Ural federal district- administrative formation within the Urals and Western Siberia. Established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.

The territory of the district makes up 10.5% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

Composition of the district

Regions

Autonomous okrugs

Big cities

Description

The territory is larger than the combined territories of Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain.

Municipalities: 1164.

The Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions are characterized by the highest degree of urbanization. Number of inhabitants per 1 km² 6.8 people. (cf. in Russia: 8.5 people/km²) The central and southern parts of the federal district have the highest population density, where the density reaches 42 people/km². This state of affairs is explained by the peculiarities of the geographical location of the regions and the structure of their industrial production.

Most of the constituent entities of the Ural Federal District have large deposits of mineral raw materials. In the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, oil and gas fields related to the West Siberian oil and gas province, which contains 66.7% of the oil reserves of the Russian Federation (6% of the world) and 77.8% of the gas of the Russian Federation ( 26% of world reserves).

In terms of forest cover, the district is second only to Siberia and the Far East. The Ural Federal District has 10% of the total Russian forest reserves. The forest structure is dominated by coniferous forests. Potential timber harvesting capacity is over 50 million cubic meters. meters.

Population and national composition

According to the 2002 population census, 12 million 373 thousand 926 people lived in the Ural Federal District, which is 8.52% of the Russian population. National composition:

1. Russians - 10 million 237 thousand 992 people. (82.74%)
2. Tatars - 636 thousand 454 people. (5.14%)
3. Ukrainians - 355 thousand 087 people. (2.87%)
4. Bashkirs - 265 thousand 586 people. (2.15%)
5. Germans - 80 thousand 899 people. (0.65%)
6. Belarusians - 79 thousand 067 people. (0.64%)
7. Kazakhs - 74 thousand 065 people. (0.6%)
8. Persons who did not indicate nationality - 69 thousand 164 people. (0.56%)
9. Azerbaijanis - 66 thousand 632 people. (0.54%)
10. Chuvash - 53 thousand 110 people. (0.43%)
11. Mari - 42 thousand 992 people. (0.35%)
12. Mordva - 38 thousand 612 people. (0.31%)
13. Armenians - 36 thousand 605 people. (0.3%)
14. Udmurts - 29 thousand 848 people. (0.24%)
15. Nenets - 28 thousand 091 people. (0.23%)

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Ural Federal District- Ural Federal District Ural Federal District... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

Ural Federal District Center Federal District Ekaterinburg Territory area 1,788,900 km² (10.5% of the Russian Federation) Population 12,240,382 people. (8.62% of the Russian Federation) Density 7.0 people/km²% of urban population. 80.1% ... Wikipedia

Stadium for beach sports ... Wikipedia

Kuyvashev, Evgeniy- Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region since May 2012. Prior to this, from September 2011 to May 2012, the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Ural Federal District, previously, from January 2011, he was deputy... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

This article describes special types of state registration plates of cars, and also provides some series of registration plates in individual Russian regions, by which departmental affiliation can be determined... ... Wikipedia

This article describes special types of state registration plates of cars, and also provides some series of registration plates in individual Russian regions, by which departmental affiliation can be determined... ... Wikipedia

This article describes special types of state registration plates of cars, and also provides some series of registration plates in individual Russian regions, by which departmental affiliation can be determined... ... Wikipedia

This article describes special types of state registration plates of cars, and also provides some series of registration plates in individual Russian regions, by which departmental affiliation can be determined... ... Wikipedia

This article or part of an article contains information about expected events. Events that have not yet occurred are described here. The Polunochnoye - Obskaya 2 railway is a projected railway, part of the project “Ural Industrial Ural... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Fundamentals of the formation, transmission and reception of digital information. Textbook, Gadzikovsky Vikenty Ivanovich, Luzin Viktor Ivanovich, Nikitin Nikita Petrovich. Recommended by the Regional Branch of the Ural Federal District of the Educational and Methodological Association of Universities of the Russian Federation for Education in the Field of Radio Engineering, Electronics, Biomedical Engineering and…

Territory - 1789 thousand km 2 "Population - 12 £ 65 million people.

Federal center - Yekaterinburg. Territorial composition: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions; Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs.

Federal District as a percentage of Russia:

territory - 10.4;

population - 8.7;

gross regional product - 14.8;

industrial products - 18.9;

agricultural products - 7.1.

Conditions for the development of the economy:

The favorable economic and geographical position is the proximity to the Volga Federal District, the largest in the country in terms of industrial potential;

Of no small importance is the proximity to markets for finished products, which are consumed both in the western and eastern regions of the country.

Transport routes pass through the Urals, crossing the entire territory of Russia from the western borders to the Pacific Ocean.

The negative condition is the lack of effective access to the sea. The Kara Sea freezes, and the short navigation period is complicated by heavy ice conditions.

Favorable economic and geographical location Ural contributes to increasing its role in the inter-district territorial division of labor.

Natural conditions.

The natural conditions of the district are extremely diverse. Its territory in the west is occupied by the Ural Mountains, and to the east is the vast West Siberian Plain. A significant part of the district is characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions: 90% of the Tyumen region is classified as the regions of the Far North or equated to them. There are various natural and climatic zones here: the Arctic tundra in the Far North is replaced to the south by typical tundra and forest-tundra, then by taiga, forest-steppe and steppe in the south.

Natural resources of the Urals are very diverse and have a huge impact on its specialization and level of development.

Fuel resources The Ural Federal District is represented by all main types: oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, peat. The region contains about 70% of Russian oil reserves and 91% of natural gas reserves, which are concentrated within the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, including the Kara Sea shelf, and belong to the West Siberian oil and gas province. In terms of geological reserves of oil and gas, the province ranks 2nd in the world after the unique basin in the Persian Gulf region. The main coal basins are Chelyabinsk and South Ural. Many coal deposits have been depleted, and most of the coal consumed is imported from other areas. The forecast resources of the Sosva-Salekhard basin (on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) are estimated at 18 million tons of low-ash coal.

Deposits of iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores concentrated mainly within the Urals. The region's needs for iron ore are met through its own mining only at 3/5. There are practically no large deposits here, the rich ores (Magnitogorsk, Tagilo-Kuvshinskoye and others) deposits have already been depleted, currently the development of poor ores of the Kachkanar and Bakal groups of deposits is underway, in which 3/4 of the reserves of the Ural iron ores are concentrated.

The Urals are distinguished by large reserves of various non-ferrous metal resources. These are copper ores (Krasnouralskoye, Kirov-gradskoye, Degtyarskoye, etc.), and nickel ores (Verkhniy Ufaley, Rezh), and

zinc (mainly copper-zinc). There are significant resources of aluminum raw materials.

The extraction of gold, precious and ornamental stones plays an important role.

The Urals has large industrial reserves of construction raw materials, primarily asbestos (Bazhenov deposit in the Sverdlovsk region), there are deposits of clays, sands, limestones, etc.

Significant forest resources districts. The Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions are part of the country's multi-forest zone. In the north, coniferous forests predominate: pine, cedar, larch, fir, spruce; in the south, in the forest-steppe - birch and aspen; in the swamps - alder, birch, willow.

Water resources regions are great. The territory is distinguished by a developed network of deep rivers, widespread lakes and an abundance of groundwater. The largest rivers - the Ob and Irtysh - are of navigable importance.

Agricultural grounds (land resources) concentrated in Kurgan, the most favorable area for agriculture
in the southern and southern parts of the Tyumen region, in the northern regions they are represented mainly by pastures and hayfields.

The Ural Federal District has the richest natural resources, has favorable preconditions for economic development, but unique natural and climatic conditions; Loveia greatly complicate the situation.

Population and labor resources.

The population of the Ural Federal District, as well as in Russia as a whole, is declining and amounts to 12,565 thousand people (2001). The birth rate in 1999 was 8.8 people per 1000 inhabitants, the mortality rate was 13.3 ppm, and the natural decline was -4.5.

The Ural Federal District is an urbanized region; 80% of the population lives here in cities. Two cities have a population exceeding a million inhabitants - Yekaterinburg (1266 thousand) and Chelyabinsk (1083 thousand). The population density of the region is low - only 7.1 people. per km 2.

The district's labor resources are characterized by high general educational and professional training. The region's population is predominantly employed in industry, although the employment structure has changed somewhat over the years of the crisis. The number of people employed in industry and construction has decreased, while the share of employment in agriculture, trade and public catering, non-production and transport has increased.

The ethnic composition is quite homogeneous. Russians predominate, there are much fewer Ukrainians and a very small proportion of northern nationalities: Khanty, Mansi and Nenets. There are acute issues of preserving the economic and social foundations for the survival of the small peoples of the North, whose habitat is being sharply reduced as a result of the active commercial development of the northern territories by the oil and gas complex.

Branches of economic specialization:

Oil and gas industry;

Ferrous metallurgy;

Metal-intensive mechanical engineering;

Military-industrial complex branches;

Branches of the forestry complex.
In the structure of industrial production in the Ural Federal District, over 50% falls on the fuel industry, with the metallurgical complex in second place (about 24%). The share of mechanical engineering and metalworking is slightly more than 8%. Large and medium-sized enterprises predominate in the Urals, currently producing over 96% of industrial products.

The Ural Federal District is the main region in Russia and one of the largest in the world oil and gas industry. It accounts for about 2/3 of oil production and over 9/10 of the natural and associated petroleum gas produced in the country. Both of these industries are located in the Tyumen region. Oil fields are mainly confined to the Sredneob region (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, where such large fields as Samotlor, Fedorovskoye, Kholmogorskoye, etc. are developed. More than 9/10 of the associated petroleum gas of the Tyumen region is produced here. Oil production is carried out in the northern regions of the region and in within the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, but its size is small.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the main gas producing region of Russia. The country's largest natural gas fields are being developed here: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, Novoportovskoye, Messoyakha.

Each of these fields is capable of providing annual gas production of 50 billion m3 or more. For comparison, the entire total gas production in the Netherlands, and this state is the largest gas producer in Western Europe, is slightly more than 100 billion m3 per year.

Almost the entire volume of natural gas and oil produced in the Tyumen region is supplied through the main pipeline system to the Volga, Northwestern and Siberian federal districts, and is also exported to the CIS countries, Western and Eastern Europe. Most of the associated petroleum gas is processed into gas-gasoline plants in Sredneobye and is used as fuel for local power plants. Part of the associated petroleum gas is transferred through the gas pipeline to Kuzbass (Siberian Federal District).

The main potential of the largest Ural base is located on the territory of the Ural Federal District ferrous metallurgy. A minority of the enterprises of this base are located in neighboring areas of the Orenburg and Perm regions of the Volga Federal District.

The district's ferrous metallurgy is represented by all stages of production, from mining and beneficiation of iron ore to the smelting of cast iron, steel and rolled products.

The Ural ferrous metallurgy base - the oldest metallurgy region in the country - produces about half of the iron, steel and rolled products, almost 60% of pipes for main pipelines and ferroalloys in Russia.

The Urals are distinguished by a high level of concentration and combination of ferrous metal production. The main type of enterprise is full cycle, producing cast iron, steel and rolled products. The largest of them - the Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil plants and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant - produce the bulk of the iron and steel smelted in the region. The Magnitogorsk plant is currently the largest in the country, but it is dependent on imported raw materials from Kazakhstan and KMA.

A number of medium-sized metallurgical plants in the Urals (Serovsky, Chusovsky, Zlatoustovsky, etc.) specialize in the production of high-quality steels and a wide range of medium- and low-metal-intensive rolled products.

The bottleneck of the Ural ferrous metallurgy base is its fuel and raw material base. The largest iron ore enterprise in the Urals - Kachkanarsky GOK (Sverdlovsk region) - and a number of small mines provide less than half of the base's need for iron ore. The missing metallurgical raw materials (iron ore concentrate and alloying metal concentrate) are imported from other regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. All the coal necessary for the production of metallurgical coke is also imported, mainly from Kuzbass and Kazakhstan (Karaganda basin). Natural gas and electricity, consumed in large quantities at the stages of metallurgical processing, come from the Tyumen region. The high concentration of metallurgical production has, in addition to positive aspects (reducing product costs, improving its quality, increasing labor productivity, etc.) and extremely negative consequences: a sharp deterioration of the environmental situation, problems of water supply, population settlement, transport, etc. Therefore, further increasing the capacity of metallurgical enterprises inappropriate, especially in the Chelyabinsk region, where industrial concentration is highest and there is already a shortage of water resources.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is also an industry of market specialization in the Ural Federal District. It has a high level of development and is represented by the production of copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum and other industries. The leading place is occupied by the copper industry, the raw material base of which is copper pyrite ore, which lies along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. Enterprises for smelting blister copper are concentrated in Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Revda, and Karabash. The next stage of copper processing - its refining - is carried out at electrolytic plants in Kyshtym and Verkhnyaya Pyshma.

Nickel production is concentrated in ore mining areas in the Ufaleysky (Chelyabinsk region) and Rezhsky (Sverdlovsk region) regions.

The region's aluminum industry is supplied with its own raw materials. Aluminum plants: Bogoslovsky (Krasno-Turinsk), Ural (Kamensk-Uralsky), etc.

For the production of zinc in the district, both local raw materials, represented by copper-zinc ores, and imported concentrates are used. A major center of the zinc industry is Chelyabinsk.

Heavy, mainly metal-intensive, mechanical engineering. Using local metal, it produces mining, metallurgical equipment, equipment for the oil industry and chemistry, and waste from machine-building enterprises - rolled metal scraps and metal shavings - is returned to metallurgical enterprises for subsequent smelting.

Many industries are metal-intensive, so mechanical engineering closely interacts with metallurgy. The main centers of heavy engineering are Yekaterinburg (Uralmash, Uralkhimmash, Uralelectrotyazhmash, etc.), Karpinsk (production and repair of mining equipment), etc. Equipment for the oil and gas industry is produced in Troitsk and Tyumen.

The leading center for turbine production is Yekaterinburg. Agricultural engineering and tractor manufacturing are developed in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, etc.

Transport engineering is represented by carriage building (Nizhny Tagil), production of heavy-duty vehicles (Mi-ass), buses (Kurgan), motorcycles (Irbit), shipbuilding (Tyumen, Tobolsk).

Mechanical engineering in the Urals, as well as all industry, is characterized by excessive concentration in large cities; insufficient specialization, universalism of many enterprises; dispersion of auxiliary and repair production; slow implementation of scientific and technological advances, preservation of old equipment and technologies.

Military-industrial complex branches The Urals are represented by a number of enterprises in the nuclear weapons complex, the aerospace industry, the armored industry, the production of artillery systems and other types of weapons. The largest centers of the industry: Yekaterinburg, Pervouralsk, Nizhny Tagil, Kamensk-Uralsky, Chelyabinsk, Miass, Zlatoust, Kurgan.

Timber industry complex The Ural Federal District operates on its own raw material base and is represented by all stages of production, from wood harvesting to the production of final products (paper, matches, furniture, plywood, etc.). Chemical processing of wood and waste has been developed.

The most important centers of the forestry and woodworking industries are located in the Sverdlovsk region (Serov, Severo-Uralsk, Sosva, etc.). In the Tyumen region, there is no production of deep wood processing, so a significant part of the harvested wood is exported outside the region; Only half of the harvested volumes are processed locally. The main woodworking centers are Tyumen, Salekhard, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, etc.

Industries that complement the territorial complex.

Electric power industry represented mainly by thermal power plants. The largest GRES in the region are Surgut GRES-1 and GRES-2, Urengoyskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Reftinskaya, Serovskaya, etc. In the Urals there is a nuclear power plant - Beloyarskaya - with a powerful fast neutron reactor. An important problem is the discrepancy between the volumes of electricity production and the needs of the region, where energy-intensive industries are concentrated.

A powerful construction industry, relying on its own raw material base. This is one of the leading regions for cement production, the largest centers are Magnitogorsk and Sukhoi Log.

Included light industry Leather and footwear industries stand out in the Urals; textile manufacturing enterprises have also been built.
thinking. The clothing industry has expanded.

Intraregional differences.

According to the degree of development of the territory and economic specialization, two very different regions are distinguished in the district:

Gornozavodskaya Urals as part of Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and
Kurgan regions;

Tyumen region.

The first area is well developed and has a continuous population. There is a multifunctional structure of the economy with a noticeable predominance of ferrous metallurgy, metal-intensive engineering and military-industrial complex industries.

The second has a focal nature of development of the territory with an extremely low population density - a little more than two people per km 2. This is the main oil and gas production area in Russia. The Middle Ob TPK is being formed on its territory.

This is a young TPK, in the early stages of its development, but already powerful in its industrial potential. It is based on the oil and associated petroleum gas production industries. All oil is exported outside its borders in unprocessed form. Associated petroleum gas is supplied to oil and gas plants (there are more than 10 of them) that produce dry (energy) gas, and from the liquid fractions of this gas they produce fuel (high-quality gasoline and aviation kerosene) and intermediate products for organic synthesis chemistry. Dry energy gas is supplied to the power plants of the complex and used in industry and the domestic sector in the cities of the Ob region.

Wood harvested in Sredneobye is supplied to sawmills that produce timber, boards and other lumber, largely used for the production of building materials and widely used in local industry. The food industry and other industries serving the needs of the population of the Sredneobsky TPK are poorly developed, and the bulk of their products are imported from other regions.

Ecological problems.

Almost the entire territory of the Urals is subject to powerful anthropogenic pressure. In the western part of the district, the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, and logging have a negative impact on the environment. Currently, the Urals are considered an environmental disaster zone, some cities are included in the “black” environmental book of Russia: Yekaterinburg, Kurgan, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky. Hundreds of thousands of tons of harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere of the region only by mining and metallurgical enterprises annually . Waste from mining and metallurgical production is accumulating, thousands of hectares of land are being confiscated for mining, ground and surface waters, soils, and the atmosphere are being polluted, vegetation is being destroyed. Part of the Chelyabinsk region has been subjected to radioactive contamination. In the Tyumen region, enormous damage to nature is caused by oil and gas production and their transportation, carried out in conditions of northern systems that are difficult to restore,

Undoubtedly, the environmental crisis threatens the success of economic reforms in the region, since the required costs
identification of even basic environmental violations is several times higher than the amounts allocated for these purposes throughout the country.

Administrative-territorial composition: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions. Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk-Ugra autonomous okrugs.

Territory- 1767.1 thousand km 2.

Population- approximately 12.6 million people.

Administrative center- Yekaterinburg city.

The Ural Federal District is located on territory belonging to two economic regions. The district unites the eastern part of the Ural economic region and the Tyumen region, which belongs to the West Siberian economic region.

The Ural Federal District has developed oil and gas industries, scooping and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, forestry and woodworking industries.

The district's specialization sectors can be considered the fuel industry, including oil and gas production, and ferrous metallurgy. The development of the fuel industry is associated with the location of the West Siberian oil and gas province on the territory of the district.

Indicators of the Ural Federal District

The district specializes in the extraction of fuel and energy minerals, metallurgical production and the production of finished metal products.

The high share of extraction of fuel and energy minerals (47.3%) in the structure of industrial production reduces localization coefficients for other types of economic activity. The development of the fuel industry is associated with the location of the West Siberian oil and gas province on the territory of the district.

In the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, oil and gas fields related to the West Siberian oil and gas province are explored and exploited, which contains 66.7% of oil reserves (6% of the world's) and 77.8% of gas (26% world reserves).

Let us characterize the distribution of productive forces across the territories of the district: the eastern part of the Ural economic region and the Tyumen region.

Economy and economy of the Ural Federal District

The Ural Federal District is located on the border of Europe and Asia and occupies 10% of the territory of Russia. The district concentrates about 9% of Russia's population. Center - Yekaterinburg. The Urals are called gray. This is not just a poetic image - the Urals are really old. The centuries-old restructuring of the mountains, the presence of its foothills either at the bottom or on the coast of ancient seas, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and other cataclysms ultimately brought benefit to people by making the subsoil accessible. The Ural Mountains contain almost the entire Mendeleev system of elements: gold, platinum, silver, asbestos, sulfur, bauxite, iron ore, copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, vanadium, potassium and table salt, gems (malachite, jasper, amethyst), etc.

Eastern foothills (Trans-Urals), composed of igneous rocks, they are especially rich in ore minerals, primarily copper. The main copper mining in Russia takes place at the Gaisky (near Orsk), Sibaysk (near Magnitogorsk), Revdinsky, and Krasnoturinsky deposits. Copper production plants operate in Mednogorsk, Revda, Krasnouralsk, and Kirovograd.

Aluminum smelters using local bauxite are located in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Nickel plants in Orsk and Verkhny Ufaley also use local raw materials. There are several nickel ore deposits in the region.

Lipovskoe (Rezhevskoe) is one of the largest. It is currently being intensively developed.

The Urals have long been famous for their centuries-old traditions metal smelting, with roots going back to the first Demidov factories. Currently, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, and Chelyabinsk metallurgical plants are operating.

Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant "Mechel" is one of the largest iron and steel enterprises in Russia. The enterprise consists of about one hundred divisions, united into large productions: coke-chemical, sinter-blast furnace, steel-smelting, rolling, special electrometallurgy. The plant's products are supplied both to Russian enterprises and to foreign countries. This is commercial cast iron, rolled carbon, structural, tool, bearing, electrical, corrosion-resistant steels and alloys.

The Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Plant produces ferroalloys: ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, ferrosilicochrome. Half of the plant's products are exported to more than 50 countries, including the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, and Sweden.

The Chelyabinsk Electrolytic Zinc Plant is the largest zinc producer in Russia. The quality and stability of the chemical composition of non-ferrous metals produced by the plant are quite high: zinc content is 99.975%, cadmium - 99.98, indium - 99.999%.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the district are the base for factories metal-intensive mechanical engineering and chemical enterprises.

The Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant produces pipes of various diameters, including for oil and gas pipelines with a diameter of 1220 mm. The Anker metal structures plant produces equipment for coke, metallurgical, oil refining and chemical industries. It should be noted that in recent years, the Anker plant has been actively developing new projects and technologies that meet international standards. Some projects of recent years: foundry yard of a slag granulation plant (for India), a plant for the production of fuel from coal dust (for France), anchor columns of a metallurgical plant (for Finland).

The region's mechanical engineering represents tractor plant(Chelyabinsk), which is the leading enterprise of the domestic tractor industry. In addition to powerful crawler tractors, bulldozers and engineering vehicles (trench excavators, pipe layers), the plant produces mini-tractors, which are in great demand among Russian farmers.

Energy, mining and steel rolling equipment is produced in Yekaterinburg; in Kurgan - buses; in Nizhny Tagil - freight cars; in Miass - Ural trucks.

Chemical industry in the district is represented by the Oxid enterprise (Chelyabinsk), which ranks second in Russia in the production of dry zinc white (the raw materials are the products of the electrolytic zinc plant). The company also produces a wide range of anti-corrosion coatings and other chemical products for the tire, rubber, paint and varnish and pharmaceutical industries.

Currently 90% Russian gas It is mined in the north, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Urengoy, Yamburg, Medvezhye. 70% of Russian oil comes from the fields of the Middle Ob region. The largest of them is Samoglorskoye, as well as Ust-Balyk spit, Megionskoye, Fedorovskoye.

Square(thousand km 2) 1788.9 (10.5% of the territory of Russia);
Population(million people) 12.4 (8.5% of the country’s population);
Population density(persons per 1 km 2) 7;
Number of cities 112;
District center city ​​of Yekaterinburg;
Big cities Zlatoust, Kamensk-Uralsky, Kurgan, Magnitogorsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nizhny Tagil, Salekhard, Surgut, Tyumen, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chelyabinsk.

A harsh picture of the tundra kingdom, surprising in the summer with the splendor and diversity of its herbs and an abundance of berries, forest-tundra with lonely trees, fragrant taiga wilds and colorful mixed forests, birch forest-steppes, flowery meadows of cereals and variegated grasses all this is the Ural Federal District. The territory of the district is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, and in the west are the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

This wonderful region in many respects, with countless valuable natural resources and a colorful history, attracts tourists. Grandiose Ural Mountains with bizarre rocks, sharp ridges and descending stone rivers, they call travelers from all over the world their attractions. You will see amazing festive mountain landscapes Ilmen Amazing with its freedom and richness of flora and fauna, this gigantic natural geological museum. In the area there is a city of craftsmen Zlatoust. In these places, archaeologists found the ancient settlement of Arkaim, where the horse was first tamed, the war chariot was invented, and the first copper smelting furnace was built. The ancient Siberian city of Tobolsk makes a striking impression with its wooden tower houses with carved platbands, cornices and intricate ridges on the roof ridges. And, of course, the only stone one in Siberia Tobolsk Kremlin, a magnificent monument of Russian architecture.

Extreme points of the Ural Federal District:

• The northernmost point of the district located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, on the northern tip of Bely Island in the Kara Sea. On land, the northernmost point northern tip of the Yamal Peninsula;
• southernmost point in the Chelyabinsk region (Bredinsky district);
• easternmost point in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Nizhnevartovsk region);
• westernmost point in the Chelyabinsk region (Asha district).

Natural resources:

Reserves oil And gas deposits such as Urengoy, Yamburg, Medvezhye, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk make the Ural Federal District one of the world leaders. The initial total recoverable oil resources are about 55% of the total Russian resources, gas - about 56%, which is enough to provide the whole of Russia with oil and gas fuel.

Great economic importance biological resources tundra and forest-tundra - this seemingly life-poor zone. It produces a significant amount of fur and game; in its rivers and lakes there is a lot of fish (sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, peled, muksun, whitefish, vendace, tugun, omul, smelt). In addition, the tundra is the main breeding area for reindeer.

Climate:

In the Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the average January temperature is from -16 to -20°C, the average July temperature is from +17 to +20°C. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (in the Chelyabinsk region, in the mountains 600 mm) to 500 mm (in the north of the Sverdlovsk region, in the mountains 600 mm). In the north of the Tyumen region, in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, winter lasts 8×10 months, the average temperature in January is from -18 to -29 ° C, in July from +4 to + 17 ° C, permafrost is widespread. Precipitation ranges from 200 to 600 mm per year. The absolute minimum temperature in Yamal is -63°C.

Population:

Folk crafts:

Part Ural Federal District (Ural Federal District) included 4 areas(Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen) and 2 autonomous okrugs(Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra, Yamalo-Nenets). The total area of ​​the territory is 1788.9 thousand square meters. km (about 11% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation), this exceeds the area of ​​the territories of Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain combined. The administrative center of the Urals Federal District is the city of Yekaterinburg. Population of the Urals Federal District - approx. 12,400.0 thousand people (8.5% of the country's population). Representatives of more than 120 ethnic groups live in the district. The Ural region is one of the richest mineral resource regions of the Russian Federation. There are oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; the district has substantial reserves of iron and copper ores, non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, peat, asbestos, non-metallic building materials, precious and semi-precious stones. Large timber resources are concentrated here.

Sverdlovsk region - “the land of ore miners, prospectors, craftsmen and coal burners,” as a native of this land, Pavel Bazhov, a writer and processor of folk legends and Ural tales, wrote. The nature of the region is coniferous and mixed forests, more than 3 thousand lakes. Due to the presence of high concentration radon waters and sapropel mud, some lakes are healing (Khomutininskoye, Podbornoe, etc.). The border between Europe and Asia runs through the region. At an exhibition held in 2002 under the auspices of UNESCO, Yekaterinburg was classified as one of the 12 ideal cities in the world. The city has over 600 historical and cultural monuments, more than 30 museums, many of which have unique collections. The Museum of Local Lore houses the famous Shigir idol - the oldest wooden sculpture, which was created almost 9,000 years ago. The Museum of Nevyansk Icon has a collection of unique iconography. The Museum of Fine Arts presents a rich collection of Russian avant-garde and a collection of Kasli castings. The Museum of the History of Stone-Cutting and Jewelry Art, as well as the unusual Museum of Artifacts, are interesting. There is a whole park-museum: a complex of museums in Yekaterinburg, united in a cultural center - the Literary Quarter. The museums are located in a beautiful park with gazebos and figured trellises. At the entrance to the Literary Quarter there is a monument to Pushkin. Historical square - the place where it was founded Ekaterinburg and where there once were a fortress and workshops of an ironworks, with the construction of which the formation of the city began. There is a monument to the founders of Yekaterinburg - V.N. Tatishchev and V. de Gennin. There are many monuments in the city: "The Gray Ural", Marshal Zhukov - "The First Cavalry", the First Steam Locomotive in Russia, a complex of monuments to those killed in Afghanistan and Chechnya. There are also very unusual monuments. For example, the world's first monument to the Invisible Man, the hero of H.G. Wells. Or plumbing - "Afonya". The “Klava” monument, dedicated to a computer keyboard, has earned special love from townspeople and guests - people come to it to sit on its eighty-six keys (the keyboard is 12 meters long). The oldest building in the city - the dam of the city pond on the Iset River - was built from Ural larch and is perfectly preserved. There are various architectural monuments on the Dam. The last days of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II are connected with Yekaterinburg. In the house of engineer Ipatiev in 1918, the murder of the royal family was committed. On this site they erected the Church on the Blood in the name of All Saints who shone forth in the Russian Land. The most famous of the temple buildings is the Holy Trinity Cathedral. Yekaterinburg is a city with the richest theatrical and cultural traditions. His theaters have gained all-Russian and even worldwide fame. The city has many interesting architectural sights. These include the palace and park ensemble - the Rastorguev-Kharitonov estate, an example of landscape art of the first half of the 19th century. The house is adjacent to a large park with alleys, an artificial lake, an artificial island and a rotunda gazebo on it. The circus has a unique hanging roof under an openwork load-bearing dome. And the building of the Old Station is decorated with towers, which give it a resemblance to stone chambers.
Chelyabinsk region - this is a variety of reliefs: hilly plains, ridges and steep slopes, these are birch and aspen forests, and in the east - forest-steppe and steppe. There are many lakes and several reservoirs. However, perhaps the main natural highlight of the region is the caves. There are 320 caves in the region, many of them, due to their picturesqueness and uniqueness, are declared natural monuments. Here is the watershed ridge that serves as the border between Europe and Asia - the Ural-Tau, or Stone Belt. The Chelyabinsk region is famous for its largest metal deposits, deposits of precious stones and minerals. Thus, more than 260 minerals, including very rare ones, and 70 rocks were discovered in the Ilmensky Nature Reserve. Folk crafts are developed in the region, mainly Zlatoust steel engraving and Kasli art casting. There are more than 300 historical monuments, 500 architectural monuments, and 1,500 archaeological monuments. Two of them are of world significance: the historical and cultural reserve "Arkaim" (the complex includes a fortified settlement of the Bronze Age - proto-city Arkaim, "Country of Cities", burial grounds) and Ignatievskaya Cave with rock paintings from the Paleolithic era (more than 14 thousand years ago). The cave, located near the village of Serpievka, is called the “art gallery of the Stone Age.” The Zyuratkul National Park is extremely popular, with its fabulously beautiful lake, Rapids, Satka, Zmeinaya Gora and the “Fiery” paleovolcano located nearby (a fragment of an ancient volcano), Blue Stone (rocky outcrops of quartz porphyry of a light lilac color on the bank of the Ural River). And, of course, lovers of active recreation will not be able to ignore such places as Taganay and the famous Kungur caves. Also interesting are Grachinaya Gora, Cherkasinskaya Sopka, Cheka - the highest point in the south of the region. The rocky part of the peak is an object of sports, tourist and recreational significance. The Chelyabinsk region has its own “Leaning Tower of Pisa” (that’s what one of the rocks is called) and even “Easter Island” - the name “Kizil steppe Easter Island” was assigned to Mount Razbornaya. Among the attractions of Chelyabinsk are the year-round Ice Sports Palace "Ural Lightning", the sculptural and landscape composition "Sphere of Love": a huge glass dome on stilts, under it there are figures of lovers who are directed towards each other, and below there are two paths - "streams", which merge into one “river”). The Scarlet Field has a history of more than a century. Once upon a time, fairs were held here; during the 1905 revolution, workers came out to demonstrate in the field, and during Soviet times, the territory was transformed into a children's park. Today it is one of the favorite vacation spots of city residents. In addition to Chelyabinsk, the major cities of the region are Magnitogorsk, Zlatoust, and Miass.

Nature is amazingly diverse Kurgan region . The southern regions are characterized by mixed-grass steppes and steppe meadows, and in the north there are small-leaved forests of the taiga zone. Accordingly, representatives of the fauna of the forest and steppe zones live here. The local forests are recognized as natural monuments; centuries-old pine and birch trees grow in them. Surprisingly, the Kurgan region is also famous for its thickets of cherry trees. On the territory of the region there are more than 400 rivers (the main ones are the Tobol and its tributary Iset) and more than 2 thousand mineralized and fresh lakes rich in fish, including those with resort significance: these are lakes Turbannoye in the Dalmatovsky district, Gorkoye-Kureinoye in the Makushinsky district, a group Setovskie lakes in Tselinny district. In Ketovsky, Shadrinsky and other districts of the region, sources of mineral water have been discovered that are not inferior in composition to the waters of Borjomi and Essentuki. One of the most valuable lakes for its balneological properties is Lake Gorkoe (Khomutinskoye). Lake Medvezhye, amazing in its beauty and healing power, is very popular among tourists and local residents. Its silt mud has healing properties equal to the mud of the Dead Sea. The water from the source of the Holy Kazan Chimeevsky Monastery is also considered healing. 66 percent of the region's land is arable land. And this truly Russian combination of fields and forests pacifies and calms. The largest cities in the region are Kurgan, Shadrinsk, Dalmatovo. The main attraction of the regional center is the legendary Tsar's Kurgan. In honor of him, the settlement, called Tsarev Settlement, received its current name - Mound. Among the attractions of the Shadrinsky district are church buildings and natural monuments: the floodplain areas of the Iset River, a beautiful pine forest. The cultural layer protection zones are located on the territory of the Bolshoi Mylnikovsky settlement and the Bolshoi Bakal settlement.

Tyumen region divides the territory of the Russian Federation into two parts: to the west is the Urals and the European part, to the east are Siberia and the Far East. The administrative center of the region - Tyumen - was the first Russian city in Siberia, the gateway to Siberia, an outpost for the advancement of the Russian state to the east. Asian Russia began here. Tyumen has architectural and cultural monuments. The most famous are the settlement with the remains of the Tatar city, a rampart and a moat, as well as the complex of the Holy Trinity Monastery, founded in 1616. The complex consists of the Trinity Cathedral, a church, abbot's chambers and old walls. Here is one of the most beautiful iconostases in Siberia. In the city you can see baroque churches, chapels and bell towers of the 18th century, monuments of architecture and wooden architecture - houses of merchants and industrialists. Tyumen, once famous for merchant fairs, has retained the title of a wealthy city. Today it is called the oil capital of Russia. Tobolsk is founded on the site where the Tatar capital of Siberia was previously located. Subsequently, the name “Siberia” was transferred to the entire territory from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. For several centuries, Tobolsk was the main administrative and military center of all of Siberia. Here, for the first time in Siberia, a stone Kremlin was erected. And to this day, the Tobolsk Kremlin is considered the pearl of these places. Tobolsk is a unique city-monument of stone and wooden architecture. Thanks to its original architecture and natural landscapes, the city has gained fame as the “Siberian Mecca” for tourists from all over the world. Tobolsk has many beautiful temple and monastery buildings. The city has developed a unique craft of artistic bone carving. The town of Yalutorovsk has preserved historical and cultural monuments, including the memorial houses of the Decembrists M.I. Muravyov-Apostol and I.D. Yakushkin. Here is the Decembrists Grove - a beautiful natural complex, a place where the Decembrists loved to be. In the south of the region there are 2 nature reserves of federal significance - “Tyumensky” and “Belozersky”, 33 reserves of regional significance, 29 natural monuments. In the vicinity of Tyumen there are two hot springs - natural thermal springs, the water temperature of which is +40-45º all year round. One of them is landscaped, the other is “wild”. The first is an open-air marble pool filled with water. The pool is surrounded by pine trees and decorative palm trees. The water in hot springs is healing. Mineral water "Tyumenskaya-2" from sources - bromine, sodium chloride. Andrew's Lake. The archaeological museum-reserve on Lake Andreevskoye is located on the site where traces of settlements of ancient times were discovered - from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. The exhibition includes objects found during excavations, as well as reconstructions of Khanty and Mansi dwellings. Embayevo. The Tatar village was founded by immigrants from Bukhara. In Embaevo there is a mosque built by the local merchant Nigmatulla-Khadzhi Karmyshakov and considered one of the most beautiful in Russia. This is the first stone mosque beyond the Urals. Karmyshakov brought a hair of the Prophet Muhammad from the Middle East, which was kept in the village, and is now in the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore. A madrasah has been opened at the mosque, training imams. The village also has an ethnographic museum of Siberian Tatars. Pokrovskoye village: Grigory Rasputin was born here. There is a private Rasputin museum. Tatar village of Chikcha. A wooden mosque from the 19th century and a new stone mosque have been preserved. Chikcha is a place of Muslim pilgrimage.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (the historical name of the region is Yugra) is located in Western Siberia, in the northern and middle taiga zone. The climate is continental, with harsh, long winters (about 9 months) and relatively warm summers. In the north there are permafrost rocks. The main river is the Ob with large tributaries - the Irtysh, Northern Sosva, etc. There are over 1,500 lakes. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish (salmon, whitefish, sturgeon). Forests occupy about 1/3 of the district's territory. Coniferous species predominate (spruce, pine, cedar); deciduous forests are mainly birch. On the territory of the district there are the eastern slopes of the Northern and Subpolar Urals (height up to 1646 m, Neroika). The following nature reserves are open: Yugansky, Malaya Sosva. The region has large oil and gas fields. Among the attractions of Khanty-Mansiysk are a local history museum with a rich ethnographic collection, a park museum with monuments of wooden architecture of the Khanty and Mansi. Natural monument - Samarovsky Hill (Ust-Irtysh Mountain). There is a large fur farm (breeding black and brown foxes, arctic foxes, minks).

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a whole country in the center of the Far North of Russia. The district covers an area of ​​more than 750 thousand square kilometers. It is located in the north of the West Siberian Plain. More than 50 percent of the district's territory is outside the Arctic Circle. The region is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The population is about 500 thousand people. The indigenous peoples of the region are the Nenets, Khanty, and Selkups. The capital of the Autonomous Okrug is Salekhard.