What global problems threaten humanity. The main problems of the modern world

Global problems of our time- this is a set of the most acute, vitally important human problems, the successful solution of which requires the combined efforts of all states. These are problems on the solution of which further social progress and the fate of the entire world civilization depend.

These include, first of all, the following:

· preventing the threat of nuclear war;

· overcoming the environmental crisis and its consequences;

· resolution of energy, raw materials and food crises;

· reducing the gap in the level of economic development between developed Western countries and developing countries of the “third world”,

· stabilization of the demographic situation on the planet.

· fight against transnational organized crime and international terrorism,

· health protection and prevention of the spread of AIDS and drug addiction.

The general features of global problems are that they:

· have acquired a truly planetary, worldwide character, affecting the interests of the peoples of all states;

· threaten humanity with serious regression in the further development of productive forces, in the conditions of life itself;

· need urgent decisions and actions to overcome and prevent dangerous consequences and threats to the life support and safety of citizens;

· require collective efforts and actions on the part of all states and the entire world community.

Ecological problems

The uncontrollable growth of production, the consequences of scientific and technological progress and unreasonable environmental management today put the world under the threat of a global environmental catastrophe. A detailed consideration of the prospects for the development of mankind, taking into account current natural processes, leads to the need to sharply limit the pace and volume of production, because their further uncontrolled growth can push us beyond the line beyond which there will no longer be sufficient quantities of all the necessary resources necessary for human life, including including clean air and water. Consumer society, formed today, thoughtlessly and non-stop wasting resources, puts humanity on the brink of a global catastrophe.

Over the past decades, the general condition of water resources has noticeably deteriorated.- rivers, lakes, reservoirs, inland seas. Meanwhile global water consumption has doubled between 1940 and 1980, and according to experts, doubled again by 2000. Under the influence of economic activity water resources are depleted, small rivers disappear, water intake in large reservoirs is reduced. Eighty countries, representing 40% of the world's population, are currently experiencing water shortage.

Sharpness demographic problem cannot be assessed abstracting from economic and social factors. Shifts in the growth rate and structure of the population occur in the context of persistent deep disproportions in the distribution of the global economic system. Accordingly, in countries with great economic potential, the overall level of spending on health care, education, preservation of the natural environment is immeasurably higher, and, as a result, life expectancy is much higher than in group of developing countries.

As for the countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR, where 6.7% of the world’s population lives, they lag behind economically developed countries by 5 times

Socio-economic problems, the problem of the growing gap between highly developed countries and third world countries (the so-called 'North - South' problem)

One of the most serious problems of our time is the problem of socio-economic development. Today there is one trend - the poor get poorer and the rich get richer. The so-called “civilized world” (USA, Canada, Japan, Western European countries - only about 26 states - approximately 23% of the world population) currently consumes from 70 to 90% of the goods produced.

The problem of the relationship between the “First” and “Third” worlds is called the “North-South” problem. Regarding her there is two opposing concepts:

· the reason for the backwardness of the countries of the poor "South" is the so-called "Vicious circle of poverty", in which they fall, and due to which they cannot begin effective development. Many economists in the North, supporters of this point of view, believe that the South itself is to blame for its troubles.

· that it is the “civilized world” that bears the main responsibility for the poverty of the countries of the modern “Third World”, because it was with the participation and under the dictation of the richest countries in the world that the process of formation of a modern economic system took place, and, naturally, these countries found themselves in a obviously more advantageous position, that today allowed them to form the so-called. The “golden billion”, plunging the rest of humanity into the abyss of poverty, mercilessly exploiting both the mineral and labor resources of countries that find themselves out of work in the modern world.

Demographic crisis

In 1800 there were only about 1 billion people on the planet, in 1930 - 2 billion, in 1960 - already 3 billion, in 1999 humanity reached 6 billion. Today the world's population is increasing by 148 people. per minute (247 are born, 99 die) or 259 thousand per day - these are modern realities. At The world population is growing unevenly. The share of developing countries in the total population of the planet has increased over the past half century from 2/3 to almost 4/5. Today, humanity is faced with the need to control population growth, because the number of people that our planet can support is still limited, especially since a possible lack of resources in the future (which will be discussed below), coupled with the huge number of people inhabiting the planet, can lead to to tragic and irreversible consequences.

Another major demographic shift is the rapid process of “rejuvenation” of the population in a group of developing countries and, conversely, the aging of residents of developed countries. The share of children under 15 years of age in the first three post-war decades increased in most developing countries to 40-50% of their population. As a result, the largest part of the working-age workforce is currently concentrated in these countries. Providing employment to the vast labor force of the developing world, especially in the poorest and poorest countries, is today one of the most pressing social problems of truly international importance.

In the same time increasing life expectancy and slowing birth rates in developed countries have led to a significant increase in the proportion of elderly people, which entailed a huge burden on the pension, healthcare and trustee systems. Governments are faced with the need to develop new social policies that can solve the problems of population aging in the 21st century.

The problem of exhaustible resources (mineral, energy and other)

Scientific and technological progress, which gave impetus to the development of modern industry, required a sharp increase in the production of various types of mineral raw materials. Today every year production of oil, gas, and other minerals is increasing. Thus, according to scientists' forecasts, at the current rate of development, oil reserves will last on average for another 40 years, natural gas reserves should last for 70 years, and coal reserves for 200 years. Here it should be taken into account that today humanity receives 90% of its energy from the combustion heat of fuel (oil, coal, gas), and the rate of energy consumption is constantly growing, and this growth is not linear. Alternative energy sources are also used - nuclear, as well as wind, geothermal, solar and other types of energy. As seen, The key to the successful development of human society in the future may be not only the transition to the use of recycled materials, new energy sources and energy-saving technologies(which is certainly necessary), but, first of all, revision of principles, on which a modern economy is built, not looking back at any restrictions in terms of resources, except for those that may require too much monetary expenditure, which will not be justified in the future.

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GLOBAL PROBLEMS

(from Latin globus (terrae) - globe) - a set of vitally important problems that affect the whole and are insoluble within individual states and even geographic regions. G.p. came to the fore in the 20th century. as a result of significant population growth and a sharp intensification of the production process in an industrial society. Attempts to solve G.p. are an indicator of the gradual formation of a single humanity and the formation of a truly world history. To the number of G.p. include: prevention of thermonuclear war; reducing rapid population growth (“population explosion” in developing countries); prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment, primarily the atmosphere and the World Ocean; ensuring further economic development with the necessary natural resources, especially non-renewable ones; bridging the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries; elimination of hunger, poverty and illiteracy, etc. Circle G.p. is not sharply outlined, their peculiarity is that they cannot be solved in isolation, and humanity itself largely depends on their solution.
G.p. generated by the colossally increased impact of man on the environment, his economic activity transforming nature, which has become comparable in scale to geological and other planetary natural processes. According to pessimistic forecasts, G.p. cannot be resolved at all and in the near future will lead humanity to an environmental disaster (R. Heilbroner). Optimistic assumes that G.p. will turn out to be a natural consequence of scientific and technological progress (G. Kahn) or the result of the elimination of social antagonisms and the construction of a perfect society (Marxism-Leninism). The intermediate one consists in the demand for a slowdown or even zero growth of the economy and world population (D. Meadows and others).

Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

[French global - universal, from lat. globe (terrae)- globe], a set of vitally important problems of humanity, on the solution of which further progress in modern era - preventing a world thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; bridging the growing economic gap level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating their backwardness, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe; cessation strives. population growth (“demographic explosion” in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of “depopulation” in developed capitalist countries. countries; preventing catastrophic environmental pollution, including the atmosphere, oceans and T. d.; ensuring further economic development of humanity with necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, prom. raw materials and energy sources; prevention of direct and distant ones will be denied. consequences of scientific and technical revolution. Some researchers also include problems of health care, education, social values and T. P.

These vital problems, although they existed before to one degree or another as local and regional contradictions, have become modern planetary era and unprecedented scale due to the specific historical situation that has developed on the globe. situation, namely a sharp exacerbation of uneven socio-economic. and scientific and technical. progress, as well as the growing process of internationalization of all societies. activities. Contrary to opinion pl. scientists and societies. figures in the West, in particular representatives of the Club of Rome, G. p. were generated not so much by the colossally increased means of humankind’s influence on the world around us and the enormous scope (scale) his household activity, which has become comparable to geological. And etc. planetary natures. processes, and above all the spontaneity of societies. development and anarchy of production under capitalism, the legacy of colonialism and the ongoing exploitation of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latvia. America is multinational. corporations, as well as etc. antagonistic contradictions, the pursuit of profit and current benefits to the detriment of the long-term, fundamental interests of society as a whole. The global nature of these problems does not stem from their “ubiquity,” and certainly not from their “predatory nature.” nature of man,” supposedly equally inherent in any social system, as they say bourgeois ideologists, but from the fact that they somehow affect humanity as a whole and cannot be completely resolved within the framework dept. states and even geographical. regions. They also cannot be successfully solved in isolation from one another.

Universal. the character of civil society does not at all give them a supra-class and non-ideological character. content is believed bourgeois scientists, considering them from the standpoint of abstract humanism and liberal reformist philanthropy. The global nature of these problems does not negate the class approach to their study and the fundamental differences in the methods and means of solving them in different social systems. Marxists reject the pessimism common in the West. and pseudo-optimistic. concepts of G. p., according to which they either cannot be resolved at all and will inevitably plunge humanity into catastrophe (. Heilbroner), or can be resolved only by price T. And. zero growth of the world economy and population (D. Meadows and etc.) , or to solve them, only one scientific and technical progress (G. Kahn). The Marxist approach to G. p. differs from the non-Marxist one also with regard to their hierarchy (priority in their decision): to the bourgeoisie, to ideologists who put forward either environmentalism first. problems, or “demographic. explosion" or the contrast between "poor and rich nations" (advanced North and backward South), Marxists believe the most insistent. the problem of preventing global thermonuclear war, ending the arms race and ensuring international security, believing that this will create not only favorable peaceful conditions for socio-economic. progress of all peoples, but will also free up enormous material resources for solving the remaining G. p. Consistent. resolution of emerging G. and. is possible only after the elimination of social antagonisms and the establishment of relations between society and nature on a global scale, i.e. in communist society. However, already in modern conditions pl. G. problems can be successfully resolved not only in socialist. society, but also the rest of the world in the course of general democracy. struggle for and detente, against selfishness. state-monopoly policy capital, through the deployment of mutually beneficial international cooperation, establishment of a new world economic. order in relations between developed and developing countries.

Mutual conditionality and the complex nature of G. p. suggest that they scientific research can be successfully carried out only through the cooperation of scientists of different specialties, representatives of society, natural sciences. and technical sciences, based on dialectic. method and use of such methods scientific knowledge of social reality, as well as global.

Materials of the XXVI Congress CPSU, M., 1981; Brezhnev L.I., Great October and the progress of mankind, M., 1977; Commoner B., Closing Circle, lane With English, L., 1974; Biola G., Marxism and the Environment, lane O French, M., 1975; Bud yko M.I., Global ecology, M., 1977; Shiman M., Towards the third millennium, lane With Hungarian, M., 1977; G v i sh i a n i D. M., Methodological. problems of modeling global development, "VF", 1978, "" 2; Arab-Ogly 9. A., Demographic and environmental forecasts, M., 1978; Forrester J. V., World, lane With English, M., 1978; Zagladin V., Frolov I., G. p. and the future of humanity, “Communist”, 1979, No. 7; theirs, G. p. modernity: scientific and social aspects, M., 1981; Frolov I. T., Human Perspectives, M., 1979; Sociological aspects of global modeling, M., 1979; The future of the global economy (Report of the UN group of experts headed by V. Leontyev), lane With English, M., 1979; Future. Real problems and bourgeois speculations, Sofia, 1979; ? e h e i A., Human. quality, lane With English, M., 1980; State of the Art of Modernity, M., 1981; Leibin V.M., “Models of the world” and “man”: Critical. ideas of the Club of Rome, M., 1981; F a l k R., The study of future worlds, N.Y., ; Kahn H., Brown W., Martel L., The next 200 years, L., 1977.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

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Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3

1. The concept of global problems of modern society…………………….5

2. Ways to solve global problems……………………….15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….20

List of references……………………………………………………………...23

Introduction.

A sociology test is presented on the topic: “Global problems of modern society: the reasons for their occurrence and aggravation at the present stage of human development.”

The purpose of the test will be the following - to consider the causes of global problems of modern society and their aggravation.

Tasks test work :

1.Explain the concept of global problems of modern society, their causes.

2. Characterize ways to solve global problems at the present stage of human development.

It should be noted that sociology studies the social.

Social in our life is a set of certain properties and features of social relations, integrated by individuals or communities in the process of joint activity (interaction) in specific conditions and manifested in their relations to each other, to their position in society, to the phenomena and processes of social life .

Any system of social relations (economic, political, cultural and spiritual) concerns the relationship of people to each other and to society, and therefore has its own social aspect.

A social phenomenon or process occurs when the behavior of even one individual is influenced by another or a group (community) regardless of their physical presence.

Sociology is designed to study precisely this.

On the one hand, the social is a direct expression of social practice, on the other hand, it is subject to constant change due to the influence of this very social practice on it.

Sociology is faced with the task of cognition of the stable, essential and at the same time constantly changing in the social, analysis of the relationship between the constant and the variable in the specific state of a social object.

In reality, a specific situation acts as an unknown social fact that must be realized in the interests of practice.

A social fact is a single socially significant event, typical for a given sphere of social life.

Humanity has experienced the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars.

New tools and household appliances; the development of education and culture, the affirmation of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.

But there are a number of problems to which we need to find an answer, a path, a solution, a way out of a disastrous situation.

That's why relevance test work is that now global problems - this is a multidimensional series of negative phenomena that you need to know and understand how to get out of them.

The test consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references.

Authors such as V.E. Ermolaev, Yu.V. Irkhin, V.A. Maltsev helped us a lot when writing the test.

1. The concept of global problems of our time

It is believed that the global problems of our time are generated precisely by the pervasive unevenness of the development of world civilization, when the technical power of mankind has immeasurably surpassed the level of social organization it has achieved and political thinking has clearly lagged behind political reality.

Also, the motives of human activity and his moral values are very far from the social, environmental and demographic foundations of the era.

Global (from French Global) is universal, (Latin Globus) is a ball.

Based on this, the meaning of the word “global” can be defined as:

1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;

2) comprehensive, complete, universal.

The present time is the boundary of a change of eras, the entry of the modern world into a qualitatively new phase of development.

Therefore, the most characteristic features of the modern world will be:

information revolution;

acceleration of modernization processes;

compaction of space;

acceleration of historical and social time;

the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the USA and Russia);

reconsidering the Eurocentric worldview;

growing influence of eastern states;

integration (convergence, interpenetration);

globalization (strengthening interconnection and interdependence of countries and peoples);

strengthening national cultural values and traditions.

So, global problems- this is a set of problems of humanity, on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring coordinated international action to solve them.

Now let's try to find out what they have in common.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world. It has become obvious that global problems not only concern all of humanity, but are also vitally important to it. Complex problems facing humanity can be considered global because:

firstly, they affect all of humanity, touching on the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;

secondly, global problems do not respect borders;

thirdly, they lead to significant losses of an economic and social nature, and sometimes to a threat to the existence of civilization itself;

fourthly, they require broad international cooperation to solve these problems, since not one state, no matter how powerful it may be, is unable to solve them on its own.

The relevance of global problems of humanity is determined by a number of factors, the main of which include:
1. Sharp acceleration of social development processes.

This acceleration clearly revealed itself already in the first decades of the 20th century. It became even more obvious in the second half of the century. The reason for the accelerated development of socio-economic processes is scientific and technological progress.

In just a few decades of scientific and technological revolution, more changes have occurred in the development of productive forces and social relations than in any similar period of time in the past.

Moreover, each subsequent change in human activities occurs at shorter intervals.

In the course of scientific and technological progress, the earth's biosphere has been powerfully impacted by various types of human activity. The anthropogenic impact of society on nature has increased sharply.
2. Global population growth. He posed a number of problems to humanity, first of all, the problem of providing food and other means of subsistence. At the same time, environmental problems associated with human living conditions have become more acute.
3. The problem of nuclear weapons and nuclear disaster.
These and some other problems affect not only individual regions or countries, but also humanity as a whole. For example, the consequences of a nuclear test are felt everywhere. The depletion of the ozone layer, caused largely by an imbalance in the hydrocarbon balance, is felt by all inhabitants of the planet. The use of chemicals used to control field pests can cause mass poisonings in regions and countries geographically distant from the place of production of contaminated products.
Thus, the global problems of our time are a complex of acute socio-natural contradictions that affect the world as a whole, and with it local regions and countries.

Global problems must be distinguished from regional, local and local ones.
Regional problems include a range of pressing issues that arise within individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world or in large states.

The concept “local” refers to problems either of individual states or large areas of one or two states (for example, earthquakes, floods, other natural disasters and their consequences, local military conflicts; the collapse of the Soviet Union, etc.).

Local problems arise in certain regions of states and cities (for example, conflicts between the population and the administration, temporary difficulties with water supply, heating, etc.). However, we should not forget that unresolved regional, local and local problems can become global. For example, the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant directly affected only a number of regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (a regional problem), but if the necessary safety measures are not taken, its consequences can in one way or another affect other countries, and even become global. Any local military conflict can gradually turn into a global one if its course affects the interests of a number of countries other than its participants, as evidenced by the history of the First and Second World Wars, etc.
On the other hand, since global problems, as a rule, are not solved on their own, and even with targeted efforts a positive result is not always achieved, in the practice of the world community they strive, if possible, to transform them into local ones (for example, to legally limit the birth rate in a number of individual countries with demographic explosion), which, of course, does not exhaustively solve the global problem, but it does provide a certain gain in time before the onset of catastrophic consequences.
Thus, global problems affect not only the interests of individuals, nations, countries, continents, but can affect the prospects for the future development of the world; they cannot be resolved on their own or even through the efforts of individual countries, but require focused and organized efforts of the entire world community. Unsolved global problems can lead in the future to serious, even irreversible consequences for humans and their environment. The generally recognized global problems are: environmental pollution, resource problems, demography and nuclear weapons; a number of other problems.
The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of their study.

Plan

Introduction……………………….…………………………………………3

A look at global problems……………………………………………………………4

Intersocial problems……………………………………………………………..5

Ecological and social problems…………………………………………………………….9

Sociocultural problems…………………………………………….………..14

Conclusion……………………………….…………………………………….16

References…………………………………………………….………17

Introduction

From French Global - universal

Global problems of humanity are problems and situations that cover many countries, the Earth's atmosphere, the World Ocean and near-Earth space and affect the entire population of the Earth.

Global problems of humanity cannot be solved by the efforts of one country; jointly developed regulations on environmental protection, coordinated economic policies, assistance to backward countries, etc. are needed.

In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still, this was distant prehistory, a kind of “incubation period” of modern global problems. These problems fully manifested themselves in the second half and, especially, in the last quarter of the 20th century, that is, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. They were brought to life by a whole complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.

The twentieth century is a turning point not only in world social history, but also in the very fate of humanity. The fundamental difference between the passing century and all previous history is that humanity has lost faith in its immortality. He began to understand that his dominance over nature was not unlimited and was fraught with the death of himself. In fact, never before has humanity itself increased quantitatively by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered into a period of scientific and technological revolution, reached the post-industrial stage of development, or opened the road to space. Never before has such a quantity of natural resources been required to support its life, and the waste it returns to the environment has also been so great. Never before has there been such a globalization of the world economy, such a unified world information system. Finally, never before has a Cold War brought all of humanity so close to the brink of self-destruction. Even if it is possible to avoid a global nuclear war, the threat to the existence of humanity on Earth still remains, because the planet will not withstand the unbearable load that has arisen as a result of human activity. It is increasingly obvious that the historical form of human existence, which allowed him to create modern civilization, with all its seemingly limitless possibilities and conveniences, has given rise to many problems that require radical solutions - and urgently.

The purpose of this essay is to give modern ideas about the essence of global problems and the nature of their interrelations.

A LOOK AT GLOBAL ISSUES

In the process of historical development of human activity, outdated technological methods are broken down, and with them outdated social mechanisms of human interaction with nature. At the beginning of human history, predominantly adaptive (adaptive) interaction mechanisms operated. Man obeyed the forces of nature, adapted to the changes occurring in it, changing his own nature in the process. Then, as the productive forces developed, man’s utilitarian attitude towards nature and other people prevailed. The modern era raises the question of the transition to a new path of social mechanisms, which should be called co-evolutionary or harmonious. The global situation in which humanity finds itself reflects and expresses the general crisis of human consumerism towards natural and social resources. Reason pushes humanity to realize the vital need to harmonize connections and relationships in the global system “Man - Technology - Nature”. In this regard, understanding the global problems of our time, their causes, relationships, and ways to solve them is of particular importance.

Global problems name those problems that, firstly, concern all of humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization; thirdly, for their solution they require cooperation on a planetary scale, joint actions of all countries and peoples.

The above definition can hardly be considered sufficiently clear and unambiguous. And their classifications according to one or another characteristic are often too vague. From the point of view of an overview of global problems, the most acceptable classification is one that combines all global problems into three groups:

1. Problems of economic and political interaction of states (intersocial). Among them, the most pressing are: global security; globalization of political power and the structure of civil society; overcoming the technological and economic backwardness of developing countries and establishing a new international order.

2. Problems of interaction between society and nature (ecological and social). First of all, these are: prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; providing humanity with necessary natural resources; exploration of the World Ocean and outer space.

3. Problems of relationships between people and society (sociocultural). The main ones are: the problem of population growth; the problem of protecting and promoting people's health; problems of education and cultural growth.

All these problems are generated by the disunity of humanity and the unevenness of its development. Consciousness has not yet become the most important prerequisite for humanity as a whole. The negative results and consequences of uncoordinated, ill-considered actions of countries, peoples, and individuals, accumulating on a global scale, have become a powerful objective factor in global economic and social development. They are having an increasingly significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions. Their solution involves combining the efforts of a large number of states and organizations at the international level. In order to have a clear idea of the strategy and methodology for solving global problems, it is necessary to dwell on the characteristics of at least the most pressing of them

INTERSOCIAL ISSUES

Global Security

In recent years, this topic has attracted special attention in political and scientific circles; a huge number of special studies have been devoted to it. This in itself is evidence of an awareness of the fact that the survival and development of humanity is facing threats such as it has never experienced in the past.

Indeed, in earlier times the concept of security was identified primarily with the defense of the country from aggression. Now it also means protection from threats associated with natural and man-made disasters, economic crisis, political instability, the spread of subversive information, moral degradation, impoverishment of the national gene pool, etc.

All this vast range of issues is rightfully a matter of concern both in individual countries and within the world community. It will be considered in one way or another in all parts of the research undertaken. At the same time, it remains, and in some respects even intensifies military threat.

The confrontation between two superpowers and military blocs has brought the world close to a nuclear disaster. The end of this confrontation and the first steps towards real disarmament were, undoubtedly, the greatest achievement of international politics. They proved the fundamental possibility of breaking out of the cycle that was inexorably pushing humanity into the abyss, turning sharply from the escalation of hostility and hatred to attempts to understand each other, take into account mutual interests, and open the way to cooperation and partnership.

The results of this policy cannot be overestimated. The main one is the absence of an immediate danger of a world war with the use of means of mass destruction and the threat of general extermination of life on Earth. But can it be said that world wars from now on and forever completely excluded from history, that such a danger will not arise again after some time due to the emergence of a new armed confrontation or the spontaneous expansion of a local conflict to global proportions, equipment failure, unauthorized launch of missiles with nuclear warheads, or other cases of this kind? This is one of the most important global security issues today.

The problem of conflicts arising from interfaith rivalry requires special attention. Are traditional geopolitical contradictions hidden behind them, or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades inspired by fundamentalists of various persuasions? No matter how unexpected such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to take the necessary measures to prevent them.

Current security issues also include joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, drug trafficking.

Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path of progress towards: collective security universal type, covering all participants in the world community; security complex type, covering, along with military, other factors of strategic instability; security long-term type, meeting the needs of the democratic global system as a whole.

Politics and power in a globalizing world

As in other areas of life, globalization entails fundamental changes in the field of politics, structure and distribution of power. The ability of humanity to keep control of the process of globalization itself, using its positive aspects and minimizing negative consequences, to adequately respond to economic, social, environmental, spiritual and other challenges of the 21st century.

The “compression” of space due to the revolution in the field of communications and the formation of the world market, the need for universal solidarity in the face of looming threats, is steadily reducing the possibilities of national policy and multiplying the number of regional, continental, and global problems. As the interdependence of individual societies increases, this trend not only dominates the foreign policy of states, but also increasingly makes itself felt in domestic political issues.

Meanwhile, sovereign states remain the basis of the “organizational structure” of the world community. In the conditions of this “dual power,” there is an urgent need for a reasonable balance between national and global policies, an optimal distribution of “responsibilities” between them, and their organic interaction.

How realistic is such a connection, whether it will be possible to overcome the opposition of the forces of national and group egoism, to use the unique opportunity that is opening up to form a democratic world order - this is the main subject of research.

The experience of recent years does not allow us to answer this question unambiguously. The elimination of the split of the world into two opposing military-political blocs did not lead to the expected democratization of the entire system of international relations, to the elimination of hegemony or a reduction in the use of force. There is a great temptation to start a new round of geopolitical games, redistributing spheres of influence. The disarmament process, which was given impetus by new thinking, has noticeably slowed down. Instead of some conflicts, others broke out, no less bloody. In general, after a step forward, which was the end of the Cold War, a half step back was taken.

All this does not give reason to believe that the possibilities for democratic reconstruction of the international system have been exhausted, but it does indicate that this task is much more difficult than it seemed ten years ago to the politicians who dared to take it on. The question remains open as to whether the bipolar world will be replaced by a new version of it, with the Soviet Union replaced by some kind of superpower, monocentrism, polycentrism, or, finally, democratic management of the affairs of the world community through generally acceptable mechanisms and procedures.

Along with the creation of a new system of international relations and the redistribution of power between states, other factors that actively influence the formation of the world order of the 21st century are becoming increasingly important. International financial institutions, transnational corporations, powerful information complexes such as the Internet, global communication systems, associations of like-minded political parties and social movements, religious, cultural, corporate associations - all these institutions of the emerging global civil society may in the future have a strong impact on the course of world development. Whether they will become conductors of limited national or even selfish private interests or an instrument of global politics is a question of enormous importance that requires in-depth study.

Thus, the emerging global system needs a reasonably organized legitimate government that expresses the collective will of the world community and has sufficient powers to solve global problems.

The global economy is a challenge for national economies

In economics, science, and technology, globalization manifests itself most intensively. Transnational corporations and banks, uncontrolled financial flows, a unified worldwide system of electronic communications and information, modern transport, the transformation of English into a means of “global” communication, large-scale population migrations - all this is eroding national-state barriers and creating an economically integrated world.

At the same time, for a huge number of countries and peoples, the status of a sovereign state seems to be a means of protecting and ensuring economic interests.

The contradiction between globalism and nationalism in economic development is becoming a pressing problem. Is it true that, and to what extent, nation states are losing their ability to determine economic policy as they give way to transnational corporations? And if this is so, then what are the consequences for the social environment, the formation and regulation of which is carried out primarily at the national-state level?

With the end of the military and ideological confrontation between the two worlds, as well as progress in the field of disarmament, globalization received a powerful additional impetus. The relationship between market transformation in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space, in China, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and economic globalization, on the other, is a new and promising area of research and forecasting.

Apparently, a new sphere of confrontation between two powerful forces is opening: the national bureaucracy (and everything that stands behind it) and the international economic environment, which is losing its national “registration” and obligations.

The next layer of problems is the attack of the globalizing economy on the institutions of social protection and the social state created over many decades. Globalization sharply intensifies economic competition. As a result, the social climate inside and outside the enterprise worsens. This also applies to transnational corporations.

So far, the lion's share of the benefits and fruits of globalization go to rich and powerful states. The danger of global economic shocks is noticeably increasing. The global financial system is particularly vulnerable, as it is disconnected from the real economy and can become a victim of speculative scams. The need for joint management of globalization processes is obvious. But is it possible and in what forms?

Finally, the world will probably have to face a dramatic need to rethink the basic principles of economic activity. This is caused by at least two circumstances. First, the rapidly deepening environmental crisis requires significant changes to the prevailing economic system, both nationally and globally. “Market failure” in regulating the scale of environmental pollution may indeed become the “end of history” in the near future. Secondly, a serious problem is the “social failure” of the market, manifested, in particular, in the growing polarization of the rich North and the poor South.

All this raises the most difficult questions regarding the place in the regulation of the future world economy of classical mechanisms of market self-regulation, on the one hand, and the conscious activities of state, interstate and supranational bodies, on the other.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

The essence of this range of global problems lies in the imbalance of biosphere processes that is dangerous for the existence of mankind. In the twentieth century, technological civilization came into threatening conflict with the biosphere, which had been formed over billions of years as a system that ensured the continuity of life and the optimality of the environment. Without solving social problems for the majority of humanity, the technogenic development of civilization has led to the destruction of the habitat. The ecological and social crisis has become a reality of the twentieth century.

The ecological crisis is the main challenge to civilization

It is known that life on Earth exists in the form of cycles of organic matter based on the interaction of the processes of synthesis and destruction. Each type of organism is a link in the circulation, the process of reproduction of organic matter. The synthesis function in this process is performed by green plants. The function of destruction is microorganisms. At the first stages of its history, man was a natural link in the biosphere and the biotic cycle. The changes he introduced into nature did not have a decisive impact on the biosphere. Today man has become the largest planetary force. Suffice it to say that every year about 10 billion tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, 3-4 billion tons of plant mass are consumed, and about 10 billion tons of industrial carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. More than 5 million tons of oil and petroleum products are discharged into the World Ocean and rivers. The problem of drinking water is getting worse every day. The airy atmosphere of a modern industrial city is a mixture of smoke, toxic fumes and dust. Many species of animals and plants are disappearing. The great balance of nature has been disrupted to such an extent that a gloomy forecast has emerged about the “ecological suicide of humanity.”

Voices are being heard louder and louder about the need to abandon all industrial interference in the natural balance and stop technical progress. However, solving the environmental problem by throwing humanity back to the medieval state is a utopia. And not only because people will not give up the achievements of technological progress. But, on the other hand, many in the world of science and politics still rely on an artificial mechanism for regulating the environment in the event of deep destruction of the biosphere. Therefore, science is faced with the task of finding out whether this is real or is it a myth generated by the “Promethean” spirit of modern civilization?

Satisfying mass consumer demand is recognized as the most important factor in internal socio-political stability. And this is placed by influential political and economic elites above global environmental security.

Unfortunately, a biosphere catastrophe is quite possible. Therefore, there is a need for honest recognition of the scale of the environmental threat and intellectual fearlessness in the face of this challenge to humanity. The fact is that changes in the biosphere, including catastrophic ones, have occurred and will occur regardless of man, so we should not talk about complete obedience to nature, but about the harmonization of natural and social processes based on the humanization of scientific and technical progress and a radical restructuring of the entire system of social relationships.

Provision of natural resources

Mineral resources

Despite the acute crisis phenomena that manifested themselves from time to time in developed countries and countries with economies in transition, the global trend is still characterized by a further increase in industrial production, accompanied by an increase in the need for mineral raw materials. This stimulated an increase in the extraction of mineral resources, which, for example, over the period 1980-2000. in total exceeds production by 1.2-2 times over the previous twenty years. And as forecasts show, this trend will continue. The question naturally arises: are the mineral resources contained in the bowels of the Earth sufficient to ensure the indicated enormous acceleration in the extraction of minerals in the near and distant future. This question is logical especially because, unlike other natural resources, mineral resources on the scale of the past future history of mankind are non-renewable, and, strictly speaking, within the boundaries of our planet, limited and finite.

The problem of limited mineral resources has become particularly acute because, in addition to the growth of industrial production, which is associated with an increasing need for mineral raw materials, it is aggravated by the extremely uneven distribution of deposits in the depths of the earth’s crust across continents and countries. Which in turn aggravates economic and political conflicts between countries.

Thus, the global nature of the problem of providing humanity with mineral resources predetermines the need to develop broad international cooperation here. The difficulties that many countries of the world experience due to the lack of certain types of mineral raw materials could be overcome on the basis of mutually beneficial scientific, technical and economic cooperation. Such cooperation can be very effective in jointly conducting regional geological and geophysical research in promising zones of the earth's crust or through joint exploration and exploitation of large mineral deposits, by providing assistance in the industrial development of complex deposits on a compensation basis, and finally, through mutually beneficial trade in mineral raw materials and its products.

Land resources

The characteristics and properties of the land determine its exclusive place in the development of the productive forces of society. The relationship “man - earth” that has developed over centuries remains at the present time and in the foreseeable future one of the determining factors of world life and progress. Moreover, land supply problem due to the population growth trend will be constantly worsening.

The nature and forms of land use in different countries differ significantly. At the same time, a number of aspects of the use of land resources are common to the entire world community. This is first of all protection of land resources, especially land fertility, from natural and anthropogenic degradation.

Modern trends in the use of land resources in the world are expressed in the widespread intensification of the use of productive lands, the involvement of additional areas in economic turnover, the expansion of land allocations for non-agricultural needs, and the strengthening of activities to regulate the use and protection of lands at the national level. At the same time, the problem of economical, rational use and protection of land resources should be under increasingly close attention of international organizations. The limited and indispensable nature of land resources, taking into account population growth and the continuous increase in the scale of social production, require their effective use in all countries of the world with increasingly close international cooperation in this area. On the other hand, the land simultaneously acts as one of the main components of the biosphere, as a universal means of labor and as a spatial basis for the functioning of productive forces and their reproduction. All this defines the task of organizing scientifically based, economical and rational use of land resources as one of the global ones at the present stage of human development.

Food resources

Providing food to the ever-growing population of the Earth is one of the long-term and most complex problems of the world economy and politics.

According to experts, the aggravation of the world food problem is the result of the combined effect of the following reasons: 1) excessive load on the natural potential of agriculture and fisheries, preventing its natural recovery; 2) insufficient rates of scientific and technological progress in agriculture in those countries that do not compensate for the declining scale of natural renewal of resources; 3) ever-increasing instability in world trade in food, feed, and fertilizers.

Of course, scientific and technological progress and an increase in the production of high-quality agricultural products based on it, incl. and food crops may allow in the future to double and triple. Further intensification of agricultural production, as well as the expansion of productive lands, are real ways to solve this problem on a daily basis. But the key to solving it still lies on the political and social plane. Many rightly note that without establishing a fair economic and political world order, without overcoming the backwardness of most countries, without socio-economic transformations in developing countries and countries with economies in transition that would meet the level of requirements of accelerating scientific and technological progress, with mutually beneficial international mutual assistance - the solution The food problem will remain a distant matter.

Energetic resources

A characteristic feature of the future development of global energy will be a constant increase in the share of converted energy carriers in the final use of energy (primarily electrical energy). The increase in prices for electricity, especially base prices, occurs much more slowly than for hydrocarbon fuels. In the future, when nuclear power sources play a more prominent role than at present, we should expect stabilization or even reduction in the cost of electricity.

In the coming period, the share of world energy consumption by developing countries is expected to grow rapidly (up to 50%). The shift in the center of gravity of energy problems during the first half of the 21st century from developed countries to developing countries puts before humanity completely new tasks for the social and economic restructuring of the world, which need to begin to be solved now. Given the relatively low supply of energy resources in developing countries, this creates a difficult problem for humanity, which could develop into a crisis situation during the 21st century if appropriate organizational, economic and political measures are not taken.

One of the first priorities of the energy development strategy in the region of developing countries should be an immediate transition to new sources of energy that can reduce the dependence of these countries on imported liquid fuels and put an end to the unacceptable destruction of forests, which serve as the main source of fuel for these countries.

Due to the global nature of these problems, their solution, as well as those listed above, is possible only with the further development of international cooperation, through strengthening and expanding economic and technical assistance to developing countries from developed countries.

Development of the World Ocean

The problem of the development of the World Ocean has become global in nature due to a complex of reasons: 1) a sharp aggravation and transformation into global problems such as the raw materials, energy, and food problems described above, to the solution of which the use of the resource potential of the ocean can and should make a huge contribution; 2) the creation of powerful technical means of management, which determined not only the possibility, but also the need for a comprehensive study and development of marine resources and spaces; 3) the emergence of interstate relations of resource management, production and management in the maritime economy, which turned the previously declarative thesis about the collective (with the participation of all states) process of ocean development into a political necessity, causing the inevitability of finding a compromise with the participation and satisfaction of the interests of all major groups of countries, regardless on geographical location and level of development; 4) awareness by the overwhelming majority of developing countries of the role that the use of the ocean can play in solving the problems of backwardness and accelerating their economic development; 5) turning into a global environmental problem, the most important element of which is the World Ocean, which absorbs the main part of pollutants.

Man has been obtaining his food products from the ocean for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to study the life activity of ecological systems in the hydrosphere and identify the possibility of stimulating their productivity. This, in turn, leads to the need to understand very complex and hidden biological processes in the ocean, hidden from direct observation and far from being understood, the study of which requires close international cooperation.

And in general, there is no alternative to the division of vast spaces and resources other than broad and equal international cooperation in their development.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES

In this group, the priority issue is population. Moreover, it cannot be reduced only to the reproduction of the population and its gender and age composition. We are talking here primarily about the relationship between the processes of population reproduction and social methods of producing material goods. If the production of material goods lags behind population growth, then the financial situation of people will worsen. Conversely, if population growth decreases, this ultimately leads to an aging population and a decrease in the production of material goods.

The rapid population growth observed in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America at the end of the twentieth century is associated, first of all, with the liberation of these countries from the colonial yoke and their entry into a new stage of economic development. The new “demographic explosion” has exacerbated the problems generated by the spontaneity, unevenness and antagonistic nature of human development. All this was reflected in a sharp deterioration in the nutrition and health of the population. To the shame of civilized humanity, more than 500 million people (every tenth) are chronically malnourished every day, leading a half-starved existence, and this is mainly in countries with the most favorable conditions for the development of agricultural production. As an analysis conducted by UNESCO experts shows, the causes of hunger in these countries must be sought in the dominance of monocultures (cotton, coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.) and the low level of agricultural technology. The vast majority of families engaged in agriculture on all continents of the planet still cultivate the land with a hoe and plow. Children suffer the most from malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, 40 thousand children under the age of 5 die every day who could have been saved. This amounts to about 15 million people per year.

Education remains an acute global problem. Currently, almost every fourth inhabitant of our planet over the age of 15 remains illiterate. The number of illiterate people increases annually by 7 million people. The solution to this problem, like others, rests on the lack of material resources for the development of the education system, while at the same time, as we have already noted, the military-industrial complex absorbs enormous resources.

No less pressing are the issues that, in their totality, capture the cultural, religious and moral problems of the globalization process.

The idea of international justice can be stated as a basic principle of coexistence and free development of civilizations and cultures. In the process of globalization of the world, the problem of transferring the principles of democracy as a tool for coordinating interests and organizing cooperation to relations between countries, peoples, and civilizations becomes relevant.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the global problems of our time shows the presence of a complex and branched system of cause-and-effect relationships between them. The largest problems and their groups are, to one degree or another, related and intertwined. And any key and major problem can consist of many private, but no less important in its relevance, problems.

For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not suspect that perhaps the day would come when it would become difficult, and perhaps impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow anything on the ground, since the air is ¾ polluted , the water is ¾ poisoned, the soil ¾ is contaminated with radiation or other chemicals. But a lot has changed since then. And in our century this is a very real threat, and not many people realize it. Such people, the owners of large factories, the oil and gas industry, think only about themselves, about their wallet. They neglect safety rules, ignore the requirements of the environmental police, GREANPEACE, and sometimes they are reluctant or too lazy to buy new filters for industrial wastewater and gases that pollute the atmosphere. What could be the conclusion? ¾ Another Chernobyl, if not worse. So maybe we should think about this?

Every person must realize that Humanity is on the verge of destruction, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.

Globalization of world development processes presupposes international cooperation and solidarity within the world scientific community, an increase in the social and humanistic responsibility of scientists. Science for man and humanity, science in order to solve global problems of our time and social progress - this is the true humanistic orientation that should unite scientists all over the world. This presupposes not only a closer unification of science and practice, but also the development of fundamental problems of the future of humanity, involves the development of the unity and interaction of sciences, the strengthening of their ideological and moral foundations, corresponding to the conditions of global problems of our time

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Aleksandrova I.I., Baykov N.M., Beschinsky A.A. and others. Global energy problem. M.: Mysl, 1985

2. Allen D., Nelson M. Space biospheres. M., 1991

3. Baransky N.N. Economical geography. Economic cartography. M., 1956

4. Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M. 1991

5. Global problems and civilizational shift. M., 1983

6. Global economic processes: analysis and modeling: Sat. Art. M.: CEMI. 1986

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8. Isachenko A.G. Geography in the modern world. M.: Education, 1998

Humanity are those situations on the solution of which the further existence and development of civilization directly depends. The emergence of such problems is due to the uneven development of various areas of life and knowledge of people and the emergence of contradictions in the socio-economic, political and natural system of relations.

Thus, global problems are understood as those that affect the lives of all people on the planet, and the solution of which requires the joint efforts of all states. As for the list of these situations, it looks like this:

Poverty.
Food difficulties.
Energy.
Demographic crisis.
Development of the World Ocean.

This list is dynamic, and its structural elements change as civilization rapidly develops. As a result of this, not only its composition changes, but also the level of priority of a particular problem.

Note that every global problem of humanity has its causes, these are:

Increased use of natural resources.
Deterioration of the environmental situation on the planet, the negative impact of the development of industrial production.
Increasing disparity between developed and developing countries.
Creating weapons that can destroy masses of people, thus threatening the existence of civilization as a whole.

In order to become more familiar with this issue, it is necessary to study in detail the existing global problems of humanity. Philosophy deals not only with their study, but also with the analysis of the possible influence that they will have in one case or another on society as a whole.

Note that this situation can only be resolved if certain requirements are met. Thus, preventing a world war is possible when the pace of development of the arms race is significantly reduced, and a ban on the creation and demand for the elimination of nuclear weapons is adopted.

Also, some global problems of humanity can be resolved by overcoming cultural and economic inequality between the population of Western and Eastern countries, which are developed, and other, underdeveloped countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia.

Let us note that overcoming the crisis that has arisen between man and nature will be of great importance. Otherwise, the consequences will be catastrophic: complete depletion of natural resources. Thus, these global problems of humanity require people to develop measures aimed at more economical use of existing resource potential and the reduction of water and air with various types of waste.

Another important point that will help stop the impending crisis is reducing population growth in countries with a less developed economic system, as well as increasing the birth rate in developed capitalist countries.

Remember that the global problems of humanity and their negative impact can be overcome by reducing the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution in the world, as well as by strengthening the fight against alcoholism, drug addiction, and smoking. AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases that undermine the health of nations as a whole.

Let us note that these problems require an immediate solution, otherwise the world will fall into a persistent crisis that could lead to irreparable consequences. Don't think that this won't affect you and me. We must remember that changing the situation depends on the participation of each person. You shouldn’t stand aside, because these problems affect each of us.