Prevention measures: disease due to unhealthy lifestyle. Big risk factors
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1. The indicator of the number of newborns surviving to 1 year is characterized by...
number of years of upcoming life
number of years of work experience
infant mortality rate
2. The type of ethnic processes that represents the interaction of two ethnic groups, as a result of which one of them is absorbed by the other and loses its ethnic identity, is called ...
integration
assimilation
mixing
racial relativism
adaptation
3. Correspondence of health indicators and their parameters
Average life expectancy - number of years to live
Length of working period - number of years of work experience
Number of newborns surviving up to 1 year - infant mortality rate
Level of physical development - data on height, weight, age of maturity
Population morbidity rate - by type, frequency and severity of diseases, by age and sex groups
4. Compliance with the calendar age and demographic period of a person’s life (up to 12 years)
17 days - Newborns
7 days – 1 year – Babies
1 – 3 years — Early childhood
4 – 7 years – First childhood
8 – 11 (12) years – Second childhood
5. For the first time the term “labor resources” was used by S.G. Strumilin in the article “Our labor resources and prospects” in ...
1918
1920
1922
1925
1928
6. Depending on the presence of a married couple in the family, families are...
simple and complex
big and small
single-child and multi-child
primary and secondary
complete and incomplete
7. The morbidity rate of the population is characterized by...
number of years of upcoming life
number of years of work experience
data on height, weight, age of maturity
types, frequency and severity of diseases in different age and sex groups
8. The process of a person’s entry into culture, mastery of ethnocultural experience - ...
assimilation
enculturation
naturalization
segregation
ethnic identification
9. The process of assimilation by an individual of the cultural values of the ethnic group to which he belongs
assimilation
naturalization
segregation
ethnic identification
ethnicization
10. Correspondence between the spheres of family activity and family functions
Biological reproduction of society - Reproductive
Socialization of the younger generation - Educational
Economic support for minors and disabled members of society - Economic
Personality development of family members - Spiritual
Emotional stabilization of individuals – Emotional
11. Correspondence of forms of oppression of people in their rights depending on race, nation, gender, etc. measures of oppression
— Apartheid
—Genocide
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, gender, religious and political beliefs, etc. — Discrimination
— Nationalism
– Racism
12. Racism is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain population groups on racial, national or religious grounds
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, disdain and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which is ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, inferiority of individual racial groups
13. Genocide is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain population groups on racial, national or religious grounds
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, gender, religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, disdain and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which is ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, inferiority of individual racial groups
14. The age of people on the demographic pyramid is delayed...
from 0 to 110 years
from 0 to 100 years
from 0 to 80 years
from 0 to 60 years
from 16 to 60 years
15. Discrimination is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain population groups on racial, national or religious grounds
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, gender, religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, disdain and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which is ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, inferiority of individual racial groups
16. Territory specially allocated for the forced residence of any ethnic groups, peoples, tribes - ...
ghetto
reservation
the colony
enclave
ecumene
17. Sequence of population groups according to the ratio of healthy and sick people in them
1) healthy, practically disease-free people
2) practically healthy people who are rarely ill and have mild illnesses
3) people with slight deviations from the norm in health indicators and with sluggish chronic diseases, allowing them to maintain their ability to work while observing healthy living standards and a little drug support
4) sick people with serious illnesses requiring hospital treatment, constant drug support and a light work schedule
5) seriously and systematically ill people with limited ability to work, incl. disabled people and people requiring care and ongoing supportive treatment
18. The median age of everyone living on Earth is...
23 years old
25 years
30 years
33 years
35 years
19. According to UN statistics, the adult working population includes persons aged from ... to ... years
15-65
16-55
16-60
17-60
18-65
20. Group marriage by choice of residence was...
matrilocal
patrilocal
neolocal
dislocal
local
21. Apartheid is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain population groups on racial, national or religious grounds
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, gender, religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, disdain and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which is ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, inferiority of individual racial groups
22. The ability of the population to reproduce itself in the system of social relations, to actively participate in the life of modern society - ...
quality of life of the population
quality of population
working capacity of the population
labor activity of the population
public health
23. The age of fertility is determined by age... years
14-45
15-49
16-50
16-55
18-55
24. The indicator of the level of physical development is characterized by...
number of years of upcoming life
number of years of work experience
infant mortality rate
data on height, weight, age of maturity
types, frequency and severity of diseases in different age and sex groups
25. ...% of the total population of the Earth lives in developing countries
55
60
65
70
80
26. The main thing in the demographic pyramid is...
height
width
volume
form
axes names
27. Lifestyle determines about ...% of all diseases
42
47
50
63
68
28. According to family structure there are:
simple and complex
big and small
single-child and multi-child
primary and secondary
complete and incomplete
29. Factors that do not determine the health status of the population include
people's lifestyle
genetic and biological characteristics of the body
external environment
level of development of medicine and healthcare organization
level of education development
30. The concept of “human capital” began to be developed in ... year
late 50s
early 60s
mid 60s
late 60s
early 70s
31. The average age of everyone living on Earth is...
23 years old
25 years
30 years
33 years
35 years
32. The patriarchal type of family is considered generally accepted in ...
Russia
USA
Japan
Germany
Canada
33. The indicator of the duration of the working period is characterized by ...
number of years of upcoming life
number of years of work experience
infant mortality rate
data on height, weight, age of maturity
types, frequency and severity of diseases in different age and sex groups
34. After the age of 70, for every 100 women there are... men
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
35. Correspondence of concepts characterizing the type of marriage to the conditions of its conclusion
woman acts as a commodity - purchased
marriage is accompanied by the payment of a bride price to parents - Kalymny
a woman acts as a gift to a man's relatives - gift-exchange
marriage of girls with gods - sacred
kidnapping of the bride or groom - predatory
36. Correspondence of concepts characterizing the parameters of the conditions of marriage and marital status, their essential characteristics
family union of a man and a woman, giving rise to their rights and obligations in relation to each other and to children - Marriage
the process of formation of married couples in the population, which includes first and second marriages - Marriage
symbol for the system of ratios of the numbers of various groups of the marriageable population - "Marriage Market"
set of possible marriage partners - Marriage circle
choosing a marriage partner within a given marriage circle - Marriage choice
37. Nationalism is defined as...
deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation
extermination of certain population groups on racial, national or religious grounds
restriction or deprivation of the rights of a certain category of citizens on the basis of race or nationality, gender, religious and political beliefs, etc.
ideology, social psychology, politics and social practice, the essence of which are the ideas of national exclusivity, isolation, disdain and distrust of other nations and nationalities
ideology and social psychology, the essence of which is ideas about the biological superiority or, conversely, inferiority of individual racial groups
38. Quantitative characteristics of the marriage process are not...
the share of people in each generation who ever got married or the share who never got married
age at first marriage
remarriage age
Proportion of people who remarried after divorce and after widowhood
interval between divorce (widowhood) and remarriage
39. In Russia, the adult working population includes persons aged from ... to ... years
15-65
16-55
16-60
17-60
18-65
40. A feeling of love for Russian culture, language, customs and the best properties of the Russian people - ...
Russophilia
Russophobia
Negritude
xenophobia
de-ethnicization
41. The distribution of people by gender, age, marital status, marital and reproductive behavior and other characteristics affecting its reproduction characterizes...
demographic composition of the population
demographic structure of the population
gender and age structure of the population
indicator of labor activity of the population
population working capacity indicator
42. public health is... a phenomenon
social
biological
socio-biological
natural
physiological
There are many theories of health conditioning.
One of the most widespread among them is the theory of “diseases of civilization” and social maladjustment.
This theory was presented back in the 50s. XX century French doctors E. Guan and A. Dusser in the book “Diseases of our society.”
This theory is an answer to the question of the causes of sudden changes in public health, especially the reduction in its potential and the emergence of mass pathology. Pathology (from the Greek rhathos + logia - experience, suffering, illness + teaching, science) is a painful manifestation, not the norm for the body.
B.N. Chumakov illustrates the concept of “disease of civilization” with the following facts. An interesting result is the autopsy result of more than 300 dead American army soldiers during the Korean events in the fifties, whose age was 22 years, and had no signs of atherosclerosis. During their lifetime they were considered absolutely healthy.
During the pathological autopsy, 75% of them had coronary vessels affected by atherosclerotic plaques. In every fourth person, the lumen of the arteries was narrowed by 20%, and in every tenth person - by 50%. This picture can be observed among residents of countries with high life-economic potential.
But this is what the situation looks like in less civilized countries. The Italian doctor Lipichirella, when examining 203 camel drivers in 1962 in Somalia, did not find signs of atherosclerosis in any of them.
In autopsies of 6,500 local deaths in Uganda, not a single case of coronary atherosclerosis or myocardial infarction was identified.
In a study of 776 blacks in West Africa using ECG, only 0.7% of cases showed minor abnormalities in the cardiovascular system.
G.L. Apanasenko believes that the development of many somatic diseases is associated with the negative impact of certain social and hygienic factors. Thus, people aged 35-64 years have a risk of developing coronary heart disease(IHD) increases with obesity by 3.4 times, with physical inactivity - by 4.4, with high blood cholesterol levels - by 5.5 times, with high blood pressure - by 6 times, and with smoking - by 6.5 times.
When several unfavorable social and hygienic factors are combined, the likelihood of developing the disease increases significantly. Persons who do not have signs of disease, but have identified the listed risk factors, formally belong to the group of healthy people, but they are very likely to develop coronary artery disease in the next 5-10 years.
Risk factors- a general name for factors in the external and internal environment of the body, behavioral habits that are not the direct cause of a particular disease, but contribute to an increase in the likelihood of its occurrence and development, its progression and unfavorable outcome.
Among the indisputable risk factors, the most significant and common are the following:
- hypokinesia and physical inactivity;
- overeating and associated excess body weight;
- constant psycho-emotional stress, inability to switch off and rest properly;
- alcohol abuse and smoking.
Physical inactivity(from the Greek hypodynamia - lack of strength) - a decrease in muscle effort spent on maintaining a pose, moving the body in space, and physical work. It occurs during immobilization, staying in small confined spaces, and a sedentary lifestyle.
These two categories characterize the sedentary lifestyle of modern man, associated with the inclusion of running water and central heating, cars, washing machines and electric stoves, etc. All these mechanisms make our life easier, make life pleasant and carefree on the one hand, and on the other hand, they lead our muscles and blood vessels to a decrepit state.
The overeating of modern man is to blame for his excessively large stomach, inherited from his wild ancestors. Remember how primitive man got his food. First, without an excavator or even a shovel, he had to dig a whole pit. Then run around screaming wildly, intimidating and driving away the mammoth.
What size would the cobblestone have to be to kill this mammoth? How can you then skin it without a knife? How about pulling it out of the pit without a crane? And then the moment of eating food just began. And around the hyenas were already waiting for the vultures of the remains from the human feast.
There was nowhere to put food in reserve - there were no refrigerators. This went on for millions of years, and only those who had a larger stomach survived, who could stuff a large amount of food into it at once, because a new opportunity to dine on mammoth meat could only present itself in weeks.
Modern man gets food with a slight movement of his hand, opening the refrigerator door several times a day. His stomach, when taking large quantities of it, does not stretch like a balloon, but simply the folds of which it consists diverge. Constant overeating leads to weight gain - obesity, and obesity - to disease of cardio-vascular system (SSS).
In addition, modern man has left harmony with nature; he no longer goes to bed when the sun sets and does not wake up when its first rays penetrate the cave, etc. Waking up from an alarm clock is no longer physiological and causes stress, and this has been happening all day for many years.
What about uncertainty about the future, endless revolutions, wars, perestroikas and crises? All this has led to the fact that modern man, according to scientists, is in a state of chronic stress and woe to those who do not know how to deal with this stress.
From all of the above, we can conclude that “diseases of civilization,” which primarily include cardiovascular diseases, cancer and allergies, are formed due to the inability of the human body to adapt to rapid changes in the environment, rhythm and lifestyle that occur under the influence of technogenic modernization living conditions, achievements of scientific and technological progress, development of civilization.
Today, there are three main groups of diseases that are uncharacteristic of humans as a biological species:
- diseases of civilization;
- socially significant diseases;
- socially determined diseases.
Diseases of civilization- these are diseases common in economically developed countries, the origin of which is associated with the achievements of scientific and technological progress. These include coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attacks, strokes, malignant neoplasms, allergies, spinal osteochondrosis, etc., which will be discussed later.
Socially significant diseases
Socially significant diseases are the main cause of morbidity, disability and mortality, especially among the working population of developed countries. These diseases cause serious economic damage due to the exclusion of producers of material goods from the production chain if they die due to the disease, or society takes on the burden paying them social benefits if they become disabled.Socially significant diseases include diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms, injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis.
Socially determined diseases are formed under the influence of a person’s immediate environment and are associated with the socio-economic state of the country of residence. This group includes drug addiction diseases, venereal diseases, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, etc.
Since socially determined diseases are common in the same population groups, they are often associated (combined) with each other, which aggravates the course and complicates the treatment of each of them. Thus, according to WHO, more than 3 million people are simultaneously infected with tuberculosis and HIV.
More than 90% of HIV-infected people are drug addicts. Among the sick sexually transmitted infections(STI) about 70% abuse alcohol, 14% suffer from chronic alcoholism or drug addiction. If in 1991, out of 531 thousand patients with sexually transmitted diseases, 12 were identified as HIV-infected (2.3 per 100 thousand), then in 1999, out of 1739.9 thousand patients with STIs, 822 people were HIV-infected (47 ,2 per 100 thousand).
Mortality from diseases of civilization is not natural for humans as a biological species; it can be avoided by healthy lifestyle (healthy lifestyle), which is why it is called preventable.
Mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer can and should be successfully reduced through their early detection and adequate diagnosis during preventive examinations. The medical examination of the working-age population of Russia, carried out within the framework of the National Project “Health,” is aimed at solving this problem.
Prevention of mortality from alcoholism and drug addiction should occur through the prevention of behavioral risk factors, through the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the population, and especially among children and adolescents, and the development of anti-alcohol policy measures.
Thus, by leading a healthy lifestyle, a modern person has every opportunity to avoid the above diseases and remain healthy and active for many years.
The mutation process in humans and its role in hereditary pathology are characterized by the following indicators. 10% of human diseases are determined by pathological genes or genes that determine a predisposition to hereditary diseases. This does not include some forms of malignancies that arise as a result of somatic mutations. About 1% of newborns become ill due to gene mutations, some of which are new.
The mutation process in humans, like in all other organisms, leads to the emergence of alleles that negatively affect health. The vast majority of chromosomal mutations ultimately lead to one form or another of pathology. Currently, more than 2000 hereditary human diseases have been discovered. This also includes chromosomal diseases. Another group of hereditary diseases is caused by genes, the implementation of which to one degree or another depends on the adverse effects of the environment, for example, gout. A negative environmental factor in this case is poor nutrition. There are diseases with a hereditary predisposition (hypertension, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, many forms of malignant tumors).
Hereditary diseases are diseases caused by changes (mutations), mainly chromosomal or gene, according to which chromosomal and actually hereditary (gene) diseases are conventionally distinguished. The latter include, for example, hemophilia, color blindness, and “molecular diseases.” Unlike so-called congenital diseases, which are detected from birth, hereditary diseases can appear many years after birth. About 2 thousand hereditary diseases and syndromes are known, many of which are the cause of high infant mortality. Medical genetic counseling plays an important role in the prevention of hereditary diseases.
2. Hereditary diseases caused by poor environmental conditions:
1) the influence of heavy metal salts on heredity.
Heavy metals are highly toxic substances that retain their toxic properties for a long time. According to the World Health Organization, they already rank second in terms of danger, behind pesticides and significantly ahead of such well-known pollutants as carbon dioxide and sulfur. In the forecast, they should become the most dangerous, more dangerous than nuclear power plant waste (second place) and solid waste (third place).
Poisoning with heavy metal salts begins even before a person is born. Heavy metal salts pass through the placenta, which, instead of protecting the fetus, poisons it day after day. Often the concentration of harmful substances in the fetus is even higher than in the mother. Babies are born with malformations of the genitourinary system, and up to 25 percent of babies have abnormalities in the formation of kidneys. The rudiments of internal organs appear already in the fifth week of pregnancy and from that moment on they are influenced by heavy metal salts. Well, since they also affect the mother’s body, disabling the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, is it any wonder that now you practically don’t see normal physiological childbirth, and babies come into this life with a lack of weight, with physical and mental developmental defects? .
And with each year of life, salts of heavy metals dissolved in water add to their illnesses or aggravate congenital diseases, primarily of the digestive organs and kidneys. Often, one child suffers from 4-6 systems in the body. Urolithiasis and cholelithiasis are a kind of indicator of trouble, and they are now found even in preschool children. There are other warning signs too. Thus, exceeding the level of lead leads to a decrease in intelligence. A psychological examination showed that we have up to 12 percent of such children.
What measures should today ensure the protection of human health and its environment from the harmful effects of technogenic metals? We can outline two main ways here: sanitary and technical reduction of the content of metals in environmental objects to maximum permissible (safe) levels through the introduction of architectural, planning, technological, technical and other measures; hygienic scientific development of acceptable levels of their content in the external environment, requirements and recommendations in combination with constant monitoring of the condition and quality of this environment.
Prevention of chronic intoxication with metals and their compounds should be ensured, first of all, by replacing them, where possible, with harmless or less toxic substances. In cases where it does not seem realistic to exclude their use, it is necessary to develop such technological schemes and structures that would sharply limit the possibility of them polluting the air of industrial premises and the outside atmosphere. With regard to transport, which, as mentioned above, is one of the significant sources of lead emissions into the atmosphere, environmentally friendly fuel should be introduced everywhere. A very radical means is the creation of waste-free or low-waste technologies.
Along with the above measures, it is necessary to constantly monitor the level of metals in the body. For this purpose, during a medical examination, work
I. Mutation process in humans .
The mutation process in humans and its role in hereditary pathology are characterized by the following indicators. 10% of human diseases are determined by pathological genes or genes that determine a predisposition to hereditary diseases. This does not include some forms of malignancies that arise as a result of somatic mutations. About 1% of newborns become ill due to gene mutations, some of which are new.
The mutation process in humans, like in all other organisms, leads to the emergence of alleles that negatively affect health. The vast majority of chromosomal mutations ultimately lead to one form or another of pathology. Currently, more than 2000 hereditary human diseases have been discovered. This also includes chromosomal diseases. Another group of hereditary diseases is caused by genes, the implementation of which to one degree or another depends on the adverse effects of the environment, for example, gout. A negative environmental factor in this case is poor nutrition. There are diseases with a hereditary predisposition (hypertension, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, many forms of malignant tumors).
Hereditary diseases are diseases caused by changes (mutations), mainly chromosomal or gene, according to which chromosomal and actually hereditary (gene) diseases are conventionally distinguished. The latter include, for example, hemophilia, color blindness, and “molecular diseases.” Unlike so-called congenital diseases, which are detected from birth, hereditary diseases can appear many years after birth. About 2 thousand hereditary diseases and syndromes are known, many of which are the cause of high infant mortality. Medical genetic counseling plays an important role in the prevention of hereditary diseases.
2 . Hereditary diseases , caused by poor environmental conditions :
1) influence of heavy metal salts on heredity .
Heavy metals are highly toxic substances that retain their toxic properties for a long time. According to the World Health Organization, they already rank second in terms of danger, behind pesticides and significantly ahead of such well-known pollutants as carbon dioxide and sulfur. In the forecast, they should become the most dangerous, more dangerous than nuclear power plant waste (second place) and solid waste (third place).
Poisoning with heavy metal salts begins even before a person is born. Heavy metal salts pass through the placenta, which, instead of protecting the fetus, poisons it day after day. Often the concentration of harmful substances in the fetus is even higher than in the mother. Babies are born with malformations of the genitourinary system, and up to 25 percent of babies have abnormalities in the formation of kidneys. The rudiments of internal organs appear already in the fifth week of pregnancy and from that moment on they are influenced by heavy metal salts. Well, since they also affect the mother’s body, disabling the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, is it any wonder that now you practically don’t see normal physiological childbirth, and babies come into this life with a lack of weight, with physical and mental developmental defects? .
And with each year of life, salts of heavy metals dissolved in water add to their illnesses or aggravate congenital diseases, primarily of the digestive organs and kidneys. Often, one child suffers from 4-6 systems in the body. Urolithiasis and cholelithiasis are a kind of indicator of trouble, and they are now found even in preschool children. There are other warning signs too. Thus, exceeding the level of lead leads to a decrease in intelligence. A psychological examination showed that we have up to 12 percent of such children.
What measures should today ensure the protection of human health and its environment from the harmful effects of technogenic metals? We can identify two main ways here: sanitary and technical - reducing the content of metals in environmental objects to maximum permissible (safe) levels through the introduction of architectural, planning, technological, technical and other measures; hygienic - scientific development of acceptable levels of their content in the external environment, requirements and recommendations in combination with constant monitoring of the condition and quality of this environment.
Prevention of chronic intoxication with metals and their compounds should be ensured, first of all, by replacing them, where possible, with harmless or less toxic substances. In cases where it does not seem realistic to exclude their use, it is necessary to develop such technological schemes and structures that would sharply limit the possibility of them polluting the air of industrial premises and the outside atmosphere. With regard to transport, which, as mentioned above, is one of the significant sources of lead emissions into the atmosphere, environmentally friendly fuel should be introduced everywhere. A very radical means is the creation of waste-free or low-waste technologies.
Along with the above measures, it is necessary to constantly monitor the level of metals in the body. For this purpose, during a medical examination of workers and the population in cases of their contact with technogenic metals, they should be determined in the biological media of the body - blood, urine, and hair.
2) the effect of dioxins on heredity .
Dioxins remain one of the main dangers threatening our and future generations. Numerous studies show that extremely toxic and persistent organochlorine poisons, which include dioxins, are found everywhere - in water, air, soil, food, and the human body. At the same time, the federal authorities have not yet made a single real attempt to somehow protect the population from the “dioxin danger.”
Dioxins and dioxin-like substances are invisible but dangerous enemies. The power of their impact on humans is such that the issue of preserving life on Earth in general is already on the agenda. Dioxins are universal cellular poisons that affect all living things in the smallest concentrations. In terms of toxicity, dioxins are superior to such well-known poisons as curare, strychnine, and hydrocyanic acid. These compounds do not decompose in the environment for decades and enter the human body mainly with food, water and air.
Dioxin damage provokes malignant tumors; transmitted through mother's milk, they lead to birth defects such as anencephaly (absence of the brain), cleft lip, and others. Among the more long-term consequences of dioxins is the loss of the ability to reproduce offspring. Men experience impotence and a decrease in sperm count, and women experience an increased rate of miscarriages.
The effect of dioxins on humans is due to their influence on the receptors of cells responsible for the functioning of hormonal systems. In this case, endocrine and hormonal disorders occur, the content of sex hormones, thyroid and pancreatic hormones changes, which increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus, and the processes of puberty and fetal development are disrupted. Children are lagging behind in development, their education is hampered, and young people develop diseases characteristic of old age. In general, the likelihood of infertility, spontaneous abortion, congenital defects and other anomalies increases. The immune response also changes, which means the body’s susceptibility to infections increases, and the frequency of allergic reactions and cancer increases.
The main danger of dioxins (which is why they are called super-ecotoxicants) is their effect on the immune-enzyme system of humans and all air-breathing creatures. The effects of dioxins are similar to the effects of harmful radiation. According to American scientists, dioxins play the role of a foreign hormone, suppressing the immune system and enhancing the effects of radiation, allergens, toxins, etc. This provokes the development of cancer, diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system, the endocrine system, and congenital deformities occur. Changes are inherited, the effect of dioxins extends over several generations. Women and children are especially susceptible to the damaging effects of dioxins: in women all reproductive functions are impaired, in children immunodeficiency (lowered immunity) appears.
3) the effect of pesticides on heredity .
It is known that pesticides caused considerable harm to the health of people - both those who participated in their use and those who had nothing to do with it. Below is a small section from the book by L.A. Fedorov. and Yablokova A.V. “Pesticides are a dead end of civilization (a toxic blow to the biosphere and humans).”
Since all pesticides are mutagens and their high mutagenic activity has been proven in experiments on animals, including mammals, there is no doubt that in addition to the immediate and quickly noticeable consequences of their exposure, there must also be long-term genetic effects.
The duration of accumulation in humans is much longer than in experimental animals in which the mutagenic activity of pesticides was shown. It doesn't take a prophet to confidently predict a surge in hereditary disorders in all pesticide-intensive agricultural areas of the world. As the world moves away from the use of pesticides, the impact of pesticides on the human gene pool will become increasingly important.
To confirm this, let us present some of the already known facts in this area. As of 1987, the frequency of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of people professionally exposed to pesticides had been studied for only 19 of them (this amounted to 4.2% of the total number of pesticides studied for mutagenic activity, and 6.5% of number of pesticides classified as potential mutagens) and in 12 groups of workers who were in contact with a complex of several pesticides. Thus, an increase in the level of chromosomal aberrations was established during a cytogenetic examination of a group of women exposed to toxaphene poisoning (in the USSR it was used under the name polychlorcamphene).
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RISK FACTORS FOR DISEASE
In medicine, healthcare, and demography, since their inception, thousands of theoretical generalizations have been used and improved - teachings, concepts that study the most diverse aspects of human life that determine human health and illness, and risk factors for diseases. Sanology – This is a science about health and its protection. In table 6 shows the most famous and widespread theories of sanology.
Table 6
General theories of medicine, healthcare, population
Table 1 gives an idea of general concepts about the essence of health, diseases and medical and demographic phenomena. 6.
Any of these scientific theories is based on research disease risk factors.
Disease risk factors – These are factors that increase the likelihood of a particular disease occurring. The main risk factors are given in table. 7.
Table 7
Grouping of risk factors that determine health
From the table 7 it is clear that more than 50% of risk factors are related to a person’s lifestyle. The same trend persists when studying the effects on individual chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory diseases, metabolic, allergic, endocrine, oncological, neuropsychic and other disorders (Table 8).
Table 8
Distribution of risk factors for various chronic diseases and injuries
The composition of lifestyle factors (see Table 8) corresponds to such large health risk factors as smoking, alcohol consumption, psycho-emotional stress, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, etc. It is these factors that make up an unhealthy lifestyle, or rather, a lifestyle unfavorable for health a person in conditions created by himself, his activity or activity. Lifestyle acts as a collective sociological concept or category.
By their nature and origin, risk factors are primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. The category of primary risk factors includes those that usually act primarily, causing the disease.
There are also various pathological conditions, which are themselves diseases and have their own primary risk factors. They are secondary factors in relation to various diseases, for example, arterial hypertension is a secondary factor for atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease.
In table Table 9 shows WHO data on primary and secondary major health risk factors (taking into account their “rating”).
Table 9
Big risk factors
In addition to individual risk factors, there are also risk groups, i.e. population groups, to a greater extent than others, predisposed to various diseases. These may include the elderly, children, pregnant women, people working in hazardous industries, etc. (Table 10).
Table 10
Main risk groups of the population, their classification
Table of contents
Health and lifestyle.
DIDACTIC PLAN
HUMAN HEALTH IN THE SYSTEM OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS
Health as a universal human value
Health as an indicator of population development
Factors affecting health
Statistics of health, morbidity, fertility, longevity and mortality
CONCEPT AND INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Definition of the concepts of “health” and “disease”
Assessment of individual and public health
Physiological health criteria
GENETIC AND SOCIAL DETERMINATION OF HEALTH AND DISEASES
Socio-biological conditionality of health and disease
Concept, basic provisions and categories of eugenics
Medical genetics
