The importance of the food industry. Gaou to "Naberezhnye Chelny State Trade and Technological Institute"

Structure of the food industry

The food industry is one of the oldest industries. It includes all enterprises responsible for the processing of agricultural products and food production.

The food industry includes more than twenty smaller industries, consisting of several sub-sectors. The meat and dairy industry includes the meat industry, sausage production, dairy, butter and cheese industries, production of canned meat and milk.

The sugar, baking, confectionery, oil and fat, pasta, yeast, starch, salt, alcohol, wine, alcoholic beverage and brewing industries are united into the food and flavoring industry. This also includes the production of canned fruits and vegetables and food concentrates.

Principles for locating food industry enterprises

The peculiarity of the food industry is that, on the one hand, the proximity of the raw material base (perishable raw materials) must be taken into account, and on the other hand, the proximity of the consumer (products have a limited shelf life). In addition, the entire population, regardless of place of residence or occupation, needs food.

Therefore, the food industry is distributed more or less evenly, according to the distribution of the population. The larger the settlement, the more food industry enterprises will be developed in it.

The fishing industry occupies a special place. Its enterprises are located in port cities of the sea coast and on major rivers of Russia. In addition, part of the production is located on modern factory ships as part of fishing fleets in the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans. They process raw materials (fish) and produce products (canned fish) on site.

Geography of the Russian food industry

Sugar production focuses on sugar beet crops and is located in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the south of the Central region, the south of Siberia and the Far East. In the south of these same regions it develops oilseed processing – sunflower, mustard, flax, hemp.

Meat processing plants are located in almost all major cities of the country. Large sausage production facilities are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Orel, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Omsk, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Ulan-Ude. Butter and milk The Volga-Vyatka region, the Urals and the North Caucasus are famous for their products.

Flour milling and baking industry developed in all regions of the country. But a significant part of the production comes from areas specializing in wheat cultivation - Kuban, Stavropol, Rostov region, Volga region, Central Chernozem region, Altai region. Recently, the network of mini-bakeries has been expanding. This brings production closer to the consumer and improves the quality of service to the country's population. Pasta production developed in large regional centers. There are also located confectionery enterprises . Large factories candy production are located in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Orenburg, Krasnoyarsk.

In the southern regions of the country, on the basis of gardening, it is developing fruit and vegetable canning industry, wine production .

Importance of the food industry

The food industry is designed to satisfy the population's needs for high-quality food products. It contributes to the processing of agricultural products, their preservation (preservation), and ensuring the supply of important substances to the diet - vitamins, fats, microelements. Recently, food industry enterprises have been located further and further north, focusing not only on the consumer, but also on new raw material bases - greenhouse production of agricultural products. With the development of chemicalization in the food industry, the shelf life of products is increasing and the quality of their processing is improving. But today the main task of the industry is to maximize the preservation of all useful components in food products and to produce environmentally friendly food products.

Biology is the science of life, of the organisms that exist on Earth. It got its name from Greek words that are known to everyone: “bios” - life; "logos" is science. Objects for studying biology are found everywhere: in cities, steppes, forests, mountains, swamps and even arid deserts. Countless plants exist not only on land, but also in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and ponds. Even the Arctic and Antarctica have their own flora and fauna.

The role of biology in human life

Everyone knows that plants not only saturate the air with invaluable oxygen, necessary for the breathing of all living things on the planet, but also take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The importance of biology in the food industry cannot be overestimated, because everything we have owes to nature. Bread, various confectionery sweets, pasta and cereals are made from wheat alone. In addition, humans use any parts of plants. For example, the seeds of legumes are edible. Garden trees and shrubs, as well as many vegetable crops, bear tasty fruits. Carrots, turnips, radishes and beets are sown for their roots. A variety of dishes are prepared from cabbage leaves, lettuce, spinach, sorrel and parsley. And flowering plants in flower beds, gardens and greenhouses are grown for aesthetic reasons.

What does biology study?

Today it is a whole system of sciences, which includes the general laws of the existence of living nature, its forms and development. Depending on the object of study of biology (animals, plants, viruses, etc.), it has subsections:

zoology;
botany;
anatomy;
virology.

These sciences are also subdivided. For example, botany includes:

mycology (studies of mushrooms);
algology (studies algae);
bryology (studies of mosses), etc.

Zoology includes:

Application in medicine

The practical significance of biology is enormous. Herbal treatment has been known since ancient times, but herbal medicine gained equality among other methods only in the last century. After clinical trials, medicines obtained from plant materials entered the pharmacy. Now the scope of use of medicinal plants in official and folk medicine is quite large.

The rapid progress of science is successfully used in medical practice. It is discoveries in this area that determine the importance of biology in medicine and characterize the current level of its development. For example, the study of genetics has led to the use of methods for early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human diseases transmitted by inheritance. The progress of genetic engineering provides enormous prospects for the creation of bioactive components in medical preparations.

The practical application of biology often changes the understanding of the treatment of many diseases. Thus, thanks to the development of genetics, the insulin gene was created and introduced into the genome of Escherichia coli. This strain has the ability to synthesize a hormone that is used to treat patients with diabetes. The same method is used today to produce somatotropin (the hormone responsible for growth) and many other substances produced by the human body: interferon, immunogenic drugs.

Implications for agriculture

The laws of nature are used to solve many issues in various sectors of the world economy, so the role of biology in modern society is one of the main ones. The increasing pace of the planet's population and the decrease in areas occupied by agricultural crops are leading to a large-scale crisis in the future - the problem of nutrition. Accelerated production of products will be required.

Wildlife system

Biology is a science that studies and analyzes the properties of living systems. However, it is not easy to define what exactly this area includes. To do this, scientists have identified several signs by which an organism can be considered alive. The main of these properties are metabolism or metabolism, the ability for self-reproduction and self-regulation. With the help of science, a person understands the living world around him. But, in addition to its studying function, biology also has practical significance. Compliance with its laws helps to understand that living nature is a system in which everything is interconnected, and it is necessary to maintain a balance of various types of creatures. If you lose only one view from it, harm will be caused to all other links. This knowledge is a powerful argument for convincing humanity of the need and importance of preserving the ecological balance.

Man as a biological species

Another subsection is the field of study of the organism of higher beings. Biology in human life serves as the basis for the development of medicine, providing the opportunity to determine the properties and structure of the body. We, as representatives of a certain biological species, need to know the basic characteristics of our body in order to successfully exist in the modern world and make the right choice. This information will help you understand how to arrange your diet, distribute physical and mental stress correctly, and how to preserve your own health. Rational use of the reserves of the human body can significantly increase its performance.

Main directions of modern biology

Knowledge of the laws of existence of living organisms helps humanity to develop new species that are more suitable for growing in unnatural environments. The importance of biology as a science is undeniable. Thanks to the use of its laws, crop yields and meat production have increased significantly, which is so necessary during the period of depletion of natural reserves. Humanity is constantly faced with many significant questions: “how to overcome incurable diseases”, “how to prevent hunger”, “how to prolong life”, “how to learn to breathe without oxygen”. The answers can only be suggested by nature itself if you constantly explore the animal and plant world. In the middle of the twentieth century, a separate branch of biology appeared - genetics. This is the science of information stored on a chromosome, like a movie on a CD. She explains what life expectancy depends on, what diseases a particular individual has, how, by changing the gene sequence, you can increase some positive properties and neutralize negative ones (for example, modifying soybeans increases yield and reduces ripening time).

Bioenergy

Another type of biology that studies the consumption and production of energy by living organisms. Green plants feed on carbon dioxide and, in addition to invaluable oxygen, release a certain amount of energy by absorbing sunlight. These factors in the process of oxygen production by plants were taken as the basis for the production of solar panels.

Nature is the best inventor

Even such ordinary and simple branches of biology as botany and zoology at one time brought considerable benefits for the future:

tracking bats contributed to the discovery of echolocation (moving by sounds reflected from objects);
The study of dog behavior made it possible to learn about conditioned reflexes, which, by the way, are also present in humans.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of biology in medicine. For example, trying to save humanity from chickenpox, scientists had to closely monitor the course of the disease, determine whether there were survivors, and what changes occurred in the bodies of recovered patients. This is how the first vaccines were developed - the preventive introduction of weakened smallpox bacteria into the body to create lasting immunity. Modern biologists around the world are racking their brains about how to combat oncology, AIDS and other deadly diseases today. But for science it is only a matter of time.

Progress does not stand still

The modern increased importance of biology as a science is applied in several directions. Today, technologies for determining the structure of biopolymers have been improved. A method has been discovered for reading and analyzing genetic information, including determining DNA nucleotide sequences. Following this, humanity stands on the path of almost complete decoding of the genetic information contained in its chromosomes. This is one of the main achievements of biology.

This opens up opportunities for the invention of new technologies for the treatment and prevention of various ailments. In addition, today the role of biology in modern society is to purposefully create chemicals with pre-programmed properties, which will allow us to identify and manufacture new and effective types of medicines.

The current achievements of biology and medicine also include the creation of artificial organs. Today, medical scientists are busy producing and using synthetic muscles, presenting artificially grown liver tissue and heart valves.

Biogas

Biology in human life is also capable of solving energy problems. One of the most progressive ways of extracting energy from plants is the production of methane. It is formed from biomass in the absence of contact with air. Many farms use plant and animal waste to produce methane in special biogas plants. With their help, you can heat your homestead buildings. The operation of such units leaves the environment clean, and their use requires minimal costs.

The healing power of nature

Man and nature are one. Mighty oaks, white birches, giant pines and spruces, virgin thickets of hawthorn, raspberry, dogwood, black and red elderberry, sea buckthorn and acacia, hazel and rose hips - all these forest tree species and medicinal berries are widely used in folk and traditional medicine. Phytoncides of wild onions, garlic, bird cherry, walnut, eucalyptus, essential oils of cedar, pine, spruce saturate the forest air with a unique healing aroma. Herbal medicine helps patients with cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, genitourinary, respiratory, secretory and hormonal systems to recover.

Natural remedies for treating diseases allow you to combine active prevention with therapy for a specific disease. People receive these medicines primarily from plants. Their healing power is transferred to the patient, helping to overcome the disease. Man should be grateful to nature for the priceless gifts that she has generously scattered everywhere.

Every day the practical importance of biology in human life is increasing. Modern science uses a whole arsenal of medicinal plants that can have a therapeutic effect and prevent many human diseases. Further development of the modern world is realistic only in unity with nature, with the active use of biotechnology. To achieve your goals, you cannot do without the deepest knowledge of the laws of the natural world.

Types of mergers.

As already mentioned, mergers and acquisitions involve not only the unification of business entities, but also the separation of structural divisions. Based on this, we will divide all mergers and acquisitions into two groups - business expansion and business spin-off.

Business expansion

The main classification of mergers and acquisitions is based on the types of activities being combined. According to this criterion, mergers and acquisitions are divided into:

horizontal;

vertical;

Horizontal mergers involve the combination of companies operating and competing in the same field of activity. This type of merger provides a competitive advantage over other participants in that particular market segment through economies of scale and capital gains. It should be noted here that mergers of this kind, as they limit competition, can be regulated by the state through a system of antimonopoly measures. Among the most striking recent examples of mergers of this type are the merger of Chase Manhattan and Chemical Bank, and the merger of food industry giants Guinness and Grand Metropolitan.

Vertical mergers are the combination of companies belonging to different stages of the same production process. In this case, the merger takes the form of “forward integration” or “backward integration.” For example, a metal rolling mill merges with a machine tool plant (“forward integration,” that is, a merger with a company related to the next stage of the production process) or, say, with a company engaged in iron ore mining (“backward integration,” that is, a merger with a company previous stage of the production process).

The most striking examples of Russian practice are the acquisition by NK LUKOIL in 1998 of a controlling stake in the Romanian oil refinery Petrotel, the formation of the Siberian Aluminum holding around the Sayan Aluminum Plant (which included plants for the production of rolled aluminum, the production of aluminum foil and aluminum cans) .

This type of merger ensures increased technological efficiency of production, reduced transaction costs (participants in such vertically integrated schemes supply each other with an intermediate production facility at much lower prices or for free), better exchange of information within the merged company, which ultimately leads to a significant reduction in intermediate costs and, ultimately, the total cost of production of the final product.

Conglomerate mergers involve the combination of companies from different, unrelated industries or geographic regions.

There are three types of conglomerate mergers:

Role of the food industry

The Russian food industry consists of thousands of large, medium and small enterprises of various forms of ownership, which produce almost 20% of the total volume of industrial products. The largest portion of products sold are drinks, meat and dairy products, tobacco products, bread and bakery products, and fats.

The food industry includes industries that provide the population with food. It is more connected with agriculture than other industries, as it receives raw materials from it (grain, milk, potatoes, sugar beets, etc.) and is part of the agro-industrial complex. Intersectoral connections between the food industry and mechanical engineering, energy and other industries are of great importance.

The food industry is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy. It accounts for a significant portion of cargo transported by various modes of transport. Food producers are the largest construction customers. Particularly close and downright family ties have developed between the food industry and agriculture. It was the objectively developed close relationships between these largest industries that formed the agro-industrial complex. Therefore, the food industry as a whole can also be legitimately considered as part of the agro-industrial complex, and the processing industry as its integral organic component.

The role and importance of the food industry is determined by the fact that it produces food products. That says it all. From the point of view of human life, all humanity and its civilization, all other sectors should serve it and be, as it were, secondary. It is not for nothing that in the famous triad “fed, clothed, shod”, even among the most necessary, the product of the food industry comes first.

But not only this, of course, determines the place and role of the facial industry in the system of the national economy, industry and agro-industrial complex.

The food industry undoubtedly dominates among industries in terms of the share of its gross domestic product, national and net income. Food processors produce over a fifth of the entire industry according to the indicated indicators, although they constitute only about seven percent of its workforce and the same tiny share in the cost of fixed production assets in the entire production apparatus.

The food and processing industry is an integral part of the entire industry and agro-industrial complex. And this circumstance makes it, on the one hand, a representative of the most leading sector of the national economy and, on the other hand, the final link and basis of the food complex.

As part of the agro-food complex, the food industry branches form both food subcomplexes and agro-industrial systems - sugar beet, oil and fat, grain.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in my opinion, it should be said about the importance of developing the food industry, since it helps not only to meet the necessary needs of the population, but also to expand the country’s export potential. To develop this industry, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for production growth; a number of measures must be implemented both at the legislative and governmental levels. It is necessary to reduce the tax burden on food producers, which will increase the investment potential of enterprises, and take measures to encourage enterprises to carry out technical re-equipment and introduce the latest technologies and equipment.

Placement of food industry.

Location of food industry enterprises based on taking into account their specific characteristics.

Enterprises producing perishable and non-transportable products are located in areas of consumption.

Enterprises that process raw materials that are not transportable and cannot withstand long-term storage are located in areas where these raw materials are produced (enterprises in the canning, dairy, wine-making, fishing and other industries).

Enterprises that are particularly resource-intensive in production are also located in areas with raw material bases. These include sugar factories and oil mills.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture. It is found almost everywhere where people permanently live. This is facilitated by the wide distribution of raw materials used, as well as the widespread consumption of food products. The food industry can be divided into two groups of production: a) those using unprocessed agricultural raw materials (sugar, canning, fish, oil); b) using processed raw materials (pasta, bakery, confectionery).

The industries of the first group are located mainly in areas where the corresponding agricultural raw materials are produced: sugar production in the Central Black Earth region, oil production in the North Caucasus.

The industries of the second group produce either perishable products or those the transportation of which is more expensive than the transportation of raw materials, therefore the main factor in their location is consumer, they are concentrated mainly in densely populated areas, in large cities.

Finally, the dairy and meat industry is located in both meat production and product consumption areas. At the same time, industries producing canned products focus on raw materials, and perishable products on the consumer.

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For me, food industry products seem irreplaceable. After all, every day we use all types of it in everyday life: semi-finished products, ready-made food, and drinks. But I want to know what types of industries (food) exist and how, subsequently, their products are used in society.

Meat industry

It is one of the most important branches of the food (global) industry in general. She is engaged in processing livestock. Goes to slaughter:

livestock;
rabbits;
birds.

And the result is:

prepared meat;
sausages;
canned food;
various semi-finished products.

But this is not the entire function that the meat industry performs. It also produces animal feed, medicines, and even glue and gelatin. If we divide production into different types of meat, pork will be in first place (almost 40 percent), followed by poultry (almost 30 percent), and then beef and lamb (25 and 5 percent, respectively). As you can easily understand, such production is irreplaceable for humans.

Bakery production

Also one of the world's most important industries. After all, almost no person can do without eating bread. The main product flow is divided into three groups:

the bread itself (loaves, rolls, braids);
products with so-called low moisture content (crackers, bagels, bread, croutons, crackers);
baked goods (pies, brioche, pies, donuts).

The main products for production are flour, yeast, various raising agents, and water.

Dairy production

One of the branches of the food industry that combines all enterprises that produce various products from milk. The industry includes the production of butter, canned milk, cheese, milk powder, ice cream, and so on. Dairy products are on a par with meat and bakery products in importance. I think that not a single person with a normal diet, at least in our country, can live a normal and healthy life without consuming products from these industries.

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Introduction

Chapter1 . The role and importance of the food industry in a market economy

Chapter2 . Food security of Russia and conditions for the country’s self-sufficiency in basic types of products

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of the work is as follows. Ensuring the country's food security is one of the priority tasks of state policy and depends on the efficiency of the functioning of the production sectors of the food complex, since it is through the products of the food industry that food funds are formed and strategic food reserves are created. The state of the food market depends on the share of highly processed products in its structure. Not only the standard of living of the population, but also its physical survival depends on the volume of food production, their range, quality and price. Therefore, the food industry in the system of the national economic complex of the country (region) is rightfully classified as one of the special strategic and socially significant industries.

In general, during the years of reforms, the situation in the food industry is characterized by a decline in the production of all basic food products, a significant reduction in the range of products produced, the crisis state of most enterprises, and the aging of fixed production assets, especially their active part.

In the food industry of the Russian Federation there are currently more than 30 sub-sectors, uniting about 15 thousand enterprises.

The purpose of the work is to provide a general description of nutrition in the economy, and the objectives of the work involve analyzing the role of the food industry in the economy and characterizing its current state.

Chapter1 . The role and importance of foodeva industry in market eeconomics

The country's food industry is one of the largest industries, including dozens of sub-sectors, united in four blocks: food processing, meat and dairy, fish and flour and cereal industries. These industries include more than 5.0 thousand large enterprises and 15 thousand small businesses specializing in the production of food products by processing both primary raw materials (sugar, fruits and vegetables, meat and dairy, flour and cereals, tobacco) and secondary (baking, pasta, confectionery, distillery, brewery, etc.).

Food funds are formed by 80-85% of food industry products and strategic food reserves are created in the country (canned food, dry mixes, etc.). A qualitative assessment of the domestic food market depends on the share of highly processed products in its structure. And, ultimately, not only the standard of living of the population, but also its physical survival depends on the volume of food production, their range, quality and price. Therefore, the food industry in the national economic complex of the country is rightfully classified as one of the special strategic socially significant industries that, together with agriculture, ensure food security, and through it, economic and national independence, and ultimately, the statehood of the country. In this regard, ensuring food security in all countries is one of the priorities of government policy, even in comparison with military policy. Based on this fundamental goal, it has historically developed that in all countries there is a constant search for new ways to ensure it, to improve the mechanism of relations between agriculture and the food industry on the basis of the formation of various regional associations and complexes.

The objective basis for the development of regional complexes is the division and cooperation of labor, as a result of which various types of activities are isolated as industries and sub-sectors, which leads to the concentration of a certain number of enterprises in the territory of each region. At the same time, a complex system of connections and relationships between participants in regional production appears, necessitating labor cooperation. But at the same time, simple cooperation does not mean that a complex has already been formed.

Simple cooperative ties between agriculture and industry have always existed; even A. Smith noted their stable presence.

A. Marshall, applying the concepts of “differentiation” and “integration” to economic relations, argued that a number of European countries at the beginning of the 20th century paved the way for a movement that seems promising for organized cooperation in the processing of dairy products, the production of butter and cheese, and the purchase of equipment for farms and sales of farm products."

A.V. Chayanov in his works also substantiated the need to develop cooperative ties that unite the production, processing and sale of agricultural products.

The problems of cooperation and agro-industrial integration were considered in the works of K. Marx, F. Engels “the capitalist mode of production completes the rupture of that original .... union of agriculture and industry, which connects the infantile and undeveloped forms of both with each other. But at the same time it creates the material prerequisites for a new, higher synthesis - the union of agriculture and industry.”

In the domestic economic literature, the agro-industrial complex (AIC) appeared as an object of research only in the early 70s. Initially, the integrated set of agro-industrial activities was distinguished only at the formal, abstract and theoretical level. As agro-industrial integration deepened, economic theory devoted to the problems of the formation and functioning of the agro-industrial complex received further development. However, as an integrated system and structural element of the national economic complex, the agro-industrial complex was formed by the mid-80s. At the same time, an attempt was made to manage the agro-industrial complex as a single whole, and at the same time the scientific direction of research into the agro-industrial complex as a single diversified production and economic formation in the national economic system was formed. The problems of its development, optimization of the structure of the agro-industrial complex and various integrated formations were considered by many prominent scientists of Russia (S.A. Andryushchenko, A.A. Anfinogentova, V.R. Boev, A.G. Zeldner, E.N. Krylatykh, M.L. Lezina, A.A. Nikonov, V.A. Tikhonov, etc.). However, among them there was no common point of view regarding the definition of the agro-industrial complex and the principles for the formation of its spheres.

So, V.A. Tikhonov envisioned the agro-industrial complex as a combination of a number of sectors of the national economy focused on the production of food and non-food consumer goods made from agricultural raw materials. The industries were combined into several groups in accordance with the production functions performed.

The first group includes agricultural production and industries specializing in the production of final products: food, non-food consumer goods, raw materials intended for export. It was considered a complexing nucleus.

The second group includes capital-producing industries that provide this core with means of production of industrial origin.

The third group included industries specializing in production services. It included: logistics and sales, transport and communications, agrotechnical and veterinary services, operation of water management systems, i.e. all the functions of agricultural services that made up the infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex, branches of the sphere of circulation (retail trade in food and part of non-food products made from agricultural raw materials, the catering system), ensuring the delivery of final products of the agro-industrial complex to the consumer.

I.I. Salnikov considered the agro-industrial complex as an economic category that reflects the totality of economic relations associated with the production of agricultural products, their procurement, storage, processing and sales, united by a single goal - to satisfy the needs of the population for high-quality food products.

A.A. Nikonov considered the most general criteria for the formation and functioning of the agro-industrial complex to be the creation of an optimal structure of the agro-industrial complex that meets the requirements of proportionality, ensuring the achievement of the best final results.

E.N. Krylatykh considered the agro-industrial complex based on a content-semantic approach. She singled out a target approach, indicating the ultimate goal of the formation and functioning of the agro-industrial complex: a substantive one, showing which consumer goods produced in the agro-industrial complex are emphasized, and a structural one, which determines the structure of the agro-industrial complex.

If we turn to the classification of agricultural industries in force in the country, then it usually identified three main areas that reveal the functional-sectoral cross-section.

The first sphere is a set of industries (sub-sectors) that provide agriculture, light and food industries and other sectors included in the agro-industrial complex with means of production. This also includes agroservice industries that serve agriculture.

The second sphere is agriculture itself, which includes crop and livestock sectors.

The third area is industries that process, store and sell products.

In addition to the functional-sectoral one, Yu.G. Binatov identifies the following structural sections in the agro-industrial complex: territorial - production, associated with the social division of labor; technological, representing a set of technologically integrated production facilities for the production of final agricultural products; food and raw materials, which include grain, beet sugar, fruits and vegetables, wine, potatoes, meat, dairy and others; organizational and managerial, including a set of organizational forms and management bodies.

In modern conditions, according to V.N. Kryuchkov, to the listed sections should be added: environmental management, reflecting the levels of use of biological potential and methods of intensive impact on nature; socio-demographic, revealing stratification, gender and age composition; criminal-legal, including legal, shadow, criminal branches of the economy.

In connection with the expansion of the necessary areas of research when considering the problems of development of the agro-industrial complex, new concepts of “agrosystem” have appeared, which, unlike the agro-industrial complex, “represent a union of elements that give it properties that neither its elements nor their sum have.” Briefly, an agricultural system can be characterized as a system of systems (agriculture, livestock farming, land reclamation, etc.) that has a synergistic effect, i.e. self-organization effect. A regional agricultural system is considered as a set of parts of agro-industrial production in a region, the close and stable relationship and interdependence of which form an organic reproductive integrity.

A regional agri-food system (agri-food sector) is “a complex of industries that are in relationships and connections with each other and perform food and nutrition functions in a given region.”

Methodologically, when considering regional agro-industrial complexes, it was recommended to clarify the composition of its industries, since, being part of the national economic agro-industrial complex, its territorial component does not include all areas and industries. They are fully represented only at the national macro level. Thus, at the regional level (meso level), the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex is sharply narrowed; in many of them there is no tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the food and processing industries, etc. At the district level (micro level), not every place even has its own processing industry, not to mention mechanical engineering, i.e., the lower the level of the regional agro-industrial complex, the less, as a rule, the number of industries that form it; the higher it is, the more its level of complexity.

Some authors include forestry, light industry, processing agricultural raw materials (hide, flax), agricultural and road construction industries, transport and other organizations, trade, public catering and consumer cooperation in the agro-industrial complex. As we see, a generally accepted structure, a list of industries included in one or another area of the agro-industrial complex, and principles of interaction between them have not yet been formed. Rather, it resembles an abstract formation formed more in the economic literature than a really existing multi-sectoral association, especially controlled and planned from a single center.

Apparently, this is why the management structure of Gosagroprom, created in 1986 on the basis of excessive centralization and over-organization, in the absence of real levers for managing a complex multi-sectoral system, was recognized as ineffective and reorganized already in the early 90s. And although over the years of the existence of Gosagroprom the departmental disunity between agriculture and the food industry was formally eliminated, the task of ensuring planning, financing and management of the agro-industrial complex as a single whole, for which it was created, was never solved. The integration of agriculture and enterprises processing their raw materials did not occur, although the sectoral ministries of the food industry were eliminated.

In our opinion, in the conditions of the emergence of market relations, when studying the problems of development of the regional agro-industrial complex, the main thing is not so much its sectoral composition, but the presence of real-life relations emerging regarding the development of integrated formations and interaction between industries involved in production, processing, transportation, sales of final agricultural products and distribution of net income between them. However, it can be considered that as a result of the transformations, there was an even greater disintegration of all sectors of the agro-industrial complex, including agriculture and the food industry for the primary processing of agricultural raw materials.

If we consider the agro-industrial complex as an object of state regulation, then its mechanism (in 1986-1991) was reduced mainly to centralized subsidies, compensation for agricultural production and allocated capital investments in its areas with a high degree of profit withdrawal and depreciation. However, the food industry in the former agro-industrial complex played a secondary role, as evidenced by the ratio of capital investments between agriculture and the food industry, which was 10:1 (in the USA - 1:13). It was during these years that stagnation began to be observed in the technical and technological level of development of almost all branches of the food industry. Currently, enterprises independently adapt to market conditions in the constantly changing chaos of transformations and in the absence of any sectoral coordinating principle.

Therefore, methodologically, based on the realities of today, we consider it possible and appropriate to consider the food industry as an independent industry (structure) in the food complex of a country (region), by which we mean a set of industries directly related to the production of food products (production of raw materials, its processing, storage and sale).

As a result of many years of existence of a planned economy in Russia, an orthodox functional system of the food complex was formed, characterized by strict determinism of the channels for the movement of products throughout the entire technological chain (Fig. 1), when interconnected enterprises did not have the opportunity to choose distribution channels for their products and were practically not responsible for the sale of their products , which naturally affected its quality. The role of food industry enterprises was outlined within a very limited space and authority: suppliers of raw materials represented by government purchasing organizations and wholesale enterprises distributing manufactured products. Subsidies paid from the state budget to support producers of raw materials and fixed wholesale and retail prices that were in effect throughout the country destroyed the competitive environment, depriving enterprises of the opportunity to benefit from the products produced and motivate the production process itself.

Rice. 1.1 - Scheme of interaction between food industry enterprises within the food complex in a planned economy

food industry economics

Over the years of reform, the institutional structure of the food complex has undergone significant changes. Firstly, the independence of both food industry enterprises and raw material suppliers in terms of choosing the supply of their products has increased disproportionately. Secondly, previously non-existent structures have appeared at all levels of food chains, the importance and role of many of them is growing quite quickly: food corporations, various intermediaries, private wholesale and retail trade enterprises, etc. The movement of goods and cash flows has become significantly more complicated and required a corresponding increase in financial resources to service it, mainly through short-term loans from commercial banks (Fig. 2).

Market transformations have radically changed and expanded the interaction of food industry enterprises with new market structures both within the country and with foreign countries (near and far). In order to increase the efficiency of enterprises, almost all restrictions that remained in the planned economy have been removed. Enterprises have access to various markets that are rapidly emerging in the country (the market for means of production, raw materials, labor, stock, investment) and foreign ones. At the same time, by the volume, quality and share of domestic highly processed products in the food market of the country (region), one can judge the state of all sectors of the food industry. Thus, in developed countries the share of highly processed products in retail trade is 85-90%, in developing countries - 15-20%, in Russia - up to 30%.

Rice. 1.2 - Movement of commodity flows and funds of interconnected structures of the food complex in modern conditions

Chapter2 . Food security of Russia and conditions for the country’s self-sufficiency in basic types of products

Food security is a relatively new term, borrowed from the UN. Previously, in our country, the food problem was considered in a different system of terms, associated mainly with the military-strategic aspects of food issues. Some aspects of the food problem relating to the gross production of food raw materials and the economic accessibility of food for all categories of the population, the availability of state food and material reserves and the crisis provision of vital products to the population have been sufficiently resolved. At the same time, the last decades of the Soviet economy were characterized by extreme imbalance in the consumer food market, associated with the policy of indefinite freezing of state retail prices for food, which ultimately led to the disappearance of products from store shelves (limiting the physical availability of food) and the emergence of a shadow economy.

Russia’s transition to UN-FAO terminology, focused mainly on developing countries suffering from constant shortages of food resources and mass malnutrition, is not so much an introduction to global standards, but rather a consequence of the systemic degradation of both the agri-food sector of the economy and society, in which malnutrition has become widespread phenomenon.

In other words, the need for a new conceptual apparatus is associated primarily not with the transition to a market economy, but with Russia’s rollback to the level of developing countries. Total caloric intake fell from 3,350 kilocalories per day in 1990 to 2,200 in the crisis year of 1998 - lower than the average for African countries. Data on food consumption per capita are now provided periodically. They are disappointing. The food basket is unlikely to provide the lower limit of population survival.

Today, food security refers to the access of all people at all times to the food they need for a healthy and active life. When food security is achieved, food is available in sufficient quantities, its supply is relatively stable and every person in need can receive food. Accordingly, national food security is understood as a situation in which all members of society actually enjoy the right to adequate food or food resources, and, in principle, the necessary amount of food is available. Achieving food security at the household level involves ensuring an adequate quantity of food in a given area, a relatively sustainable supply of food, and ensuring that everyone who needs food in a given area has the opportunity to obtain it in order to lead a healthy and productive life.

Sufficiency and consistency of food availability and access. The concept of sufficiency is of particular relevance in relation to the right to food because it identifies a number of factors that must be taken into account in determining whether a particular food or ration available can be considered as most appropriate in the circumstances for the purposes of Article 11 Pact. The concept of permanence is inherently linked to the concept of adequate nutrition or food security, since it presupposes the availability of food for both current and future generations.

Accessibility includes both economic and physical accessibility. Affordability requires that personal or household financial expenditures on food for an adequate diet should be at a level that does not compromise or undermine the satisfaction of other basic needs.

Affordability refers to the existence of any acquisition mechanism or right that allows people to obtain food and is an indicator of how well it satisfies the right to adequate food.

Physical accessibility implies that sufficient food should be accessible to everyone, including the physically vulnerable such as infants and young children, the elderly, the physically disabled, the terminally ill and those with ongoing medical care needs, including the mentally ill.

The issue of legislative enshrinement of the right to nutritious food for Russian citizens and the country’s food security strategy has been raised since the early 1990s. According to international humanitarian law. The right to adequate food, like all human rights, imposes three types or levels of obligations on states: obligations to respect, protect and fulfill. The obligation to fulfill, in turn, includes both the duty to facilitate and the duty to ensure. Russia, as a successor state to the USSR, cannot ignore the principles of fundamental human rights enshrined in many acts of international law, starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In our current socio-economic situation, the norms of international humanitarian law, at least, provide a certain basis for the movement to change the current situation.

Ensuring food security in Russia requires the effective use of a wide range of socio-economic policy measures that adequately take into account both the features of the current and future reproductive situation within the country, as well as the global economic and political situation.

One of the indicators of the level of development of the state is the presence of a national doctrine of food safety and quality (FSQ), which includes national measures (the functioning of control bodies and organizations exercising this control, the adoption of relevant laws, GOSTs and other documents), as well as action at specific enterprises production quality control systems. The production safety and quality system is one of the main components of the entire state system, as it ensures the reliable production of high-quality products.

The main criteria for assessing food security in Russia include:

The degree of satisfaction of physiological needs in the components and energy content of the diet;

Compliance with restrictions on the content of substances harmful to health in products;

Level of physical and economic accessibility of food for various categories of the population, including special consumers;

The degree of dependence of the country's food supply and resource supply of the agro-industrial complex on import supplies;

The size of strategic and operational food reserves in comparison with regulatory needs.

To monitor the state of food security in the country and regions, it is necessary to develop a monitoring system carried out in accordance with established state reporting.

The key problem of increasing the level of food security is the stabilization of agricultural production and its further development, changing its structure in accordance with market demand, and improving the quality of agricultural products.

To form a scientific basis for ensuring the country’s food security, it is necessary to highlight the following areas:

Food security and its place in the system of national and economic security.

Conditions and factors influencing the level of food security.

Threats and risk management of food security.

Science-based approaches and principles for creating a reliable level of food security.

Information support for food security.

Modeling and integral indicators of food security.

Russia's food security in 2006 was ensured by approximately 80 percent, which is the amount of agricultural products produced by domestic producers, says Minister of Agriculture Alexei Gordeev. 20 percent comes from imports. According to the head of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, this primarily concerns meat, milk, and dairy products. If we talk about food security, he is sure, the main issues here are the production of grain, the availability of its reserves and the possibilities of deep processing. The main thing here is to reduce its losses and the amount of waste. At the same time, Gordeev believes that the discussion of this problem should go beyond Russia.

Space monitoring of food resources in the Federal districts and regions.

Natural conditions and their dangerous effects on the functioning of the agro-industrial complex.

Forecasting global changes in the natural environment and measures to adapt to them to ensure food security.

Social aspects of food security.

Forecasting the physical and economic availability of food in Russia.

A system of practical measures for the implementation of the Federal Law “On the Quality and Safety of Food Products”.

Current state of standardization and basic requirements for certification of food products.

Factors affecting the quality and safety of food products.

Issues of creating new generation domestic food products and food additives.

Issues of state veterinary supervision.

Assessment of the nutritional status of the population of the Russian Federation.

Monitoring the quality and safety of agricultural raw materials and food products.

Priorities of scientific and innovative policy to ensure healthy and safe nutrition for the Russian population.

Problems of quality control of imported and domestic food products.

Improving the domestic system for monitoring and distributing products containing GMOs.

Scientific and methodological aspects of developing a food security strategy for Russia.

Current state, prospects for the development of agricultural sectors and their role in solving the problem of food security in Russia.

Food market and problems of ensuring food security in Russia: regional and sectoral aspects.

Sectoral features of food security in Russia

Regional features of food security.

Prospects for food security in Russia in connection with changes in the global environment.

Providing the population with food in crisis and emergency situations.

Food security of Russia and modern forms of attracting investment in the real sector of the agro-industrial complex economy.

Legislative and legal support for food security in Russia.

Personnel support for food security in Russia.

Food security policy of international organizations (FAO, UNCTAD, WB, WTO, OECD) in the 90s of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century.

Ensuring food security in individual countries of the world.

The role of international agricultural and food organizations in ensuring food security.

Prospects for cooperation between Russia and FAO and the WTO.

International aspects of agricultural and economic policy to ensure food security.

Priorities of the economic strategy of foreign countries to ensure food security.

The main directions of budgetary support for agriculture and commodity producers abroad.

Features of reforming the agro-industrial complex and ensuring food security in the CIS countries.

The importance of foreign trade policy in ensuring food security.

World and Russian experience shows that in order to prevent a food threat, Russia requires, at a minimum, the creation and constant maintenance of such food self-sufficiency, which guarantees the ability of the population to survive without harm to health in the face of internal and external threats.

The threshold value of food security factors is determined depending on the national, demographic and natural-economic characteristics of each region, which (factors) include differentiation of income and consumption, average level of protein consumption of animal and plant origin, level of poverty and misery, degradation of the individual and family, growth mortality, including child mortality and others, the level of average life expectancy.

It is clear that the lag in agricultural production growth from population growth, combined with a targeted reduction in production volumes in the main exporting countries, is fraught with a sharp reduction in supply on the international food market and a sharp jump in average world prices. Forecasts differ only in the dynamics of price changes, which can develop either according to a smooth or crisis scenario. According to the second, prices, for example, for grain can rise several times, reaching several hundred dollars per ton (as in their time, in the early 70s, energy prices increased several times). It is very difficult to predict the real dynamics of price increases; this will be determined by the management decisions of exporting countries and the largest grain trading companies, under whose control the world market is. World prices are formed primarily on US stock exchanges. A rise in world food prices will inevitably lead to an increase in the supply of raw materials on the world market, a fall in prices for them (not excluding oil and natural gas), and therefore to an additional decrease in the food equivalent of raw material exports.

The result of changes in the world food market is the inability for a number of import-dependent countries to purchase the required amount of food. This situation will provoke an internal food crisis, and it will most seriously affect those states that place the greatest emphasis on purchasing food through the export of raw materials and energy resources, such as the Russian Federation.

The global food situation is challenging us. As shown above, relying on external help is naive. The meaning of globalization is competition on a global scale, during which countries that gain gain more and countries that lose lose even more. It is necessary at a serious state level to assess the real needs of Russian citizens for basic vital food products, assess production and reserves, that is, draw up a balance, identify the most threatening positions and determine practical ways to immediately move towards correcting the current situation. Until now, there is neither a truthful answer to these questions, nor an appropriate responsible decision, including the fixation of target indicators, specific measures, and control mechanisms.

Achieving food security requires the formulation, planning and implementation of food policies that ensure the adequacy and stability of food supplies.

Adequacy of food supply means that the total volume of supply (receipt) should potentially cover the total volume of demand in quantitative (energy saturation) and qualitative (availability of all essential nutrients) dimensions. Food products must be safe for health (free from toxic factors and contaminants) and have good nutritional quality (taste, texture, freshness) and contribute to maximum life expectancy.

Stability of food supply and food availability:

* environmental sustainability,

* economic and social sustainability, ensuring people's access to food.

This presupposes fair distribution of income, state and public support, and an insurance system.

Physical accessibility to food does not mean actual availability to food. The right to food must be linked to the right to the resources that support it. A number of diseases are associated with diets high in fat and/or sugar, due to prevailing consumption patterns, or due to poverty, where fat and sugar represent a source of calories (energy).

Levels of food security: global, national, community, household (family), individual.

The state of the legislative framework for food security in Russia. The ruling regime’s failure to perceive and even reject the problems of agriculture and food has led to an almost ten-year delay in legislative, managerial and resource provision for Russia’s food security in conditions of unstable market relations and the increasing degradation of the agri-food base of the economy.

Conclusion

Main conclusions from the work

Food expansion of food producers in foreign countries is holding back the development of local enterprises;

The technological potential of enterprises does not meet modern requirements: only 19% of the active part of the funds corresponds to the modern level, 25% are subject to modernization, 41% are subject to replacement;

High degree of depreciation of fixed production assets: at some enterprises up to 75%;

Lack of working capital for the purchase of raw materials, renewal of fixed assets;

Reduction of raw material base;

The tasks of state regulation and support of domestic food producers include the following:

Technical re-equipment and creation of new production facilities, introduction of new technologies;

Creating favorable conditions to ensure economic efficiency and financial stability of the enterprise, increasing the tax efficiency of industries;

The orientation of food and processing industry enterprises primarily towards the efficient use of state raw materials;

Improving the quality, improving the design of products produced by enterprises.

Changes in socio-economic conditions occurring in our country require the development of tools that allow us to take into account new economic conditions, modern trends in the development of the food industry, as well as adequate to modern requirements and the appropriate level of information technology.

The future of the food industry depends on the development of the country's economy. Food production is largely determined by the prospects for the development of the food industry, which is characterized by a number of external and internal conditions:

1. Dynamics of food consumption. For the first time in several decades, the country is experiencing a decrease in consumption, which should subsequently be replaced by a more or less significant increase. This “wave-like” nature of consumption dynamics changes the usual ideas about the best directions for the development of the food industry.

2. Cost characteristics of production facilities and resources used. The transition of the Russian economy to market relations is dramatically changing the cost characteristics and traditional ideas about the competitiveness of various food products.

3. Tightening environmental requirements for production and rising costs associated with the use of natural resources, as well as environmental pollution.

4. “Aging” of production facilities. The capacity of production equipment that has reached its maximum service life and is subject to dismantling or modernization is rapidly increasing.

5. The need to modernize production equipment.

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