§23. Short form of participles
To master the topic “Communion”, you need to understand many nuances. For example, you need to know that some of these words can exist in two forms. Let's look at this question in more detail and find out how short and full participles differ.
Some information
All words of the named category, depending on the direction of the expressed action, are divided into two categories. These are active participles, showing that the object is doing something itself, and passive participles, indicating that the activity is directed towards the object. The words of the first group are always complete: walking, lying, washing. And only passive participles can also be short: fed - fed, watered - watered.
Comparison
First of all, each case poses its own questions. “What was done with the object?”, “what?” are asked for short participles. Meanwhile, words used in full form correspond to the questions “which?” and the like.
Some grammatical features of both types of participles coincide. Both of them change in numbers ( prompted, prompted- the only thing; glued, glued– plural) and gender ( nailed down, nailed down, nailed down– nailed down, nailed down, nailed down). But the difference between short and full participles is that only the latter have case determined ( shrouded– nominative, shrouded– genitive, shrouded– dative, etc.).
Another discrepancy between these groups of words lies in their syntactic meaning. The function of short participles is not varied. They are assigned the role of the predicate: House erected (what was done?) builders. Full participles most often become adjectives: Erected (what?) The builders looked great at the house. They can also represent the nominal part of the predicate: The dress turned out to be torn.
Let's look at the difference between short and full participles from the perspective of spelling. Here we note that if the suffix of a word contains “n”, then in short forms it is single, and in full forms it is double ( sown – sown, decorated - decorated). We should also touch on the spelling of words with the particle NOT. It can be combined or separate when using full participles. For short forms, only the second of these options is correct.
Let's look at the features of short participles and their examples, and learn how to distinguish them from adjectives. These parts of speech become one of the most common causes of spelling errors. They are easily confused with adjectives, especially short ones, because they are pronounced almost the same. How to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.
First, let's define what a short term is. These are certain formations from words formed from the full participles of both voices: active, passive. Any time except the future - present and past. Word formation occurs by shortening the part of the word that changes - inflection (sometimes called the ending). Sometimes the base is truncated along with it.
Note! Brief prib. is always used only in the passive voice, because some action is performed on it by another person.
Short participles: examples
How are short forms formed from full ones?
Present tense:
Short participles: examples
Past tense:
The short participle answers the following questions: what is (a)(o)? - what are they?
For example: the book is painted (what?), the exercise is solved (what?), the castle is robbed (what?).
Short participles: examples
Use in speech
In sentences and phrases, parables. must be consistent with other members of the proposal. In particular, with nouns and pronouns that act as defined words. Most often their syntactic function is the predicate. More precisely, a compound nominal predicate.
Examples of predicate expressed briefly. Proverb: The newspapers were bought by old people. The bed was covered with a blanket. The article was not read by the student.
Take note! Sometimes it plays the role of a separate definition, relating exclusively to the subject.
Participles in short The form varies both by gender and by number. The masculine gender is characterized by negative inflection - zero ending (cut, watered (flower), extinguished (fire))
To agree with feminine nouns:
- singular number - ending "a". For example, cut, watered, extinguished (candle)
- plural - ending "s". For example, washed, watered, extinguished.
For the neuter gender, the plural endings coincide with the feminine gender. The singular is characterized by the ending “o”: cut, watered, extinguished.
Useful video: short participles
Suffixes
Also brief. a participle can be separated from a similar adjective by suffixes.
| Past tense suffixes | Examples |
| -en- | Brought and cared for |
| -n- | Given, fanned |
| -T- | Sung, broken |
Short participles: examples
Participle VS Adjective
Let us now turn briefly to the burning issue of differences. participle and adjective.
Let’s take two phrases: “the girl is raised”, “the girl is raised by her mother.” The most obvious difference is that in the second case the person who performed the action is represented. This is the mother who raised the girl.
Do not forget that a participle is, first of all, a form of a verb. It follows from this that if the sentence indicates an object that has performed some action on the subject (for example, “the pear was grown by the gardener”), we have a short form of it. Also, one of the striking features of this part of speech is that a short participle in a phrase can be replaced with a full participle. For example, “a girl raised by her mother,” “a pear grown by a gardener.”
The main function of an adjective is characterizing. This part of speech emphasizes the signs and focuses attention on them.
The phrase “the girl is well-mannered” does not indicate the person who committed the action, but draws attention to the characteristic “what is this girl like?” - “well-mannered.” Here we are dealing with a short adjective. You can replace it with the full one, we get “well-mannered girl.” It doesn’t matter how the result is achieved, the main thing is its presence.
To complete the check with complete confidence, try replacing the phrases with synonyms. The adjective is easily replaced by a full synonym: “a well-mannered girl is a cultured girl.” As mentioned above, a participle is a form of a verb, therefore synonymous substitution occurs due to this part of speech: “the girl was raised by her mother” - “the mother raised the girl.”
Spelling features
One of the main differences between these two linguistic units is in the area of spelling.
Short participles: examples
Spelling short adjectives and participles
- we write the adjective with two “n” - “nn”;
- We write the participle with one “n”.
How to write the particle “NOT”
Additional complexity appears when choosing the number of letters in a suffix if the particle “not” is present. This problem is relevant for both parts of speech under consideration. Remember the following simple diagram:
NOT with short passive participles is always written separately. They are also characterized by the use of dependent words in phrases, as already mentioned. This function is, as it were, replaced by the adverb “very” in examples with short adjectives. For example: the world is very beautiful, the student is very smart.
Useful video: short passive participles
Conclusion
When writing, you need to be extremely careful, monitor the meaning of words, the presence of dependent words, the use of the particle “not,” and the possibility of replacing with synonyms. In case of difficulties or questions, be sure to refer to the spelling dictionary or the corpus of the Russian literary language, which can be found on the Internet.
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).
Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailboat is lit by a copper-red sunset(G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning, Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)
Historical reference: Participles on -schy (mighty, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language these participles corresponded to participles in -whose (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e., they lost the meaning of time of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - flowing, pricking - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Church Slavonic origin, the second is of Russian origin.
24. Adverb and category of state. Predicate as a special part of speech. Semantic and grammatical properties of the state category. Basic semantic categories of predicates (modal predicates, state predicates, evaluations). Forms of the comparative degree of the predicate.
Adverbs include unchangeable words that denote a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or other sign. For example: He wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat, and he, ashamed of his tears, turned away and hastily took out a tobacco pouch (Shol.). - Adverbs suddenly and hastily denote signs of actions called by the verbs squeezed and pulled out. But it’s so offensive to think about one thing (Fad.). - The adverb denotes a sign of a state called offensively. In the blue, dazzlingly blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare clouds of incredible whiteness scattered by the wind (Shol.). - The adverb dazzling denotes a sign of quality, called by the adjective blue. The dandy colonel was noticeably glad that he had completed the monument so quickly (Pinch.). - The adverb so denotes a sign of a characteristic, called the adverb soon. Two days later... Gvozdev in a blue blouse, belted with a belt, in untucked trousers, in brightly polished shoes, in a white cap... and with a gnarled stick in his hand, he was sedately walking along the “Mountain” (M.G.). - The adverb untucked denotes the attribute of an object called by the noun trousers.
An adverb, referring to a verb, adjective, adverb and noun, formalizes its connection with them by adjacency. Morphological features of adverbs:
1. Immutability (absence of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs with -о, -е, formed from qualitative adjectives (quickly - faster, colloquial faster, boldly - bolder, colloquial bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of an adjective. They differ syntactically: the comparative degree of the adjective refers to the noun, for example: Now the fragrant forest, the lush shadow of the night (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb - to the verb, for example: The shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, the superlative degree in -ayshe, -eyshe is used, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot (Gr.).
2. The presence of special word-forming suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -o, -e (fun, sincerely), -i (enemy, friendly), -й (wolf-like, human-like), -omy, -him (in a good way, in a new way); comparative and superlative suffixes (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -ee (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, most humbly), as well as suffixes of subjective assessment - -onk(o), -enk(o), -okhonk(o), -onechk(o) (quietly, nicely, lightly, quietly), -ovat(o), -evat(o) (badly, dapper) . Subjective evaluation suffixes are possible for qualitative adverbs.
3. Lexical and word-formation correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; alternately, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying down, happily); The most ancient adverbs by origin, related to pronouns in the modern Russian language, act as non-derivatives (where, where, here, there).
The main role of adverbs in a sentence is to designate various circumstances. As an adverbial word, an adverb most often adjoins the predicate-verb: On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, swept it clean and carried away the dust (Shol.), although it can also refer to a definition and circumstance: The majordomo opened the door, low and narrow in the old style ( A.N.T.); He noticed a rider riding rather carelessly (Vs. Iv.).
In addition to circumstance, an adverb can be an inconsistent definition: He unbuttoned his frock coat with quick bony fingers, revealing his shirt untucked (L. T.) - and a predicate: After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.); ...Lips are scarlet, eyes are bulging (S.-Shch.).
An adverb acts as a subject and object only during substantivization. Such cases are extremely rare. For example: I’m tired of your “tomorrows”.
Impersonal predicative words, or the category of state, are significant, unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of the predicate).
In the sentence Leonid will come, we will have a lot of fun (Letters) the word fun denotes a person’s mental state, is the predicate of an impersonal sentence, and is combined with the copula will, forming the analytical form of the future tense. The impersonal predicative word is cheerfully homonymous to the short form of the adjective and adverb; Wed: The expression on her face is cheerful (fun is a short adjective). - He smiled cheerfully (cheerfully - adverb). But it differs from the adjective in the absence of gender forms (vesel, cheerfully, cheerfully) and the inability to determine the name; from an adverb - the inability to define a verb and an adjective. In addition, the meaning of the attribute is alien to the impersonal predicative word (the attribute of an object is an adjective; the attribute of an action is an adverb).
Impersonal predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - the expression of a state or its assessment. This can be the state of living beings, mental or physical, the state of nature and the environment, a state with a modal coloring, an assessment of the state from a moral and ethical point of view, from the point of view of extension in time, space, etc. The state expressed by this category of words is thought only impersonally: The child is in pain (cf. the expression of the state by an adjective and a verb: The child is sick and the Child is sick).
The morphological features of impersonal predicative words are as follows:
1. Lack of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.
2. The presence of the suffix -o in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (cold, visible, offensive, necessary).
3. The ability to express the meaning of time conveyed by a connective with which impersonal predicative words are combined (sad, was sad, will be sad; became sad, will become sad). The absence of a copula serves as an indicator of the present tense.
4. Preservation of forms of comparison with words ending in -o, formed from short adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will become warmer. It was easy - it will become easier.
5. Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sad corresponds with the word sad, warm - with warm, heavy - with heavy, frosty - with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal predicative words: for example, conscientiously in modern Russian does not correlate with “conscientious”, maybe does not correlate with “possible”.
The syntactic features of impersonal predicative words are the clearest and most defined.
1. An essential feature of these words is the syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: Then she suddenly became thoughtful and somehow gloomily lost in thought, so it was hard and sad to see her in this position (Letters); We had to descend another five miles along icy rocks and muddy snow to reach Kobi (L.) station.
2. Impersonal predicative words are not consistent and not controlled; they can be combined with an abstract or semi-abstract connective (to be, to become, to become, to do), expressing time and mood. For example: I felt sad when I listened to her from the next room (L.); I felt unpleasant and awkward (Letters).
3. Impersonal predicative words can be distributed in the forms of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional case with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms. For example: ...You may be bored with me, but I am mentally happy (Letters); It was pitch dark outside (L.). The accusative case is also possible: I felt sad and annoyed with Lisa (Letters).
In addition, with impersonal predicative words the dependent infinitive is often used. For example: The snow at parting with the earth shimmered with such diamonds that it was painful to look at (Ch.); ...But these three birches cannot be given to anyone during their lifetime (Sim.).
4. Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words. Compare, for example: She looked sad (adverb determines the verb) - Her face was sad (short adjective determines the noun) - She was sad (impersonal predicative word).
Thus, impersonal predicative words are allocated to a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “inactive” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability and morphological correlation with adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
The following groups of impersonal predicative words are distinguished by meaning:
1. Impersonal predicative words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, environment and situation:
a) a person’s mental state: annoyed, ashamed, afraid, cheerful, sad, pathetic, funny, insulting, scary, boring. For example: And you weren’t ashamed to believe this woman? (Letters); His face did not express anything special, and I felt annoyed (L.);
b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. For example: Since the commander is reluctant to talk, everyone feels uneasy (Laur.); But our ladies are apparently too lazy to step off the porch and show off their cold beauty over the Neva (P.); I just want to live, I haven’t lived yet (Tvard.);
c) the physical state of living beings: painful, sickening, stuffy, disgusting. For example: There is a place to spread your cold wings, but here you are stuffy and cramped, like an eagle that screams and beats against the bars of its iron cage (L.);
d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, windy, cozy, clean, dirty, damp, spacious, cramped, free. For example: At the beginning of the street it was still windy, and the road was swept away, but in the middle of the village it became quiet, warm and cheerful (L. T.); The living room was noisy and disorderly, as always happens before a general departure (Kupr.); It was warm in the house, but Olya was seized with chills even worse than on the street (Kochet.).
2. Impersonal predicative words denoting a modal state, i.e. containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, must: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it should, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. For example: It must be said that when the conversation touched on love and feelings in general, she began to talk (Letters); Nothing can flatter my pride than by recognizing my skill in horse riding in the Caucasian style (L.).
3. Impersonal predicative words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, close, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: visible, audible. For example: Now it’s too late, yesterday they gave him the floor, Lisa agreed (Letters); And it’s quiet and light - far from dusk (Fet); It is difficult to describe the delight of the entire honest company (L.); It’s good for you to rejoice, but I’m really sad, as I remember (L.); There were no courtyards or trees visible near the houses (Ch.).
Since a participle is a special form of a verb that contains the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. During the lesson you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Topic: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise No. 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale character. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidy, the clothes are washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is carpeted, the curtains are starched and trimmed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. The flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are arranged on shelves. Toys can be scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are dressed up and wearing makeup. The boys are dressed and wearing shoes.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Short participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
