Mrs translation into Russian. Affectionate and polite forms of address in English
A person learning a foreign language must realize that the beauty of a language lies in its diversity. Of course, this is primarily a tool that allows us to convey our thoughts to the listener or reader, but the form is no less important than the content. Moreover, native speakers, listening to your speech, will truly appreciate your rich vocabulary. And this, you see, is a significant reason to be proud of the results of your labors. This requirement applies not only to advanced English lovers, but also to those who are just starting to learn English for beginners and with silent horror are opening an English dictionary or grammar for the first time. Useful words and their synonyms need to be sought out, written down, memorized and used in speech whenever possible. With this, I hope the LINGVISTOV team will provide you with all possible assistance.
I don’t know about you, but I very often get tired of the hackneyed “dear”, “baby”, “bro” and other banalities. In calls in spoken English there is also room to expand in terms of vocabulary, which can be replenished with slang expressions heard in films in English or read in books and magazines.
But let’s first take a look at the polite addresses. The most common forms are Mr.(Mister) Mrs.(Missis) and Ms.(Miss - for a young girl or unmarried woman), to which the surname of this person is added. For example, “No, Mr. Bond, I expect you to DIE! If you do not know the last name of the person you are addressing, use Sir, Madame or Miss; however, the latter can cause trouble if the girl is married (tested by bitter experience). The use of Ma'am, short for Madam, is very controversial:
In the UK it is hardly used and is considered an obsolete form.
In the US, the use of "madam" is limited to very formal occasions, while "ma'am" is common in everyday speech when addressing an adult woman who you assume may already have a family and children, especially if she is older. you. In the South and Southwest of the United States, “ma’am” is an address to any woman or girl.
There are many friendly addresses, as well as affectionate ones, in the English language. Addressing friends varies depending on which version of English you prefer, however, it is not limited to them.
British English:
chap: “Dear old chap, I’ve missed you!” (Old man, I missed you!)
mate(also Australia, New Zealand): “Hey, mate, do you want to hit the pub?” (Mate, let's go to the pub?)
pal(also popular in the US): “My most useful acting tip came from my pal John Wayne. Talk low, talk slow, and don't say too much.” - Michael Caine (The most useful acting advice was given to me by my friend John Wayne. Speak low, speak slowly and say little. - Michael Caine)
crony: “I"m going to the pub with me cronies” (I went to the pub with my friends.)
mucker(Ireland): “What about ye, mucker? Are you in or out?” (So, buddy? Are you in?)
American English:
homie: “Time to go, homie.” (Time to go, buddy.)
home slice: “You’re coming with us tonight, home slice?” - Sure.”
amigo: “Hey, amigo, long time no see.” (Hey, amigo, how many years, how many winters!)
buddy: “I'm going to have some beer with my buddy tonight.” (My friend and I will have a couple of drinks today.)
bestie: “You and I are besties for life!” (You and I are best friends for life!)
dawg: “Waddup, dawg? “Nothing, jus’ chillin.”
fella: “Good to see you, fella.” Most often used in the meaning of “guy, person (male)”: “Who are these fellas?” (Who are these people?)
dude: “Dude, where’s my car?” (classic)
Affectionate addresses to loved ones are also very varied. Here are some of them, in most cases used regardless of gender:
Honey (abbreviated as hon)
Sugar (also sugarplum, sugar pie, sugar cake, etc.)
And finally, some endearments divided by gender:
|
Nicknames for a Boyfriend |
Nicknames for a Girlfriend |
|
Handsome - Handsome |
Sweetie - Darling |
Here it is important to avoid excessive familiarity, because, as one of my good friends says: “I"m not your honey, darling, sweetheart, dear, ducky, or any other diminutive creature.”
Depending on the situation, we approach the people around us differently. An address is understood as an intonationally and grammatically isolated independent component, which is used to designate a person or (less often) an object acting as the addressee of speech. Here are some examples of addresses in English:
| Excuse me Sir, could you tell me where the nearest bank is? | Sorry, sir, can you tell me where the nearest bank is? |
| John , please tell my parents I will be late. | John , please tell my parents that I will be late. |
| Mr. Adams , there is some important information for you. | Mr Adams , there is important information for you. |
| Dear Ann
,
I was really happy when your letter arrived… |
Dear Anne
,
I was really happy when your letter arrived... |
As you can see from the above examples, the type of address depends on many factors, in particular, on how formal or, conversely, informal the communication situation is, on whether the form of communication chosen is oral or written, as well as on your and the interlocutor’s age, gender , social status, profession and relationships of subordination.
Formal forms of addressing one person in English
To address a person in a formal situation, the English language offers several polite forms. For example, to address a man, the following options are used:
| Writing an appeal | Transcription | Translation of example | |
| Mr. | [ ˈmɪstə(r) ] | Mr. Thompson, could you repeat your requests, please. | Mr. Thompson, could you repeat your request please? |
| Sir | I’m afraid, Sir, our headmaster is on holiday at the moment. | I'm afraid, sir, our director is currently on vacation. | |
| Esq. | [ɪˈskwʌɪə] | John S. Brown, Esq., come into the office, please! | Mr. John S. Brown, please come to the office! |
If we talk about each of the above forms, it is worth noting the following:
- the treatment can be applied to any man, whatever his age, social status and marital status; such an address is placed before the addressee's surname, for example: Mr. Johnson - Mr. Johnson;
- The address Sir should be chosen if the addressee’s last name remains unnamed or unknown; in rarer, but more honorable cases, Sir is an address to a person holding a knighthood (in the United Kingdom) and is placed either before the name, for example - Sir Richard / Sir Richard, or before the full name and surname, for example - Sir Elton John / Sir Elton John;
- The address is placed after the full name. Message from Mr. in such cases it should no longer be used, since it will be redundant. This treatment has its roots in the medieval term Esquire, which first denoted the squire of a knight, and only later belonging to the lower strata of the nobility. The form is currently used quite rarely, more often in the written version.
To address a woman in an official setting, the following forms apply:
| Writing an appeal | Transcription | An example of the use of address | Translation of example |
| Mrs. | [‘mɪsɪz] | Mrs. Smith, can you have a speech during the meeting? | Mrs. Smith, could you give a speech at the meeting? |
| Ms. | [‘mɪz] | Ms. Johns, our company are very sorry about this mistake and offer you some discounts on other goods you need for your business. | Ms. Jones, our company regrets this error and is offering you some discounts on other items you need for your business. |
| Miss | [‘mɪz] | Miss Huston, you are a very promising young teacher! | Miss Houston, you are a very promising young teacher! |
| Madam | [ˈmadəm] | I’m sorry, Madam, could you follow me, please! | Excuse me, madam, could you follow me please? |
The differences between the above forms of addressing a woman are sometimes quite significant, in particular:
- appeal Mrs. is sometimes addressed to a married woman and requires after it her last name / first name and last name / first and last name of her husband, for example: Stevenson / Mrs. Jane Stevenson/Mrs. Paul Stevenson. The last option will seem rather unusual to a Russian person, but there is a simple explanation for this, because the form Mrs. – this is an address expressing belonging to a certain man (Mrs. as a form of the possessive case from Mr.);
- the address Miss is applicable to an unmarried girl and requires a surname after it, for example - Miss Brown, less often - a name, for example Miss Alice;
- appeal Ms. occurs more often in business correspondence, while in oral speech preference is given to one of the two forms indicated above. This treatment, which applies to any woman regardless of whether she is married, is the result of numerous campaigns for women's equality. After the address Ms., recommended in 1974 by the United Nations, it is necessary to use the surname, for example - J. Simpson;
- Madam is used if the addressee's last name is not mentioned or is unknown, for example – Dear Madam / Dear Madam. In addition, the address Madam is also typical for use in relation to a high-ranking female person, and the post she occupies can be named after it, for example: Madam Managing Director / Madam General Director.
Formal address to several addressees
When speaking orally to a mixed-sex audience, the most typical and acceptable form becomes Ladies and gentlemen! – which is translated into Russian as "Ladies and Gentlemen!" . In a less formal situation, you can find formulations such as Dear friends! - "Dear friends!"; Dear colleagues! - "Dear Colleagues!" or Esteemed colleagues! - "Dear Colleagues!" .
In an official written address to several persons (presumably mostly male), whose surnames are unknown, the wording is used Sirs / Gentlemen , For example:
If there is a written appeal to a group of women whose names and surnames are unknown, the wording is used Mesdames () / Ladies , For example:
If the message in correspondence is aimed at several addressees, and their last names are known, you can use the wording Messrs ( [ˈmes.əz]) / Gentlemen , after which these surnames are indicated, for example: MessrsJohnson, Smith and Robinson - Messrs. Johnson, Smith and Robinson. However, this formulation is now considered somewhat outdated.
Unofficial appeal
Without going too far from the topic of addressing a letter, it should be noted that when addressing a friend or good acquaintance, it is enough to call him by name or address him using the wording Dear + name (Dear...) or Hello/Hi,+ name (Hello, ...) .
In oral speech, the most acceptable address is also considered to be addressed by name. In this case, a diminutive form of the name can also be used, as in Russian, for example:
| Robert (Robert) | Rob(Rob)Bob (Bean) , Bobby (Bobby), Robbie(Robbie) |
| Susan(Susan) | Sue(Sue) |
However, such forms do not exist for all names, and calling the full name is still more common.
Another question is that, unlike the Russian patronymic name, in English-speaking countries people sometimes have several names, which is associated with the Catholic tradition of “tying” the name of a patron saint or some relative to one name. However, there is no patronymic in English. But out of several names given to a person at baptism, the first one does not always become the one that the person perceives as the main thing and would like to be called that way. For example: William Bradley Pitt is better known as Brad Pitt.
But in order to avoid misunderstandings associated with calling by name, it is worth clarifying with your interlocutor: “ What should I call you ? - “What should I call you?” .
Be polite and friendly in your communication and the necessary forms of address will definitely serve you well.
Every year the pace of life gets faster and faster. People in big cities live in a crazy schedule, rushing to work in the morning, from work to home, to kindergarten to pick up their child, or to the gym. People are in a hurry everywhere, because there are so many things planned. The desire to do everything quickly turned into our speech.
Abbreviations in Russian speech
To speed up writing or save memory on the medium, abbreviations began to be used more and more when writing, which passed into oral speech. At least two letters will be removed from the words:
- “Press on the gas/brake” - press on the gas/brake pedal.
- "Magaz" is a store.
- "Telek" - television.
- “Photka” is a photograph.
- "Infa" - information.
- “Laptop” or “beech” - notebook (laptop - portable personal computer).
- “X/z” - “who knows.”
When writing, abbreviations are also used:
- "Spsb" - thank you
- "Please" - please
- “Prv” - hello and many others.
There are officially accepted and enshrined abbreviations in academic reference books:
- "Those." - that is
- "Etc." - etc
- "T.p." - the like
- "Km" - kilometer
- “Military unit” - military unit and many others.
Can you imagine how difficult it is for a foreigner not only to learn these words, but also to figure out what they mean!
The English language also has a lot of abbreviations and abbreviations, and it is difficult for those uninitiated in the secrets of the language to understand the rules for using symbols.
Abbreviated words in English
In Western countries, it is customary to address people by emphasizing their social status, age, gender and level of education.
The most common abbreviations Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms are used before the first or last name. In Russian, there is no emphasis on social status.
The difference between Miss, Mrs, Ms, Dr, Mr lies in determining the social status of a woman (married or unmarried), being male and having an academic degree.
It can be understood that Mr means "mister" (mɪstər) or "master" when addressing a male person of any age, regardless of whether he is married or not, and in the absence of an academic degree. Used with the surname: Mr Holmes is a detective - Mr. Holmes is a detective.
Dr is an address to a man or woman who has a scientific degree or medical practice (in the Russian Federation this is a candidate or doctor of science). For example: Dr Watson is Sherlock Holmes’ friend - Doctor Watson is a friend of Sherlock Holmes.
All abbreviations Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms in British English are written without a dot, in American English with a dot. For example: Mr.
Appeal to a woman
But the difference between Miss, Mrs, Ms is almost the same as was customary in pre-revolutionary Russia: when addressing unmarried girls - “young lady”, and “madam” - when addressing married ladies. It’s difficult to understand if you haven’t studied the language, but nothing is impossible.
What is the difference between Miss, Mrs, Ms? Everything is elementary! The address Miss is adopted in relation to unmarried girls when you are absolutely sure that she does not have a marital relationship, and it does not matter how old the girl is - 1 year or 90 years. Pronounced "miss" (mɪs), the indication comes before the surname: Good afternoon, Miss Wood! - Good afternoon, Miss Wood!
Again, Miss addresses the saleswoman, maid and teacher, even if she is married. This is due to the fact that previously only unmarried women could teach.
At first glance, the difference between Miss, Mrs, Ms is small, but it is there.
For a married woman using her husband's surname, the customary address is Mrs (Mɪsɪz - “misiz”) from the word Mistress - Mrs. or Mrs., mistress, mistress, woman with a family: Mrs. Johns is a housewife. Mrs Jones is a housewife.
Mrs can also be addressed to divorced women or widows who use their first and maiden names after Missis.
The meaning of the difference between Miss, Mrs, Ms can only be understood by reading British newspapers or where increasingly a woman is addressed as Ms (mɪz, məz) - the “miz” from the word Mistress does not depend on whether she has a husband. This is simply an indication of being female. If you don't know if a girl is married and don't want to offend her, feel free to call her Ms! There is no need to guess whether she changed her last name or not - the woman herself will correct the form of address if she considers it necessary. This is a correct neutral address in English-speaking countries, a generally accepted greeting in business, an appeal to a woman emphasizing her equality with men.
Official appeal
Originating in the 1950s, Ms was coined in the 1970s to refer to feminists.
Miss, Mrs, Ms - a difference when addressing the female gender, adopted in Western countries, where status is given great importance. This abbreviation is also placed before the surname or name: Ms Jane Clark has got a nice car! - Jane Clark has a good car!
This is a common policy in newspapers and magazines. Even Judith Martin, recognized as Miss Impeccable Manners, recommends this form of greeting women in her books on etiquette.
The difference between Miss, Mrs, Ms exists only in an official setting, during a business meeting and communication between unfamiliar people. When talking to friends and relatives, simply first and last names are used without a word indicating social status or simply affectionate words.
Surely you have heard the address “Mrs.” at least once. You may have seen the abbreviation “Mrs” in your letters. What is this and when is such treatment appropriate? How to communicate correctly in England and America? Let's talk about this in more detail. The information will be useful if you are going to visit Foggy Albion.
Appeal as a tribute to traditions
England is a country of traditions. The British are careful about their history and culture. This is a very conservative nation. Moreover, the rule also applies to the culture of communication. In the 17th century, it was customary to separate the appeal to married and free girls. This rule is still relevant today, despite the fashion for equality in relationships. The Russian language is not characterized by division into statuses. Surely you are familiar with the abbreviation "Mrs". What is this and when is this treatment used?
Address as an expression of social status
English etiquette requires that a girl or woman emphasize her social status during dialogue or correspondence. We already know that "Mrs" is an address to a woman. But is it always appropriate?
The English language offers several options:
Pronunciation, transcription and obsolete meaning
Now it’s clear what “Mrs” is. The transcription of the word is as follows: .
Today "Mrs" is an address to a married woman. But previously there was an obsolete word "Mistress". In modern English it is practically no longer used; it can be translated as “mistress”, “mistress”.
Modern meaning and use
In modern English, the translation of “Mrs” is interpreted somewhat differently - no longer as “wife”.
In writing, full addresses are not used, so the following abbreviations are accepted:
- Dear Miss Braun - Dear Miss Brown;
- Dear Mrs. Jonson - Dear Mrs. Jonson;
- Dear Ms Willison - Dear Mrs Willison.
As you may have noticed, the number of letters is slightly different. "Ms" is a universal way of addressing both married and single girls.
What to consider before starting a dialogue with your interlocutor
Before you start a conversation with anyone, you must have certain information and consider the following points:
- gender and age of the interlocutor - a person who is much older than you is expected to be treated with more respect;
- social status;
- level of education;
- level of communication and environment. Informal and business communication are different. It is unlikely that a friendly form of dialogue is suitable for business negotiations.
How to get out of the situation
If you are afraid of getting into an awkward situation, do not despair. There are several techniques that will help you win over your interlocutors and relieve tension:
- Can I call you... - Can I call you...
- What's your name? - What is your name?
- It"s ok (well) if I"l call you...? - Can I call you...?
To get the attention of staff or passers-by when you need help, use the phrase ecxuse me.
Messages for a business meeting or presentation
For business communication, it’s good to know a few trump cards:
- "Sir" is how one addresses an adult man.
- "Madam" is an address to an adult, even an elderly woman.
- "Mr." together with the surname - this is how you can address any man.
- "Mrs." - for a woman who is married and uses her husband’s surname.
- "Ms" is a common universal business address for women.
A few words about punctuation
If you ever have to write a letter to someone living in England, you need to know some rules of punctuation.
In English, unlike Russian, it is not customary to put a comma after addresses.
After you have used the address “Miss”, do not put a period, since according to the rules the full form follows: Miss Dana Barrett - Miss Dana Barrett.
In Europe, another abbreviation is accepted, which has several meanings - Dr (Doctor). It applies not only to employees of medical institutions, but also to those who have an academic degree.
Read and learn new things. Business communication will open doors for you to a new profession and give you a lot of interesting things.
