How the hormonal intrauterine device works: pros and cons of the IUD according to doctors. Contraception

Every woman has a moment when she thinks about becoming a mother. But for many girls, sexual activity begins earlier than they are ready for motherhood, and for family life in general. Especially among modern women, planning a child is postponed until they fully realize themselves in other areas of life.

Well, if a woman has already become a mother, and maybe more than once, then there are very few people who want to repeat this feat a dozen more times and give birth every year. That is why, since ancient times, people have adapted to avoid becoming pregnant without desire. In order to deceive nature, they came up with simple methods of contraception (from the Latin word contraceptio - exception). We started with various essential oils, fruit juices, tampons, lotions, interrupted contact, fabric bags (the predecessor of a condom), and so on.

As you can see, the spiral affects all processes necessary for conception:

vital activity and speed of sperm movement;
egg maturation and ovulation;
attachment of the fertilized egg to the endometrium.

Pros and cons of using intrauterine devices

Benefits of the IUD	Disadvantages of the IUD
Convenient to use, the spiral is installed for a period of 3 to 10 years or more. There is no need for daily procedures, special hygiene care or drinking pills by the hour. In a word, for a long time you can not think about contraception at all and not be afraid of an unwanted pregnancy, but enjoy your sexual relationships.	Not suitable for all women, as it has a number of contraindications. For some women, the IUD does not take root.
Highly effective method: pregnancy occurs only in 2 out of 100 cases. Inert IUDs provide lower efficiency, and when using hormonal intrauterine systems, the risk of pregnancy is reduced to zero.	Yet there is a risk of unplanned pregnancy with a spiral. In addition, the spiral may fall out and the woman may not notice it. But 100% results can only be achieved by removing the appendages or tying the fallopian tubes and completely abstaining from sexual activity.
Preservation of reproductive function immediately after removal of the IUD.	Young and nulliparous women are advised to refrain from using non-hormonal IUDs, since as a side effect, inflammatory changes in the endometrium of the uterus and appendages may develop, reducing the chances of becoming pregnant in the future.
Does not affect the quality of sexual life, that is, on sexual desire, sexual intercourse for both partners and achieving orgasm.	An IUD can cause painful and heavy periods. While hormonal IUDs, on the contrary, solve the problems of painful periods. But progestogen IUDs can lead to absence of menstruation, which also negatively affects women’s health.
Low cost. At first glance, it may seem that some types of spirals are an expensive pleasure. But given the long period of use, this method will be much more economical than those products that require use during each sexual intercourse, daily and monthly.	Possible side effects from the use of spirals, unfortunately, their development is not uncommon.
IUDs can be used after childbirth during lactation when oral hormonal agents are contraindicated.	Increases the risk of developing inflammatory processes genitals, and the spiral does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
Additionally for hormonal intrauterine systems: can be used for women of any age; are used not only for contraception, but also in the treatment of certain gynecological diseases (fibroids, endometriosis, painful menstruation, uterine bleeding, etc.).	Increases the risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy. The use of hormonal IUDs significantly reduces the risk of pathological pregnancy.
	The procedure for inserting an IUD requires a visit to a gynecologist and brings discomfort and pain., in nulliparous women, the pain syndrome is especially pronounced, sometimes local anesthesia is required.

Indications for installation of an intrauterine device

1. Temporary or permanent prevention of unwanted pregnancies, especially if the family already has children. Intrauterine devices are ideal for women who have given birth and have one sexual partner, that is, for those whose risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases is very low.
2. Frequent unwanted pregnancies, ineffectiveness or carelessness of women in using other contraception.
3. Prevention of pregnancy after childbirth, especially cesarean section, after medical abortion or spontaneous miscarriage, when the onset of another pregnancy is temporarily not desirable.
4. The woman has temporary or permanent contraindications to pregnancy.
5. The presence in the family history of genetic pathologies that the woman does not want to pass on by inheritance (hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome and many others),
6. For hormonal intrauterine devices – some gynecological pathologies:

uterine fibroids, especially if it is accompanied by heavy spotting and uterine bleeding;
heavy, painful periods;
estrogen replacement therapy at the beginning of menopause or after removal of the appendages, in order to prevent the growth of the endometrium.

Contraindications

Absolute contraindications to the use of all intrauterine devices

Presence of pregnancy at any stage, suspicion of possible pregnancy;
oncological pathologies of the genital organs, as well as breast cancer;
acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs: adnexitis, colpitis, endometritis, including postpartum, salpingitis and so on, including the presence of sexually transmitted diseases;
a history of ectopic pregnancies;
allergic reactions to the materials from which the spiral is made;
tuberculosis of the reproductive system;

Relative contraindications to the use of non-hormonal IUDs

if the woman does not have children yet;
a woman is promiscuous and is at risk for contracting sexually transmitted diseases;
childhood and adolescence*;
woman's age over 65 years;
uterine bleeding and heavy painful periods;
abnormalities of the uterus (for example, bicornuate uterus);
hematological diseases (anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia and others);
endometrial growths, endometriosis;
urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis - acute or exacerbation of a chronic course;
benign tumors of the uterus and appendages (submucosal myoma and uterine fibroids);
loss of the intrauterine device or the development of side effects after previous use of the device.

* Age restrictions are conditional; gynecologists usually do not offer young nulliparous women the use of intrauterine contraceptives, for fear of harm. But, in principle, the IUD can be successfully installed at any childbearing age, with subsequent successful pregnancy.

Relative contraindications to the use of hormonal intrauterine devices (systems):

cervical dysplasia;
abnormalities of the uterus;
urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis - acute or exacerbation of a chronic course;
uterine fibroids;
liver diseases, liver failure;
severe cardiovascular pathologies: malignant arterial hypertension, conditions after a stroke or heart attack, severe heart defects;
migraine;
decompensated (uncontrolled) diabetes mellitus;
thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities;
woman's age over 65 years.

When can I get an IUD after childbirth, cesarean section, or abortion?

An intrauterine device can be placed already on the 3rd day after an uncomplicated physiological birth. But usually gynecologists recommend waiting until the end of lochia discharge (on average 1-2 months). It will be safer that way. After childbirth, the uterus recovers, so early insertion of the IUD increases the risk of side effects and early rejection of the device. To start using the hormonal intrauterine system, you need to wait 2 months after the baby is born; this is necessary not only for the complete restoration of the uterus, but also for the normalization of hormonal levels.

After a cesarean section, the IUD can be installed in the uterine cavity only after 3-6 months. It takes time for a postoperative scar to form.

After a medical termination of pregnancy (up to 12 weeks), it is better to install an IUD within seven days after the start of the next period after the abortion. But a gynecologist may suggest installing an IUD immediately after an abortion, without getting up from the gynecological chair. This is possible, but in this case the risk of developing side effects of the intrauterine device associated with complications of the abortion itself increases significantly. After a miscarriage, the decision on the feasibility and safety of installing an IUD is made only by a doctor; he assesses the situation individually, analyzes the cause of spontaneous abortion, and weighs the pros and cons. If it is necessary to use a device after a miscarriage, it is installed in the uterine cavity during the next menstruation.

Is an intrauterine device installed after the age of 40?

The IUD can be used for any woman who is ovulating, has maintained her menstrual cycle, and is likely to become pregnant. Hormonal intrauterine systems are also installed in the period after menopause to obtain a therapeutic effect. Therefore, 40 years is not a limitation for using an IUD. According to the instructions, IUDs are not recommended for women over 65 years of age, but this limitation appeared only due to insufficient study of the use of intrauterine devices in older age.

How is an intrauterine device installed?

The intrauterine device is installed only by a gynecologist in a gynecological office. Before inserting an IUD, the doctor assesses the possibility and risk of developing side effects from using this contraceptive, explains to the woman about the possible reactions of the body to the introduction of one or another type of spiral. Before intrauterine contraceptives are installed, a woman must undergo an examination to completely exclude possible pregnancy and contraindications.

Recommended examination before inserting an intrauterine device:

gynecological examination and palpation (palpation) of the mammary glands;
vaginal smear, if necessary, culture for microflora;
cytological examination of smears from the cervix;
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs;
in some cases, a pregnancy test or blood test to determine hCG levels;
Ultrasound of the mammary glands (for women under 40 years of age) or mammography (after 40 years of age).

Preparing for installation

Typically, no special preparation is required to insert the IUD. If inflammatory diseases are detected, you will first need to undergo a course of appropriate therapy.

Immediately before the procedure, you must empty your bladder.

On what day of menstruation is it better to install an intrauterine device?

Intrauterine contraceptives are usually installed during menstruation or towards its end, that is, within 7 days from the start of menstruation. The optimal period is 3-4 days. This is necessary in order not to miss the onset of pregnancy.

An intrauterine device can be installed as emergency contraception, that is, if a woman has had unprotected sexual intercourse and expects an unwanted pregnancy. In this case, the device is inserted in the period after ovulation, this can prevent the attachment of the fertilized egg in 75% of cases.

Technique for inserting an intrauterine device

Any spiral packed in vacuum packaging is sterile. You need to check the expiration date. The coil must be opened immediately before installation, otherwise it loses its sterility and can no longer be used. The IUD is a single-use device; its reuse is strictly prohibited.

In most cases, local anesthesia is not required. Anesthetics in the cervical area can be used in nulliparous women and when installing hormonal intrauterine systems, since they are wider.

The insertion technique for different types of spirals may differ. The installation features of each spiral are described in detail in the device instructions.
1. A gynecological speculum is inserted into the vagina, with the help of which the cervix is fixed.
2. The cervix is treated with disinfectants.
3. Using special forceps, the cervical canal (the canal in the cervix that connects the vagina to the uterus) is straightened, and the cervix is opened.
4. A special probe is inserted through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity to accurately measure the length of the uterus.
5. If necessary, the cervix is anesthetized (for example, lidocaine or novocaine). The insertion of the spiral itself begins after 4-5 minutes, when the anesthetic takes effect.
6. The spiral is inserted using a special guide with a piston. A ring is placed on it on a scale according to the size of the uterus, this is necessary in order not to damage its walls. Then a conductor with a spiral is inserted into the uterus. Having reached the corresponding mark, the doctor slightly pulls the piston towards himself so that the shoulders of the spiral open. After this, the spiral is moved directly to the wall of the uterine fundus. When the gynecologist is sure that the device is installed correctly, the guidewire is slowly and carefully pulled out. When installing some spirals (for example, ring-shaped), the opening of the shoulders is not required, so the spiral is inserted to the wall of the uterine fundus, and then the guide is simply pulled out.
7. The spiral threads are cut into the vagina at a distance of 2-3 cm from the cervix.
8. The procedure is completed, it usually takes 5-10 minutes.

Is inserting an intrauterine device painful?

The procedure itself, of course, is unpleasant and brings some discomfort. But the pain felt is tolerable, it all depends on the woman’s pain threshold. These sensations can be compared to painful menstruation. Abortion and childbirth are more painful.

After installation of the intrauterine device

Ultrasound photo: Intrauterine device in the uterine cavity.

The uterus completely gets used to the IUD within several months, so during this period some changes in women’s health may be observed; you need to listen to your body.
In some cases, a course of antibacterial therapy will be required after insertion of the spiral, for example, if chlamydia is suspected, or if there is another chronic infection of the genitourinary system.
Bloody spotting and nagging pain in the lower abdomen or back may bother you for 1 week after insertion of the IUD. To relieve spasms, you can take No-shpa.
The hygiene regime is normal; you need to wash yourself with intimate hygiene products twice a day.
You can have sex only 8-10 days after the installation of the intrauterine device.
For several months, you should not lift weights, engage in intense physical activity, or overheat (sauna, bathhouse, hot baths).
It is necessary to periodically probe the spiral threads, control their length, it should not change.
After 2 weeks, it is better to visit a gynecologist to see if everything is normal.
Menstruation in the first months after installation of the IUD may be painful and heavy. Over time, menstruation normalizes.
When using hormonal intrauterine systems, after six months or several years, menstruation may disappear (amenorrhea). After the first loss of a cycle, it is necessary to exclude pregnancy. The menstrual cycle will be restored immediately after the IUD is removed.
If you have any complaints, you should consult a doctor.
In the future, examination by a gynecologist is necessary every 6-12 months, as for any healthy woman.

Can an intrauterine device fall out?

If the intrauterine device is not installed correctly or if it does not take root, the intrauterine device may fall out. We need to keep an eye on this. Most often, IUD loss occurs during menstruation or after heavy physical activity. Therefore, it is important to check whether the spiral threads are in place and inspect sanitary pads.

How long does it take to use an intrauterine device?

The period for which intrauterine contraception is installed differs depending on the type of device.

Inert IUDs are usually installed for 2-3 years.
Copper spirals – up to 5 years.
Copper spirals with silver and gold - 7-10 years or more.
Hormonal intrauterine systems – up to 5 years.

The issue of premature removal of the IUD is decided by the gynecologist.

It is not recommended to use an IUD after the expiration date due to the risk of the IUD growing into the uterine tissue. Hormonal IUDs lose their properties due to depletion of hormonal drug reserves. This reduces the effectiveness of the intrauterine device, which can lead to unplanned pregnancy.

Intrauterine devices (copper, hormonal): installation, operating principle, effectiveness (Pearl index), shelf life. How to check if the spiral is in place - video

Removal and replacement of the intrauterine device

Indications for IUD removal:

the period of use has expired, and it is possible to replace the intrauterine device;
a woman is planning a pregnancy;
there were side effects from the use of an intrauterine device.

The removal procedure, as well as the insertion of an intrauterine device, can only be performed by a gynecologist in a gynecological office. The ideal time to remove the IUD is the first days of menstruation; during this period, the cervix is soft, which makes manipulation easier. In principle, the IUD can be removed at any time during the menstrual cycle.

Removal of the IUD often does not require pain relief; local anesthesia will be required when removing or replacing hormonal IUDs. The doctor fixes the cervix with a gynecological speculum, and then, using a special tool (forceps), grabs the threads of the spiral and carefully pulls out the device, while carefully stretching the cervix.

Usually this procedure goes without difficulty, the woman experiences less pain than when inserting a spiral. But there are situations when the spiral cannot be pulled out so easily, then the doctor widens the cervical canal and makes it easier to remove the IUD. You may also encounter the problem of broken threads, then the doctor inserts a special hook through the cervix, with the help of which the foreign body is removed from the uterine cavity.

But there are situations when the doctor simply does not detect the spiral threads. The question arises: is there a spiral in the uterus at all? If so, where is she? To do this, the woman is offered an ultrasound of the pelvic organs, and, if necessary, radiography. Sometimes there are cases when the spiral is located outside the uterine cavity (due to perforation of its wall), then laparoscopic surgery is urgently needed to remove the foreign body.

Replacing the spiral intrauterine contraception can be performed immediately after removal of the old IUD; the risk of developing any complications does not increase.

Special instructions before removing and replacing the intrauterine device:

timely replacement of the IUD facilitates the procedure and guarantees continuous contraceptive action;
It is better to carry out the procedure during menstruation;
removing the IUD during or before ovulation increases the risk of pregnancy;
before replacing the IUD, it is necessary to use other methods of contraception (condom, oral contraceptives or spermicides) 7 days in advance to prevent an unwanted pregnancy.

Possible side effects

The intrauterine device is a modern, convenient and effective method of contraception. But this is also a foreign body to which our body can react with undesirable reactions. In most cases, intrauterine contraception is well tolerated, but some women may become intolerant to this method and develop side effects, some of which can have a very negative impact on health and lead to severe pathologies. Reducing the risk of developing these side effects will help by choosing the type of IUD that is suitable for this woman, a detailed assessment of contraindications for its insertion, its timely removal and, of course, sufficient professionalism of the gynecologist who will install this device in the uterine cavity.

Possible side effects and complications when using an intrauterine device

"Nulliparous cervix";
irritation of the autonomic nervous system;
increased emotionality of a woman;
The size of the intrauterine device does not correspond to the size of the uterus.

Side effect	Reasons for development	How often does it occur?	Treatment of adverse reactions
Pain in the lower abdomen immediately after insertion of the IUD	Often.	Anesthesia of the cervix with local anesthetics; correct selection of spiral sizes.
Loss of the IUD from the uterine cavity or expulsion	Violation of IUD installation technique; incorrect selection of spiral size; Features of a woman - foreign body immunity.	Often.	Adhere to all rules for the technique of inserting and selecting the size of the IUD; After expulsion, it is possible to replace the spiral with another one.
Painful and heavy periods	the first months after insertion of an IUD with copper are a normal reaction; non-infectious inflammation as a reaction to a foreign body; allergic reaction to copper; inflammation of the ovaries - adnexitis.	Up to 15%.	Removing the IUD and replacing the IUD with another type of contraception; replacing the copper IUD with a hormonal intrauterine system, in which heavy menstruation does not occur; prescribing antispasmodics (for example, No-shpa) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, nimesulide, etc.) or antibiotics.
Inflammation of the genital organs (colpitis, endometritis, salpingitis, adnexitis): unusual discharge from the vagina, often with an unpleasant odor; itching and burning in the vaginal area; possible bloody issues in the middle of the menstrual cycle; nagging pain lower abdomen and lumbar region; menstrual irregularities; increased body temperature and general malaise.	The spiral was installed for chronic inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system; the IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases, but increases the risk of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases from the vagina to the uterus and appendages; non-infectious inflammation, which develops as a reaction to a foreign body, increases the risk of infectious inflammation caused by bacteria and fungi normally contained in the bacterial microflora of the vagina.	Up to 1% of cases	Removing the spiral; prescription of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy, according to the results of laboratory diagnostics.
Severe uterine bleeding	Damage (perforation) of the walls of the uterus by the IUD during its installation or operation; presence of uterine fibroids.	Very rarely	Removing the spiral urgently; emergency medical care.
Anemia: pale skin; changes in blood tests; weakness.	Uterine bleeding; long and heavy periods for more than 6 cycles.	Very rarely.	Individually, it is possible to remove the IUD or replace it with a hormonal IUD; iron supplements (Aktiferrin, Totema and others), vitamins and nutritional correction.
Development of fibroids	Damage to the endometrium during insertion or use of the IUD;	Rarely.	Removal of the IUD or replacement with a hormonal IUD; taking hormonal contraceptives.
Risk of ectopic pregnancy	The inflammatory process, which can be facilitated by the IUD, in some cases leads to obstruction of the fallopian tubes; one of the effects of the spiral is contraction and spasm of the smooth muscles of the fallopian tubes, which can cause a pathological pregnancy.	1:1000	Surgical treatment, removal of the fallopian tube.
Pain during sexual intercourse, difficulty achieving orgasm.	Inflammatory process in the genitourinary system; incorrect position and/or size of the device in the uterus; allergic reaction to the components of the spiral; damage to the walls of the uterus; ovarian cysts.	Up to 2%.	Removal of the IUD or replacement with a hormonal IUD.
Onset of pregnancy	The intrauterine device is not a 100% effective method.	From 2 to 15%.	Individual approach.
Perforation (puncture) of the uterine walls: sharp pain in the lower abdomen; uterine bleeding; deterioration of general condition, up to loss of consciousness.	Damage to the walls of the uterus during insertion, operation and removal of the device. *Increase the risk of uterine perforation:* early postpartum period; scar on the uterus after cesarean section; abnormalities of the uterus;	Very rarely.	Surgical treatment and emergency medical care.
Ingrowth of the spiral into the wall of the uterus	inflammatory process in the endometrium; using the spiral for more than the recommended period.	Up to 1%.	Removal of the spiral through the cervix using special instruments. Sometimes laparoscopic surgery may be required.
Copper intolerance or Wilson's disease	individual intolerance or allergy to copper.	Rarely.	Replacing with another type of contraception or hormonal intrauterine device.

Additional side effects from the use of a hormonal intrauterine system (related to the hormone progestogen):

absence of menstruation (amenorrhea), after removal of the device the menstrual cycle is restored;
functional ovarian cysts (benign formations), hormonal therapy with estrogen hormones will be required;

Intrauterine device (IUD): composition, action, indications, possible negative consequences of use - video

Intrauterine device (IUD): mechanism of action, dangerous complications (therapist's opinion) - video

How can pregnancy proceed with an intrauterine device?

Basic principles of managing pregnancy with the IUD:

1. Difficulties arise with diagnosing pregnancy; the woman is confident in her contraception. And menstrual irregularities with an IUD are not uncommon; this leads to the fact that pregnancy can be diagnosed late, when abortion is already difficult. Therefore, it is very important to listen to your body and consult a doctor at the slightest deviations, changes or hints of pregnancy.
2. If a woman wishes, a medical abortion can be performed.
3. The IUD is not an indication for medical termination of pregnancy. The choice is up to the woman, because in most cases, pregnancy with the IUD proceeds normally and without complications. But still, the doctor must assess the possible risks of pregnancy and may recommend terminating it.
4. The IUD can be removed during pregnancy. The copper coil is often not removed as it does not affect the development of the fetus. The hormonal IUD will release hormones throughout pregnancy that can lead to fetal developmental abnormalities. The gynecologist can remove the IUD if its threads are preserved and it is removed from the uterus easily and smoothly.
5. Such a pregnancy requires constant monitoring by doctors; regular monitoring of fetal ultrasound is necessary.

Possible risks of pregnancy with an intrauterine device:

High risk of ectopic pregnancy; ultrasound monitoring is required.
Such a pregnancy can end in miscarriage at an early stage, which is associated with the effect of the coil on the endometrium, to which the fertilized egg is attached.
The IUD can cause intrauterine infection of the fetus, as well as intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy loss.
High risk of fetal malformations during pregnancy with hormonal IUD.

How to choose a good intrauterine device? Which spiral is better?

“Which IUD should I choose, copper or hormonal?” Here a woman needs to choose between effectiveness and possible adverse reactions. The hormonal IUD has more possible side effects associated with gestagen, but they are temporary and stop after a few months. And the contraceptive effect of using such a device is much higher. If a woman has fibroids, then the hormonal IUD is a method of not only contraception, but also treatment. A copper IUD with silver and, especially, gold has higher efficiency than a conventional copper device, and the risk of side effects is lower; this is a kind of middle ground between a hormonal and a copper IUD.

“How much does an intrauterine device cost?” For many women, the issue of cost-effectiveness is of great importance and determines the choice of a spiral. Copper IUDs are much cheaper than hormonal systems. Also, spirals with silver and gold have a high cost.

“Which coil is used the longest?” Spirals with silver and gold can be used the longest, up to 7-10 years or more. Hormonal IUDs are usually used for no more than 5 years.

“Which IUD will not affect future pregnancies?” Any IUD can lead to problems with future pregnancies, including ectopic pregnancy and infertility due to an inflammatory process. The risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy during IUD use is higher with hormonal IUDs due to the action of progestogen. Copper IUDs pose a greater risk of complications such as inflammation of the uterus and appendages. When an IUD is removed, ectopic pregnancy often occurs after the use of copper IUDs.

“Which coil is painless?” During installation and removal of the coil, the woman experiences some pain. But this should not fundamentally affect the choice of an IUD. When the hormonal system is introduced, these painful sensations are more pronounced, which is why local anesthesia is used. Local anesthesia can be performed by introducing a copper spiral in women who are especially impressionable and emotional.

Review of various modern intrauterine devices: Juno, Mirena, Goldlily, Multiload, Vector extra, spirals with gold and silver

Name

Description

Validity

Pregnancy and the birth of a baby are an important and significant event in the life of every woman, but it must be planned and desired. For those girls who are not yet ready to become mothers or who already have children, the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) is best as a contraceptive. When used correctly, their effectiveness reaches 98 percent. What types of intrauterine devices are there and how do they work? How much does such a tool cost and what is the cost of installing it? Many women ask these questions.

What is an intrauterine device and how does it work?

An IUD is a special small device for effectively preventing pregnancy, which a gynecologist, using a guide, inserts into the uterine cavity through the vagina. This device is popular in modern medicine due to a number of advantages:

affordable price;
after removal of the product, the ability to bear children is quickly restored;
allowed for use during breastfeeding;
high effectiveness of the drug (pregnancy occurs in only 2% of cases);
hormonal balance is not disturbed;
long (from 3 to 10 years) period of use;
easy to install and remove;
does not cause discomfort and is not felt during sexual intercourse;
there is no need to take oral contraception.

Depending on the type of intrauterine device, the principle of its operation is as follows:

Copper and other metals in IUDs have a detrimental effect on sperm.
Promotes the secretion of viscous mucus, which interferes with the movement of sperm and fertilization of the egg.
Hormone-containing IUDs suppress ovulation.
If fertilization of the egg has occurred, then VSM increases the contractile activity of the uterus, and the egg dies.

Classification by composition

There is no one universal VSM suitable for all girls. Depending on the physiological state of the patient and the structural features of the uterus, the gynecologist selects the optimal type of intrauterine devices. There are more than 50 types of contraceptive devices on the market today. Their creation and improvement took place in stages, so all types of IUDs are divided into 4 generations: inert, copper, silver and gold, hormone-containing. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

Inert

An outdated version of intrauterine devices (invented about a century ago), it belongs to the first generation. Inert IUDs are low-effective and have a high risk of dislodging or falling out, which is why their use is prohibited in many countries. Representatives of this group are:

Lips plastic loop made in the shape of the letter S.
Steel Mauch ring with two scrolls.
Double helix Saf-T-Coil.
Dalkon's shield.

This second generation of vaginal devices is a small T-shaped or semi-oval device, the rod of which is wrapped in copper wire. The product is easy to install and remove. Due to the presence of copper, an acidic environment is created in the uterine cavity, which significantly slows down the activity of sperm. Copper intrauterine contraceptives are installed for a period of 3-5 years. The most popular models are:

Multiload;
Nova T;
Juno Bio;
Para Grand.

With silver

Any metal tends to oxidize and deteriorate, so in order to extend the life of the copper IUD, manufacturers began to use silver in its rod. At the same time, the spermatostatic effect is doubled, and silver ions, which have antibacterial and disinfectant effects, have a beneficial effect on the woman’s body. Intrauterine contraceptives containing pure silver or with copper are allowed to be inserted into the uterine cavity for 5-7 years.

From gold

As an alternative to silver and copper products, an improved gold version was developed. The main advantages of the gold IUD are absolute biological compatibility with the female body, the absence of allergic reactions, and the resistance of gold to damage by corrosion. Products of this type have anti-inflammatory properties and effectively protect against unwanted pregnancy. Golden spirals are installed for a long period - from 5 to 10 years. Women's ability to bear children, after their removal, remains normal.

The fourth generation of intrauterine devices includes products containing hormones. According to doctors, this is the best means of contraception. This new generation IUD has the shape of the letter T, in the stem of which there is a hormonal drug (levonogrestrel, progesterone), which is evenly released in small doses into the uterine cavity. This contraception has no contraindications, since the hormone does not enter the blood, but has only a local effect: it relieves inflammation, slows down ovulation, and prevents the fertilization of the egg. You can wear an IUD for 5-7 years.

Shapes of contraceptive devices

It is impossible to say which IUD is better. Depending on the anatomical features of the uterus and the personal preferences of each woman, the form of the contraceptive product is individually selected. Before choosing the ideal contraceptive and deciding to use it, you should consult a gynecologist. Let's look at the main forms of intrauterine devices, how they look in the photo and their distinctive features.

T-shaped

The most popular type of intrauterine device among women. They are easy to use and easy to install and remove. The T-shaped IUD has the form of a rod from which two flexible shoulders extend. With the help of hangers, the product is fixed in the uterine cavity. A special thread is attached to the end of the rod, allowing the doctor, if necessary, to easily remove the spiral from the uterus.

Ring shaped

The ring-shaped intrauterine device is a modern method of contraception that is recommended for patients who have had an abortion. This product is made of plastic and contains gold, silver or copper. The product is securely attached to the uterus and is easily removed, so the presence of special ropes attached to the contraceptive product is not necessary.

Loop or umbrella shaped

The outer edges of the umbrella-shaped spiral have protrusions in the form of spikes, due to which the product is securely fixed inside, this reduces the risk of its spontaneous falling out. The umbrella-shaped contraceptive device is used by women who have a non-standard uterine structure, which makes it impossible to install a T-shaped intrauterine device.

The most popular IUDs for contraception

Pharmacies offer a wide range of different contraceptives. Contraceptive IUDs are in particular demand among women all over the world. Depending on your financial capabilities and the characteristics of your body, your doctor will determine which model is best for you. Let's look at the most popular types of intrauterine devices, their photos and descriptions.

It is considered the most effective hormone-containing IUD. It has a T-shape, consists of a vertical membrane, inside of which there is a hormone and two horizontal hangers (attached to the uterus). The product provides a high degree of protection against unwanted conception, suppresses the ovulation process, reduces the risk of ectopic pregnancy, relieves inflammation of the woman’s genital organs, and regulates the menstrual cycle. The cost of the product ranges from 7-10 thousand rubles, the validity period is 5-7 years.

Multiload

This spiral has the shape of an umbrella, on the side elements of which there are spike-like protrusions used for reliable fixation on the walls of the uterus. The leg of the spiral is wrapped in copper, which has a depressing effect on sperm and suppresses their ability to fertilize. Multiload is allowed to be installed by nulliparous girls. The cost of the spiral is from 3.5 thousand rubles.

This intrauterine device is T-shaped. The products are made of plastic and copper; in more expensive versions, it is possible to add silver. Nova T has a detrimental effect on sperm, slows down their movement and reduces the ability to fertilize an egg. The cost of the spiral is from 2 thousand rubles, the shelf life is up to 5 years.

Invention of Belarusian doctors. Pharmacies sell many varieties of Juno spirals. There are options for both women who have children and those who have not. The cost of a contraceptive varies from 250 to 1000 rubles. We list the common types of contraceptive devices of the Juno model:

Juno Bio-T is a budget option. A spiral in the shape of an anchor, the rod of which is covered with copper thread.
Juno Bio-T Super. Identical to the previous model, but has an antimicrobial composition.
Juno Bio Multi Ag. A T-shaped product, the leg of which is wrapped with copper and silver thread.
Juno Bio Multi. It has an F-shape with jagged edges. Suitable for use by women after childbirth or girls who have had an abortion.
Juno Bio-T Au. An expensive spiral containing gold. Designed for patients with allergies to metals.

Where to buy and how much does it cost to install a spiral?

You can purchase an intrauterine device at any pharmacies in your city or order it from specialized online catalogues. The cost of a vaginal contraceptive depends on many factors: model, material, manufacturer, shape, presence or absence of side effects. Intrauterine devices are sold in the following retail outlets in Moscow:

"Lepharm". Customs Prospect, 9, building 8. Price 700-9000 rub.
"Omega". st. Skobelevskaya, 25. Cost – 169-10000 rubles.
"Social Pharmacy". st. Dubninskaya, 44a. Price 200 -5000 rub.

Online stores where you can order a spiral:

vsepessarii.ru. Cost from 300 to 5500 rub.
brief-med.ru. Price 250-6000 rub.

In order to correctly install the spiral, you must contact an experienced gynecologist. There are many gynecological offices in Moscow where they will provide you with this service, but pay attention to the following factors:

How many years has the clinic been operating?
Experience of a gynecologist, and what patient reviews about him.
Service cost.

The price for installing an intrauterine device in some Moscow clinics is as follows:

LLC Medical Clinic "NORMA", Nikitsky Boulevard 12, building 3. Price - 2000-3000 rubles.
Gynecology Sikirina O.I., Bolshoi Demidovsky Lane, 17/1. The cost of the service is 1500 rubles.
MEDICAL CENTER, st. Koktebelskaya, house 2, bldg. 1. Price – 2500-3500 rubles.
ON clinic. Tsvetnoy Boulevard, building 30, building 2. Cost from 5,000 rubles.

Video: doctors’ opinion on installing an intrauterine device

The IUD is a reliable method of preventing unplanned pregnancy. You can learn about the principle of operation of this contraceptive device by reading an article with instructions on the Internet, going to a consultation with a gynecologist, or watching the following video. TV presenter Elena Malysheva will tell you how effective the use of intrauterine devices is, what the possible consequences are, how to place them correctly and when.

Intrauterine devices are considered one of the most effective means of modern contraception. Their reliability has been recorded in 98% of cases. Modern industry produces various types of these means of protection against unwanted pregnancy.

The intrauterine device comes in a variety of structures, levels of rigidity, and principle of operation. In each individual case, the doctor prescribes an individual type. Depending on the anatomical features of the patient and the studies performed.

There are discussions in medical circles regarding the safety, reliability, and justification of using this drug. The effectiveness of using this type of medication largely depends on both the woman’s health and the correctness of determining which IUD spiral the patient needs.

Contraindications for the use of the spiral

Like any other contraceptive, this one also has a number of contraindications. Namely:

Any type of neoplasm;
Inflammatory pathologies in the body;
Deviation from the norm in the development of the uterus and its cervix.

And these are just the main, most common reasons why an IUD cannot be prescribed. In addition, it is prescribed only in situations where the girl has one permanent and reliable sexual partner. This feature is due to the fact that the IUD method of contraception for women increases the chances of any type of infection of the uterine cavity.

In addition, doctors note that there is a real risk when the contraceptive may spontaneously fall out. And not always, a woman can determine this on her own. In such situations, the chances of becoming pregnant unintentionally are very high.

But, at the same time, it should be noted that modern, improved models, for example, the Mirena type, have medicinal properties and are even prescribed specifically for therapeutic purposes for a number of gynecological ailments. Photos found on the Internet on request will help you visually familiarize yourself with it - pictures of an intrauterine device.

Positive properties of the IUD

As for the positive aspects of using this method of protection, among them:

Reliability;
Duration of effect (up to 5 years);
Indicated for use even during breastfeeding;
Fast recovery period of the body after extraction.

However, despite all the pros and cons, this means of protection against pregnancy can only be prescribed by an experienced gynecologist after an individual examination and a series of tests.

What types of IUDs are there?

This type of contraception is available in various types. They are: ring-shaped, spiral, T-shaped. The last type is the most common. To understand what each model looks like individually, it is best to look at the IUD intrauterine device photo.

They may contain hormones and metal alloys, which, along with the main function of protection, can perform a therapeutic function. Most modern models have a T-shaped appearance (see photo). They have an improved design. In addition, this type of contraception is characterized by ease of use.

It’s clear what an intrauterine device looks like. But which type is preferable? Hormonal types, as well as models containing copper, received impeccable recommendations from many doctors.

The first type of spiral is the most reliable. As for the copper types, their popularity is due to the ease of insertion and removal, as well as the ability to produce an anti-inflammatory effect.

Video

Anti-pregnancy spiral: types and features

IUDs are a mechanical means of contraception and are metal or semi-metallic structures containing active substances that suppress sperm activity and change the endometrium of the uterus, preventing the attachment of a fertilized egg to it.

Types of IUDs are distinguished by the type of materials and their components from which they are made:

The first generation IUD - "Lipsa Loop" - is a type of neutral contraceptives made of polyethylene, has a spiral structure, and comes in four sizes. At the moment, it is practically not used as an anti-pregnancy device, reviews of which indicate its low effectiveness.
anti-pregnancy device photoMetal-containing intrauterine contraceptives - come in the form of the letter T, the letter U, or in the form of a ring, made of a metal base coated with copper, silver, gold or platinum ions. These substances have bactericidal and contraceptive effects. Such IUDs are the most in demand; their service life ranges from 1 to 5 years.
Medicinal IUDs - containing steroid hormones - gestagen or levonogetrel. They have a T shape and are used for contraceptive and medicinal purposes. Duration of use – 1-3 years.

You can independently buy an anti-pregnancy device whose quality you liked, but this does not guarantee that this particular product will suit you in all respects.

When choosing spirals, the following factors are taken into account:

Age
Presence of children (number of births, their course, number of terminated pregnancies)
Hormonal status
Features of sexual life (regular, irregular, number of partners)
Presence/absence of pathologies and chronic diseases.

During the consultation, the gynecologist must inform the woman that pregnancy with the IUD is possible - the signs by which this can be determined are very specific and, if you pay close attention to yourself, they are not difficult to notice.

Who can and cannot use the IUD for pregnancy?

anti-pregnancy coil photoCan only be used by women who have given birth.
The optimal age is from 30 years.
The presence of some hormonal problems is an indication.
Regular sex life with one regular partner.
Absence of inflammatory and erosive processes of the reproductive system.
Reluctance to get pregnant for 1, 3, 5, 8 years.

The installation of an IUD lasts on average 3-5 years. It is not recommended to use the spiral for more than five years, but it is allowed. This is due to the possible ingrowth of the body of the spiral into the endometrium of the uterus.

The anti-pregnancy device, a photo of a sample of which is presented, has contraindications for installation.

IUDs are contraindicated for nulliparous women who have pathology of the genital organs, have inflammatory and erosive processes, and have irregular sex life with many partners.

After installing the IUD, the abundance of menstruation and its duration may increase, aching pain may be observed before or after menstruation, accompanied by scanty discharge. A man often feels the presence of antennae in the vagina, which sometimes causes discomfort.

How to install the IUD for pregnancy

The installation of the spiral is carried out by a gynecologist during an inpatient stay in a hospital. This process is carried out after the necessary examination and takes about 10-15 minutes.

Before deciding to insert an IUD, you must:

Conduct a study of a smear taken from the vagina for the presence of pathogenic microflora, blood and urine tests.
Undergo a gynecological examination in a chair using a gynecological speculum to examine the condition of the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervical pharynx in order to exclude possible diseases.
To exclude pregnancy with the IUD and the presence of erosive processes in the cervix and uterus, an ultrasound of the genital organs is required.
If any diseases or prerequisites for them are detected, undergo a course of treatment with antimicrobial, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed by a doctor.

pregnancy IUD photo

After carrying out all the necessary preventive and diagnostic measures, the patient agrees on the day of the operation with the doctor.

As a rule, insertion of an IUD is most safe and painless on days 2-4 of the menstrual cycle, when the opening of the cervical canal is naturally slightly open and has a loose structure.

Pregnancy IUD - you can see a photo of it in advance to understand what it looks like, installed on a gynecological chair.

The external genitalia are first treated with a disinfectant solution, then the doctor uses a gynecological speculum to examine and widen the entrance to the vagina.

In order for the pregnancy coil (reviews of the IUD can be studied to obtain extensive information) to be noticeable during a routine examination, the device is equipped with elastic tendrils that extend from the cervix into the vagina. If necessary, a woman can independently check the presence of a contraceptive by feeling the antennae with her fingers.

Is pregnancy possible with an IUD?

IUDs have a high level of effectiveness - 96-98%, their effect is equivalent to hormonal contraceptive pills. Out of a hundred women using the IUD, six have a chance of becoming pregnant.

There is still no explanation for the fact of fertilization in the presence of a spiral in the uterine cavity and there is no consensus on the advisability of terminating pregnancy in this case.

pregnancy spiral photo

Despite the high level of contraception, pregnancy with the IUD is possible; the signs by which it can be determined are:

Nagging pain in the lower abdomen.
Long-term absence of menstruation (when using non-hormonal IUDs).
Toxicosis, weakness, drowsiness.
Increased rectal temperature – above 37° C.

With the help of ultrasound, fears can be confirmed or refuted. If the pregnancy is acceptable, the IUD is immediately removed by the doctor.

Intrauterine device with copper.

In general, the anti-pregnancy device has mostly positive reviews and most women have preferred only this contraceptive for many years.

Intrauterine devices - a reliable method of contraception for women

The use of an intrauterine device is the most popular type of contraceptive among women. Indeed, this is an extremely convenient method when planning a pregnancy.

Reliability of protection is 88-99%, depending on the type of spiral. The gynecologist selects individually for each patient the type of contraceptive that is suitable for her, basing his choice on the results of the examination.

Pros and cons of the intrauterine device

There are positive and negative aspects to the use of an intrauterine device for women and, of course, the patient should be aware of them.

The positive aspects of these contraceptives include:

their effectiveness and sufficient reliability;
do not require preparation for sexual intercourse and do not cause inconvenience during it;
almost complete absence of complications and side effects, in contrast to hormonal contraceptives taken in other forms;
liberation from the complexes that a woman experiences in fear of becoming pregnant;
when using a spiral, a woman’s body is not deprived of active substances that it receives along with sperm;
long-term use of the intrauterine device - it is set for a period of three to ten years;
the possibility of using the method during breastfeeding, while the use of hormonal agents is extremely undesirable, in order to avoid harm to the child’s health;
the intrauterine contraceptive does not affect future pregnancies in any way, and if she wants to conceive a child, the gynecologist removes the device from the woman;
the intrauterine device is the most cost-effective method of contraception;
When the IUD is installed, it is not prohibited to take other medications.

No matter how convenient such a contraceptive is, there may also be cases that are unpleasant for a woman’s health. The negative qualities of the spiral include:

possibility of ectopic pregnancy;
there is a possibility that the IUD will fall out unnoticed by the woman - this can happen due to its incorrectly selected type or size;
the possibility of contracting infectious diseases through accidental unprotected sexual intercourse cannot be ruled out, since the IUD leaves the uterine cavity slightly open;
Possible heavy, painful menstruation;
There is no certainty that when installing the IUD the uterus will not be damaged or bleeding will occur. It all depends on the qualifications of the doctor performing this procedure.

To minimize the likelihood of negative consequences when using this method of contraception, certain conditions must be met:

the IUD must be administered in a clinical setting and by an experienced, qualified gynecologist;
it is necessary to avoid unprotected sexual contacts with casual partners;
Be sure to visit a specialist doctor at the end of the first menstruation after inserting the IUD. Next, follow the visit schedule - once every six months.

How dangerous is the human papillomavirus for the female body?

How to treat a paraovarian ovarian cyst and how dangerous is it to health? Read more in this article. From which you will also learn about possible complications and precautions.

The principle of operation of the intrauterine device

The action of the spirals is aimed at preventing the fertilization of the egg. Acting as a kind of foreign body, the contraceptive accelerates several times the passage of a fertilized egg through the fallopian tubes into the uterus, without achieving its full maturation. In addition, the spiral does not allow the embryo, even in the case of fertilization, to be implanted into the uterine mucosa.

The inclusion of certain materials or hormonal drugs in the IUD, in addition, significantly weakens the activity of sperm and creates a mucous plug in the cervix, preventing their penetration inside.

The spiral can stimulate the occurrence of artificial aseptic inflammation of the endometrium, which is not dangerous to the woman’s health, but disrupts the process of ovulation and fertilization.

To understand what kind of spirals there are for women, you need to consider the types and their differences.

Currently, there are about fifty different types of this contraceptive, which have different shapes, are made of different materials, each operate according to its own principle, and differ in size.

The most common coils in use today are S-shaped, ring-shaped, or T-shaped. They can be made of polyethylene or nylon with the addition of copper, silver or gold plate or wire.

Intrauterine devices can also be divided according to the following criteria:

The first generation spirals are non-medicinal, polymer, and do not contain any inclusions. Their reliability is 97%;
Second-generation contraceptives are considered to be coils that contain copper. They are divided into two categories - for women who already have children and for those who have not yet given birth. Their reliability is estimated at 99.7%. Under the toxic influence of copper ions, sperm die without fertilizing the egg; There are combined models of copper-containing intrauterine devices with silver and gold - these additives increase the reliability, but can increase menstrual bleeding.
Hormone-containing IUDs have become third-generation contraceptives. This combination of intrauterine and hormonal contraception has today the highest reliability index of 99.9%. Its advantage is the therapeutic effect of menstrual pain, endometrial hyperplasia, initial development of adenoma, etc.; Of all the third-generation products, the Mirena hormonal intrauterine device is singled out as the most effective and convenient. It is T-shaped, with a reservoir installed around the central rod, which is covered with a polydimethylsiloxane membrane, which regulates the frequency of hormone release into the uterus.
The gold intrauterine device can be highlighted in a separate line. This natural contraceptive is perfectly compatible with human tissue, it is not rejected by the body, and has not only a contraceptive effect, but also an anti-inflammatory effect. Its only drawback is its high price.

By medical standards, the intrauterine device has its own indications and contraindications, since they, especially representatives of the third generation, are perceived differently by the body.

Indications for use

For some groups of women, the introduction of an IUD is simply necessary for a number of serious reasons:

the presence of contraindications to other contraceptive medications;
contraindications to pregnancy for a number of women’s diseases;
contraindications to pregnancy due to genetic diseases of the spouse.

Contraindications

uterine hypoplasia;

How to place an IUD for pregnancy

After childbirth or abortion, the female pregnancy device is inserted into the uterine cavity three months later. The procedure should only be performed by a gynecologist. The principle of operation of the anti-pregnancy device is quite simple: it prevents the fertilized egg from settling in the uterus.

The procedure itself does not cause any discomfort to the woman; the duration is approximately ten minutes. Sometimes local anesthesia is required to perform the manipulation.

After a month, the patient should come to the doctor, who will do an examination and make sure that the spiral is installed correctly. After this, you can be sexually active without worrying about an unplanned pregnancy. For preventive examinations, it is enough to visit a doctor approximately once every six months.

The spiral can be inserted at any period, but the best period for establishing this contraceptive is the fourth to eighth day of menstruation. It is better to do this at this time because pregnancy these days is theoretically impossible, and the uterine mucosa is not so vulnerable, while the cervical canal is slightly open, so the spiral is inserted almost painlessly.

The woman does not experience discomfort during sexual intercourse. Very rarely do men feel the ends of the threads. If this causes inconvenience, the patient can come to the doctor. A specialist will shorten the threads quickly and painlessly.

The effectiveness of this method is very high and is almost 100 percent. The service life of the spiral is from two to five years. Many people think that after its removal there will no longer be the ability to conceive. Yes, this happens, but very rarely. This mainly occurs due to an incorrectly performed procedure for introducing the spiral. Here is another reason why it is necessary to approach the issue of choosing a gynecologist especially carefully.

Kinds

Externally, spirals of different types are similar to each other. Their shape is the letter T. As mentioned above, a thin copper or silver (less often) wire is wound on the base. The plastic base is made with the addition of barium sulfate, so that it is possible to obtain data on the location of the intrauterine device using an x-ray.

There are two types of anti-pregnancy devices: those containing metals and those containing hormones. In the first case, the leg of the spiral is braided with copper. In the second, a spiral with synthetic hormones affects the level of viscosity of the uterine mucus and changes the adhesive properties of the mucous membrane. This prevents the fertilized egg from attaching to the walls of the uterus.

What else you should know

The anti-pregnancy device is recommended for women who have a regular sexual partner: this contraceptive does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Before placing it, the specialist must make sure that there are no contraindications. The patient must pass all the necessary tests and undergo an ultrasound of the uterus. The procedure should only take place in specialized institutions.

It is important to understand that the IUD may increase the length of the menstrual cycle. If this causes discomfort to a woman, the doctor prescribes special hemostatic drugs that eliminate various unpleasant sensations. If this does not help, it is better to carry out the procedure to remove the spiral.

A woman may experience pain in her lower abdomen and may also begin to bleed. This usually occurs in nulliparous women during the first time after the procedure. There are cases (1-2 percent) when this contraceptive falls out of the uterine cavity.

Contraindications and side effects

There are contraindications under which the procedure should never be performed:

pregnancy;
genital cancer, etc.

If you do not know how to choose an anti-pregnancy device, you should consult a doctor who, based on your tests and research, will select the most suitable option for you. He will also take into account the budget that you can allocate for the purchase of the product. So, he will tell you which anti-pregnancy device is best and suits you most.

It is worth mentioning the side effects that the IUD has for pregnancy:

bleeding;

Of all of them today, the intrauterine device is perhaps the most effective option. The reliability of this method, according to the latest data, is 99%! No other contraceptive method has ever surpassed such a high figure. And numerous positive reviews about the intrauterine device speak only in its favor.

An intrauterine device is a miniature device that is made of polyethylene with the addition of barium sulfate. The last component provides the possibility of x-ray inspection. Next, let's try to figure out which intrauterine device is better.

Types of intrauterine devices

There are mainly the following types of intrauterine devices:

Copper-containing;
Gold-containing;
Silver-containing;
Hormone-containing (levonorgistrel).

If we judge which intrauterine device is better, then we can confidently say that we should choose the latter type of this contraceptive. It is the most reliable. In addition to the mechanism of action of the spiral, the effect of hormonal contraceptives is added. One such intrauterine device is the Jaydess system.

How does the intrauterine device work?

How the intrauterine device works can be understood from the following facts:

The coils affect the ability of sperm to pass through the uterine cavity;
They act on the peristalsis of the fallopian tubes;
The coils prevent implantation (attachment of the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus).

Intrauterine device pros and cons

As evidenced by the majority of positive reviews about the anti-pregnancy device, its main advantages are:

High efficiency and reliability;
Effective immediately after administration;
Not directly related to sexual intercourse;
Does not affect breastfeeding;
Does not interact with any medications;
An examination by a doctor (if there are no complaints) is required once a year;
It is a relatively inexpensive method of contraception.

However, if we consider the pros and cons of intrauterine devices, we can highlight the following disadvantages:

A gynecological examination of the patient is necessary before insertion;
Screening for sexually transmitted infections is required;
The participation of a trained specialist is required both for insertion and removal of the coil;
Increased menstrual bleeding and pain in the first few months (for copper IUDs);
Independent expulsion, that is, exit of the spiral, is not excluded;
May increase the risk of inflammatory processes in the female genital organs.

The above side effects of intrauterine devices are extremely rare and are usually short-term in nature.

Who cannot use an intrauterine device

Pregnant women;
Women who experience abnormal uterine bleeding;
Women with genital tract infections;
Women who have suffered acute pelvic inflammatory disease or septic abortion within three months;
Women with congenital uterine abnormalities or tumors;
Patients who have genital cancer;
Women who have more than one sexual partner (greater risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases).

Starting to use and removing the intrauterine device

Your antenatal clinic doctor will tell you how to choose a suitable intrauterine device. The choice is made on an individual basis. If the menstrual cycle is regular, the intrauterine device can be inserted within 12 days from the start of menstruation (not only during menstruation) or on any day of the menstrual cycle if the woman knows for sure that she is not pregnant.

Removing the coil is a simple procedure. Performed on an outpatient basis by a trained healthcare professional. The intrauterine device is removed by gradually pulling up the control threads using a surgical clamp. This contraceptive must be removed after the time specified in the instructions for its use or earlier, if the woman so desires. The timing of use of intrauterine devices is determined by their type and the manufacturer’s instructions. Typically terms range from 3 (copper-bearing) to 10 years (gold-bearing).

Nowadays, it is not difficult to find an effective means of contraception. A married couple has the right to choose a method independently, taking into account all the pros and cons. It is very important to visit a doctor and consult on this issue. After all, the health of a woman who wants to become a mother or already has children primarily depends on this. One of the most popular methods is the intrauterine device. Let's look further at the pros and cons of the intrauterine device.

How does the IUD work?

The purpose of the IUD is to protect against unplanned pregnancy. The name suggests that it is inserted into the uterine cavity, and it was obtained due to the previous appearance of the product, as it looked like a spiral. Currently, the IUD is a T-shaped stick made of flexible inert plastic. This material is completely safe for women's health.

There are two types of spirals:

The upper part of the spiral is in the form of a thin copper wire.
The spiral contains a container with hormones that enter the uterus throughout its entire lifespan.

It has both the first and second types of pros and cons. The photo above shows what this type of contraception currently looks like.

The principle of operation of the spiral:

Who can install a spiral:

A woman who has given birth and is over 35 years old.
Women who have children after an abortion without complications.
Without cervical pathologies.
If you protect yourself with oral contraceptives, it is not recommended.
Women who have a low rate of sexually transmitted infections.

Contraindications to the IUD

Before using this method of contraception, it is necessary to consider all the pros and cons of the intrauterine device.

And also make sure that there are no following contraindications:

There was no birth yet.
Constant change of sexual partner.
Cancers of the pelvic organs.
The presence of injuries and stitches on the cervix.
Ectopic pregnancy.
Blood diseases. Anemia.
Infertility.
Vaginal infections.
The presence of inflammatory processes in the reproductive system.

How to prepare for installing a spiral

First of all, you need to select a suitable spiral and undergo an examination, which includes:

Next, the doctor must probe the uterine cavity and determine the distance between the uterine angles. And only after a thorough examination and the absence of contraindications is an intrauterine device installed. The pros and cons of BMC should already be considered by you.

Features of the first days with a spiral

It is worth noting that only a doctor can install and remove an intrauterine device. The following side effects may appear within a few days after installation of the IUD:

Lower abdominal pain.
Bloody discharge.

You should also avoid increased physical activity. It is necessary to adhere to proper nutrition, rest more, and lie down.

The manifestation of side effects can be observed for six months and will disappear completely over time.

It is necessary to undergo regular medical examinations after having an IUD inserted. After installation, a month later, then after 3 months, then once every six months.

What are the advantages of the IUD?

If you have chosen a contraceptive method such as an intrauterine device, you need to know all the pros and cons.

Let's look at the positive aspects:

It does not require special care. After installation, after a period of rehabilitation, it is practically not felt.
Efficiency is 95-98%.
Can be installed for several years.
For many women, the menstrual cycle becomes shorter, and the periods themselves become almost painless.
It has a positive therapeutic effect for uterine fibroids and other gynecological pathologies.
Can be used during breastfeeding.
Does not affect reproductive function in the body.
The effectiveness remains regardless of taking any medications.
Economical and convenient. There is no need to follow a dosage schedule or spend money on regularly purchasing contraceptives.

What are the disadvantages of the IUD?

There are also negative aspects of using an IUD:

There is a high risk of ectopic pregnancy.
There is no protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
The risk of inflammatory diseases increases.
Cannot be used by nulliparous women.
Painful periods for the first six months.
Large blood losses are possible.

We looked at the pros and cons of a contraceptive such as an intrauterine device. We will consider the consequences of BMC further.

What complications can there be when using an IUD?

The qualifications and experience of the doctor are of great importance, since correct installation or removal by an inexperienced specialist can lead to removal of the uterus. Knowing the pros and cons of the intrauterine device, you need to know what complications are possible when using it.

Possible complications when using an IUD:

Perforation of the uterine walls.
Cervical rupture.
Bleeding after installation.
The IUD can grow into the uterus.
The antennae can irritate the walls of the cervix.
The spiral may move or fall out if incorrectly selected and installed.
Pain in the lower abdomen.

You need to urgently visit a specialist if:

Severe pain appeared in the lower abdomen.
There is a suspicion of pregnancy.
Bleeding continues for a long period of time.
There are signs of infection: increased body temperature, unusual vaginal discharge.
Pain or bleeding occurs during sexual intercourse.
The IUD strings have become longer or shorter.

We looked at what an intrauterine device is, the pros and cons of this method of contraception, as well as possible complications. Next, consider patient reviews.