5n, Cs, A1, Ba,<3е, Аз, КЬ, РЬ, Ка, В1. Си, Сг, N1, "Л, Ад, ТЬ, Н§, У, 5е. Биологическая роль их мало выяснена или неизвестна.

Impurity elements (Sc, Ti, In, La, Pr, Sm, Na, Re, Ti, etc.). Found in humans and animals. Data on the number and biological role have not been elucidated.

The elements necessary for the construction and vital activity of various cells and organisms are called biogenic elements.

It is still impossible to accurately list all biogenic elements due to the difficulty of determining very low concentrations of trace elements and establishing their biological functions. For 24 elements, the biogenicity was reliably established. These are elements of the 1st and some elements of the 2nd groups according to Kowalski.

5.3. Topography of the most important biogenic elements in the human body.

Human organs concentrate various chemical elements in themselves in different ways, i.e., micro- and macroelements are unevenly distributed between different organs and tissues. Most trace elements accumulate in the liver, bone and muscle tissues. These tissues are the main depot (reserve) for many trace elements.

Elements may show a specific affinity for certain organs and are contained in them in high concentrations. It is well known that zinc is concentrated in the pancreas, iodine - in the thyroid gland, fluorine - in tooth enamel, aluminum, arsenic, vanadium accumulate in hair and nails, cadmium, mercury, molybdenum - in the kidneys, tin - in the intestinal tissues, strontium - in prostate gland, bone tissue, barium - in the pigment retina of the eye, bromine, manganese, chromium - in the pituitary gland, etc. Data on the distribution (topography) of some macro- and microelements in the human body are shown in fig. 5.4.

In organisms, microelements can be both in a bound state and in the form of free ionic forms. It has been established that silicon, aluminum, copper and titanium in brain tissues are in the form of complexes with proteins, while manganese is in ionic form.

Hydrogen and oxygen are macronutrients. They are part of the water, which in the body of an adult on average contains about 65%. Water is unevenly distributed over human organs, tissues and biological fluids. So, in gastric juice, saliva, blood plasma, lymph, water is from 99.5 to 90%. In urine, gray matter of the brain, kidneys - 80%, in the white matter of the brain, liver, skin, spinal cord, muscles, lungs, heart - 70-80%. Least of all - 40% of water is contained in the skeleton.

Macronutrients - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus - are part of proteins, nucleic acids and other biologically active compounds of the body. The carbon content in proteins is from 51 to 55%, oxygen - from 22

up to 24%, nitrogen - from 15 to 18%, hydrogen from 6.5 to 7%, sulfur - from 0.3 to 2.5%, phosphorus - about 0.5%. The content of proteins in various tissues and organs of animals and humans, and, consequently, the approximate content of elements C, H, N. 8, P can be judged on the basis of the data given in Table. 5.4.

As follows from Table. 5.4, the maximum amount of proteins (~ 80%) is found in the spleen, lungs, muscles, the minimum (~ 25%) - in the bones and teeth.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are also part of carbohydrates, the content of which in animal tissues is low - about 2%. These elements are part of lipids (fats). In addition, the composition of phospholipids includes phosphorus in the form of phosphate groups. To the greatest extent, lipids are concentrated in the brain (12%), and then in the liver (5%), milk (2-3%) and blood serum (0.6%). However, the main part of phosphorus - 600 g - is contained in bone tissue. This is 85% of the mass of all phosphorus in the human body. Phosphorus is also concentrated in the hard tissues of the teeth, which include it together with calcium, chlorine, fluorine in the form of hydroxyl-, chlorine-, fluorapatites of the general formula Ca5 (PO 4) sX, where X \u003d OH, C1, P, respectively.

Calcium is predominantly concentrated in bone tissue, as well as in dental tissue. Sodium and chlorine are mainly found in extracellular fluids, while potassium and magnesium are found in intracellular fluids. In the form of fluorides, sodium and potassium are part of the bone and dental tissue. Magnesium in the form of phosphate Mgz (PO 4) 2 is contained in the hard tissues of the tooth.

The ten metals that are vital for a living organism are called the "metals of life". So, it has been established that in a human body weighing 70 kg, the content of "metals of life" is (in g): calcium-1700, potassium - 250, sodium - 70, magnesium - 42, iron - 5, zinc - 3, copper - 0, 2, manganese, molybdenum and cobalt combined - less than 0.1. The body of an adult contains about 3 kg of mineral salts, and 5/6 of this amount (2.5 kg) falls on bone tissue.

Some macroelements (magnesium, calcium) and most microelements are contained in the body in the form of complexes with bioligands - amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, vitamins, etc. Thus, the Fe 2+ ion as a complexing agent is part of hemoglobin, Co 2 + - to vitamin B12, Mg[ 2+ - to chlorophyll. There are numerous biocomplexes of other elements (Cu, Zn, Mo, etc.) that play an important biological role in the organism.

Various diseases affect the change in the content of chemical elements in the body. So, with rickets, there is a violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, which leads to a decrease in the calcium content. With nephritis, due to a violation of electrolyte metabolism, the content of calcium, sodium, chlorine decreases and the content of magnesium, potassium in the body increases.

Hormones are involved in maintaining a certain content of macro- and microelements in the body.

Chemical elements in the human body

Of the 92 chemical elements found in nature, 81 are present in the human body. Minerals are part of all fluids and tissues. Regulating more than 50,000 biochemical processes, they are necessary for the functioning of the muscular, cardiovascular, immune, nervous and other systems; take part in the synthesis of vital compounds, metabolic processes, hematopoiesis, digestion, neutralization of metabolic products; are part of enzymes, hormones (iodine in the composition of thyroxine, zinc - insulin and sex hormones), affect their activity.

The presence of a number of minerals in the body in strictly defined quantities is an indispensable condition for maintaining human health. It is important to remember that macro- and microelements are not synthesized in the body, they come with food, water, air. The degree of their assimilation depends on the state of the respiratory and digestive organs. The metabolism of mineral substances and the water in which they are dissolved are inseparable, and the key elements are deposited in the tissues and, as necessary, are extracted into the blood. The totality of the processes of absorption, distribution, assimilation and excretion of substances in the form of inorganic compounds constitute mineral metabolism.

Mineral substances enter the human body mainly through the diet in an inactive state and are activated, forming various compounds with high-molecular proteins. The mineral content varies with the season. In spring, the level of macro- and microelements decreases, and in early autumn it increases.

The body of a healthy person has a fairly clear system of self-regulation. With excessive intake of macro- and microelements, the elimination system begins to work. In the gastrointestinal tract, the absorption of elements is blocked, followed by their excretion with feces. A defect in any link is the cause of an excess or deficiency of an element, or an imbalance of other biological substances (hormones, vitamins, enzymes) involved in complex regulatory processes, and is manifested by clinical symptoms.

In order to systematize information about the content and physiological role of chemical elements in the body, a number of classifications have been proposed in recent decades. One of the principles of classification is the division of chemical elements into groups, depending on the magnitude of their content in the body of mammals and humans.

The first group of such a classification consists of "macroelements", the concentration of which in the body exceeds 0.01%. These include O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, Na, S, Cl, Mg. In absolute terms (based on an average human body weight of 70 kg), the content of these elements ranges from more than forty kg (oxygen) to several grams (magnesium). Some elements of this group are called "organogens" (O, H, C, N, P, S) in connection with their leading role in the formation of the structure of tissues and organs.

The second group consists of "trace elements" (concentration from 0.00001% to 0.01%). This group includes: Fe, Zn, F, Sr, Mo, Cu, Br, Si, Cs, J, Mn, Al, Pb, Cd, B, Kb. These elements are contained in the body in concentrations from hundreds of mg to several grams. However, despite the “low” content, microelements are not random ingredients of biosubstrates of a living organism, but components of a complex physiological system involved in regulating the vital functions of the body at all stages of its development.

The third group includes "ultramicroelements", the concentration of which is below 0.000001%. These are Se, Co, V, Cr, As, Ni, Li, Ba, Ti, Ag, Sn, Be, Ga, Ge, Hg, Sc, Zr, Bi, Sb, U, Th, Rh. The content of these elements in the human body is measured in mg and mcg. At the moment, the most important importance for the body of many elements from this group, such as selenium, cobalt, chromium, etc.

Another classification is based on ideas about the physiological role of chemical elements in the body. According to this classification, macronutrients, which make up the bulk of cells and tissues, are "structural" elements. The essential "(vital) trace elements include Fe, J, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Mo, Se, Mn, the "conditionally essential" - As, B, Br, F, Li, Ni, Si, V Vital necessity or essentiality (from the English essential - "necessary"), is the most important property of chemical elements for the life of living organisms. A chemical element is considered essential if, in its absence or insufficient intake into the body, normal vital activity is disrupted, development stops, and reproduction becomes impossible. Replenishment of the missing amount of such an element eliminates the clinical manifestations of its deficiency and restores the body's vitality.

AI, Cd, Pb, Hg, Be, Ba, Bi, Ti are classified as "toxic" elements, Ag, Au, In, Ge, Rb, Ti, Te, U, W, Sn, Zr are classified as "potentially toxic" and others. The result of the impact of these elements on the body is the development of intoxication syndromes (toxicopathies).

Macronutrients

Silicon (Si).

Silicon is involved in the metabolism of more than 70 mineral salts and most vitamins. With its deficiency, the absorption of calcium, iron, cobalt, manganese, fluorine and other substances decreases and metabolism is disturbed.

Silicon colloids have the ability to “stick” pathogenic microorganisms to themselves: influenza and rheumatism viruses, hepatitis and polyarthritis, pathogenic cocci and Trichomonas, Candida and yeast fungi, forming complex compounds with them that are excreted from the body.

In recent years, arthritis has become much younger, and the number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and skin in children has increased. All this is due to the lack of silicon in the body due to the shift in nutrition towards refined foods. The deficiency of this substance, for example, in children, today is 50 percent or more.

Due to its chemical properties to create charged colloidal systems in solutions, it provides invaluable assistance to the normal intestinal microflora in maintaining the internal cleanliness of the body.

The human body cannot exist without silicon and its derivatives. Its deficiency or excess negatively affects the work of internal organs and the body as a whole.

Silicas are involved in the formation of red blood cells. Silicon affects blood vessels in the same way as plants - it determines the degree of elasticity and strength. With a lack of silicon, the vessels become fragile, they are more susceptible to narrowing.

Iron (Fe) in nature is in the form of minerals - magnetic iron ore. Iron is part of the hemoglobin in the blood. With a lack of it in food, the synthesis of hemoglobin in the blood and the formation of iron-containing enzymes are sharply disrupted, and iron deficiency anemia develops. In medicine, it is used to treat diseases associated with a violation of the normal state and functions of the blood and the general nutrition of the body. Like other heavy metals, it precipitates proteins and gives compounds with them - albuminates, therefore it has a local astringent effect. Contraindicated in fever, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, venous congestion, organic diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Iron has the ability to accumulate (deposit) in the body. The daily dose of iron is 18 mg. Iron contains foods such as beans, buckwheat, vegetables, liver, meat, egg yolks, parsley, porcini mushrooms, bakery products, as well as rose hips, apples, apricots, cherries, gooseberries, white mulberries, strawberries.

Calcium (Ca) is the main component of bone tissue, is part of the blood, plays an important role in the regulation of growth processes and the activity of cells of all types of tissues. Assimilated with food, calcium affects the metabolism and contributes to the most complete absorption of nutrients. Calcium compounds strengthen the body's defenses and increase its resistance to external adverse factors, including infections. Calcium deficiency affects the function of the heart muscle and the activity of certain enzymes. Calcium salts are involved in the process of blood clotting. Calcium is especially important for bone formation.

Macronutrients - calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are extremely important for a growing organism; With a lack of calcium in food, the body begins to consume calcium, which is part of the bones, resulting in bone diseases. Calcium is a fairly common element, it makes up approximately 3.6% of the mass of the earth's crust, in natural waters there is soluble calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCOS)2. In nature, calcium is calcareous spar (CaCO3), phosphorite, apatite, marble, limestone, chalk, gypsum (CaSO4, 2H20) and other minerals containing calcium. The skeleton of vertebrates consists mainly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Eggshells and mollusk shells are made up of calcium carbonate. The daily requirement for calcium is about 1000 mg. Calcium salts are used for various allergic conditions, increased blood clotting, to reduce vascular permeability in inflammatory and exudative processes, tuberculosis, rickets, diseases of the skeletal system, etc. The most complete sources of calcium are milk and dairy products - cottage cheese, cheese. Milk and dairy products contribute to the absorption of it from other products. Good sources of calcium are egg yolk, cabbage, soybeans, sprats, partial fish in tomato sauce. Calcium is found in rose hips, apple trees, grapes, strawberries, gooseberries, figs, ginseng, blackberries, parsley.

Potassium (K) occurs naturally as potassium chloride. Potassium is part of multivitamins with trace elements in the form of potassium sulfate and is mainly used for metabolic disorders. With a lack of potassium in the body, cardiac arrhythmia may occur. Potassium maintains osmotic pressure in the blood, has a diuretic effect. The daily requirement for potassium is 2500 mg. Potassium contains apples, cherries, wine grapes, ginseng, gooseberries, pineapples, bananas, dried apricots, potatoes, beans, peas, sorrel, cereals, fish.

Magnesium (Mg). In the body, the exchange of phosphorus is associated, in addition to calcium, and with the exchange of magnesium. Most magnesium is found in bone tissue. In blood plasma, in erythrocytes and in soft tissues, it is mainly contained in an ionized state. Magnesium is an integral part of chlorophyll and is found in all plant foods. This element is also a necessary component of animal organisms, but is contained in smaller quantities than in vegetable organisms (0.043% in milk, 0.013% in meat). Magnesium salts are involved in enzymatic processes. It is known that diets with a high content of magnesium salts have a beneficial effect on the elderly and people with diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially those with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Magnesium also normalizes the excitability of the nervous system, has antispasmodic and vasodilating properties and, in addition, the ability to stimulate intestinal motility and increase bile secretion, and is kept in an ionized state and is part of the bone tissue. The daily requirement for magnesium is 400 mg. As a microelement, magnesium is found in cinnamon rose hips, common cherries, grapes, figs, gooseberries, beans, oatmeal and buckwheat, peas. Meat and dairy products are low in magnesium.

Sodium (Na). Salt is the source of sodium for the human body. Its importance for normal life is very great. It is involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure, metabolism, in maintaining alkaline-acid balance. Due to the salt in the food, the consumption of sodium chloride, which is part of the blood and hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, is replenished. The amount of potassium salts received by the body affects the release of sodium chloride from the body, and, consequently, the need for it. Vegetable foods, especially potatoes, are rich in potassium and increase the excretion of sodium chloride, increasing the need for it. The daily dose of sodium is 4000 mg. An adult consumes up to 15 g of table salt daily and excretes the same amount from the body. The amount of table salt in human food can be reduced to 5 g per day without harm to health. The release of sodium chloride from the body, and hence the need for it, is affected by the amount of potassium salts received by the body. Vegetable foods, especially potatoes, are rich in potassium and increase the excretion of sodium chloride, increasing the need for it. A lot of sodium, in comparison with other plant foods, is found in blackberries, gooseberries. Sodium and potassium are found in all plant and animal foods. Plant foods have more potassium, animals have more sodium. Human blood contains 0.32% sodium and 0.20% potassium.

Phosphorus (P). In the bones of vertebrates and in the ashes of plants in the form of Ca3(PO4)2; is a part of all tissues of the body, especially proteins of the nervous and brain tissues, participates in all types of metabolism. There is about 1.4 kg of phosphorus in human bones, 150.0 g in muscles, and 12 g in the nervous system. Of all phosphorus compounds, calcium phosphate, an integral part of minerals, is of the greatest importance; is part of various phosphate fertilizers, as a separate element or in combination with ammonia, potassium. The daily requirement for phosphorus is about 1000 mg. Phosphorus preparations enhance the growth and development of bone tissue, stimulate hematopoiesis, improve the activity of the nervous system. Used in combination with other drugs (for example, vitamin D, calcium salts, etc.). Phosphorus enters the body mainly with products of animal origin - milk and dairy products, meat, fish, eggs, etc. The largest amount, compared with other trace elements, contains phosphorus in meat. There is a lot of phosphorus in gooseberries, there are apples, strawberries, figs, cinnamon rose hips, gray blackberries.

Chloride anions (CL) enter the human body mainly in the form of sodium chloride - table salt, are part of the blood, maintain osmotic pressure in the blood, are part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Violations in the exchange of chlorine lead to the development of edema, insufficient secretion of gastric juice, etc. A sharp decrease in chlorine in the body can lead to a serious condition. The daily dose of chlorides is 5000 mg.

trace elements

Trace elements are needed in biotic doses, and their deficiency or excess in entering the body affects the change in metabolic processes, etc. Mineral substances play a huge physiological role in the human and animal body, are part of all cells and juices, determine the structure of cells and tissues; in the body they are necessary to ensure all vital processes of respiration, growth, metabolism, blood formation, blood circulation, the activity of the central nervous system and affect tissue colloids and enzymatic processes. They are part of or activate up to three hundred enzymes.

Manganese (Mn). Manganese is found in all human organs and tissues. Especially a lot of it in the cerebral cortex, vascular systems. Manganese is involved in protein and phosphorus metabolism, in sexual function and in the function of the musculoskeletal system, is involved in redox processes, with its participation many enzymatic processes occur, as well as in the synthesis of B vitamins and hormones. Manganese deficiency affects the functioning of the central nervous system and the stabilization of nerve cell membranes, the development of the skeleton, hematopoiesis and immune responses, and tissue respiration. The liver is a depot of manganese, copper, iron, but with age their content in the liver decreases, but their need in the body remains, malignant diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. occur. The content of manganese in the diet is 4 ... 36 mg. Daily requirement 2 ... 10 mg. It is found in mountain ash, brown rosehip, domestic apple, apricot, wine grapes, ginseng, strawberries, figs, sea buckthorn, as well as bakery products, vegetables, liver, kidneys.

Bromine (Br). The highest content of bromine is noted in the medulla, kidneys, thyroid gland, brain tissue, pituitary gland, blood, cerebrospinal fluid. Bromine salts are involved in the regulation of the activity of the nervous system, activate sexual function, increasing the volume of ejaculate and the number of spermatozoa in it. Bromine with excessive accumulation inhibits the function of the thyroid gland, preventing the entry of iodine into it, causes skin disease bromoderm and depression of the central nervous system. Bromine is part of the gastric juice, affecting (along with chlorine) its acidity. The recommended daily requirement of bromine for an adult is about 0.5...2.0 mg. The content of bromine in the daily diet is 0.4 ... 1.1 mg. The main source of bromine in human nutrition is bread and bakery products, milk and dairy products, legumes - lentils, beans, peas.

Copper (Cu). Copper affects the growth and development of a living organism, participates in the activity of enzymes and vitamins. Its main biological function is participation in tissue respiration and hematopoiesis. Copper and zinc enhance each other's action. Copper deficiency causes a violation of the formation of hemoglobin, anemia develops, mental development is disturbed. There is a need for copper in any inflammatory process, epilepsy, anemia, leukemia, liver cirrhosis, infectious diseases. Do not store acidic foods or drinks in copper or brass utensils. Excess copper has a toxic effect on the body, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea may occur. The content of copper in the daily diet is 2 ... 10 mg and accumulates mainly in the liver and bones. In all vitamins with microelements, copper is contained within the normal range, in vegetable vitamins - quince (1.5 mg%). mountain ash, apple tree, common apricot, fig, gooseberry, pineapple - 8.3 mg% per 1 kg, persimmon up to 0.33 mg%.

Nickel (Ni). Nickel is found in the pancreas, pituitary gland. The highest content is found in hair, skin and organs of ectodermal origin. Like cobalt, nickel has a beneficial effect on the processes of hematopoiesis, activates a number of enzymes. With excessive intake of nickel in the body for a long time, dystrophic changes in parenchymal organs, disorders of the cardiovascular system, nervous and digestive systems, changes in hematopoiesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, dysfunction of the thyroid gland and reproductive function are noted. A lot of nickel in plant products, sea fish and seafood, liver.

Cobalt (Co). In the human body, cobalt performs various functions, in particular, it affects the metabolism and growth of the body, and is directly involved in the processes of hematopoiesis; it promotes the synthesis of muscle proteins, improves nitrogen assimilation, activates a number of enzymes involved in metabolism; is an indispensable structural component of B vitamins, promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, lowers the excitability and tone of the sympathetic nervous system. The content in the daily diet is 0.01 ... 0.1 mg. The need is 40 ... 70 mcg. Cobalt is found in the fruits of the domestic apple tree, apricot, wine grapes, strawberries, walnuts, milk, bakery products, vegetables, beef liver, and legumes.

Zinc (Zn). Zinc is involved in the activity of more than 20 enzymes, is a structural component of the pancreatic hormone, affects the development, growth, sexual development of boys, and the central nervous system. Zinc deficiency leads to infantilism in boys and to diseases of the central nervous system. Zinc is believed to be carcinogenic, so its effect on the body is dose-dependent. The content in the daily diet is 6 ... 30 mg. The daily dose of zinc is 5...20 mg. Contained in by-products, meat products, unpolished rice, mushrooms, oysters, other marine products, yeast, eggs, mustard, sunflower seeds, baked goods, meat, vegetables, and also found in most medicinal plants, in the fruits of the house apple tree.

Molybdenum (Mo). Molybdenum is part of enzymes, affects weight and height, prevents dental caries, and retains fluoride. With a lack of molybdenum, growth slows down. The content in the daily diet is 0.1 ... 0.6 mg. The daily dose of molybdenum is 0.1 ... 0.5 mg Molybdenum is present in chokeberry, domestic apple, legumes, liver, kidneys, and bakery products.

Selenium (Se). Selenium is involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and protects vitamin E from premature destruction, protects cells from free radicals, but large doses of selenium can be dangerous and you should take selenium supplements only on the recommendation of a doctor. The daily dose of selenium is 55 mcg. The main cause of selenium deficiency is its insufficient intake with food, especially with bread and bakery and flour products.

Chrome (Cr). In recent years, the role of chromium in carbohydrate and fat metabolism has been proven. It turned out that normal carbohydrate metabolism is impossible without organic chromium contained in natural carbohydrate products. Chromium is involved in the formation of insulin, regulates blood sugar and fat metabolism, lowers cholesterol levels in the blood, protects the heart vessels from sclerotization, and prevents the development of cardiovascular diseases. A lack of chromium in the body can lead to obesity, fluid retention in tissues and increased blood pressure. Half of the world's population is deficient in chromium from refined foods. The daily daily allowance of chromium is 125 mcg. In the daily diet, refined, refined foods should be minimized - white flour and products made from it, white sugar, salt, instant cereals, various cereal flakes. It is necessary to include in the diet natural unrefined foods containing chromium: whole grain bread, natural grain cereals (buckwheat, brown rice, oats, millet), offal (liver, kidneys and heart of animals and birds) fish and seafood. Chromium contains egg yolks, honey, nuts, mushrooms, brown sugar. From cereals, barley contains the most chromium, then buckwheat, from vegetables there is a lot of chromium in beets, radishes, from fruits - in peaches. A good source of chromium and other trace elements is brewer's yeast, beer, dry red wine. Chromium compounds have a high degree of volatility, there is a significant loss of chromium during cooking.

Germanium (Ge) another important, rare and little-known trace element. Organic germanium has a wide range of biological effects: it provides oxygen transfer to the tissues of the body, increases its immune status, and exhibits antiviral and antitumor activity. Carrying oxygen, it prevents the development of oxygen deficiency at the tissue level, reduces the risk of developing the so-called blood hypoxia that occurs when hemoglobin in red blood cells decreases. Proper nutrition, including natural products containing germanium, helps maintain health and support immunity. Ginseng root is the leader among plants capable of adsorbing germanium and its compounds from the soil. In addition, it is found in garlic, tomatoes (tomato juice), beans. It is also found in fish and seafood - squid, mussels, shrimps, sea kale, fucus, spirulina.

Vanadium (V). Affects the permeability of mitochondrial membranes, inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol. It contributes to the accumulation of calcium salts in the bones, increasing the resistance of teeth to caries. With excessive intake into the body, vanadium and its compounds manifest themselves as poisons that affect the hematopoietic system, respiratory organs, nervous system and cause allergic and inflammatory skin diseases. The trace element vanadium is found in mushrooms, soybeans, dill, cereals, parsley, liver, fish, and seafood.

Iodine (J). Iodine is involved in the formation of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. With insufficient intake of iodine, a disease of the thyroid gland (endemic goiter) develops. With a lack of iodine in food products, mainly in water, iodized salt and iodine drugs are used. Excess intake of iodine in the body leads to the development of hypothyroidism. The content in the daily diet is 0.04 ... 0.2 mg. The daily requirement for iodine is 50 ... 200 mcg. Iodine is found in chokeberry, up to 40 mg%, common pear up to 40 mg%, feijoa 2 ... 10 mg% per 1 kg, milk, vegetables, meat, eggs, sea fish.

Lithium (Li). Lithium is found in human blood. Lithium salts with residues of organic acids are used to treat gout. Gout is based on a violation of purine metabolism with insufficient excretion of uric acid salts, causing an increased content of uric acid in the blood and the deposition of its salts in the joints and tissues of the body. The development of gout is promoted by excessive nutrition of foods rich in purine bases (meat, fish, etc.), alcohol abuse, and a sedentary lifestyle. Lithium carbonate is used in homeopathy for disorders of oxidative processes in the body with symptoms of uric acid diathesis and gout.

Sulfur (S). In the human body, sulfur is involved in the formation of keratin, a protein found in joints, hair and nails. Sulfur is part of almost all proteins and enzymes in the body, is involved in redox reactions and other metabolic processes, promotes the secretion of bile in the liver. A lot of sulfur is contained in the hair. Sulfur atoms are part of thiamine and biotin, B vitamins, as well as vital amino acids - cysteine and methionine. Sulfur deficiency in the human body is very rare - with insufficient consumption of foods containing protein. The physiological need for sulfur has not been established.

Fluorides (F-). The content in the diet is 0.4 ... 0.8 mg. The daily requirement of fluorides is 2...3 mg. Predominantly accumulates in bones and teeth. Fluorides are used against dental caries, stimulate hematopoiesis and immunity, participate in the development of the skeleton. An excess of fluoride gives mottled tooth enamel, causes fluorosis, and suppresses the body's defenses. Fluoride enters the body with food, of which vegetables and milk are the richest in it. In the composition of food, a person receives about 0.8 mg of fluorine, the rest of its amount should be supplied with drinking water.

Silver (Ag). Silver is a microelement, which is a necessary part of the tissues of any living organism. The daily diet of a person should contain an average of about 80 micrograms of silver. Studies have shown that even long-term human consumption of drinking water containing 50 micrograms per liter of silver does not cause disturbances in the function of the digestive organs and any pathological changes in the state of the body as a whole. Such a phenomenon as a deficiency of silver in the body is not described anywhere. The bactericidal properties of silver are well known. Colloidal silver preparations and silver nitrate are widely used in official medicine. In the human body, silver is found in the brain, endocrine glands, liver, kidneys and bones of the skeleton. In homeopathy, silver is used both in its elemental form, metallic silver, and in the form of silver nitrate. Silver preparations in homeopathy are usually prescribed for persistent and prolonged diseases that greatly deplete the nervous system. However, the physiological role of silver in humans and animals has not been studied enough.

Radium (Ra) when ingested, it also accumulates in the skeletal system. Radium is known as a radioactive element. Ions of alkaline earth elements (strontium, barium, calcium) precipitate proteins, reduce the permeability of the cell membrane, thicken tissues. Concerning mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), then, despite the fact that these elements are found in all organs and tissues, the essence of their action on the body remains not yet recognized. Strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) are satellites of calcium and can replace it in the bones, forming a depot.

The difference in the behavior of macro- and microelements in the body

Macroelements are concentrated, as a rule, in one type of tissues of a living organism (connective tissues, muscles, bones, blood). They make up the plastic material of the main load-bearing tissues, provide the properties of the entire body environment as a whole: maintain certain pH values, osmotic pressure, maintain acid-base balance within the required limits, and ensure the stability of colloidal systems in the body.

Trace elements are unevenly distributed between tissues and often have an affinity for a particular type of tissue and organ. So zinc accumulates in the pancreas; molybdenum - in the kidneys; barium - in the retina; strontium - in the bones; iodine - in the thyroid gland, etc.

The content of macronutrients in the body is quite constant, but even relatively large deviations from the norm are compatible with the vital activity of the body. On the contrary, already slight deviations in the content of microelements from the norm cause serious diseases. Analysis for the content of individual trace elements in organs and tissues is a sensitive diagnostic test that allows you to detect and treat various diseases. Thus, a decrease in the content of zinc in the blood plasma is a mandatory consequence of myocardial infarction. A decrease in the content of lithium in the blood is an indicator of hypertension.

Another difference in the nature of macro- and microelements is manifested in the fact that macroelements, as a rule, are part of organic compounds in the body, while microelements either form relatively simple inorganic compounds, or are part of complex (coordination) compounds as active centers. . Academician K. B. Yatsimirsky called complex-forming microelements “organizers of life”.

Video lesson 2: Structure, properties and functions of organic compounds The concept of biopolymers

Lecture: The chemical composition of the cell. Macro- and microelements. The relationship of the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances

The chemical composition of the cell

It has been found that about 80 chemical elements are constantly contained in the cells of living organisms in the form of insoluble compounds and ions. All of them are divided into 2 large groups according to their concentration:

macronutrients, the content of which is not lower than 0.01%;

trace elements - the concentration of which is less than 0.01%.

In any cell, the content of microelements is less than 1%, macroelements, respectively, more than 99%.

Macronutrients:

Sodium, potassium and chlorine - provide many biological processes - turgor (internal cellular pressure), the appearance of nerve electrical impulses.

Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon. These are the main components of the cell.

Phosphorus and sulfur are important components of peptides (proteins) and nucleic acids.

Calcium is the basis of any skeletal formations - teeth, bones, shells, cell walls. Also involved in muscle contraction and blood clotting.

Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll. Participates in the synthesis of proteins.

Iron is a component of hemoglobin, is involved in photosynthesis, determines the performance of enzymes.

trace elements contained in very low concentrations, are important for physiological processes:

Zinc is a component of insulin;

Copper - participates in photosynthesis and respiration;

Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12;

Iodine is involved in the regulation of metabolism. It is an important component of thyroid hormones;

Fluorine is a component of tooth enamel.

Imbalance in the concentration of micro and macro elements leads to metabolic disorders, the development of chronic diseases. Lack of calcium - the cause of rickets, iron - anemia, nitrogen - deficiency of proteins, iodine - a decrease in the intensity of metabolic processes.

Consider the relationship of organic and inorganic substances in the cell, their structure and functions.

Cells contain a huge number of micro and macromolecules belonging to different chemical classes.

Inorganic substances of the cell

Water. Of the total mass of a living organism, it makes up the largest percentage - 50-90% and takes part in almost all life processes:

thermoregulation;

capillary processes, as it is a universal polar solvent, affects the properties of the interstitial fluid, the intensity of metabolism. In relation to water, all chemical compounds are divided into hydrophilic (soluble) and lipophilic (soluble in fats).

The intensity of metabolism depends on its concentration in the cell - the more water, the faster the processes occur. Loss of 12% of water by the human body - requires restoration under the supervision of a doctor, with a loss of 20% - death occurs.

mineral salts. Contained in living systems in dissolved form (having dissociated into ions) and undissolved. Dissolved salts are involved in:

transport of substances across the membrane. Metal cations provide a "potassium-sodium pump" by changing the osmotic pressure of the cell. Because of this, water with substances dissolved in it rushes into the cell or leaves it, carrying away unnecessary ones;

the formation of nerve impulses of an electrochemical nature;

muscle contraction;

blood clotting;

are part of proteins;

phosphate ion is a component of nucleic acids and ATP;

carbonate ion - maintains Ph in the cytoplasm.

Insoluble salts in the form of whole molecules form the structures of shells, shells, bones, teeth.

The organic matter of the cell

Common feature of organic substances- the presence of a carbon skeletal chain. These are biopolymers and small molecules of a simple structure.

The main classes found in living organisms:

Carbohydrates. There are various types of them in cells - simple sugars and insoluble polymers (cellulose). In percentage terms, their share in the dry matter of plants is up to 80%, animals - 20%. They play an important role in the life support of cells:

Fructose and glucose (monosugar) - are quickly absorbed by the body, are included in metabolism, and are a source of energy.

Ribose and deoxyribose (monosugar) are one of the three main components of DNA and RNA.

Lactose (refers to disaccharides) - synthesized by the animal body, is part of the milk of mammals.

Sucrose (disaccharide) - a source of energy, is formed in plants.

Maltose (disaccharide) - provides seed germination.

Also, simple sugars perform other functions: signaling, protective, transport.
Polymeric carbohydrates are water-soluble glycogen, as well as insoluble cellulose, chitin, and starch. They play an important role in metabolism, carry out structural, storage, protective functions.

lipids or fats. They are insoluble in water, but mix well with each other and dissolve in non-polar liquids (not containing oxygen, for example, kerosene or cyclic hydrocarbons are non-polar solvents). Lipids are needed in the body to provide it with energy - when they are oxidized, energy and water are formed. Fats are very energy efficient - with the help of 39 kJ per gram released during oxidation, you can lift a load weighing 4 tons to a height of 1 m. Also, fat provides a protective and heat-insulating function - in animals, its thick layer helps to keep warm in the cold season. Fat-like substances protect the feathers of waterfowl from getting wet, provide a healthy shiny appearance and elasticity of animal fur, and perform an integumentary function on plant leaves. Some hormones have a lipid structure. Fats form the basis of the structure of membranes.

Proteins or proteins are heteropolymers of biogenic structure. They consist of amino acids, the structural units of which are: amino group, radical, and carboxyl group. The properties of amino acids and their differences from each other determine the radicals. Due to their amphoteric properties, they can form bonds with each other. A protein can be made up of a few or hundreds of amino acids. In total, the structure of proteins includes 20 amino acids, their combinations determine the variety of forms and properties of proteins. About a dozen amino acids are essential - they are not synthesized in the animal body and their intake is provided by plant foods. In the gastrointestinal tract, proteins are broken down into individual monomers used for the synthesis of their own proteins.

Structural features of proteins:

primary structure - amino acid chain;

secondary - a chain twisted into a spiral, where hydrogen bonds are formed between the turns;

tertiary - a spiral or several of them, folded into a globule and connected by weak bonds;

quaternary does not exist in all proteins. These are several globules connected by non-covalent bonds.

The strength of structures can be broken and then restored, while the protein temporarily loses its characteristic properties and biological activity. Irreversible is only the destruction of the primary structure.

Proteins perform many functions in the cell:

acceleration of chemical reactions (enzymatic or catalytic function, each of which is responsible for a specific single reaction);
transport - the transfer of ions, oxygen, fatty acids through cell membranes;

protective- such blood proteins as fibrin and fibrinogen are present in the blood plasma in an inactive form, at the site of wounds under the action of oxygen form blood clots. Antibodies provide immunity.

structural– peptides are partly or are the basis of cell membranes, tendons and other connective tissues, hair, wool, hooves and nails, wings and outer coverings. Actin and myosin provide contractile activity of muscles;

regulatory- proteins-hormones provide humoral regulation;
energy - during the absence of nutrients, the body begins to break down its own proteins, disrupting the process of its own vital activity. That is why, after a long hunger, the body cannot always recover without medical help.

Nucleic acids. There are 2 of them - DNA and RNA. RNA is of several types - informational, transport, ribosomal. Opened by the Swiss F. Fischer at the end of the 19th century.

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Contained in the nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Structurally, it is a linear polymer that forms a double helix of complementary nucleotide chains. The idea of its spatial structure was created in 1953 by the Americans D. Watson and F. Crick.

Its monomeric units are nucleotides, which have a fundamentally common structure of:

phosphate groups;

deoxyribose;

nitrogenous base (belonging to the purine group - adenine, guanine, pyrimidine - thymine and cytosine.)

In the structure of a polymer molecule, nucleotides are combined in pairs and complementary, which is due to the different number of hydrogen bonds: adenine + thymine - two, guanine + cytosine - three hydrogen bonds.

The order of nucleotides encodes the structural amino acid sequences of protein molecules. A mutation is a change in the order of nucleotides, since protein molecules of a different structure will be encoded.

RNA is ribonucleic acid. Structural features of its difference from DNA are:

instead of thymine nucleotide - uracil;

ribose instead of deoxyribose.

Transfer RNA - this is a polymer chain, which is folded in the plane in the form of a clover leaf, its main function is to deliver amino acids to ribosomes.

Matrix (information) RNA is constantly formed in the nucleus, complementary to any section of DNA. This is a structural matrix; on the basis of its structure, a protein molecule will be assembled on the ribosome. Of the total content of RNA molecules, this type is 5%.

Ribosomal- Responsible for the process of composing a protein molecule. Synthesized in the nucleolus. It is 85% in the cage.

ATP is adenosine triphosphate. This is a nucleotide containing:

3 residues of phosphoric acid;

As a result of cascade chemical processes, respiration is synthesized in mitochondria. The main function is energy, one chemical bond in it contains almost as much energy as is obtained by oxidizing 1 g of fat.

Minerals are involved in building the human body: they provide bone structure and are regulators of many physiological processes. Without them, the normal functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive and other systems is impossible. They affect the protective reactions of the body, its immunity. Without their participation, the processes of hematopoiesis and blood coagulation cannot occur. They are part of enzymes and vitamins, activating their action.

Minerals are divided into macro- and microelements. Macroelements, the content of which is tens and hundreds of milligrams per 100 g of product, include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine and sulfur. Trace elements are found in products in very small quantities, expressed in fractions of milligrams. 14 trace elements are essential for life: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, strontium, silicon and selenium. The role and mechanism of participation in metabolism is specific for each substance. A prolonged lack of minerals or their excess can lead to metabolic disorders and various diseases.

Minerals against atherosclerosis

For the prevention of atherosclerosis, magnesium, potassium, iodine, selenium, zinc, chromium and some other minerals are of particular importance. In particular, iodine stimulates the formation of thyroid hormones that activate the breakdown of cholesterol. Magnesium inhibits the formation of cholesterol in the body, promotes its breakdown and release. Potassium has a significant effect on the state of blood circulation. Selenium is one of the most powerful antioxidants, protects the body from free radicals and prevents the formation of blood clots.

Between the heart and kidneys

In most cases, nutrition fully provides the body's needs for trace elements and minerals. However, deviations in nutrition and the influence of environmental conditions can lead to the development of various diseases. For example, the spread of a number of diseases of the kidneys and myocardium is associated with the hardness of water (the content of various minerals and trace elements in it). With a high content of minerals in drinking water, the risk of developing urolithiasis increases. On the other hand, the relative insufficiency of water hardness increases the likelihood of developing heart muscle diseases.

Skull and Bones

Calcium is needed by the body for bone formation. The lack of this mineral leads to bone underdevelopment, which manifests itself in the form of rickets in children and loss of bone stiffness in adults. The balance between calcium absorption in the intestines and its excretion can be disturbed by a "diet" such as chocolate and coffee. This leads to a loss of calcium from the bones and an increase in their fragility.

The main sources of calcium for humans are drinking water, as well as milk and dairy products, in which the less fat, the more calcium. The absorption of calcium in the body depends on the presence of vitamin D, which is produced in the subcutaneous adipose tissue as a result of exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation. There is ample evidence that with a lack of sunlight and a corresponding deficiency of vitamin D (and therefore a violation of calcium metabolism), rickets can develop, in which the pelvis can deform so much that the birth canal narrows to 60% of normal. At the same time, normal childbirth becomes difficult, and in severe cases, impossible. There are cases when the previously prosperous colonies died out due to rachitic deformity of the pelvis caused by a violation of calcium metabolism due to vitamin D deficiency. Problems with the regulation of calcium metabolism are also experienced by many groups of the modern population of the planet. At risk are adolescents and young women of Caucasian and Mongoloid races, who are especially prone to impaired vitamin D metabolism.

Don't think too highly of iodine

The most striking example of a violation of the metabolism of microelements is iodine deficiency, which is widespread in Russia. Iodine is part of the hormone thyroxine, synthesized in the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency leads to growth retardation and impaired skeletal development. In severe cases of iodine deficiency, delays in physical (dwarfism) and mental development (cretinism) may develop. 52 of the 89 regions that are part of the Russian Federation are in iodine deficiency zones. In these areas, populations not receiving dietary iodine supplementation may develop goiter and infertility.

Iodine deficiency (especially during fetal development) leads to children lagging behind in physical and mental development, intellectual degradation. Scientific studies have shown that the level of intelligence of residents of regions with chronic iodine deficiency is 10-15% lower than that of the population of prosperous regions. Iodine metabolism disorders can be provoked by specific diets. Some cruciferous plants, including cabbage and turnips, contain so-called goitrogenic substances. therefore, people who regularly consume these vegetables should take increased amounts of iodine. The unfavorable consequences of the influence of goitrogenic substances are clearly visible on the monuments of ancient Russian art: a clearly enlarged thyroid gland can be seen in the characters of many Russian icons. The reason for this is that cabbage and turnip formed the basis of Russian cuisine until the 17th century. Such a diet, combined with iodine deficiency characteristic of the soils of Central Russia, led to widespread goiter. Only in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the mobility of the Russian population increased sharply, the exchange of products became more intense, and potatoes began to take the place of turnips, the frequency of thyroid lesions began to decrease. At present, of course, the problem is not so acute, but still more than one and a half billion people on the planet live in regions whose soils are poor in iodine. The fight against iodine deficiency in most countries is carried out centrally. The easiest and most reliable way is to "iodize" table salt or other everyday products, such as bread.

Macroelements are substances useful for the body, the daily norm of which for a person is from 200 mg.

Macronutrient deficiency leads to metabolic disorders, dysfunction of most organs and systems.

There is a saying: we are what we eat. But, of course, if you ask your friends when they last ate, for example, sulfur or chlorine, surprise in response cannot be avoided. Meanwhile, almost 60 chemical elements “live” in the human body, the reserves of which we, sometimes without realizing it, replenish from food. And about 96 percent of each of us consists of only 4 chemical names representing a group of macronutrients. And this:

oxygen (there is 65% in every human body);
carbon (18%);
hydrogen (10%);
nitrogen (3%).

The remaining 4 percent are other substances from the periodic table. True, there are much fewer of them and they represent another group of useful nutrients - microelements.

For the most common chemical elements-macronutrients, it is customary to use the mnemonic name CHON, made up of capital letters of the terms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in Latin (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen).

Macronutrients in the human body, nature has assigned fairly broad powers. They depend on:

the formation of the skeleton and cells;
body pH level;
proper transport of nerve impulses;
the adequacy of the course of chemical reactions.

As a result of many experiments, it was found that a person needs 12 minerals daily (iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chlorine). But even these 12 cannot replace the functions of nutrients.

Almost every chemical element plays a significant role in the existence of all life on Earth, but only 20 of them are the main ones.

These elements are divided into:

6 main biogenic elements (represented in almost all life on Earth and often in fairly large quantities);
5 minor nutrients (found in many living things in relatively small amounts);
trace elements (basic substances needed in small quantities to support biochemical reactions on which life depends).

Among the biogenic substances are distinguished:

macronutrients;

The main biogenic elements, or organogens, are a group of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Minor biogenic substances are represented by sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine.

Oxygen (O)

This is the second in the list of the most common substances on Earth. It is a component of water, and it is known that it makes up about 60 percent of the human body. In gaseous form, oxygen becomes part of the atmosphere. In this form, it plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth by promoting photosynthesis (in plants) and respiration (in animals and humans).

Carbon (C)

Carbon can also be considered synonymous with life: the tissues of all creatures on the planet contain a compound of carbon. In addition, the formation of carbon bonds contributes to the production of a certain amount of energy, which plays a significant role in important chemical processes at the cellular level. Many compounds containing carbon are highly flammable, releasing heat and light.

Hydrogen (H)

It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe (particularly in the form of the diatomic gas H2). Hydrogen is reactive and flammable. Forms explosive mixtures with oxygen. It has 3 isotopes.

Nitrogen (N)

The element with atomic number 7 is the main gas in the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen is found in many organic molecules, including amino acids, which are a component of proteins and nucleic acids that form DNA. Almost all nitrogen is produced in space - the so-called planetary nebulae, created by aging stars, enrich the Universe with this macronutrient.

Other macronutrients

Potassium (K)

(0.25%) is an important substance responsible for electrolyte processes in the body. In simple terms: transports charge through liquids. It helps regulate the heartbeat and transmit impulses to the nervous system. Also involved in homeostasis. Deficiency of the element leads to problems with the heart, up to its stop.

Calcium (1.5%) is the most abundant nutrient in the human body - almost all of its reserves are concentrated in the tissues of the teeth and bones. Calcium is responsible for muscle contraction and protein regulation. But the body will “eat” this element from the bones (which is dangerous for the development of osteoporosis) if it feels deficient in the daily diet.

Essential for plants to form cell membranes. Animals and humans need this macronutrient to maintain healthy bones and teeth. In addition, calcium plays the role of a "moderator" of processes in the cytoplasm of cells. In nature, it is represented in the composition of many rocks (chalk, limestone).

In the human body, calcium:

affects neuromuscular excitability - participates in muscle contraction (hypocalcemia leads to convulsions);
regulates glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen to the state of glucose) in the muscles and gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate formations) in the kidneys and liver;
reduces the permeability of capillary walls and cell membrane, which enhances anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects;
promotes blood clotting.

Calcium ions are important intracellular messengers that affect the production of insulin and digestive enzymes in the small intestine.

The absorption of Ca depends on the content of phosphorus in the body. The exchange of calcium and phosphates is regulated hormonally. Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone) releases Ca from the bones into the blood, and calcitonin (thyroid hormone) promotes the deposition of the element in the bones, thereby reducing its concentration in the blood.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium (0.05%) plays a significant role in the structure of the skeleton and muscles.

It is a participant in more than 300 metabolic reactions. A typical intracellular cation, an important component of chlorophyll. Present in the skeleton (70% of the total) and in the muscles. An integral part of tissues and body fluids.

In the human body, magnesium is responsible for relaxing muscles, removing toxins, and improving blood flow to the heart. Deficiency of the substance disrupts digestion and slows down growth, leads to fatigue, tachycardia, insomnia, and PMS increases in women. But an excess of a macronutrient is almost always the development of urolithiasis.

Sodium (Na)

(0.15%) is an electrolyte promoting element. It helps to transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, and is also responsible for regulating the level of fluid in the body, preventing dehydration.

Sulfur (S)

Sulfur (0.25%) is found in 2 amino acids that form proteins.

Phosphorus (1%) is concentrated preferentially in the bones. But in addition, there is an ATP molecule in the composition, which provides cells with energy. Present in nucleic acids, cell membranes, bones. Like calcium, it is necessary for the proper development and functioning of the musculoskeletal system. It performs a structural function in the human body.

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine (0.15%) is usually found in the body in the form of a negative ion (chloride). Its function is to maintain water balance in the body. At room temperature, chlorine is a poisonous green gas. A strong oxidizing agent, easily enters into chemical reactions, forming chlorides.

The role of macronutrients for humans

macronutrient	Benefits for the body	Consequences of deficiency	Sources
Potassium	An integral part of the intracellular fluid, corrects the balance of alkali and acids, promotes the synthesis of glycogen and proteins, affects muscle function.	Arthritis, muscle diseases, paralysis, impaired transmission of nerve impulses, arrhythmia.	Yeast, dried fruits, potatoes, beans.
Strengthens bones, teeth, promotes muscle elasticity, regulates blood clotting.	Osteoporosis, cramps, deterioration of hair and nails, bleeding gums.	Bran, nuts, different varieties of cabbage.
Magnesium	Affects carbohydrate metabolism, lowers cholesterol levels, tones the body.	Nervousness, numbness of the limbs, pressure surges, pain in the back, neck, head.	Cereals, beans, dark green vegetables, nuts, prunes, bananas.
Sodium	Controls the acid-base composition, raises the tone.	Disharmony of acids and alkalis in the body.	Olives, corn, greens.
Sulfur	Promotes the production of energy and collagen, regulates blood clotting.	Tachycardia, hypertension, constipation, joint pain, deterioration of the hair.	Onions, cabbage, beans, apples, gooseberries.
Participates in the formation of cells, hormones, regulates metabolic processes and the functioning of brain cells.	Fatigue, distraction, osteoporosis, rickets, muscle spasms.	Seafood, beans, cabbage, peanuts.
Chlorine	Affects the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, is involved in the exchange of fluids.	Decreased acidity of the stomach, gastritis.	Rye bread, cabbage, greens, bananas.

All life on Earth, from the largest mammal to the smallest insect, occupies different niches in the planet's ecosystem. But, nevertheless, almost all organisms are chemically created from the same "ingredients": carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and other elements from the periodic table. And this fact explains why it is so important to take care of adequate replenishment of the necessary macronutrients, because without them there is no life.