Reflexive verbs in Russian. What are significant parts and how to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb

Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them talk about the same situation, for example: something is black in the distance and something is black in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what a non-reflexive verb means and what it looks like “in life” by noting that the verbs reflexive and non-reflexive mean completely different moments.

The division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive has developed in the Russian language completely regardless of their division into transitive and intransitive, voicing and non-vocal. It does not coincide with either one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sia represents the intransitivity of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide voice correlation.

Putting on shoes, dressing, swimming(action is directed towards oneself);
See each other, hug, quarrel(reciprocal action that is performed by several subjects in relation to each other);
Happy, sad, upset(physical or mental state of the subject);
The fabric wrinkles, the cat scratches, the nettle stings(constant property, quality of the subject);
Build, tidy up, get some money(indirect reciprocal action performed by the subject in his own interests);
I wish it was getting dark(impersonal action).

Reflexivity of verbs– a grammatical category of verbs, indicating the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya/-sya, as well as by shades of meaning.

Reflexive and irreflexive verbs

The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive was established in the Russian language without regard to the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix –sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and voice correlation is provided only by the reflexive forms of the verb.

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scientists define the content of this category differently, and therefore resolve the issue of the number of voices differently: some count up to 17 voices, others deny the presence of voices altogether.

What are reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. This is their common grammatical property. Therefore, like other intransitive verbs (irreflexive), they cannot control the accusative case of nouns with the meaning of a direct object and do not form passive participles.

Contents What is reflexivity of verbs. Reflexive verbs Shades of the meaning of reflexive verbs Formation of reflexive verbs Non-reflexive verbs Test What is reflexivity of verbs. Reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category of verbs that indicates the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in the Russian language are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya/-sya, as well as in shades of meaning.

Returnable and non-returnable forms- 1. Options like the sail is whitening in the distance - the sail is whitening in the distance (with reflexive and non-reflexive forms of the verb, which have the same meaning “to be visible by its color, to stand out with it”) differ in that in the reflexive verb the indicated feature ... ... Reference book on spelling and stylistics

Participle forms- 1. Of the options wandering - wandering, acquiring - acquiring, dragging - dragging, the first is used in book speech, the second - in colloquial speech. 2. Unprefixed verbs with a suffix like go out, get wet, dry (see § 172... ... Reference book on spelling and style

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian

What is the correct word for firefighter or firefighter? In modern Russian, the words firefighter and fireman, denoting a firefighter, are synonymous. The adjective fireman is derived from the noun fire. The word firefighter means a squad, a signal, a hose - everything that relates to extinguishing fires.

How do you spell the word nostalgic? The spelling of unstressed vowels in the word nostalgia should be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary. The verb to nostalgia has a number of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. The suffix of the verb is stressed: In its formation, this verb went through a number of stages: nostalgia - nostalgia - nostalgia.

What are significant parts and how to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb

Let's figure out what the significant parts of verbs are? It's simple, these are all the morphemes that make it up. One of these important parts of any verb will be suffixes: SYA, SY, T, CH, L; as well as basics: infinitive, present tense. (Splash - toil, SAT - crowded, DRINK - cry, LIE - flow, Puffed - licked; talk - speak, spit - spit - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - ricej - the basis of the present tense).

Two words are given: run and walk. We produce analysis by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at – ending, suffixes Сь and СЯ out of stock. 2nd chapter: pro- – prefix; rumble-root; -yat – ending; -sya is a postfix (which indicates recurrence). Also, all non-reflexives are both transitive and intransitive, while their “brothers” are only intransitive.

What is non-refundable and returnable?

Since the new amendments came into force, passengers have become acquainted with a new term - “non-refundable tickets”, for which prices have been reduced (approx. - on domestic routes) by almost ¼. You will not be able to return such a ticket before departure - after all, most likely, the airline simply will not have time to sell it, which means an empty seat on the plane and losses for the carrier.

Life doesn't always go according to plan. There are often cases when she makes her own adjustments to planned events, and even hits her pocket. For example, when you have to cancel a flight with non-refundable tickets in hand. On the one hand, such tickets are much more profitable, on the other hand, it is impossible to return them in case of “force majeure”.

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

Depending on the presence or absence of verbs with grammatical features indicating the intransitivity of the process, verbs in the Russian language are divided into two categories: reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. In other words, the division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive is determined by whether or not the form of the verb itself indicates that the process it denotes is not reversed, is not directed towards a direct object, which is expressed by nouns in wine. pad. without pretext.

Passive meaning denoting that the action is directed by some actor to an object defined by the verb, which is thus the object of the action. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used mainly with inanimate nouns, and the character in this case is expressed by animate nouns in the instrumental case: a house is painted by painters, a locomotive is driven by a driver, a problem is solved by students, a model is designed by engineers etc. It should be noted, however, that this kind of phrases with the instrumental case of the character are rather artificial book formations and are relatively little used. It is more common to use reflexive verbs in the passive meaning without indicating the producer of the action, in abstraction from it: Soon the fairy tale will tell, but not soon the deed will be done, The floors are washed once a week, New cities are built etc., but in this case the passive meaning is not so clearly identified and may be completely lost, cf.: The problem is solved by students And The problem is being solved(can be resolved) Linen is washed by a laundress And Linen is not washed well(does not become clean, white), etc.

What you need to know about refundable and non-refundable air tickets

The cost of return tickets is always higher. For example, to book a flight from Moscow to Rome on August 11 at Aeroflot at a non-refundable fare, you will have to pay 14,890 rubles. For comparison, the airline has two return fares - “Economy Optimum” costing 18,155 rubles (and 70 euros will be charged for the return) and “Economy Premium” costing 22,640 rubles (in this case, return and exchange will be free).

After the changes came into effect, so-called non-refundable tickets were introduced into the Air Code. The authorities believed that innovations would create favorable conditions for the development of low-cost airlines in Russia. However, all carriers have made the cheapest air tickets non-refundable. In addition, fares on the market have become more flexible - not only non-refundable and non-exchangeable tickets have appeared, but also those providing for flights without luggage. As a result, flying to domestic destinations has become approximately 25% cheaper.

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

VERB

Verb categories

Verb meaning and forms

Verbs are words with the meaning of process, i.e. words expressing the characteristics they denote as an action (read, chop, go), state (to be sick, to lie down) or becoming (get younger, grow older).

Verbs have a rich system of mutually opposed syntactic forms, the totality of which is called conjugation. Of the syntactic forms, the most characteristic of a verb are those that serve to express the predicate in a sentence, the so-called predicative forms. The presence of these forms allows the verb to be contrasted with other parts of speech, which, without having a predicate form, cannot, unlike the verb, themselves act as a predicate in a sentence.

Predicative forms of the verb are expressed by mood forms, through which differences in the statement expressed by the predicate are indicated in relation to its reality or unreality, possibility (cf. he worked, he works And he would work, work). Predicative forms are opposed attributive forms– participle and gerund, which are forms in which the verb acts as a minor member of the sentence – definitions or circumstances (working, working, working).

Opposed to each other, predicative and attributive forms are united in the sense that, while expressing a process, they at the same time indicate that this process belongs to a person or object (cf. he works, you would work, brother working at the factory; an engineer working in a factory designs a car model etc.). All these forms, i.e. predicative and attributive in their totality are, in turn, opposed to the so-called indefinite form, or infinitive (work), in which there is no indication that the process is related to a person or thing. Representing a negative form in its grammatical meaning, the infinitive is neither a predicative nor an attributive form.

In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic forms repayment And irrevocability and shapes kind. According to the non-syntactic formal meanings expressed by these forms, verbs are divided into grammatical categories correlative to each other: firstly, into verbs returnable And non-refundable, secondly, on verbs perfect And imperfect species.

The division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive depends on whether their intransitive meaning of the process is grammatically expressed or not expressed. Reflexive verbs are verbs with grammatically expressed intransitivity, i.e. they indicate that the process they express is not and cannot be addressed to the direct object expressed by the noun in wine. pad. without a preposition, for example: wash, dress, meet, get angry, knock, turn black etc. In contrast, non-reflexive verbs do not indicate the intransitivity of the process, and therefore they can be transitive: wash(hands), dress(child) meet(delegation), make you angry(father), and intransitive: knock, blacken and etc.

The division of verbs into perfect and imperfect verbs is determined by how they express the flow of the process in relation to its completeness. Perfective verbs express a process in its completeness, at the moment the process reaches a limit or result: write, decide, start, get dressed, take a walk etc. Imperfective verbs express a process without indicating its completeness or completeness: write, decide, start, get dressed, walk etc.

The ways of forming verb forms are extremely diverse. The main grammatical means of their formation are various affixes: prefixes, suffixes, endings. But, in addition, in the formation of verb forms, a change in the stem is used much more widely than other parts of speech, expressed in various kinds of alternations of phonemes, cf., for example: appropriates - appropriates, asks - asks, twist - twist, graph - graph, knit - knit, plow - plow, carry - drive, carry - carry etc.

When forming conjugation forms, along with syntactic forms usual for the grammatical structure of the Russian language, i.e. forms in which real and formal meanings are expressed in one word, a number of verbal forms are formed analytically with the help of special auxiliary particles and words that express the syntactic formal meanings of a given form, while the conjugated verb denotes only real and non-syntactic formal meanings. So, for example, the conditional mood is formed (would work), future tense for imperfective verbs (they will work) and some other forms.

The formation of verb forms mainly corresponds to the general inflectional structure of the Russian language. Indeed, syntactic formal meanings of verbs are indicated not only by affixes, but also by changing the stem of the word (cf. lyub'-at - lyubl'u). Affixes usually denote not one, but several formal meanings (cf. I love And love'-at, where the endings indicate the person and number of the verb), finally, the same formal meaning can be expressed by different suffixes (cf. go-ut And scream-at). However, the formation of some forms of the verb is not inflectional, but agglutinative in nature, i.e. they are formed by “gluing”, stringing together identical unambiguous suffixes. This is, for example, the formation of forms of the imperative mood (cf. teach, teach, teach, teach, learn, learn, learn, learn).

Reflexive and irreflexive verbs

Reflexive verbs- these are those that indicate by their form that the process denoted by them is not and cannot be addressed to a direct object: appear, return, rush, share, call, knock etc., i.e. Reflexive verbs are verbs with grammatically expressed intransitivity.

In contrast to reflexive verbs irreversible verbs do not contain in their form grammatical features indicating the intransitiveness of the process: wash, return, rush, smoke, call, knock etc. Consequently, these are verbs with grammatically unexpressed intransitivity.

The opposition of reflexive and non-reflexive verbs to each other, as verbs with expressed and unexpressed intransitivity, corresponds to purely external formal features. Reflexive verbs are characterized by the presence of a special suffix, the so-called reflexive particle -sya, -sya, through which the intransitivity of the process denoted by the verb is expressed: meet, knock. On the contrary, irreflexive verbs do not have a reflexive particle, and at the same time there is no grammatical indication of the intransitiveness of the process: meet, knock. Thus, formally, reflexive and non-reflexive verbs oppose each other, like verbs with a reflexive particle and verbs without a reflexive particle.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Expressing a process without indicating its intransitivity, irreflexive verbs can have both transitive and intransitive meanings. This does not contradict their definition as verbs with unexpressed intransitivity, since the mere absence of grammatical features indicating the intransitive meaning of the process does not mean that the process must necessarily be transitive. And indeed, although some irreflexive verbs have a transitive meaning, others have an intransitive meaning, and therefore they are divided into verbs transitional And intransitive.

The division of irreflexive verbs into transitive and intransitive is based on their meaning. Intransitive verbs express a state, becoming and action that is not and cannot, by its very nature, be addressed to a direct object: A lonely sail is white.(M. Lermontov), Huts here and there are turning black. (A. Pushkin), Factory chimneys are smoking, Birds are flying, A steamer is sailing along the river, Gun shots are crackling etc. In contrast, transitive verbs express only an action, and an action that is directly addressed to a direct object: The old man was catching fish with a net, the old woman was spinning her yarn. (A. Pushkin), The people broke the king's shackles.(V. Mayakovsky), I write poetry and, dissatisfied, I burn. (N. Nekrasov), The waves scrape the sand with white golden claws.(S. Yesenin), etc. This difference in the meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs is not always sharply manifested, since the action denoted by a transitive verb can be expressed in abstraction from the object to which it is directed, cf.: I write in my room and read without a lamp.(A. Pushkin), Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts.(A. Pushkin) - and then comes closer to the meaning of intransitive verbs. But still, in this case, transitive verbs denote a potentially transitive action.

The meaning of transitive verbs determines the possibility of combining with them in speech nouns in the accusative case without a preposition, denoting a direct object, i.e. the object to which the action is directed. This connection is possible precisely because the verb itself denotes an action directed at an object. In other words, transitive verbs can control the accusative case of nouns with a direct object meaning. Intransitive verbs do not control the accusative case and are not combined with it, since they do not have the meaning of transitivity. However, if a noun in the accusative case denotes not a direct object, but the duration of an action in time or space, then it can also be used with intransitive verbs: A thunderstorm raged all night, There was bad weather all summer, They walked in silence all the way.

The meaning of transitive verbs is also related to the possibility of forming passive participles in them: read - readable, read - read, build - built, love - loved, warm - warmed etc. It should be noted, however, that not all transitive verbs have passive participles. They are formed more or less regularly only in perfective verbs, since they form passive past participles, which are productive forms. Many transitive verbs of the imperfect form, which form only passive participles of the present tense, which are less productive forms, do not have passive participles. On the other hand, although intransitive verbs, as a rule, do not have passive participles, they can be formed for individual intransitive verbs, cf.: threaten – threatened, neglect – neglected, depend – dependent, manage – controlled.

The difference between transitive and intransitive verbs in most cases is not indicated by any grammatical features. One can only note the contrast between transitive and intransitive verbs, which are formed from adjectives through derivational suffixes -there are And -it. By suffix -there are Intransitive verbs are formed, denoting state and formation (the process of gradual development of a characteristic), for example: turn white, turn black, turn red, turn golden and etc.; using the same suffix -it From the same adjectives verbs are formed that denote a transitive action: whiten, blacken, redden, gild etc. Most of the remaining verbal suffixes are used equally to form both transitive and intransitive verbs, and therefore they cannot serve as signs of distinguishing transitivity and intransitivity of verbs. In some cases, with the help of prefixes from intransitive verbs, transitive verbs are formed, cf.: walk And go out(sick), sit And serve time(leg) sit out(chair), sit through(chickens), etc. However, intransitive verbs become transitive only with some, few prefixes (cf. come, walk around, go in, go; sit, sit out etc.), and, in addition, many intransitive verbs are either rarely combined with prefixes, or, even if they are connected, they retain their intransitivity.

Due to the absence of signs that would indicate the transitive or intransitive meaning of irreflexive verbs, in casual colloquial speech intransitive verbs are often used in the meaning of transitive ones, for example: He broke the glass, Don't shake your leg, Take a walk baby, I tan my legs etc. Although such use is usually perceived as erroneous, incorrect, as a “slip of the tongue,” it clearly demonstrates the grammatical indistinguishability of transitive and intransitive verbs. It is significant that this kind of “reservation” is impossible with reflexive verbs, as verbs with grammatically expressed intransitivity.

Meaning and formation of reflexive verbs

The intransitive meaning of reflexive verbs is grammatically indicated by a special affix, the so-called reflexive particle. This particle, being an inseparable element of the verb, is attached to the end of the word and is preserved in all forms that are formed in reflexive verbs. It is presented in two versions - -xia And -s. In verb forms ending in a consonant, the variant is used -sya: wash-sya, washed-sya, wash-sya, wash-sya, my-sya(moj-sya), and in forms ending in a vowel - a variant -sya: washed-sya, wash-sya, wash-sya, wash-sya, wash-sya. However, in participles both in consonant and vowel forms, the reflexive particle is always presented in the variant -xia, cf.: washable And washable, washable And washing-sya, washed-sya And washed etc. By adding such a particle, reflexive verbs can be formed from both transitive and intransitive non-reflexive verbs.

The addition of a reflexive particle to transitive verbs is a means by which their transitive meaning is eliminated: verbs from transitive become intransitive. At the same time, in addition to eliminating transitivity, the reflexive particle introduces additional meanings into the reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs, which indicate differences in the relationship of the process to the person or object it defines. These meanings largely depend on the syntactic conditions of the use of reflexive verbs, due to which the same verb in different syntactic contexts can denote different relations of the process to the person or object it defines. The most important of these values are:

General return value, indicating that the process is designated in abstraction from the object, as occurring in the defined object itself, as a property, state of this object: he is angry, languishes, sulks, rejoices, gets scared, a cow butts, a dog bites, the problem is not solved, the material is easy to wash, paint etc.

Self-return value, showing that the action is directed at the actor himself, who is, as it were, his own object of action: I wash, get dressed, she puts on makeup, powder, smears, he defends himself etc. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used with nouns denoting “animate” objects.

Mutual meaning denoting that an action occurs between two or more actors, each of whom, in relation to the other, is the object of the action: they bicker, kiss, fight, meet etc.

By joining irreversible intransitive verbs, the reflexive particle forms reflexive verbs, which for the most part have an impersonal meaning, expressing the process in abstraction from both the object of the action and the person performing the action. They usually denote various states experienced by a person against his will and desire, and the person himself experiencing this or that state can be expressed with an impersonal verb by a noun in the dative case: I can’t sleep, I can’t sit at home, he didn’t work, he didn’t go out, I’m sad etc. Most often such impersonal verbs are used with negation (particle Not). Similar kinds of reflexive verbs with impersonal meaning can be formed from transitive verbs: I think, I want, I can’t wait to find out and etc.

Of the other meanings that are introduced by the reflexive particle into reflexive verbs when they are formed from intransitive verbs, the intensifying meaning should be noted. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are formed from intransitive verbs in -et(-eat), indicating a continuing state, for example: show red from blush(“to be, to be red”, but not from blush meaning “to turn red”), turn white from turn white, turn black from turn black etc. This also includes verbs such as: smoke from smoke, brag from brag etc. In these formations, the intransitive meaning, not grammatically expressed in the main verb, receives expression through a reflexive particle -xia, which thus emphasizes and enhances the intransitivity of the process.

In a number of cases, reflexive verbs differ from the corresponding non-reflexive ones not only in the meanings that are usually introduced by the reflexive particle, but also in greater or lesser differences in the actual meaning of the verbs, cf., for example: knock, call And knock, call(“make yourself known by knocking or ringing”), look And look(“look at your reflection”), forgive And say goodbye, tear And tear("pursuit"), carry And tinker etc. Many reflexive verbs do not have corresponding non-reflexive verbs at all: fear, be proud, be lazy, hunt, hope, laugh, doubt, try, boast and etc., unwell, getting dark. Some of them have irreflexive verbs only with prefixes: laugh - ridicule, fight - overcome, agree - determine, admire - admire and etc.

Types of verb

Depending on how the verb expresses the flow of the process in relation to its completeness, verbs in Russian are divided into categories called species. There are two such types: type perfect And imperfect.

Perfective verbs, denoting a particular process, express it as complete, completed: finish, start, decide, build, push, walk etc. In contrast, imperfective verbs express a process without indicating its completion, cf. with the above verbs: finish, begin, decide, build, push out, walk. Due to the absence of an indication of the completeness of the process, imperfective verbs can express this process in its very flow, as unfolding in time (he wrote, is writing a letter). On the contrary, perfective verbs, expressing a process in its completeness, show this process only at the moment it reaches a limit or result in abstraction from its flow (he wrote, will write a letter). This difference between perfective and imperfective verbs is clearly revealed, for example, in negative answers to a question like: “Have you written a letter?” - “No, I didn’t write”(the very fact of the action is denied) and “No, I didn’t write it”(it is not the action that is denied, but its result, the fact that it achieved its goal), cf. Also: write a letter(the motivation is aimed at performing the action itself) and write a letter(the motivation is directed not at the action, but at its result), etc. Perfective and imperfective verbs present a similar difference in meaning in all the forms they form.

Perfective and imperfective verbs have a number of differences in the formation of conjugation forms. Thus, perfective verbs form two forms of tense: past (decided, said, pushed) And future(decides, says, pushes), while imperfective verbs have three forms: past (decided, spoke, pushed), the present (decides, speaks, pushes) And future (will decide, will talk, will push). At the same time, in imperfective verbs, the future tense is formed analytically, by combining the personal form of the auxiliary verb be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb (I will decide, you will decide, you will decide), and for perfective verbs, the future tense is a synthetic form that coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs, cf. perfect view decide, decide, decide and imperfect appearance knock, knock, knock etc.

Then the imperfective verbs form two forms of active participles: read – reading, having read, while perfective verbs have only one past tense form: read - read. There are some other differences in the formation of conjugation forms, but these will be discussed below.

As a rule, each verb belongs to one type: either perfect or imperfect. However, some verbs in a literary language can be used in the meaning of both types, i.e. sometimes as perfect verbs, sometimes as imperfect. These are, first of all, many borrowed verbs that are introduced into the Russian language with the help of suffixes -ovat, -iz-ovat, -ir-ovat, -iz-ovat: attack, arrest, organize, mobilize, telegraph, subscribe, requisition, nationalize etc. (for example: “The troops attacked the bridgehead” can mean: “carried out attacks” and “carried out an attack”). In addition to them, some non-borrowed verbs also have the same indefinite aspectual meaning: bestow, command, influence, marry, execute, confess, use, pass, inherit, spend the night, form, examine, wound, investigate, give birth, combine.

Since all these verbs are used in the meaning of both perfective and imperfective forms, their personal forms (for example, I will arrest, organize, order, spend the night etc.) can mean both future and present tense, cf.: I order you, I tell you to do this And I will order the ax to be sharpened and sharpened, I will order the executioner to be dressed and dressed, I will order the big bell to be rung. (M. Lermontov) Therefore, in the meaning of the future tense, these verbs use two forms: I'm attacking And I will attack, I will telegraph And I'll telegraph, I'll spend the night And I'll spend the night etc. However, from some of them are analytical forms of the future tense, i.e. with an auxiliary verb be, are not formed: I will arrest, order, form(you can't say: I will arrest, order, form).

Formation of verbs that differ in type

Verbs of different types, no matter how close they are in meaning, are not forms of the same verb, but different words. A change in the aspectual meaning of verbs occurs when derivative verbs are formed from them through prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes and suffixes introduce additional semantic shades into the real lexical meaning of the verb, resulting in derived verbs with a meaning different from the meaning of the main verb, i.e. the verb from which they are derived.

There are 22 verb prefixes in the literary language. Of these 18: in-, up-, you-, up-, behind-, from-, on-, over-, about- (about-), from-, over-, over-, under-, at-, about-, times -, s-, u-- are productive, with the help of which derivative verbs can be re-formed. The remaining prefixes are Church Slavonic in origin: up-, down-, pre-, pre-,– unproductive; through them, derivative verbs are no longer formed again.

The meanings of the prefixes are very diverse. A common semantic feature of prefixes is that they complicate the real meaning of the verb with various adverbial features that limit the process in time and space or indicate the manner and degree of manifestation of the process. The same prefix can have different meanings for different verbs. Compare, for example, the additional meaning that the prefix introduces With-, on the one hand, into verbs go, go, fly and, on the other hand, into verbs walk, ride, fly. From the first verbs are formed: get off, move out, fly off, denoting movement from top to bottom, from the second - verbs: go, go, fly, denoting movement somewhere and returning back ( go to Crimea means “to go and come back”). But a prefix can have different meanings even when it is attached to the same verb, cf., for example: go to the co-op And go down the stairs, go down the mountain And move out of the apartment.

Not all verbs are equally capable of combining with prefixes. The easiest way to connect with them is non-derivative verbs. From many such verbs derivative verbs are formed with almost any prefix; cf., for example, from the verb take - take, select, pick up, pick up, select, dial, pick, select, sort out, pick up, tidy up, disassemble, collect, put away. On the contrary, other verbs, for example, intransitive, formed from other parts of speech, borrowed verbs, derived verbs, formed from the main ones by means of a suffix -well, or rarely connect to prefixes, or not connect to them at all: turn white, go berserk, rule, rob, arrest, liquidate, hit, come around etc.

To form verbs from the verbs themselves, as already mentioned, in addition to prefixes, suffixes are also used. These are, firstly, the suffix -well and secondly, synonymous suffixes -iva-t (-yva-t), -a-t, -va-t. The last two are always accented.

With suffix -well Usually, from verbs denoting a process that can consist of a number of separate acts following one after another, verbs are formed with the meaning of instantaneousness, one-time occurrence: push - push, jump - jump, prick - prick, gasp - gasp, speculate - speculate etc. Instead of this suffix, the suffix is often used, mainly in oral speech -anu-t, which has, in general, the same meaning as the suffix -well, but the formations with it are distinguished by a shade of rudeness and familiarity: Let's play how he pushes me.

Through suffixes -iva-t, -a-t, -va-t from perfective prefixed verbs, imperfective verbs are formed, usually with the meaning of duration. In modern language, of these three suffixes, only -iva-t And -a-t, the third suffix is unproductive: with its help, formations of this kind no longer occur. Of the productive suffixes, the most common is the suffix -iv-th: push out - push out, beat - beat, appropriate - appropriate, dispossess - dispossess, skip - skip etc. Another suffix -a-th, as a productive one it is currently used exclusively for the formation of verbs from prefixed verbs with a stressed suffix -it, For example: deepen - deepen, ground - ground, land - land, sharpen - sharpen, degraph - degraph etc., but even in this case there may be formations with -iva-t. Non-productive suffix -va-th found mostly in verbs formed from verbs with a non-derivative vowel stem, for example: za-du-t - blow-out, shoe-t - shoe-t, set-t - set, lag-sta-t - lag behind, get-stuck - get stuck(written get stuck), sing - sing, put on - put on, get on - get on, float - float, but see also: to inspire - to evoke, to sow - to sow, to take possession - to take possession of, to be stunned - to be stunned and etc.

With the same suffixes -iva-t, -a-t And -va-th from unprefixed verbs, so-called multiple verbs are also formed, denoting the indefinite repetition of a process, usually the repetition is not in the near past, since these verbs are used mainly in the past tense: Flew to where the raven did not sew bones, We went to my sister to dispel boredom. (N. Nekrasov), I pulled his ears, but apparently not enough. (A. Griboyedov), What a miracle mice have been: we also caught ruffs. (I. Krylov), I have often taken in battle what in my opinion was rightfully due to me.. (A. Pushkin) Currently, only the suffix serves as a productive means of forming multiple verbs -iva-t, the other two, -a-t And -va-th, are unproductive.

Forming verbs using suffixes -iva-t And -A-be sometimes accompanied by alternation of phonemes in stems. So, when formed through the suffix -iva-t in derived verbs there is a replacement of the vowel O to a vowel A, cf.: asks - asks, wears - wears out, appropriates - appropriates, doubles - doubles. However, such alternation is not necessary, cf.: outlines, defers, agrees etc. For verbs with a suffix -a-t in certain cases the root is a vowel and(s), which in the verb from which the verb is formed -a-t, correspond to vowels – e(fluent), O or zero sound, cf.: pick up (will pick up) - pick up, rip off (rip off) - rip off, erase (erase) - wash, dry up - dry out, rest - rest, oversleep - wake up, wait - wait, see also: begin (will begin) – begin, clamp down (will clamp down) – clamp down, occupy (will occupy) – occupy etc. When forming verbs with suffixes -iva-t, -a-t from verbs to -it, in which the stem of the present tense ends in a consonant, alternation of consonants occurs. Namely, the consonants before these suffixes are replaced: dental ones with hissing ones: twist - twist, clear - clear, plant - plant, taste - taste, immerse - immerse; labials – for combinations of labials with l’: flood - flood And to flood, to feed - to feed, to carry out - to carry out, to deplete - to degraft etc. In words of Church Slavonic origin T is replaced by sch, A d- on railway: transform - transform, illuminate - illuminate, plant - plant, excite - excite.

Prefixes and suffixes, in addition to changing the real meaning of the verb, resulting in a different verb with a different meaning, at the same time change its specific meaning. At the same time, the roles of prefixes in changing the appearance, on the one hand, and suffixes, on the other, are different. Prefixes are the main means of converting imperfective verbs into perfective verbs. Suffixes -iva-t, -a-t, -va-t, i.e., therefore, all suffixes serving verbal word formation, except -well, are a means of changing perfective verbs into imperfective verbs. The only exception, therefore, is the suffix -well, which has the same function in this regard as prefixes.

Most of the non-derivative verbs in the Russian language are imperfective. There are very few non-derivative perfective verbs. These are some monosyllabic verbs: give, give, lie down, fall, sit down, become; a series of verbs in -it: throw, finish, buy, deprive, forgive, let, decide, step, suffice, reveal etc. All other verbs of the perfect form, even those for which it is impossible to find corresponding non-derivative verbs, can have a prefix, and, therefore, these verbs are derivatives. So, for example, the verb get stuck prefix stands out behind- by comparing it with a verb butt in, or in verbs clothe, clothe prefix stands out about- by comparing them, on the one hand, with verbs that have the same prefix with the same meaning: put on, put on, wrap etc., and on the other hand, with verbs such as: entice, attract, entice, seduce etc.

When formed from non-derivative verbs in a certain sequence of derivative verbs, verbs are obtained that differ from each other in the form:

1. From non-derivative verbs imperfect. type, perfect verbs are formed through prefixes. type: push - push out, play - beat, draw - paint, prick - pin, mark - mark, draw - draw, get wet – get wet, sing - sing etc. Also committed. looks like verbs, if they are formed using a suffix -well or -anu-t: push – push(or colloquial push), prick - prick, shoot - shoot, play - play(colloquial), etc.

2. From derived verbs perfect. type with prefixes, you can again form imperfect verbs. type through suffixes -iva-t, -a-t, -va-t: push - push out, beat - beat, paint - paint, pin - pin, mark - mark, graph - graph, get wet - get wet, sing - sing, blow - blow etc.

3. Finally, in some cases it is possible from prefixed verbs to imperfect. kind with suffixes -iva-t, -a-t, -va-t form verbs again. view using prefixes po-, re-: push out - push out, beat - beat out.

Thus, the change in the aspectual meaning of verbs can be represented schematically in the form of a chain and a ladder, on the steps of which there are verbs formed sequentially from each other, differing in appearance:

The formation of derivative verbs is not limited to the indicated sequence, but this is where the change in their specific meaning ends. With any other way of forming verbs, their form remains the same as it was. This follows from the very method of changing the aspectual meaning of verbs. Namely, through suffixes (except -well) Perfective verbs change their form to imperfect. Therefore, if these suffixes are attached to imperfect verbs. type, then, naturally, the form of such verbs will remain the same, i.e. derived verbs will be imperfect. same type. So, for example, from non-derivative verbs imperfect. species can be formed using the suffix -iva-t (-iv-t) derived verbs with multiple meanings: push - push, read - read, sit - sit, walk - walk etc. However, the type of verbs does not change: verbs with multiple meanings are imperfect. species, like those from which they are derived. In turn, prefixes (together with the suffix -well) serve as the main means by which the imperfect form of verbs changes to the perfect form. Therefore, the form of verbs does not change when prefixes are attached to perfect verbs. type, for example, to verbs of the 1st stage of verbal production with a suffix -well, cf.: push And push, push, push; shout And scream, scream etc.; or to verbs of the 1st stage, formed by prefixes: push - push out, beat - beat, beat and etc.

Not all verbs can form the entire chain of aspectual changes. In non-derivative verbs perfect. type, it begins with a form corresponding to the 1st stage of derivative verbs formed from imperfect verbs. type: quit(St. V.) – 1st stage abandon(St. V.), 2nd stage throw(new century), 3rd stage throw away(St. V.). A chain of aspectual changes is also formed in the derivative verbs perfect. types formed from nouns or adjectives using prefixes: bazaar– 1st stage squander(St. V.), 2nd stage squander(new century), 3rd stage squander(St. V.); or: 1st stage to land(St. V.), 2nd stage land(new century), 3rd stage land(St. V.). In this case, therefore, the change in species occurs as if the formation of derivative verbs began with a non-existent prefixed verb to bazaar, to dwell. On the contrary, verbs are imperfect. species, formed from nouns and adjectives (with or without prefixes), form a chain of aspectual changes similar to non-derivative imperfect verbs. type: soap - to lather(new century) – 1st stage lather(St. V.), 2nd stage lather(NSV. v.). Finally, some verbs may often lack a form corresponding to the 1st stage of verbal production: sing– 2nd stage chorus(1st stage chorus- No), dance– 2nd stage dance(verb dance- No), to swallow– 2nd stage swallow (swallow- No), bite– 2nd stage bite through (bite through- No).

Changing the aspectual meaning of verbs of motion

Some features in the formation of species are observed in verbs denoting movement. They form two parallel rows that differ in meaning. Some of them denote movement performed in a certain direction or at a certain time, for example: run, fly, go. These are the so-called verbs of definite movement. They correspond verbs of indefinite motion: run, fly, ride, which denote movement in different directions or movement at different points in time. Verbs of definite and indefinite motion form correlative semantic pairs: run - run, wander - wander, carry - carry, drive - drive, go - ride, walk - walk, roll - roll, climb - climb, fly - fly, carry - carry, swim - swim, crawl - crawl, drag - carry.

When forming derivative verbs from verbs of a certain movement, the result is, as usual, verbs of perfection. type: climb - climb, walk - pass etc. The situation is different with verbs of indefinite motion. Derivative verbs formed from most of them through prefixes in the same meanings are perfect. type, in others - imperfect. For example: drive- committed view: I'm spending(home), I'm mixing(to the theatre); imperfect view: I'm spending(time), I'm mixing(accounts); fly- committed view: I'm flying off(to somewhere and back), I'll fly(on an airplane); imperfect view: I'm flying off(from the mountain), gonna fly Now(on an airplane) I'm flying by(past Moscow); walk- committed view: I proceed(all up and down) I'll go(to a friend) I'm leaving(someone); imperfect view: I proceed(from premises), I'll go(from the mountain), getting in(around the corner), I'm going out(from home), etc.

Aspect pairs of verbs

When forming verbs, imperfect. type through suffixes -iva-l/-ivaj-ut, -a-l/-aj-ut And -va-l/vaj-ut(i.e. verbs of the 2nd stage of production) from prefixed verbs perfect. type (i.e. verbs of the 1st stage of production), derivative verbs differ from the main ones only in their appearance, since their real meaning remains essentially the same. Thanks to this, prefixed verbs are perfect. type (1st stage) and imperfect verbs formed from them. species (2nd stage) are combined into relative species pairs. Each of these pairs contains verbs that have the same real meaning and differ only in aspectual meaning, cf., for example: push out(St. V.): push out(NSV. v.) = beat(St. in): beat(NSV. v.) = wash(St. V.): wash(NSV. v.) = warm up(St. V.): warm(NSV. v.) = get wet(St. V.): get wet(NSV. v.) = bake(St. V.): bake(NSV. v.), etc.

The same correlative aspectual pairs are formed by the few non-derivative verbs perfect in the Russian language. kind<....>, since almost each of them has a corresponding verb imperfect. species with the same real meaning. So, to non-derivative verbs perfect. view of -it there are corresponding paired verbs in -at, cf.: quit(St. V.): throw(NSV. v.) = cum(St. V.): finish(NSV. v.) = deprive(NSV. v.): deprive(NSV. v.) = forgive(St. V.): forgive(NSV. v.) = let in(St. V.): let in(NSV. v.) = decide(St. V.): decide(NSV. v.) = step(St. V.): step(NSV. v.) etc. To monosyllabic non-derivative verbs perfect. kind give, give, lie down, fall, sit down, become imperfect verbs act as pairs in appearance. kind give, give, lie down, fall, sit down, become, i.e. give(St. V.): give(NSV. v.) = children(St. V.): what to do(NSV. v.) = lie down(St. V.): go to bed(NSV. v.) = mouth(St. V.): fall(NSV. v.) = sit down(St. V.): sit down(NSV. v.) = become(St. V.): become(NSV. v.).

Aspectual pairs of verbs are mainly obtained as a result of the formation of imperfect verbs. type from verbs perfect. kind. On the contrary, when forming verbs perfect. form from verbs imperfect. The appearance of such pairs for the most part does not work out. This is explained by the fact that when forming verbs, perfect. type (and they are formed by prefixes and suffix -well) not only the aspectual, but also the real meaning of verbs changes, since prefixes and suffixes -well add additional semantic nuances to the real meaning of verbs. Therefore, verbs are imperfect. types and perfect verbs formed from them. species differ from each other not only in their appearance, but also in their real meaning, and therefore are not combined into species pairs, cf., for example: push(NSV. v.) and push out(St. V.), play(NSV. v.) and beat(St. V.), wash(NSV. v.) and wash(St. V.), warm(NSV. v.) and warm(St. V.); or: push(NSV. v.) and push(St. V.), prick(NSV. v.) and prick(St. V.), etc.

However, in a number of cases, some prefixes, when attached to a verb, hardly or do not change its real meaning at all, so the verbs are completely types with a prefix differ from the corresponding unprefixed verbs imperfect. species solely or mainly by its appearance. In this case, therefore, the verbs are imperfect. types and verbs formed from them through prefixes. species can form species pairs similar to those indicated above.

The most common way to change the aspectual meaning of a verb without changing its real meaning is prefixes s-, po-, o- (about), cf., for example, aspectual pairs consisting of non-derivative verbs imperfect. type and corresponding derivative verbs with the prefix With-: do(NSV. v.): do(st. v.) = sing(NSV. v.): sing(st. v.) = hide(NSV. v.): hide(st. v.) = play(NSV. v.): play(st. v.) = sew(NSV. v.): sew(St. V.) etc.; or with prefix po-: to drown(NSV. v.): drown(st. v.) = turn gray(NSV. v.): turn gray(st. v.) = ruin(NSV. v.): destroy(st. v.) = build(NSV. v.): build(st. v.) = lunch(NSV. v.): have lunch(St. V.) etc.; or with prefix o-: go numb(NSV. v.): go numb(st. v.) = stall(NSV. v.): go deaf(st. v.) = grow stronger(NSV. v.): get stronger(st. v.) = weaken(NSV. v.): weaken(sv. v.), etc. Much less often they form aspectual pairs with non-derivative verbs imperfect. type verbs perfect species having some other prefixes, for example, the prefix for- (to stir up - to stir up, to become moldy - to become moldy), from- (to torment - to torment, to spoil - to spoil), from- (to steal - to steal, to drown - to drown, to sting - to sting), to infuriate - to infuriate, to boil - to boil ), on- (write – write, print – print).

Since all these verbs with prefixes form aspectual pairs with non-derivative imperfect verbs. type, from them, as a rule, derivative imperfect verbs are not formed. type (2nd stage), which would otherwise be simple synonyms of non-derivative imperfect verbs. kind.

In some cases, verbs with completely different roots are combined into aspect pairs. So, to the verb committed. kind take the verb imperfect acts as a paired verb. kind take(or an obsolete verb used mainly in clerical language charge). Similar pairs, differing only in appearance, form verbs: catch(St. V.) and catch(NSV. v.), put(St. V.) and put(NSV. v.), say(St. V.) and speak(NSV. v.).

The difference in types in the Russian language is associated with differences in the meaning of verb forms. Thanks to the presence in the Russian language of a huge number of verbs that differ only in their appearance, it is possible to express the same process in the entire set of forms with their features in meaning, which are characteristic of perfect verbs. and imperfect species separately. So, for example, in verbs perfect. there are two forms of time (decided, will decide), and verbs are imperfect. types – three (decided, decides, will decide), each with its own special shade of meaning. With the help of verbs that have the same real meaning and differ only in their aspectual meaning, the process denoted by these verbs is expressed with those temporal meanings that the tense forms of verbs of both types have (decided, decided, decides, will decide, will decide). The same can be said for other forms of the verb.

In a number of languages, for example, in some Western European ones, verbs have a significantly larger number of forms, for example, tense forms, than verbs in Russian. Thanks to this, a larger number of formal meanings can be expressed in them with the same verb. In Russian, as well as in some other Slavic languages, similar (although not identical) meanings are expressed not by forms of the same verb, but by forms of different verbs. This is possible due to the fact that in the Russian language most verbs are combined into aspectual pairs.

To be continued

* From the book: Avanesov R.I., Sidorov V.N. Essay on the grammar of the Russian literary language. Part I. Phonetics and morphology. M.: Uchpedgiz, 1945.

A verb is a word that denotes an action and answers the question “What to do?” The last clarification is very important, because the word “walking,” for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.

Action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same thing that does it, or some other one. In the first case we will be talking about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about a non-reflexive one.

Identification feature of reflexive verbs

The fact that an action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be indicated by a reflexive pronoun. In the Russian language there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have a nominative case - “yourself”.

Language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was shortened to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - a postfix, i.e. suffix that is after the ending. This is how reflexive verbs arose, the identifying feature of which is the postfix “-sya”: “dress yourself” - “ ”, “wash yourself” - “wash”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs

The semantic content of a reflexive verb is not always so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.

A verb of this kind can also imply a certain action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “being built,” this can mean not only “forming themselves in a line” (a self-reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves.” In the latter case, the verb will be called indirect reflexive.

The joint actions of several objects are also denoted by reflexive verbs: “meet”, “negotiate” - these are reciprocal verbs.

However, not, which has the postfix “-sya”, is reflexive. Verbs that have a passive voice cannot be classified as such, i.e. implying that an action on an object is performed by someone else: “a house is being built,” “germs are being destroyed.”

A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action aimed at another object, although in an impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix “-sya”: “I want to buy a car.”

REFLECTIVE FORM OF VERBS . Verb form formed by ending -s or -xia. Verbs with this ending can be divided into 1. verbs for which there are no correlative forms without -xia: to be afraid, to laugh, etc.; however, some of them have verbs without -xia from the same basics, but with different prefixes: ridicule, etc.; 2. verbs that have correlative verbs without -xia, but with such a difference in meaning that cannot be attributed to the ending -xia, eg. fight, cf. tear; 3. verbs that have forms without -xia with such a difference in meaning as may be considered to be due solely to the presence or absence of this ending. The first 2 cases do not allow us to determine the functions of formations with -xia, since the meaning of intransitivity that unites them all is usually common in many verbs without -xia. In the latter case, we can talk about the difference between pledges, which can be called returnable and non-refundable (see Pledges and Refundable pledge). The main meanings (functions) of V.F. for verbs that have both non-reflexive and V.F. are the following: 1. own returnable: the actor does to himself what, in the irrevocable form, he does to the person or object indicated by the VIN. pad. noun: wash, rejoice, etc.; 2. mutual: several characters do to each other what, in the non-reflexive form, the character does to other persons or objects designated as vinit. pad. noun: fight, meet, etc.; 3. passive: the object of the action of the verb in the non-reflexive form here (with V.F. with a passive meaning) becomes the subject of speech, although its real (ungrammatical) relationship to the action of the verb remains the same, i.e. is denoted by a noun in nominative, case, and the subject of the action is either not denoted, or is denoted as an instrument of action, creates, by the case of the noun: a house is being built by a carpenter; more often without creativity. pad., indicating the producer of the action: the floors in the house are washed weekly; at the same time, V.F. with a passive meaning is used mainly with names, pad. nouns that do not denote a person; 4. indirect return: the actor does something for himself, in his own interests; V.F. has such a meaning relatively rarely and, moreover, mainly from intransitive verbs: knock, i.e. knock for oneself in order to make oneself known, to make a promise, i.e. promise for yourself, etc.; 5. intransitive: action is considered independently of the object of action, sometimes as an ability, property: to scold, bite, etc.; 6. intensification or concentration of intransitive meaning(from verbs having a non-reflexive form with an intransitive meaning): blush, cf. blush, smoke - “blow smoke around oneself”, cf. smoke; 7. impersonal(from verbs that have an intransitive meaning in the non-reflexive form): the action is considered without relation not only to the object (which does not exist even in the non-reflexive form), but also to the subject of the action, as something that happens by itself: sleeping, breathing, believing, wanting, etc.; in this case, the person who is the subject of the action in the non-reflexive form of these verbs is designated by a noun in the date. pad.: he can’t sit well. See Pledges and titles. there is an article by Fortunatov.

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Reflexive verb

Verb with the affix -sya (-еъ). The scope of the concept “reflexive verb” and the related concept “reflexive form of the verb” is presented differently in theoretical studies and in educational literature. In some works (“Morphology of the modern Russian language” by I. G. Golanov, school textbooks), all verbs with an affix (particle, suffix) -sya are called reflexive verbs, regardless of their origin and collateral meaning: formations from transitive verbs (to wash, be upset, hug, etc., where -sya is considered as a formative affix), from intransitive verbs (cry, take a walk, wake up, walk, etc., where -sya is a word-forming affix) and verbs that do not exist without -sya used (to be afraid, to be proud, to climb, to hope, to wake up, to laugh, to crowd, etc.). In other works (academic “Grammar of the Russian Language”), reflexive verbs ы are reflexive verbs, in contrast to which verbs with the affix -sya, which do not express a voice meaning, are called reflexive forms of the verb a; The latter include formations from intransitive verbs (threaten, call, knock, etc.) and verbs that are not used without -sya ( cm. higher). In third works (university textbook “Modern Russian Language,” Part II), reflexive verbs are considered independent lexical formations in which the affix -sya performs a word-formation function (fidget, give out, lean against, call to one another, tidy up, hurt yourself, cry, knock, etc.). etc., be proud, hope, laugh, etc.), and reflexive forms of the verb are formations in which the affix -sya performs a formative function: these are forms of the passive voice that retain lexical-semantic identity with transitive verbs (the window is washed by the worker, the streets landscaping by Komsomol members, etc.). The difference in the interpretation of the terms “reflexive verb” and “reflexive form of the verb” is associated with a different understanding of the category of voice ( cm. voice of the verb.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “reflexive verb” is in other dictionaries:

RETURNABLE, oh, oh. 1. Same as reverse (1 digit) (obsolete). Let's hit the road. 2. Renewing, sometimes arising again. V. typhus (an acute infectious disease that occurs in the form of attacks). 3. In grammar: 1) a reflexive verb denoting... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (gram.) see Reflexive verb... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (reflexive | réfléchi | reflexiv | reflexive | riflessivo) Containing a return to the subject of the action. A reflexive verb (verbe réfléchi) means that the action coming from the subject returns to it again (French je me baigne “I am bathing”) ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

RETURN, return something to where or to whom, turn, turn back, give back, back; send home, put or put in its original place. Get your health back, your money, get back what you lost, get it back for yourself. Come back,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Reflexive pronouns are a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses the direction of action on the person producing it. Group... ...Wikipedia