What is the normal daily diuresis rate for adults? Is it healthy to drink?

People, especially those suffering from frequent urination, may wonder how many times a day an adult should pee (urinate) and whether there is any standard or volume for this. Let's try to answer these questions.

First, a little about urine itself. This is a biologically active fluid that is produced by the kidneys, secreted and descends through the ureter down to the bladder and urethra. Together with urine, the body excretes the final products of metabolism. If the body becomes ill, pathological metabolic products, as well as drugs and foreign substances, begin to be excreted in the urine.

The process of urination in a completely healthy person it occurs freely, painlessly and without any effort. After completing urination, a person has a pleasant feeling of completely emptying the bladder. If pain occurs when urinating or the process occurs with effort, these are signs of an inflammatory process in the urinary system. In this case, urgent treatment is required.

Normal amount of urine produced

Fine per day for an adult can vary from 800 to 1500 ml, depending on age and other factors. The entire volume of urine excreted by a person per day is called daily diuresis. A healthy adult urinates 4-7 times a day and no more than 1 time per night. Daytime and nighttime diuresis are correlated within 3 to 1 or 4 to 1. Each portion of urine averages 200-300 ml, sometimes up to 600 ml (usually the largest amount occurs in a portion of morning urine after waking up). If more than 2000 ml or less than 200 ml are released per day, this is already considered a pathological amount.

The total amount of urine per day depends on several factors: age, liquids drunk, including soups, compotes, etc., the presence of diarrhea, the amount of sweat produced (urine excretion noticeably decreases when a person sweats excessively), body temperature, water loss from the lungs and other factors.

It is important for a sick person to know- what is the total amount of urine excreted in one day and what is its ratio with the liquid taken during this time. This is water balance. If the amount of fluid consumed far exceeds the amount of urine excreted and is accompanied by an increase in the patient’s weight, then there is reason to believe that the patient has . If a person excretes more urine than drinks liquids, this means that there is a diuretic effect from the medications or herbal infusions being taken. In the first case, this is called negative diuresis, in the second - positive.

The human body is almost 60% water. This is so important for the normal functioning of the body that the loss of just 1.5% of fluid already leads to the most unpleasant consequences. Problems associated with water deficiency can overtake even a completely healthy person if, for example, he spends several hours under the scorching sun without taking anything to drink with him, but it is very simple to correct his well-being in this case. It is much more difficult to minimize the effects of dehydration if it occurred for other reasons. We will consider the most common of them in the article.

Diabetes

When sugar absorption fails, the concentration of glucose in the blood becomes too high. The body tries to normalize its amount by increasing its excretion in the urine. A patient who is constantly thirsty intensively absorbs liquid, thereby further activating this process. An excessive burden is created on the kidneys. Cells of the body, deprived of the required amount of fluid, begin to take it from the bloodstream, which causes further “sugarification” and thickening of the blood. A so-called vicious circle of dehydration arises, which is fraught with the most tragic consequences, including the rapid death of the patient.

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PMS in women

In the period preceding menstruation, a woman's hormonal levels change, which leads to a decrease in water content in body cells. Fluctuations in progesterone and estrogen in the blood play a major role here. Then monthly bleeding begins, and water loss can be quite significant. Women are advised to drink plenty of fluids during this time, especially in the form of soothing herbal teas. They help avoid dehydration while simultaneously relieving excess muscle tone and easing menstrual pain.

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In the initial stages of pregnancy, women often suffer from toxicosis, one of the signs of which is nausea or vomiting. If such episodes occur frequently, the body may lose significant amounts of water. In addition, many pregnant women limit their fluid intake for fear of swelling. Meanwhile, the expectant mother’s body urgently needs an increase in blood volume, and therefore additional water.

Dehydration of a pregnant woman's body can lead not only to a deterioration in her well-being and damage to the cardiovascular or excretory system, but also to such consequences as the formation of malformations in the baby or miscarriage.

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A nursing mother loses a significant amount of fluid through milk every day. If the water deficit in the body is not actively replenished, it will develop health problems. That is why women are advised to drink more water, tea, milk, fruit juices and compotes during this period. This saves the body from dehydration, enhances lactation and improves the composition of breast milk.

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Taking medications

The action of most drugs intended to lower blood pressure and treat pathologies of the kidneys and urinary tract is based on a diuretic effect. Many medicinal plants traditionally used in folk medicine have the ability to enhance diuresis: lingonberries and cranberries, knotweed and shepherd's purse grass, birch buds, etc.

Patients who suffer from hypertension, cystitis, impaired renal function, edema, etc. should be warned about the need to increase the amount of fluid consumed. Otherwise, they may develop dehydration while taking medications.

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Glucose that the body was unable to use in time accumulates in tissues in the form of glycogen. Each molecule of this substance binds three molecules of water. When a person sharply reduces carbohydrate intake, his body begins to use up reserves, losing fluid. By the way, it is the loss of glycogen-bound water that explains the rapid weight loss that is observed in the initial stages of low-carbohydrate diets.

If restriction of carbohydrate intake continues for more than a week, dehydration negatively affects the skin, nervous system and general condition of the body. It is especially harmful to exclude rice, oatmeal and durum wheat pasta from the diet: during the cooking process, they absorb water and, in addition to many useful substances, supply the body with fluid.

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At the moment of physical or nervous overstrain, the body produces aldosterone, an adrenal hormone that takes an active part in normalizing water and electrolyte balance. Prolonged stress depletes this function, aldosterone production decreases, and the body loses fluid.

Only eliminating stress as the cause of the problem can help. Increased fluid intake in this situation gives only a weak and temporary effect.

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This disease affects about 20% of people. The risk of dehydration for such patients is very high: in many of them, frequent bouts of diarrhea are the main symptom of the disease. In addition, most patients, fearing the appearance of unpleasant symptoms, exclude from their diet a number of foods, the consumption of which increases the water content in the body.

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Sports activities improve your figure and mood, increase immunity and vitality, but can be harmful to health if you approach them without due care. In particular, it is necessary to take into account that during training the body loses a lot of water through sweat. Therefore, it is important not only to dose physical activity, but also to replenish fluid deficiency in a timely manner.

To do this correctly, it is enough to weigh yourself regularly before and after training. For every kilogram of weight lost during exercise, you should drink from 500 to 750 ml of water (preferably mineral water), fruit decoction or herbal tea. Drinking this amount should keep the risk of dehydration to a minimum.

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As you age, your likelihood of becoming dehydrated increases. Hormonal levels change, tissues gradually lose their ability to retain moisture. Many older people experience a decrease in fluid intake because they feel less thirsty. In such cases, experts recommend drinking water regularly at certain intervals and monitoring the amount of liquid that enters the body during the day. This helps maintain the necessary level of tissue hydration.

Urine is formed in the kidneys, which, as you know, are the body’s filter, removing everything bad from the blood (germs, toxic substances, etc.).

If urine takes on an unhealthy hue or becomes very small, then this is a signal to pay close attention to the functioning of the excretory system.

Amount of urine: normal and deviations from it

On average, a person should excrete about 1.5-2 liters of urine per day. Of course, in each individual case this figure will vary. In particular, a lot will depend on how much liquid a person drinks.

Why does a person pee little? The reasons may be the following:

The person drinks few liquids. Every day you need to drink at least 1-1.5, and for some, 2 liters of water.
The person sweats intensely. For example, this situation may occur in hot weather.

If the deviations from the norm are not too significant, then just try to drink more and try to eliminate factors that provoke excessive sweating (for example, do not drink hot tea in the summer, on particularly hot days stay in a cool place, wear light, breathable clothes, etc. .)

In addition to the more or less harmless reasons that we listed above, there are also various diseases that cause a lack of urine or its excess:

renal failure;
pathology of the renal vessels;
blood diseases;
acute pyelonephritis;
renal vein embolism;
glomerulonephritis, etc.

Therefore, if the amount of urine is significantly less/more (oliguria/polyuria) than the amount of fluid you drink per day (especially if less than 500-200 ml of urine is excreted per day), then you should urgently consult a doctor. There are also situations when urine does not pass at all (anuria) - this is an even more severe case of the disease that requires immediate medical attention.

Urine color and clarity

At the same time, you need to monitor the external indicators of urine - they can also tell you about problems that have arisen in the body.

It’s easy to check the level of transparency: put urine in a jar and look through the liquid at some text. If you can read it, then transparency is normal, if not, then it is better to consult a doctor.
A pink tint to urine may indicate kidney disease, but it can also appear after eating beets/raspberries/blackberries and dishes containing them, or if a woman is menstruating.
An orange/brownish tint appears, for example, due to increased urine concentration. It occurs with oliguria. This shade can also be produced by food dyes, beets, carrots and the above-mentioned berries and legumes. Finally, medications, such as antibiotics, can give an orange tint. If the urine has a brownish tint and the stool is light, then a problem with the liver can be assumed.
The color of meat slop in urine occurs with glomerulonephritis and cancer pathologies. If your urine only once acquires this color, you should definitely consult a doctor so as not to miss a serious illness.
A greenish-blue tint occurs, but is very rare. Occurs with metabolic disorders and infectious diseases.

Prevention of kidney diseases

The most effective and simple way to avoid many kidney diseases is to drink at least 1.5-2 liters of regular clean still water per day. Just plain water, not tea, coffee, juice, compotes, etc.

Studies have shown that in all regions where they were introduced, their consumption decreased. Moreover, restrictions in the evening hours turned out to be more effective than in the morning. Another pattern has been revealed: the softer the restrictions, the higher consumption. Interestingly, contrary to stereotypes, the restrictions had virtually no effect on the increase in moonshine consumption. On the contrary, in regions where the framework was introduced, this figure even decreased slightly. Experts explain this by saying that the concept of unacceptability applies in this situation. It doesn’t matter what kind of alcohol consumption limit is applied, it is important that it exists. And with this framework, the region emphasizes that drinking all day is unacceptable.

However, as statistics show, with bans and restrictions, the first people to stop drinking are those who did not drink regularly, but occasionally.

What is the norm?

No one, including the World Health Organization, is calling for a complete abstinence from alcohol. You can drink, but within reasonable limits. Moreover, the concept of “reasonable consumption” is not subjective, but quite objective and calculable. For men, reasonable consumption means taking no more than 168 g in terms of pure alcohol per week; for women, the norm is naturally less - up to 112. “A correct understanding of doses is extremely important,” says the head of the department of pedagogy, philosophy and law of Northwestern State Medical University. I. I. Mechnikova, Doctor of Medical Sciences Svyatoslav Plavinsky. - When it comes to them, many do not take into account, for example,. Meanwhile, don’t forget that this is also alcohol, and, for example, 2 liters of beer is a lot!”

There is a whole gradation that allows you to determine the degree of alcohol dependence depending on the dose (see table).

Table
Consumption (translated into pure alcohol), g per week	Men	Women
Reasonable	up to 168	up to 112
Harmful	168-224	112-168
Dangerous	224-392	168-280
Risky	more than 392	more than 280

Tough questions

It is clear that those who fall into the risky category know everything about themselves, and everything is clear to their relatives. But the previous groups do not yet need the help of a narcologist, but they need competent recommendations from a doctor who will indicate how this dose of alcohol affects their health at the moment.

However, a simple statement of fact: you have problems with alcohol is unlikely to be effective. A person must be brought to understand this. According to Svyatoslav Plavinsky, most often alcohol abusers end up seeing... a dermatologist, since alcohol first of all affects the condition of the skin. “If the doctor at the appointment says: “You have microbial eczema, and do you know why? Because you drink a lot,” this will be much more effective,” the expert is sure.

From June 1 this year, every doctor is required to ask the patient whether he smokes. And if he gives a positive answer, give him recommendations on how to cope with this addiction. Experts are convinced that the same should be done in the case of alcohol. To help doctors, special tests and questionnaires are being developed to identify problematic alcohol consumption. True, it is not yet clear what a doctor can do if the patient does not want to take his recommendations into account.

“In the West, a doctor will not prescribe a person with a problem with alcohol to work, even if the person comes in because of a cold,” says Sergei Boyarsky, associate professor of the Department of Management and Health Economics at the Higher School of Economics, Candidate of Medical Sciences. - First he will have to undergo a course of treatment. We don’t have mandatory medical care.”

It is interesting that the researchers suggest that the doctor become almost a philosopher, helping the drinking patient find answers to the sacramental questions: why do I drink and why should I not drink. There will be an answer - there will be motivation not to drink or drink, but only a little.

Daily diuresis is one of the criteria for proper kidney function. Urine excreted per day is usually counted. Normally, in an adult, the amount of urine excreted is ¾ or 70-80% of the fluid consumed. In this case, the amount of moisture that enters the body along with food is not taken into account. Therefore, if a person should drink about two liters of liquid per day, then the volume of urine excreted is at least 1500 ml.

In order to completely remove decay products from the body, at least half a liter of urine must be released. Determining daily diuresis is also important for studying renal function by calculating clearance. To do this, the patient must collect all urine during the day into a special container with graduated walls.

However, he should not take diuretics during the procedure and three days before it. It is also important to record not only the volume of urine excreted, but also the volume of liquid drunk (water, tea, coffee). Measuring daily diuresis usually begins from 6 a.m. to the same time the next day.

Depending on the amount of urine excreted, there are:

polyuria - the amount of excreted fluid exceeds 3 liters. This may be due to disruption of the hormone vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone. Sometimes this condition occurs when the concentrating ability of the kidneys is impaired, with diabetes mellitus;
oliguria - the amount of fluid secreted has sharply decreased to 500 ml or less;
anuria, in which urine output in an adult does not exceed 50 ml in the entire 24 hours.

Urination throughout the day is uneven. Therefore, daytime and nighttime diuresis are distinguished, the ratio of which is normally 4:1 or 3:1. If nocturnal diuresis prevails over daytime diuresis, then this condition is called nocturia.

It is also important for patients to evaluate not only the amount of fluid secreted, but also its composition. If the concentration of osmotically active substances in the urine exceeds the norm, then such diuresis is called osmotic. This condition indicates an overload of nephrons with substances such as glucose, uric acid, bicarbonate and others. Their increase in the blood is associated with another organic pathology.

The daily amount of urine with a reduced concentration of osmotically active substances is called water diuresis. In a healthy person, this condition can be observed with an increase in fluid intake.

Decreased urine output

A decrease in the daily amount of urine in a healthy person can be observed during the hot season, when most of the liquid is excreted through sweat. This condition also occurs when working in high temperatures, loose stools or vomiting.

But a decrease in urination to 500 ml per day or less is a poor prognostic sign for many diseases. The development of oliguria or anuria occurs with a sharp decrease in circulating blood volume and a drop in blood pressure. They develop with heavy bleeding, indomitable vomiting, profuse loose stools, and various shock conditions.

Oliguria occurs with the development of acute renal failure. This life-threatening complication occurs with nephritis, acute massive hemolysis, and damage to the renal parenchyma. With a massive infectious process, kidney damage is possible with bacteremia.

Differential diagnosis of oliguria must be carried out with ischuria. This condition develops due to mechanical blockage of any part of the urinary system. This can lead to the growth of the tumor process, blockage of the lumen of the ureter with a stone, or narrowing of the urinary tract. In men, a common cause of ischuria is prostate adenoma, especially in older people.

Increased urine output

Polyuria is an important diagnostic criterion for a number of endocrine, cardiac or metabolic diseases.

There are renal and extrarenal polyuria. The first is caused directly by kidney disease, in which the distal nephron is affected. Such a symptom can occur with pyelonephritis, wrinkled kidney, renal failure.

There are many more reasons for the development of extrarenal polyuria. Increased urine production occurs in diabetes mellitus. This occurs when glucose enters the urine, which pulls the liquid onto itself, since it is an osmotically active substance.

In diabetes insipidus, the genesis of polyuria is a violation of the production of vasopressin, which is responsible for the retention of the required amount of fluid. Daily diuresis also increases with Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism).

Also, extrarenal polyuria occurs with an increase in fluid in the vascular bed. For example, with intravenous drip of solutions with diuretics, that is, forced diuresis. The doctor prescribes diuretic medications to reduce swelling. Excess fluid from the tissues returns to the bloodstream, and its excess is excreted along with the urine.

Urine formation during pregnancy

A change in the amount of daily urine is prescribed when there is a suspicion of hidden edema or a threat of developing preeclampsia or eclampsia. For pregnant women, daily diuresis is prescribed according to indications; the analysis is not included in the list of mandatory ones for expectant mothers.