Colon cancer according to mcb 10 in adults. Case history in sigmoid colon cancer

Colon cancer, ICD code 10, is a malignant tumor that develops in the colon. Basically, this pathology is diagnosed in older people, but there are exceptions. The disease is very common and the number of people who are diagnosed with this disease is increasing every year.

Collapse

Colon cancer, regardless of the department in which the tumor is directly located, always manifests itself with identical symptoms. A feature of the disease is that it is almost impossible to detect at the initial stage, since the symptoms are almost completely absent. This can only be done if the person is being screened. But still, if you carefully listen to your body, minor changes can still be detected. At this stage, they are very often confused with other pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and in most cases do not pay attention to them.

In the initial stages, the disease almost does not manifest itself.

The very first signs that indicate the development of colon cancer are mainly the following:

the patient systematically feels discomfort in the abdomen and its area;
stool disorder is observed;
significantly reduced appetite;
there is a constant feeling of fullness in the stomach and increased gas formation;
unpleasant and sometimes painful signs are felt during bowel movements;
the patient has rapid fatigue and weakness;
diarrhea may alternate with diarrhea;
impurities may be observed in the feces;
bleeding occurs;
against the background of bleeding, anemia develops in some cases;
there is a sharp and unreasonable weight loss;
hair becomes brittle and dull;
there are signs of vitamin deficiency;
a significant increase in body temperature, accompanied by chills and severe fever.

All of the above symptoms manifest themselves in the patient, depending on the spread of the pathological process and can be observed at different periods of life. As for the spread of metastases, if they affect other organs, then the symptoms manifest themselves depending on the affected organ.

Everyone has long known that the appearance of any disease must necessarily be provoked by some factors. This also applies to colon cancer microbial 10.

It has been scientifically proven that the most important reasons that contribute to the development of such a pathology are:

malnutrition, which is dominated by fatty, flour or meat products;
insufficient content of plant products;
systematic constipation;
hereditary predisposition;
elderly age;
colitis;
polyps.

The main causes of the disease can be colitis, polyps, malnutrition

Of course, this is not the whole list of pathologies that provoke such a dangerous and insidious disease as cancer in the human body. Therefore, in order to prevent its development, it is necessary to immediately seek medical help at the first symptoms of diseases, and even better, even if the symptoms are not observed, systematically undergo preventive examinations.

In order to diagnose such a pathology as colon cancer, first of all, you need to contact a medical institution, in which, after a thorough examination, the following analysis and studies will be prescribed:

general and biochemical blood test;
irrigoscopy;

Of course, in the event that a malignant formation is located relatively close, then it can even be detected during palpation, but even in this case, without all the studies listed above, an accurate diagnosis is not established.

Among other things, for the final diagnosis of this pathology, it is mandatory to analyze the neoplasm for the presence of cancer cells, which is called a biopsy. Currently, this method is considered the most correct and is carried out in two ways. The first includes the study of the entire tumor and is called excisional, and the second differs in that only a small part of the sampling is diagnosed and this biopsy is called incisional.

Conducting sigmoidoscopy

In some cases, an additional study is prescribed, such as an MRI, which helps not only to confirm or refute the presence of an oncological disease, but also to systematically monitor precancerous therapy. As a result of such studies, it is possible to accurately determine whether the tumor is decreasing in size, or vice versa, continues to grow. In the event that a decrease is not observed, then the course of treatment is immediately changed.

As soon as a patient is diagnosed with colon cancer, microbial code 10, treatment should begin immediately, since even the slightest delay can lead to serious and life-threatening consequences. The main goals of therapy are to increase the patient's survival, regardless of the complexity of the disease and the identified stage. In the event that it is possible and there is a possibility to prevent the further development of the pathology, then a decision is made to eliminate the neoplasm by surgical means. This method helps prevent relapses.

When the tumor is recognized as inoperable, then in this case, preference is given to palliative therapy, which, if all recommendations are followed, can improve the patient's quality of life.

In order to determine the possibility of carrying out one or another treatment of this disease, the stage of the pathology and its localization are first determined. Of course, the most indispensable method is surgery, since only in this way can you radically get rid of the disease and prevent the development of bleeding and intestinal obstruction.

If it is possible to remove the neoplasm surgically, the patient is operated on

Note! As an adjuvant therapy, a cancer patient is very often prescribed a course of chemotherapy. In this case, it is possible to provide a person with improved survival.

In addition, in some cases, preference is given to radiation therapy, which is able to destroy cancer cells immediately after surgery. Also, thanks to radiation therapy, a significant reduction in the size of the tumor occurs. That is why such treatment is very often carried out immediately before the operation, as a result of which not only the tumor decreases, but also the symptoms of the pathology are greatly facilitated.

After all the above methods of combating cancer have been carried out, the patient must be constantly monitored. This is necessary first of all in order to timely detect a relapse and prescribe treatment. And, accordingly, to prevent various kinds of complications. In the event that a patient is diagnosed with metastases, then additional therapy is prescribed. Which is performed until the side effects completely disappear.

There are situations when the progression of the disease occurs despite all the efforts of doctors, then in this case the only way out of this situation, which at least to some extent can alleviate the patient's condition, is intrahepatic chemotherapy.

In order to prevent the formation of cancerous tumors, it is necessary to carefully monitor your health and systematically undergo preventive examinations. And especially if a person is diagnosed with diseases such as ulcerative colitis, adenomatous polyposis, and even more so with a hereditary predisposition.

At the slightest pain in the digestive tract, it is necessary to consult a doctor

In the event that you observe symptoms associated with the digestive tract, then it is imperative and immediately required to undergo a sigmoidoscopy, as well as other studies that are prescribed by the attending physician.

As for the prognosis for a full recovery, of course, no one will give you this, because cancer is a rather serious and insidious disease, but you can certainly extend your life if you follow all medical recommendations.

Basically, the survival rate for a diagnosis of colon cancer is about five years, and in some cases, patients can feel great and much longer. Of course, everything will depend entirely on the location of the tumor and the stage at which the disease is diagnosed, as well as on the correctly prescribed treatment and the patient's exact compliance with all recommendations.

As for deaths, they mainly occur in cases where the patient applied for medical help too late, as well as in the elderly. As for gender. then in this case, as practice shows, the prognosis for the weaker sex is more favorable compared to men. Among other things, the treatment of a disease of various kinds of complications, which are very often diagnosed together with the development of an oncological disease, quite complicates the treatment.

Conclusion

Currently, oncological diseases are very common and therefore this problem is one of the most significant. One of the leading places is occupied by colon cancer. It is considered the most common and has a very severe course, especially if diagnosed in old age. In order to prevent the development of this pathology, it is necessary not only to monitor your health, but also to systematically undergo preventive examinations.

There is an upward trend in the incidence of colorectal cancer worldwide. In Russia, according to statistics for 2015, tumors of this localization occupy the fourth place in the structure of all malignant neoplasms and account for 12%. The reasons, most likely, lie in the deteriorating environmental situation, the accumulation of genetic mutations and changes in the nature of nutrition towards foods low in fiber.

Of all malignant neoplasms of the colon, localization of carcinoma in the sigmoid occurs in approximately 50% of cases.

In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10), sigmoid colon cancer is coded as C18.7.

Brief anatomical excursion

The sigmoid colon is the final section of the colon, has an S-shaped curved shape, located in the left iliac fossa. Its length is from 45 to 55 cm.

In this section of the intestine, feces are formed, which subsequently move into the rectum. Based on the anatomical landmarks and characteristics of the blood supply, surgeons distinguish three sections - proximal (upper), middle and distal (lower). Depending on the segment in which the tumor is localized, the volume of surgical intervention is also selected.

Reasons for development

Predisposing factors for the development of the disease include:

consumption of refined, high-calorie, low-fiber foods;
obesity;
sedentary lifestyle;
smoking, alcohol;
age over 60 years.

Despite the fact that a common understanding of the causes of malignant tumors of this localization has not yet been formed, a relationship has been found between the development of sigmoid colon cancer in people at risk.

The presence of confirmed bowel cancer in first-line relatives. The chance of getting cancer in such individuals increases by 2-3 times.
Hereditary bowel disease. First of all, this is familial adenomatous polyposis, against which, without appropriate treatment, a malignant tumor develops in 100% of cases.
Polyps of the sigmoid colon. These are benign formations (adenomas) emanating from the mucous membrane. Polyps degenerate into cancer in 20-50% of cases. Almost always, carcinoma develops from a polyp, extremely rarely from an unchanged mucosa.
Other precancerous lesions of the intestine - ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, sigmoiditis.
Previous operations for malignant tumors of the intestine of other localizations.
Condition after treatment of malignant neoplasms of the breast, ovaries in women.

Symptoms of sigmoid colon cancer

Cancer of the sigmoid colon develops rather slowly, and for a long time proceeds without any clinical manifestations. It may take several years from the onset of malignant degeneration of cells to the appearance of the first symptoms. This fact has both positive and negative aspects.

First, slow-growing cancers can be detected and treated early using minimally invasive technologies.

On the other hand, if a person is not bothered by anything, it is very difficult to motivate him to perform an examination. Especially something as unpleasant as a colonoscopy.

In 80% of cases, the first symptoms of sigmoid colon cancer are:

Defecation disorder. There may be stool retention up to several days, alternating constipation with diarrhea, tenzema (false urges) or a multi-stage act of defecation (several trips to the toilet are required to empty the intestines).
Various pathological discharge from the anus. It can be impurities of blood, mucus.
The presence of general weakness, increased fatigue, pallor of the skin, the appearance of shortness of breath and palpitations (signs of anemia and intoxication).
Discomfort in the abdomen (bloating, pain in the left half and lower parts of the abdominal cavity).

As the tumor grows, all symptoms progress up to formidable complications - acute intestinal obstruction, perforation of the organ wall or bleeding from the neoplasm. Almost half of the patients admitted urgently with obstruction are patients with advanced sigmoid colon cancer, the classic clinic of which is severe spastic pain, bloating, lack of stool and gas, and vomiting.

The symptoms of sigmoid colon cancer in women and men are almost the same, the only feature is that anemia in women can be interpreted for a long time based on other reasons, and, in the absence of characteristic clinical manifestations, a woman is sent for an examination of the intestine rather late.

Diagnostics

You can suspect a malignant neoplasm of the sigmoid colon by one or more of the listed symptoms. Further, to confirm the diagnosis are carried out:

analysis of feces for occult blood;
general blood analysis;
sigmoidoscopy (examination of the rectosigmoid with a rigid apparatus), an old method, but still used in some medical institutions;
sigmoidoscopy - examination of the lower (distal) intestines with a flexible endoscope;
colonoscopy - examination of the entire colon;
irrigoscopy - X-ray examination of the colon using a barium enema (rarely performed now, only if colonoscopy is not possible);
biopsy of the altered area of the mucous membrane or the whole polyp;
Ultrasound or CT scan of the abdominal cavity and small pelvis;
X-ray of the lungs to exclude metastases;
determination of oncomarkers CEA, SA 19.9.

Additional examination methods are prescribed according to indications: endoscopic ultrasound, MRI of the abdominal cavity with contrast, PET-CT, skeletal bone scintigraphy, diagnostic laparoscopy.

Classification

By the nature of the invasion, exophytic (growing inward) and endophytic (growing the intestinal wall) forms are distinguished.

According to the histological structure, there are:

Adenocarcinomas (in 75-80% of cases) - a tumor of glandular tissue, it can be highly, moderately and poorly differentiated.
Mucous adenocarcinoma.
Ring cell carcinoma.
undifferentiated cancer.

TNM classification

The international TNM classification allows tumor staging, which affects the treatment plan and prognosis.

T (tumor) is the spread of the primary focus.

Tis - cancer in situ, the tumor is limited to the mucous layer.
T1, T2, T3 - the neoplasm, respectively, germinates the submucosa, the muscular membrane, spreads into the subserous base.
T4 - invasion (spread) beyond the intestinal wall is determined; ingrowth into surrounding organs and tissues is possible.

N (nodus) - metastasis to regional lymph nodes.

N0 - there is no damage to the lymph nodes.
N1 - metastases in 1-3 lymph nodes.
N2 - defeat of more than 3 lymph nodes.

M - the presence of distant metastases.

M0 - no foci.
M1 - metastases in other organs are determined. Cancer of this department most often metastasizes to the liver, less often to the lungs, brain, bones and other organs.

Based on TNM, the following stages of cancer are distinguished:

II. T3-T4; N0M0.

III. T1-T4; N1-N2; M0.

IV. T any; N any; M1.

Treatment

The "gold standard" for the treatment of sigmoid colon cancer is surgery.

Surgery

If the tumor has not gone beyond the mucous membrane, its endoscopic removal is quite acceptable. Usually, in practice, this happens like this: an endoscopist excised a suspicious polyp, sends it for histological examination. If the pathologist detects carcinoma in situ, the patient is carefully examined again, and in the absence of signs of the spread of the process, he is considered cured and followed up according to a specific plan.

At the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages of cancer, bowel resection is necessary. Operations for malignant tumors are performed according to the principle of surgical radicalism in compliance with ablastics. This means:

Sufficient volume of resection (at least 10 cm from the tumor above and below its borders).
Early ligation of vessels coming from the neoplasm.
Removal of a section of the intestine with one package from regional lymph nodes.
Minimal injury to the affected area.

Types of operations for cancer of the sigmoid colon:

Distal resection. It is performed when the tumor is located in the lower third of the intestine. 2/3 of the organ and the upper ampullar part of the rectum are removed.
segmental resection. Only the area affected by the tumor is removed. Usually applicable for cancer stage 1-2, located in the middle third.
Left hemicolectomy. With stage 3 cancer and its location in the upper third of the intestine, the left half of the colon is removed with the formation of a colorectal anastomosis (the transverse colon is mobilized, lowered into the small pelvis and sutured to the rectum).
Obstructive resection (by Hartmann type). The essence of the intervention is that the area with the tumor is resected, the discharge end of the intestine is sutured, and the adductor is brought to the abdominal wall in the form of a single-barrel colostomy. This intervention is performed in debilitated, elderly patients, during emergency operations for intestinal obstruction, when it is impossible to form an anastomosis in one operation. Often it is the first stage of surgical treatment. The second, after the preparation of the patient, it is possible to carry out a reconstructive and restorative operation. Less commonly, the colostomy remains permanently.
Palliative surgical aids. If the tumor has spread so that it cannot be removed, or there are multiple metastases in other organs, only measures to eliminate intestinal obstruction are applied. Usually this is the formation of an unnatural anus - a colostomy.
Laparoscopic resection. It is allowed with small sizes of the primary focus.

Chemotherapy

The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy the remaining cancer cells in the body as much as possible. For this, cytostatic and cytotoxic drugs are used, they are prescribed by a chemotherapist.

For stage 1 cancer, treatment is usually limited to surgery.

Types of chemotherapy treatment:

Postoperative - indicated for patients of stage 2-3 with regional metastases, with a poorly differentiated tumor, doubts about the radicalness of the operation. An increase in the level of the CEA tumor marker 4 weeks after surgery can also serve as an indicator for prescribing chemotherapy.
Perioperative - prescribed for patients with single distant metastases to prepare for their removal
Palliative chemotherapy treatment is carried out in patients with stage 4 cancer to alleviate the condition, improve the quality of life and increase its duration.

Stage IV sigmoid colon cancer

Treatment of malignant tumors of this localization with single metastases to the liver, lungs is carried out according to the following protocols:

The primary tumor is removed, if possible, metastases are excised at once, and chemotherapy is prescribed after the operation. After a pathomorphological study of the removed tumor, a genetic analysis is performed: a study of mutations in the KRAS gene. And, based on the results of the diagnosis, indications for the appointment of targeted drugs (bevacizumab) are determined.
After removal of the primary tumor, several courses of chemotherapy are performed, then metastases are removed, and after the operation, treatment with cytotoxic drugs is also carried out.
If sigmoid colon cancer is associated with a metastatic lesion of one lobe of the liver, then after removal of the primary focus and subsequent chemotherapy treatment, it is possible to perform anatomical resection of the liver (hemihepatectomy).

With multiple metastases or germination of the tumor of neighboring organs, palliative surgery and chemotherapy are performed.

Forecast

The prognosis after surgery depends on many factors: the stage, age of the patient, concomitant diseases, the degree of malignancy of the tumor, the presence of complications.

Mortality after planned oncological interventions on the sigmoid colon is 3-5%, with emergency - up to 40%.

The five-year survival rate for radical cancer treatment is about 60%.

If a radical treatment is carried out while maintaining the natural emptying of the intestine, the patient fully returns to a full life.

Observations with an oncologist for the prevention of relapses are carried out for the first year every 3 months, then every six months for five years, and then once a year.

Prevention

Early detection of precancerous conditions and initial forms of cancer. Annual analysis of feces for occult blood for people over 50 years old, colonoscopy once every 5 years, people with a hereditary predisposition - from 40 years old.
Removal of polyps larger than 1 cm, with smaller sizes - annual observation.
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Minimizing avoidable risk factors - a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, avoiding bad habits, exercising, weight loss.

Main conclusions

Malignant neoplasms of the described localization occupy a leading place in oncological morbidity and mortality.
The number of patients with this diagnosis is growing every year, and it is in highly developed countries.
For a long time it is asymptomatic.
At an early stage, it is completely curable.

In the international classification of diseases, all neoplasms, both malignant and benign, have their own class. Therefore, such a pathology as sigmoid colon cancer according to ICD 10 has the code C00-D48 according to the class.

Any oncological process, even if it is localized in a certain organ, has many individual features that distinguish it from other, at first glance, the same pathological conditions.

When coding cancer according to the 10th revision classification, the following indicators are taken into account:

the primacy of the oncological process (any tumor can initially be localized in a specific organ, for example, the colon, or be the result of metastasis);
functional activity (this implies the production of any biologically active substances by the tumor, which is rarely observed in the case of intestinal neoplasms, but is almost always taken into account in oncology of the thyroid gland and other organs of the endocrine system);
morphology (the term cancer is a collective concept that implies malignancy, but its origin can be any: epithelial cells, poorly differentiated structures, connective tissue cells, and so on);
the spread of the tumor (cancer can affect more than one organ, but several at once, which requires clarification in the coding).

Features of sigmoid colon cancer

The sigmoid colon is part of the large intestine, almost the final part of it, located immediately in front of the rectum. Any oncological processes in it are dangerous conditions of the body, not only due to intoxication with cancer cells or other common causes, but also due to a significant disruption in the functioning of the digestive tract.

When sigma is newly formed, the following problems arise:

bleeding leading to severe degrees of anemic syndrome, when a blood transfusion is required;
intestinal obstruction caused by blockage of the intestinal lumen;
germination in neighboring organs of the small pelvis (lesion of the genitourinary system in men and women);
ruptures and melting of the intestinal wall with the development of peritonitis.

However, differentiating the diagnosis for any oncology of the large intestine is a very difficult task due to the similarity of symptoms. Only highly specific examination methods will help confirm the localization of the neoplasm. In addition, the clinical picture of the disease may be absent for a long time, arising only when the tumor reaches a significant size. Because of this, according to ICD 10, bowel cancer is quite difficult to code and, accordingly, prescribe treatment.

Disease coding

Malignant pathologies of the colon are under the code C18, divided into subparagraphs. The tumor process in sigma is encoded as follows: C18.7. At the same time, there are additional codes for the functional and morphological features of the neoplasm.

Additional clarification is required due to the fact that an oncological diagnosis is established only on the basis of biopsy data, that is, a cytological examination.

In addition, the prognosis for the patient will largely depend on the histological type of neoplasm. The less differentiated cells the specialists find in the sample, the more dangerous the disease is considered and the greater the chances of a rapid spread of metastatic foci. In the section of large intestine neoplasms, there are different localizations of the tumor, but the problem is that the pathology spreads rapidly. For example, cancer of the caecum according to ICD 10 is designated C18.0, but only until it goes beyond the intestine. When the tumor captures several departments, code C18.8 is set.

Clinical signs of colon cancer are represented by 5 leading syndromes: pain, intestinal disorders, impaired intestinal patency, pathological secretions, deterioration in the general condition of patients. Abdominal pain is the earliest and most consistent symptom of colon cancer. Depending on the localization of the tumor and the stage of the malignant process, they can be different in nature and intensity. Patients may characterize abdominal pain as pressing, aching, cramping. With severe pain in the right hypochondrium, it is necessary to exclude cholecystitis and duodenal ulcer in the patient; in the case of localization of pain in the right iliac region, the differential diagnosis is made with acute appendicitis.
Already in the initial stages of colon cancer, symptoms of intestinal discomfort are noted, including belching, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, a feeling of heaviness and fullness in the stomach. At the same time, intestinal disorders develop, indicating a violation of intestinal motility and the passage of intestinal contents: diarrhea, constipation (or their alternation), rumbling in the abdomen, flatulence. With exophytically growing colon cancer (most often left-sided localization), partial or complete obstructive intestinal obstruction may eventually develop.
The appearance of pathological impurities (blood, mucus, pus) in the feces may indicate the development of cancer of the distal sigmoid and rectum. Abundant intestinal bleeding is rare, but prolonged blood loss leads to the development of chronic posthemorrhagic anemia. Violation of the general well-being in colon cancer is associated with intoxication caused by the decay of the cancerous tumor and stagnation of intestinal contents. Patients usually complain of malaise, fatigue, subfebrile condition, weakness, emaciation. Sometimes the first symptom of colon cancer is the presence of a palpable mass in the abdomen.
Depending on the clinical course, the following forms of colon cancer are distinguished:
toxic. Anemic - the clinic is dominated by general symptoms (fever, progressive hypochromic anemia).
enterocolitic. The main manifestations are associated with intestinal disorders, which requires differentiation of colon cancer with enteritis, colitis, enterocolitis, dysentery.
dyspeptic. The symptom complex is represented by gastrointestinal discomfort, reminiscent of the clinic of gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis.
obstructive. Accompanied by progressive intestinal obstruction.
pseudo-inflammatory. It is characterized by signs of an inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity, which occurs with fever, abdominal pain, leukocytosis, etc. This form of colon cancer can be disguised as adnexitis, appendicular infiltrate, pyelonephritis.

Sigmoid colon cancer is widespread in developed countries. First of all, scientists associate this phenomenon with the lifestyle and diet of an average resident of an industrialized country. In third world countries in general, cancer of any part of the intestine is much less common. Sigmoid colon cancer mainly owes its spread to a low amount of plant foods eaten and an increase in the overall proportion of meat and other animal products, as well as carbohydrates. No less important and directly related to such nutrition is such a factor as constipation. Slowing down the passage of food through the intestines stimulates the growth of microflora that releases carcinogens. The longer the intestinal contents are retained, the longer the contact with the secretions of bacteria, and the more of them themselves become. In addition, constant traumatization of the wall with dense fecal masses can also provoke sigmoid colon cancer.
In assessing prevalence, one should not miss the fact that a person lives much longer in developed countries. In a poorly developed world with backward medicine, people simply do not live up to cancer.
Every 20 sigmoid colon cancer is hereditary acquired - inherited from parents.
Risk factors also include the presence of other bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), diverticulosis, chronic colitis, Crohn's disease of the colon, the presence of polyps. Of course, sigmoid colon cancer can be prevented in this case - it is enough to treat the underlying disease in time.

ICD code 10

International Classification of Diseases 10 revision - ICD 10 implies classification only by cancer localization. In this case, ICD 10 assigns code C 18.7 to sigmoid colon cancer. Cancer of the rectosigmoid junction is excluded from this group, in ICD 10 it has its own code - C 19. This is due to the fact that ICD 10 is aimed at clinicians and helping them in patient management tactics, and these two types of cancer, different in localization, have an approach to surgical treatment is different.
So:
ICD code 10 sigma cancer - C 18.7
ICD code 10 cancer of the rectosigmoid junction - C 19

Of course, classifications and codes according to ICD 10 are not sufficient for a complete diagnosis of sigmoid colon cancer. The TNM classification and various staging classifications are used and mandatory for use in modern conditions.

Cancer Symptoms

Speaking about the first symptoms of colorectal cancer, including sigmoid colon cancer, it should be mentioned that at the earliest stages it does not manifest itself in any way. We are talking about the most favorable in terms of prognosis stages in situ (in the mucous and submucosal layer of the wall) and the first. The treatment of such early tumors does not take much time, in modern medical centers it is performed endoscopically, it gives almost 100% result and a five-year survival prognosis. But, unfortunately, the vast majority of early-stage sigmoid colon cancer is detected only as an incidental finding during examination for another disease or during a screening study. As mentioned above, the reason for this is the complete absence of symptoms.
Based on this, an extremely important method for detecting early cancer is a preventive colonoscopy every 5 years after reaching 45 years of age. In the presence of a burdened family history (colon cancer in first-line relatives) - from the age of 35. Even in the absence of any symptoms of bowel disease.
With the progression of the tumor, the following first symptoms gradually appear and begin to grow:

Blood discharge during defecation
Mucus discharge from the rectum and mucus in the stool
Worsening of constipation

As you can see, the signs described above suggest only one thought - there is an exacerbation of chronic hemorrhoids.

Postponing a visit to the doctor for hemorrhoids for a long time, lack of sufficient examination, self-medication is a fatal mistake that takes tens of thousands of lives a year (this is not an exaggeration)! Cancer of the sigmoid and rectum is perfectly disguised by its symptoms as chronic hemorrhoids. When the disease acquires its characteristic features, it is often too late to do anything, the treatment is crippling or only symptomatic.

I hope you take this seriously and forever.
If a doctor diagnosed you with “hemorrhoids” 10 years ago, prescribed treatment, it helped you, and since then, with exacerbations, you have been using various suppositories and ointments on your own (easily and naturally sold in pharmacies in a huge assortment and for every taste), no longer contacting without being examined - you are a potential suicide.
So, we talked about the first symptoms of sigma cancer.

With the growth of sigmoid colon cancer, gradually (starting approximately from the end of stage 2) more characteristic symptoms are added:

Pain in the left iliac region. It often has a pressing, unstable character. Appears only when the tumor grows outside the intestine.
Unstable stools, rumbling, flatulence, the appearance of liquid, foul-smelling feces, when defecation is dense feces - it is in the form of ribbons or sausages. Most often there is a change of diarrhea and constipation. However, when the tumor covers the entire lumen, intestinal obstruction occurs, requiring emergency surgery.
Frequent recurrent bleeding after defecation. Remedies for hemorrhoids do not help. There may be an increase in the separation of mucus, pus.
Symptoms characteristic of any other cancer: intoxication, fatigue, weight loss, lack of appetite, apathy, etc.

Here, perhaps, are all the main symptoms that manifest sigmoid colon cancer.

Treatment and prognosis for sigmoid colon cancer

Treatment at the earliest stages - in situ (stage 0)

Let me remind you that cancer in situ is cancer with minimal invasion, that is, it is at the earliest stage of its development - in the mucous layer, and does not germinate anywhere else. It is possible to detect such a tumor only by chance or during a preventive study, which has long been introduced into the standards of medical care in developed countries (the absolute leader in this area is Japan). Moreover, the main conditions are the availability of modern video endoscopic equipment, which costs many millions (unfortunately, in the Russian Federation it is present only in large cities and serious medical centers), and the examination by a competent trained specialist (until the mass availability of which our country will also grow and grow - Our medicine is focused on volume, not quality). Thus, it is better to be examined in a large paid clinic with excellent equipment and staff, or in a high-level free hospital.

But back to the topic of the article - the treatment of early sigmoid colon cancer. Under ideal conditions, it is performed by the method of submucosal dissection - the removal of part of the mucosa with a tumor during an endoscopic intraluminal operation (therapeutic colonoscopy).
The prognosis for this intervention is simply amazing, after 3-7 days in the clinic you will be able to return to normal life. No open surgery. No chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Naturally, the performance of this operation for the treatment of sigmoid colon cancer in situ requires first-class knowledge of the endoscopist's technique, the availability of the most modern equipment and consumables.

Early stages (I-II)

The first and second stages include tumors that do not grow into neighboring organs, with a maximum of 1 small metastasis to regional lymph nodes.
Treatment is only radical surgical, depending on the prevalence:

Segmental resection of the sigmoid colon - removal of a section of the sigmoid followed by the creation of an anastomosis - connecting the ends. It is performed only at stage I.
Resection of the sigmoid colon - removal of the entire sigmoid completely.
Left-sided hemicolectomy - resection of the left side of the large intestine with the creation of an anastomosis or removal of an unnatural fecal evacuation route - a colostomy.

In the presence of a closely located metastasis, regional lymphoidectomy is performed - removal of all lymphatic tissue, nodes, vessels in this area.
Depending on some conditions in the treatment, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be needed.
The prognosis is relatively favorable, with an adequate approach, the five-year survival rate is quite high.

Late stages (III-IV)

In advanced cases, more extensive operations are performed - left-sided hemicolectomy with removal of regional lymph nodes and nodes of neighboring zones. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used.
In the presence of distant metastases, tumor germination in neighboring organs - only palliative, that is, life-prolonging treatment as much as possible. In this case, an unnatural anus is created on the abdominal wall or bypass anastomosis (a path for feces past the tumor) so that the patient does not die from intestinal obstruction. Adequate pain relief, including narcotic drugs, detoxification is also shown.
Modern standards of treatment suggest removal of lymph nodes in very distant locations for stage III sigmoid cancer, which significantly reduces the chance of recurrence of the disease and increases survival.
The prognosis for advanced sigmoid colon cancer is poor.

Conclusion

As you can see, timely detection, a qualitatively new approach to the treatment of sigmoid colon cancer makes it possible to correct the word "sentence" for the word "temporary inconvenience" for those people who really value their lives.
Unfortunately, the mentality of our nation, the desire to "endure to the last" does not have a very favorable effect on heartless statistics. And this applies not only to sigmoid colon cancer. Every day, hundreds of people suddenly (or not suddenly?) find out a terrible diagnosis, sincerely regretting that they did not go to the doctor earlier.

Important!

HOW TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE RISK OF CANCER?

Time limit: 0

Navigation (job numbers only)

0 of 9 tasks completed

Information

TAKE A FREE TEST! Thanks to the detailed answers to all questions at the end of the test, you will be able to REDUCE the likelihood of getting sick at times!

You have already taken the test before. You cannot run it again.

Test is loading...

You must login or register in order to start the test.

You must complete the following tests to start this one:

results

Time is over

1. Can cancer be prevented?
The occurrence of a disease such as cancer depends on many factors. No one can be completely safe. But everyone can significantly reduce the chances of a malignant tumor.

2. How does smoking affect the development of cancer?
Absolutely, categorically ban yourself from smoking. This truth is already tired of everyone. But quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing all types of cancer. Smoking is associated with 30% of cancer deaths. In Russia, lung tumors kill more people than tumors of all other organs.
Eliminating tobacco from your life is the best prevention. Even if you smoke not a pack a day, but only half, the risk of lung cancer is already reduced by 27%, as the American Medical Association found.

3. Does excess weight affect the development of cancer?
Keep your eyes on the scales! Extra pounds will affect not only the waist. The American Institute for Cancer Research has found that obesity contributes to the development of tumors in the esophagus, kidneys, and gallbladder. The fact is that adipose tissue serves not only to store energy reserves, it also has a secretory function: fat produces proteins that affect the development of a chronic inflammatory process in the body. And oncological diseases just appear against the background of inflammation. In Russia, 26% of all cancer cases are associated with obesity.

4. Does exercise help reduce the risk of cancer?
Set aside at least half an hour a week for exercise. Sport is on the same level as proper nutrition when it comes to cancer prevention. In the US, a third of all deaths are attributed to the fact that patients did not follow any diet and did not pay attention to physical education. The American Cancer Society recommends exercising 150 minutes a week at a moderate pace or half as much but more vigorously. However, a study published in the journal Nutrition and Cancer in 2010 proves that even 30 minutes is enough to reduce the risk of breast cancer (which affects one in eight women in the world) by 35%.

5.How does alcohol affect cancer cells?
Less alcohol! Alcohol is blamed for causing tumors in the mouth, larynx, liver, rectum, and mammary glands. Ethyl alcohol breaks down in the body to acetaldehyde, which then, under the action of enzymes, turns into acetic acid. Acetaldehyde is the strongest carcinogen. Alcohol is especially harmful to women, as it stimulates the production of estrogen - hormones that affect the growth of breast tissue. Excess estrogen leads to the formation of breast tumors, which means that every extra sip of alcohol increases the risk of getting sick.

6. Which cabbage helps fight cancer?
Love broccoli. Vegetables are not only part of a healthy diet, they also help fight cancer. This is also why recommendations for healthy eating contain the rule: half of the daily diet should be vegetables and fruits. Especially useful are cruciferous vegetables, which contain glucosinolates - substances that, when processed, acquire anti-cancer properties. These vegetables include cabbage: ordinary white cabbage, Brussels sprouts and broccoli.

7. Which organ cancer is affected by red meat?
The more vegetables you eat, the less red meat you put on your plate. Studies have confirmed that people who eat more than 500 grams of red meat per week have a higher risk of developing colon cancer.

8. Which of the proposed remedies protect against skin cancer?
Stock up on sunscreen! Women aged 18-36 are particularly susceptible to melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. In Russia, in just 10 years, the incidence of melanoma has increased by 26%, world statistics show an even greater increase. Both artificial tanning equipment and the sun's rays are blamed for this. The danger can be minimized with a simple tube of sunscreen. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2010 confirmed that people who regularly apply a special cream get melanoma half as often as those who neglect such cosmetics.
The cream should be chosen with a protection factor SPF 15, apply it even in winter and even in cloudy weather (the procedure should turn into the same habit as brushing your teeth), and also do not expose yourself to the sun's rays from 10 to 16 hours.

9. Do you think stress affects the development of cancer?
By itself, stress does not cause cancer, but it weakens the entire body and creates conditions for the development of this disease. Research has shown that constant worry alters the activity of the immune cells responsible for turning on the fight-and-flight mechanism. As a result, a large amount of cortisol, monocytes and neutrophils, which are responsible for inflammatory processes, constantly circulate in the blood. And as already mentioned, chronic inflammatory processes can lead to the formation of cancer cells.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! IF THE INFORMATION WAS NECESSARY, YOU CAN LEAVE A REVIEW IN THE COMMENTS AT THE END OF THE ARTICLE! WE WILL BE THANK YOU!

With an answer
Checked out

Task 1 of 9
Can cancer be prevented?
Task 2 of 9
How does smoking affect the development of cancer?
Task 3 of 9
Does being overweight affect the development of cancer?
Task 4 of 9
Does exercise help reduce the risk of cancer?