Why is sodium chloride given intravenously? Why is glucose injected intravenously? Conditions and shelf life.

Dosage form: solution for infusion Compound:

1000 ml of solution contains :

Active ingredients:	55,000 g
Dextrose (glucose) monohydrate
(corresponds to dextrose)	50,000 g
Sodium chloride	3.630 g
Potassium chloride	1.340 g
Calcium chloride dihydrate	0.295 g
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate	0.610 g
Sodium acetate trihydrate	5.170 g
Excipients:
Hydrochloric acid solution 2 M	from 0 to 2 years
Acetic acid solution 2 M	from 0 to 1 g
Water for injections	up to 1000 ml
Electrolyte concentration:
Sodium	100.0 mmol/l
Potassium	18.0 mmol/l
Calcium	2.0 mmol/l
Magnesium	3.0 mmol/l
Chlorides	90.0 mmol/l
Acetates	38.0 mmol/l

Physico-chemical characteristics :

Theoretical osmolarity - 530 mOsm/l

pH - from 4.5 to 7.5

Calorie content - 835 kJ/l (200 kcal/l)

Description: Transparent, colorless or pale yellow solution. Pharmacotherapeutic group:rehydrating agent ATX:

Electrolytes combined with carbohydrates

Pharmacodynamics:

The drug is an electrolyte solution with a total amount of cations equal to 123 mmol/l. This composition was selected based on the need to compensate for disturbances in the body’s electrolyte metabolism during metabolic stress. For this purpose, in comparison with electrolyte solutions, the composition of which is close to blood plasma, the amount of sodium is reduced in order to prevent sodium and fluid retention, but at the same time remains sufficient to prevent the development of secondary hyperaldosteronism.

A fairly high concentration of potassium in comparison with electrolyte solutions similar in composition to blood plasma is due to the body’s increased need for potassium, which occurs during stressful situations in conditions of adequate replacement of fluid volume, amounting to approximately 1 mmol of potassium/kg body weight/day.

Acetates have an alkalizing effect when oxidized. The anionic composition is represented by a balanced combination of chlorides, which are not metabolized, and acetates, which are metabolized and prevent the development of metabolic acidosis.

In addition, the solution contains 5% glucose. From a physiological point of view, glucose is the primary source of energy with a caloric value of about 16 kJ/g or 3.75 kcal/g. Providing the body with glucose is necessary for the functioning of the tissues of the nervous system, red blood cells and the kidney medulla.

On the one hand, glucose is converted into glycogen for carbohydrate reserves, on the other hand, it is metabolized during glycolysis into pyruvate or lactate to provide energy to the body's cells.

There is a close relationship between electrolytes and carbohydrate metabolism. Assimilationglucose and increased need for potassium are related. If you don't accept ittaken into account, this can lead to disturbances in potassium metabolism, which, in turn,may cause severe heart rhythm disturbances.

Some pathological conditions can lead to disruption of absorption processesglucose (glucose intolerance), for example, such as diabetes mellitus or conditions in which “stress metabolism” is observed, leading to (reduced glucose tolerance (severe complications of the surgical or postoperative period, trauma). This can lead to hyperglycemia, which, in turn, may, depending on the degree of severity, lead to osmotic diuresis with subsequentdevelopment of hypertensivedehydration and hyperosmoticdisorders up to hyperosmotic coma.

Excessive administration of glucose, especially in conditions accompanied by a decrease in glucose tolerance, can lead to serious impairment of glucose absorption and,due to the limitation of oxidative uptake of glucose, to a greater transitionglucose into fat. This, in turn, may be accompanied by higher levels CO 2 in the body (problems associated with turning off mechanical ventilation), as well as increasedinfiltration of fat into tissue, especially the liver. Particularly at riskdisorders of glucose homeostasis in patients with traumatic brain injury or cerebral edema. INIn these cases, even minor disturbances in glucose concentration in blood and therefore, an increase in blood plasma (serum) osmolarity can lead tonoticeable increase in brain disorders.

A dose of 40 ml/kg body weight/day covers the body’s necessary carbohydrate needs, equal to 2 g glucose/kg body weight/day (hypocaloric infusion therapy).

Pharmacokinetics:

During infusion, glucose primarily enters the intravascular space, followed by movement into the intercellular space. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate or lactate. Further, lactate partially participates in the reactions of the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate is completely oxidized by oxygen to CO 2 and H 2 O. The products of glucose oxidation are excreted by the lungs (CO 2 ) and kidneys (H 2 O).

Normally, glucose is not eliminated by the kidneys. In pathological conditions (such as diabetes mellitus, decreased glucose tolerance) with hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration more than 120 mg/ml or 6.7 mmol/l), glucose is excreted by the kidneys (glucosuria) when the maximum glomerular filtration rate (180 mg/l) is exceeded 100 ml or 10 mmol/l).

Indications:

Hypertensive dehydration;

Isotonic dehydration;

Providing the body with fluid and electrolytes to partially cover energy needs during infusion therapy in the postoperative and post-traumatic period;

For diluting compatible concentrated solutions of electrolytes and other medications.

Contraindications:

Overhydration;

Hypotonic dehydration;

Hyperkalemia;

Children's age up to 14 years.

Carefully:

Normofundin G-5 should be used with caution in the following cases:

Hyponatremia;

Renal failure with a tendency to hyperkalemia;

Hyperglycemia that is not controlled by insulin at a dose of up to 6 units/hour.

Pregnancy and lactation:

It is possible to use the drug Normofundin G-5 in pregnant and lactating women in cases where the expected benefit from drug treatment exceeds the possible risk of complications.

Directions for use and dosage:

Normofundin G-5 is injected into peripheral and central veins.

The dose of the drug depends on the level of glucose in the blood, the patient's need for fluid and electrolytes.

Maximum daily dose

Elderly, adults and children over 14 years of age: 40 ml/kg body weight, which corresponds to 2.0 g glucose/kg body weight, 4 mmol sodium/kg body weight and 0.7 mmol potassium/kg body weight.

Maximum injection rate

5 ml/kg body weight/hour or 1.6 drops/kg body weight/min, which corresponds to 0.25 g glucose/kg body weight/hour.

Duration of use

The solution can be used for several days. Duration of use determined by the patient’s clinical condition and laboratory parameters.

With normal metabolism, the total amount of carbohydrates administered should not exceed 350-400 g per day. When such doses are administered, glucose is completely absorbed.

Prescription of higher doses may cause the development of adverse side reactions and lead to fatty infiltration of the liver. In states of impaired metabolism, for example, after major surgery or trauma, hypoxic stress or organ failure, the daily dose should be reduced to 200-300 g, which corresponds to 3 g/kg body weight/day. The selection of individual doses includes mandatory laboratory monitoring.

The following dose limits for adults must be strictly observed: 0.25 g glucose/kg body weight/hour and up to 6 g/kg body weight/day. The administration of solutions containing carbohydrates, regardless of concentration, should always be accompanied by monitoring blood glucose levels both during surgical intervention and during conservative management of the patient. To prevent an overdose of carbohydrates, the use of infusion pumps is recommended, especially when using solutions with a high concentration of carbohydrates.

A dose of 30 ml of solution/kg body weight/day covers only the physiological needs of the body for fluid. In postoperative and critically ill patients, fluid requirements increase due to decreased renal concentrating function and increased excretion of waste products, resulting in the need to increase fluid intake to approximately 40 ml/kg body weight/day.

Additional losses (fever, diarrhea, fistulas, vomiting, etc.) must be compensated by even higher fluid administration, the level of which is set individually.

The actual individual level of fluid requirement is determined by sequential monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters (urine output, serum and urine osmolarity, determination of excreted substances).

The main replacement of the most important cations sodium and potassium is 1.5-3.0 mmol/kg body weight/day and 0.8-1.0 mmol/kg body weight/day, respectively.

The actual needs for infusion therapy are determined by the state of water and electrolyte balance.

Side effects: Overdose:

Symptoms

An overdose of the drug can lead to phenomena such as overhydration with increased skin turgor, venous stagnation and the development of general edema with subsequent development of pulmonary edema.

Treatment

Immediate cessation of infusion, administration of diuretics, constant monitoring of blood plasma electrolytes; correction of electrolyte levels.

Glucose overdose

Symptoms

Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, dehydration, serum hyperosmolarity, hyperglycemic or hyperosmolar coma.

Treatment

Immediately stop the infusion; carrying out rehydration, prescribing insulin with constant monitoring of blood glucose levels; replacement of electrolyte losses, monitoring of acid-base balance.

Interaction:

To avoid the formation of sediment, Normofundin G-5 should not be mixed with drugs containing oxalates, phosphates, carbonates or bicarbonates.

Suxamethonium and potassium, when administered together, may have a negative effect influence on heart rate due to severe hyperkalemia.

Special instructions:

Clinical monitoring should include monitoring of water and electrolyte balance.

In the presence of arterial hypertension, the prescription of sodium chloride and fluid volume should be individualized.

For elderly people, it is necessary to reduce the dose of the administered drug due to the risk of volume overload.

The solution should not be administered through the same transfusion systems at the same time, before or after blood administration due to the risk of pseudoagglutination.

Only a solution containing 70 mmol/l sodium can be used to treat hypertensive dehydration. Correction of dehydration should be carried out for at least 48 hours.

Administration of the solution in post-operative, post-traumatic or other conditions accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance must be carried out under the condition of constant monitoring of glucose concentration.

Do not freeze!

Impact on the ability to drive vehicles. Wed and fur.:

The drug does not affect the ability to drive vehicles, operate machinery, or engage in potentially hazardous activities that require increased concentration and psychomotor reactions.

Release form/dosage:Solution for infusion. Package:

500 ml or 1000 ml in polyethylene bottles without additives, meeting the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for parenteral drugs. A polyethylene cap with two holes in the upper part is welded onto the bottle, under which there is a rubber disk; Each of the holes is sealed with foil.

10 bottles of 500 ml or 1000 ml along with instructions for use in appropriate quantity in a cardboard box (for hospitals).

Storage conditions:

Store at temperatures from 2 to 25 °C.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Best before date:

Do not use after the expiration date stated on the package.

Conditions for dispensing from pharmacies: For hospitals Registration number: LS-000969 Registration date: 03.10.2011 Owner of the Registration Certificate:B.Brown Melsungen AG Germany Manufacturer: Representative office: B.Brown Medical, LLC Information update date: 09.03.2016 Illustrated instructions

Or saline– a remedy that maintains blood and intercellular pressure in the body. A sodium chloride dropper is used for hypohydration and intoxication of the body, with a decrease in blood volume.

Sodium chloride - solution for intravenous administration

Composition and price of sodium chloride

Sodium chloride solution, or saline, is a colorless, salty liquid that has no distinct odor. There are 2 types of saline solution with different concentrations of NaCl: 0.9% isotonic, and 10% hypertonic.

Composition of the product per 1 liter:

There are several forms of saline solution:

Storage conditions for sodium chloride: store in a dry place, out of reach of children and pets, at a temperature of +18 to +25 degrees. The shelf life of the product is 5 years.

The cost of the solution depends on the form of release, volume and manufacturer. Average prices are:

In ampoules: 30-325 rubles.
In bottles and bags: 25-60 rubles.
Hypertonic saline: 80-220 rubles.

The drug is dispensed from pharmacies according to the prescription of the attending physician.

How is sodium chloride beneficial for the body?

Chlorinated sodium is present in blood plasma and tissue fluids of the human body. It is responsible for the stability of the osmotic pressure of intercellular fluid and blood. When there is a shortage of this substance, water leaves the vascular bed and passes into the interstitial fluid.

This provokes the following conditions:

increased blood density;
spasms of smooth, skeletal muscles;
neurological pathologies;
disorders of the cardiovascular system.

Infusion of saline solution returns the water-salt balance to normal, and also cleanses the body of toxins and breakdown products formed as a result of the activity of harmful bacteria.

External use of NaCl improves the secretion of pus, restores microflora, and destroys pathogenic microorganisms of various origins.

In addition, chlorinated sodium improves the absorption of medications. Patients are often placed on a drip with intravenous medications diluted with saline.

pharmachologic effect

Sodium chloride is used as a detoxification, rehydration and plasma replacement agent. Its use is accompanied by the following effects:

normalization of water and salt balance;
replenishment of Na and Cl deficiency;
temporary increase in blood volume;
increased urine output to cleanse the body.

Due to the improvement in the bioavailability of most drugs, saline solution is used in medicine as a means for diluting injection and infusion drugs.

Saline solution as a basis for injection and infusion preparations

It is incompatible or poorly compatible with the following medications:

norepinephrine;
corticosteroids;
leukopoiesis stimulator Filgrastim;
antibiotic Polymyxin B.

In case of arterial hypertension, sodium chloride should not be combined with Enapril and Spirapril: the use of saline solution reduces the hypotensive effect of these drugs.

The saline solution has an osmotic pressure similar to the human blood environment, and therefore is quickly eliminated from the body. Already 1 hour after using the dropper, less than half of the product remains in the body.

Why is saline solution prescribed?

Saline solution is administered intravenously in the form of infusions when indicated:

Severe and critical dehydration of the body, disturbance of water-salt balance.
Reduced plasma volume with large blood losses, dyspepsia, severe burns, diabetic coma.
Carrying out surgical procedures, postoperative period.
Intoxication of the body due to infections and poisonings of various origins.
Epigastric, ileocecal, pulmonary bleeding.
Digestive pathologies: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chronic and acute constipation.
Lack of Na and Cl in the body.

When introducing droppers of saline solution with additional components, the list of indications expands.

Instructions for use for dropper

Before introducing sodium chloride inside, it must be heated to a temperature of 36-38 degrees. The dosage of the drug is calculated individually, based on the patient’s condition, medical history, age and weight.

The average daily dosage of the drug varies in the following values:

Adults: 500-3000 ml.
During pregnancy: 300-1200 ml.
Children: 20-100 ml per kg of weight.

To instantly replenish the lack of Na and Cl, 100 ml is administered once.

The average dropper speed is 540 ml/h. The hypertonic solution is injected in a stream.

Jet injection of saline solution

For dilution and drip administration of other drugs, from 50 to 250 ml of physiological solution per dose of the drug is used.

Side effects

Rare negative effects that occur with prolonged or heavy use of sodium chloride include:

If such complications occur, the administration of saline solution is stopped, and the patient is given assistance to eliminate the side effects.

Contraindications for intravenous administration

Infusion of saline solution is prohibited for the following pathologies:

IV with saline solution– a quick and effective way to replenish blood volume in the body, restore water-salt balance, and cleanse toxins. To prevent the product from causing a negative reaction, it should be used exclusively under the supervision of a physician.

Rehydration and detoxification drug for parenteral use

Active ingredients

Some pathological conditions can lead to disruption of the processes of glucose absorption (glucose intolerance), for example, such as diabetes mellitus or conditions in which “stress metabolism” is observed, leading to a decrease in glucose tolerance (severe complications of the surgical or postoperative period, trauma). This can lead to hyperglycemia, which, in turn, can, depending on the severity, lead to osmotic diuresis with the subsequent development of hypertensive dehydration and hyperosmotic disorders up to hyperosmotic coma.

Excessive glucose administration, especially in conditions involving decreased glucose tolerance, can lead to severe impairment of glucose uptake and, by limiting oxidative uptake of glucose, to greater conversion of glucose to fat. This, in turn, may be accompanied by higher levels of CO 2 in the body (problems associated with ventilator weaning), as well as increased infiltration of fat into tissues, especially the liver. Patients with traumatic brain injury or cerebral edema are especially at risk for disruption of glucose homeostasis. In these cases, even minor disturbances in the concentration of glucose in the blood and, consequently, an increase in the osmolarity of the blood plasma (serum) can lead to a noticeable increase in brain disorders. A dose of 40 ml/kg body weight/day covers the body's necessary carbohydrate needs equal to 2 g glucose/kg body weight/day (hypocaloric infusion therapy).

Pharmacokinetics

During infusions, glucose primarily enters the intravascular space, followed by movement into the intercellular space. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate or lactate. Further, lactate partially participates in the reactions of the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate is completely oxidized by oxygen to CO 2 and H 2 O. The products of glucose oxidation are excreted by the lungs (CO 2) and kidneys (H 2 O).

Normally, glucose is not eliminated by the kidneys. In pathological conditions (such as diabetes mellitus, decreased glucose tolerance) with hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration more than 120 mg/100 ml or 6.7 mmol/l), glucose is excreted by the kidneys (glucosuria) when the maximum glomerular filtration rate is exceeded (180 mg/100 ml or 10 mmol/l).

Indications

hypertensive dehydration;
isotonic dehydration;
providing the body with fluid and electrolytes to partially cover energy needs during infusion therapy in the postoperative and post-traumatic period;
as a carrier of compatible concentrated solutions of electrolytes and other drugs during infusion therapy.

Contraindications

overhydration;
hypotonic dehydration;
hyperkalemia.

Carefully: hyponatremia; renal failure with a tendency to hyperkalemia; hyperglycemia that is not controlled by insulin at a dose of up to 6 units/hour.

Dosage

Normofundin G-5 is injected into peripheral and central veins.

The dose of the drug is selected individually and depends on the level of glucose in the blood, the patient’s need for fluid and electrolytes.

For adults

Maximum daily dose - 40 ml/kg body weight, which corresponds to 2.0 g glucose/kg body weight, 4 mmol sodium/kg body weight and 0.7 mmol potassium/kg body weight.

Maximum injection rate - 5 ml/kg body weight/hour, which corresponds to 0.25 g glucose/kg body weight/hour and 0.09 mmol potassium/kg body weight/hour.

Children under 18 years old

Maximum daily volume of fluid administered

for children on the 1st day of life 60-120 ml/kg body weight;
for children on the 2nd day of life 80-120 ml/kg body weight;
for children on the 3rd day of life 100-130 ml/kg body weight;
children on the 4th day of life 120-150 ml/kg body mass;
for children on the 5th day of life 140-160 ml/kg body weight;
children on the 6th day of life 140-180 ml/kg body weight;
for children from 7 days to the first month of life inclusive, 140-160 ml/kg body weight;
for children from the second month of life 120-150 ml/kg body weight;
children from 1 year to 2 years inclusive 80-120 ml/kg body weight;
children from 3 years to 5 years inclusive 80-100 ml/kg body weight;
children from 6 years to 12 years inclusive 60-80 ml/kg body weight;
children from 13 years to 18 years 50-70 ml/kg body weight.

Maximum daily dose of glucose

children from 1 year to 2 years inclusive 12-15 g glucose/kg body weight;
children from 3 years to 5 years inclusive 12 g glucose/kg body weight;
children from 6 years to 10 years inclusive 10 g glucose/kg body weight;
children from 11 years to 14 years inclusive: 8 g glucose/kg body weight.

Maximum glucose infusion rate

children from 1 year to 2 years inclusive 8-10 mg glucose/kg body weight/min;
children from 3 years to 5 years inclusive 8-10 mg glucose/kg body weight/min;
children from 6 years to 10 years inclusive: 8-10 mg glucose/kg body weight/min;
children from 11 years to 14 years inclusive 5-6 mg glucose/kg body weight/min.

Duration of use

The solution can be used for several days. The duration of use is determined by the clinical condition of the patient and laboratory parameters.

With normal metabolism, the total amount of carbohydrates administered should not exceed 350-400 g/day. When such doses are administered, glucose is completely absorbed. Prescription of higher doses may cause the development of adverse side reactions and lead to fatty infiltration of the liver. In states of impaired metabolism, for example, after major surgery or trauma, hypoxic stress or organ failure, the daily dose should be reduced to 200-300 g, which corresponds to 3 g/kg body weight/day. The selection of individual doses includes mandatory laboratory monitoring.

The following dose limits for adults must be strictly observed: 0.25 g glucose/kg body weight/hour and up to 6 g/kg body weight/day. The administration of solutions containing carbohydrates, regardless of concentration, should always be accompanied by monitoring blood glucose levels, both during surgical intervention and during conservative management of the patient. To prevent an overdose of carbohydrates, the use of infusion pumps is recommended, especially when using solutions with a high concentration of carbohydrates.

A dose of 30 ml of solution/kg body weight/day covers only the physiological needs of the body for fluid. In patients who have undergone surgery and critically ill patients, fluid requirements increase due to decreased renal concentrating function and increased excretion of metabolic products, which leads to the need to increase fluid intake to approximately 40 ml/kg body weight/day. Additional losses (fever, diarrhea, fistulas, vomiting, etc.) must be compensated by even higher fluid administration, the level of which is set individually. The actual individual level of fluid requirement is determined by sequential monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters (urine output, serum and urine osmolarity, determination of excreted substances).

The main replacement of the most important cations sodium and potassium is 1.5-3.0 mmol/kg body weight/day and 0.8-1.0 mmol/kg body weight/day, respectively. The actual needs for infusion therapy are determined by the state of water and electrolyte balance.

Overdose

Symptoms

An overdose of the drug can lead to phenomena such as overhydration with increased skin turgor, venous stagnation and the development of general edema with subsequent development of pulmonary edema. Disturbances in electrolyte metabolism (hyperkalemia), acid-base balance, and hyperglycemia may also occur.

Treatment

Immediately stop the infusion, prescribe diuretics, correct electrolyte levels and acid-base status with constant monitoring of water and electrolyte balance.

Glucose overdose

Symptoms

Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, dehydration, serum hyperosmolarity, hyperglycemic or hyperosmolar coma.

Treatment

Immediately stop the infusion; carrying out rehydration; prescribing insulin with constant monitoring of blood glucose levels; replacement of electrolyte losses, monitoring of acid-base balance.

Drug interactions

To avoid the formation of sediment, Normofundin G-5 should not be mixed with drugs containing oxalates, phosphates, carbonates or bicarbonates. Suxamethonium and potassium, when administered together, can have a negative effect on heart rate due to severe hyperkalemia.

special instructions

Clinical monitoring should include monitoring of water and electrolyte balance.

If available, sodium chloride and fluid volume should be administered individually.

The solution should not be administered through the same transfusion systems at the same time, before or after blood administration due to the risk of pseudoagglutination.

Only a solution containing 70 mmol/l sodium can be used to treat hypertensive dehydration. Correction of dehydration should be carried out for at least 48 hours.

Do not freeze!

Impact on the ability to drive vehicles and machinery

The drug does not affect the ability to drive vehicles, operate machinery, or engage in potentially hazardous activities that require increased concentration and speed of psychomotor reactions.

Pregnancy and lactation

It is possible to use the drug Normofundin G-5 in pregnant and lactating women in cases where the expected benefit from drug treatment exceeds the possible risk of complications.

Use in childhood

Daily doses for children should be selected individually, according to need, blood glucose levels and water-electrolyte balance.

When choosing doses for children under 18 years of age, the following restrictions on the maximum daily volume of fluid and glucose administered, as well as the maximum rate of glucose administration, must be taken into account.

For impaired renal function

Carefully: renal failure with a tendency to hyperkalemia.

Use in old age

For elderly people, it is necessary to reduce the dose of the administered drug due to the risk of volume overload.

Conditions for dispensing from pharmacies

The drug is available with a prescription.

Storage conditions and periods

Store the drug out of the reach of children at a temperature of 2 to 25°C.

Shelf life - 3 years. Do not use after the expiration date stated on the package.

Instructions for medical use of the drug

Description of pharmacological action

The drug is an electrolyte solution with a total amount of cations equal to 123 mmol/l, whose composition was selected based on the need to compensate for disturbances in the mineral composition of the body during metabolic stress. For this purpose, in comparison with electrolyte solutions similar in composition to plasma, the amount of sodium is reduced in order to prevent sodium and fluid retention.

Indications for use

Hypertensive dehydration;

Isotonic dehydration;

Providing the body with fluid and electrolytes to partially cover energy needs during infusion therapy in the postoperative, post-traumatic period;

For diluting concentrated solutions of electrolytes and medications.

Release form

items for infusion; polyethylene bottle (bottle) 100 ml, cardboard box (box) 20;

Pharmacodynamics

Adding a high concentration of potassium in a mixture of electrolytes close to the plasma reflects an increase in the body's need for potassium during stressful situations, with adequate replacement with radins, which is approximately stored є 1 mmol/kg body weight/add.

The acetate oxidizes and produces a muddy effect. The storage of anions is represented by a balanced combination of chlorides, which are not metabolized, and acetates, which are metabolized and delay the development of metabolic acidosis.

In addition, it is necessary to mix 5% glucose into carbohydrates. From a physiological point of view, glucose is the primary source of energy with a caloric value of approximately 16 kJ or 3.75 kcal / g. Providing the body with glucose is necessary for the functioning of tissues of the nervous system, red blood cells ів, і cerebral speech is low.

On the one hand, glucose is converted into glycogen for carbohydrate reserves, on the other hand, it is metabolized during the process of glycolysis into peruvate or lactate to provide energy to the cells of the body.

There is a close relationship between electrolytes and carbohydrate metabolism.

The absorption of glucose and the increased need for potassium interact with each other. If you do not take this seriously, you can lead to impaired potassium metabolism, which, in your opinion, can lead to changes in heart rhythm.

Certain pathological conditions can lead to disruption of the processes of glucose absorption (glucose intolerance), for example, illness such as diabetes or conditions, in which stress metabolism is avoided, lead to a decrease in tolerance to fluids (important complications of the surgical and postoperative period, trauma). This can lead to hyperglycemia, which, in turn, can - depending on the degree of severity - lead to osmotic diuresis with the further development of hypertonic dehydration and hyperosmotic disturbances right up to hyperosmotic Komi

Excessive administration of glucose, especially during periods that are accompanied by a decrease in glucose tolerance, can lead to a serious impairment of glucose absorption, resulting in a decrease in the oxide absorption of glucose, and to a greater transition of glucose into fat. This, in its own way, may be accompanied by a higher level of CO2 in the body (problems associated with SHVL connections), as well as increased infiltration of fat in the tissue, especially in the liver. and to the risk of disruption of glucose homeostasis and craniocerebral diseases injury or swelling of the brain.In these types of episodes, there are minor disturbances in the concentration of glucose in the blood and, therefore, an increase in plasma osmolarity (syrup) can lead to a significant increase in cerebral damage.

A dose of 40 ml/kg body weight/dose covers the body's essential carbohydrate needs, equal to 2 g of glucose/kg body weight/dose (hypocaloric infusion therapy).

Pharmacokinetics

At the hour of infusion, glucose first moves to the interstitial space with subsequent displacements to the interclinary space. During the glycolysis process, glucose is converted into pyruvate or lactate. Further, lactate often takes part in reactions to the Krebs cycle. Peruvate is completely oxidized by acid to CO2 and H2O. Glucose oxidation products are excreted by light (CO2) and alcohol (H2O). Normally, glucose is not eliminated by sugar. In pathological conditions (such as diabetes, low glucose tolerance) with hyperglycemia (the concentration of glucose in the blood is more than 120 mg / ml or 6.7 mmol / l), glucose is excreted by alcohol (glucosuria), if puppy maximum glomerular filtration (180 mg / 100 ml or 10 mmol/l).

Use during pregnancy

There are no clear contraindications. Tim is no less advisable for gestation and lactation, if the benefit for the mother outweighs the potential risk for the fetus or newborn.

Contraindications for use

Hyperhydration;

Hypotonic dehydration;

Hyperkalemia.

With caution: in case of hyponatremia, nicotine deficiency with a tendency to hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, it is not controlled by insulin at a dose of up to 6 units / g.

Side effects

Directions for use and doses

For intravenous administration (central or peripheral access).

The dose is selected individually according to the patient's needs in electricity and electrolytes.

Maximum daily dose: up to 40 ml / kg body weight / supplement, e.g. 2.0 g glucose / kg body weight / supplement, 4 mmol sodium / kg body weight / supplement and 0.7 mmol calcium / kg body weight / supplement.

Liquidity of administration: up to 5 ml / kg body weight / year, typically 0.25 g of glucose / kg body weight / year. Injection speed - 1.6 drops / kg body weight / weight.

Trivalist vikoristannya:

Rozchin can be victorious for several days. The severity of the disease is indicated by the clinical stage of the patient and laboratory indicators.

With normal metabolism, the amount of carbohydrates introduced should not exceed 350-400 g/dose. When such doses are administered, glucose is completely oxidized. Prescribing higher doses may cause side effects and lead to fatty infiltration of the liver. In cases of impaired metabolism, for example, after major operations or injuries, hypoxic stress or organ failure, the daily dose should be changed to 200-300 g, which is 3 g / kg body weight / supplement. Selection of individual doses includes both language laboratory monitoring.

It is necessary to carefully adhere to the dose reduction for adults: 0.25 g glucose / kg body weight / year and up to 6 g / kg body weight / supplement. The use of carbohydrates, regardless of the concentration, must always be accompanied by monitoring the concentration of glucose in the blood, both during surgical treatment and during conservative management of the patient. To prevent overdosing of carbohydrates, it is recommended to use a high-speed infusion pump, especially in cases of high carbohydrate concentrations.

Rhubarb 30 ml dose / kg body weight / supplement covers only the physiological needs of the body in the country. In patients who have undergone operations, and in those who have been resuscitated, the needs in the home will increase in the ligament due to the altered concentration function of low and increased excretion of metabolic products, It is necessary to increase the dietary intake to approximately 40 ml / kg body weight / supplementary consumption. (fever, diarrhea, fistulas, vomiting, etc.) it is necessary to compensate for even higher intakes of radium, the level of which is determined individually. The actual individual consumption level in the country is determined by follow-up monitoring of clinical and laboratory indicators (visualization of the section, osmolarity of serum and section, value speeches are visible).

The basic substitution of the most important cations with sodium and potassium reaches 1.5-3 mmol per kg / body weight / supplement and 0.8-1.0 mmol / kg body weight / supplement. Actual requirements for infusion therapy are determined by electrolyte balance and monitoring of plasma electrolyte concentrations.

Overdose

Symptoms: overdosing on the drug can cause symptoms such as hyperhydration due to increased skin turgor, venous stagnation and the development of ulcerative lesions with further development of swelling of the skin.

Treatment: then carefully administer the infusion, use diuretics with continuous monitoring of blood plasma electrolytes; correction of electrolyte balance.

Glucose overdose

Symptoms: hyperglycemia, glycosuria, dehydration, hyperosmolarity of the serum, hyperglycemic or hyperosmolar coma.

Treatment: carefully administer the infusion; carrying out rehydration; recognition of insulin for sustained control of blood glucose; replacement of electrolyte losses, monitoring of acid-water balance.

Interactions with other drugs

Suxamethonium and potassium, when used in sleep, can cause a negative effect on the heart rate in connection with severe hyperkalemia.

Special instructions for use

Clinical monitoring should include monitoring of blood serum electrolytes and fluid balance.

If hypertension is detected, sodium chloride and blood volume measurements should be carried out individually.

For especially summer age, it is necessary to reduce the dose of the drug that is administered to the ulcer due to the unsafe reversal of the volume.

Rozchin is not to be administered through the same systems for transfusion, simultaneously, before or after the introduction of blood due to the risk of pseudoaglutination.

Only solutions that contain 70 mmol/l sodium may be used for the treatment of hypertensive dehydration. Correction of dehydration must be carried out for at least 48 hours. In case of postoperative, post-traumatic or other conditions with impaired glucose tolerance, it is necessary to carry out continuous monitoring of glucose concentration.

Storage conditions

At a temperature not exceeding 25 ° C (Do not freeze).

Best before date

ATX classification:

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Glucose is a powerful source of nutrition that is easily absorbed by the body. This solution is very valuable for the human body, since the healing liquid has the power to significantly improve energy reserves and restore weakened performance functions. The most important task of glucose is to provide and give the body the necessary source of complete nutrition.

Glucose solutions have long been effectively used in medicine for injection therapy. But why do they drip glucose intravenously, in what cases do doctors prescribe such treatment, and is it suitable for everyone? This is worth talking about in more detail.

Glucose is a source of energy for the human body

Glucose (or dextrose) is actively involved in a variety of metabolic processes in the human body. A. This medicinal substance has diverse effects on the systems and organs of the body. Dextrose:

Improves cellular metabolism.
Reanimates weakened liver functions.
Replenishes lost energy reserves.
Stimulates the basic functions of internal organs.
Helps with detoxification therapy.
Strengthens redox processes.
Replenishes significant loss of fluid in the body.

When a glucose solution penetrates the body, its active phosphorylation begins in the tissues. That is, dextrose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate.

Glucose is essential for healthy cellular metabolism

Glucose-6-phosphate or phosphorylated glucose is an important participant in the main metabolic processes occurring in the human body.

Forms of release of the drug

Dextrose is produced by the pharmaceutical industry in two forms. Both forms of solution are useful for people with weakened bodies, but have their own nuances in use.

Isotonic solution

This type of dextrose is intended to restore the functioning of weakened internal organs, as well as to replenish lost fluid reserves. This 5% solution is a powerful source of nutrients essential for human life.

What is isotonic glucose solution

An isotonic solution is administered in different ways:

Subcutaneously. The daily volume of administered medication in this case is 300-500 ml.
Intravenously. Doctors may prescribe the medication intravenously (300-400 ml per day).
Enema. In this case, the total amount of administered solution is about 1.5-2 liters per day.

It is not recommended to administer glucose intramuscularly in its pure form. In this case, there is a high risk of developing purulent inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue. Intravenous injections are prescribed if a slow and gradual infusion of dextrose is not required.

Hypertonic solution

This type of dextrose is necessary to improve the functioning of a damaged liver and resuscitate metabolic processes. Additionally, a hypertonic solution restores normal diuresis and promotes vasodilation. Also this dropper with glucose (10-40% solution):

increases metabolic processes;
improves myocardial functioning;
increases the volume of urine produced;
promotes dilation of blood vessels;
increases the antitoxic functions of the liver organ;
enhances the passage of fluid and tissue into the bloodstream;
increases the osmotic pressure of the blood (this pressure ensures normal water exchange between body tissues).

Hypertonic solution is prescribed by doctors in the form of injections and droppers. When it comes to injections, dextrose is most often administered intravenously. It can also be used in combination with other medications. Many people, especially athletes, prefer to drink glucose.

What are hypertonic solutions

The hypertonic solution, administered by injection, is diluted with thiamine, ascorbic acid or insulin. A single dose in this case is about 25-50 ml.

The medicinal power of droppers

For infusion (intravenous), a 5% dextrose solution is usually used. The healing liquid is packaged in plastic, hermetically sealed bags or 400 ml bottles. The infusion solution consists of:

Purified water.
Directly glucose.
Active excipient.

When dextrose enters the bloodstream, it breaks down into water and carbon dioxide, actively producing energy. The subsequent pharmacology depends on the nature of the additional drugs used that are part of the droppers.

Where is glucose used?

Why do they put in a glucose drip?

The purpose of such therapeutic treatment is carried out for many different diseases and further rehabilitation of an organism weakened by pathology. A glucose dropper is especially beneficial for health, for which it is prescribed in the following cases:

hepatitis;
pulmonary edema;
dehydration;
diabetes;
liver pathologies;
state of shock;
hemorrhagic diathesis;
internal bleeding;
alcohol intoxication;
general exhaustion of the body;
a sharp decrease in blood pressure (collapse);
profuse, persistent vomiting;
infectious diseases;
relapse of heart failure;
accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary organs;
stomach upset (prolonged diarrhea);
exacerbation of hypoglycemia, in which there is a drop in blood sugar to a critical level.

Also, intravenous infusion of dextrose is indicated if it is necessary to introduce certain medications into the body. In particular, cardiac glycosides.

Side effects

Isotonic dextrose solution in rare cases can cause a number of side effects. Namely:

increased appetite;
weight gain;
feverish conditions;
necrosis of subcutaneous tissue;
blood clots at the IV site;
hypervolemia (increased blood volume);
overhydration (violation of water-salt metabolism).

If the solution is prepared incorrectly and dextrose is introduced into the body in increased quantities, more tragic consequences can occur. In this case, an attack of hyperglycemia and, in especially severe cases, a coma may occur. Shock occurs due to a sharp increase in sugar in the patient's blood.

So, while useful, intravenous glucose should only be used when indicated. And directly as prescribed by a doctor, and procedures should only be carried out under medical supervision.

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