What to do if you have poor blood clotting? Poor blood clotting: causes, symptoms, treatment.

In a normal state, the viscosity of the blood corresponds to that of water, since only under such conditions is it possible to provide the tissues with the necessary substances. However, if there is poor blood clotting, the causes and treatment of this disease may be different. This may be the cause of various diseases that affect the quality of the composition of this biological fluid and the performance of the circulatory system as a whole.

Causes of low blood clotting

When there are various problems with the proteins present in the blood plasma (liquid component) - it may have low coagulability. How blood clots depends on these proteins, since they are directly responsible for blocking blood vessels if they are damaged.

In the case of various diseases, these proteins may be contained in insufficient quantities or completely absent. These pathologies are often transmitted from parents to children. Moreover, these diseases can be transmitted not only at the genetic level, but also appear due to other reasons, namely:

How to diagnose the disease?

To identify the causes of pathology and select highly effective treatment, the patient must undergo an examination, which includes:

Symptoms of low clotting

Experts have known for quite some time the signs by which it is possible to accurately determine that there are problems with the clotting of biological fluid in the human body. This can be determined by the following main symptoms:

1. Bleeding gums;
2. A very high rate of appearance of hematomas and bruises, which can sometimes be accompanied by blood from the nose;
3. Bleeding from any injuries for no reason, including small scratches;
4. Difficulty stopping bleeding.

Poor clotting may also be clearly indicated by the fact that hematomas appear at the site of small bruises. If this always happens, then we can say that the patient is susceptible to von Willebrand disease.

Treatment Options

It is quite difficult to discover that the blood has begun to clot worse, since an adult rarely receives injuries that would result in bleeding. If the diagnosis of poor coagulation of biological fluid was established in a clinical setting, then the best solution for the patient would be to find out the causes of this pathology as quickly as possible and listen to the recommendations of specialists.

However, of course, under normal conditions, when a person knows about the causes of dysfunction, for example, the use of disaggregation and painkillers, it is only necessary to stop taking these drugs so that blood clotting returns to normal. The most important thing is to know that a hematologist will help solve these problems.

It is very important to promptly identify and begin treatment for the most common pathologies - oncology or liver disease. Treatment options also include:

• Using vitamin K by injection;
• Implementation of blood plasma;
• Drugs that increase clotting;
• Other remedies to avoid platelet problems.

In addition to these medications, the use of folk remedies will also help to improve clotting. The diet should be such that it contains foods containing a lot of folic acid, calcium, and amino acids. These substances are present in large quantities in kefir, cottage cheese, and milk. Meat and seafood will help in treating the disease. It is also very important to eat vegetables such as cabbage, onions and spinach.

The disease can also be treated with decoctions and tinctures, for example, from knotweed, stinging nettle and many other plants that are rich in vitamins K, C, and can also reduce the amount of sugar, and also, on the contrary, increase the hemoglobin content in biological fluid.

When treating with folk remedies, many patients often use yarrow, which has an anti-inflammatory effect and promotes cleansing and dilation of blood vessels.

Possible complications

When identifying causes of low blood clotting treatment should be started as soon as possible, because this is the only way to get good results. If this is not done in time, the following complications may occur:

1. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract;
2. Bleeding in the brain;
3. Severe pain and bleeding in the joints.

If a person is found to have poor blood clotting causes, treatment may vary, but therapy should be started as quickly as possible. After all, this pathology is very dangerous to human health and sometimes even fatal. At the first symptoms, the patient should immediately contact a specialist to avoid serious problems.

Video about bleeding disorders

In this video, Dr. Komarovsky will perform a clinical blood test:

A healthy person cannot bleed to death despite fairly large cuts, thanks to an excellent mechanism for regulating hemostasis. Those with coagulation pathologies are not to be envied: any injection, scratch or injury results in bleeding. The problem becomes a banal visit to the dentist, minimal surgical interventions, and sometimes playing sports.

Diseases characterized by symptoms:

• hemophilia A and B;
• von Willebrand disease;
• thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof's disease);
• Glanzmann's hereditary thrombasthenia;
• congenital afibrinogenemia (lack of fibrinogen);
• dysfibrinogenemia (structural defects in fibrinogen molecules).

Blood clotting: description of the process and normal indicators

Hemostasis is a biological system whose function is to preserve the rheological properties of blood and stop bleeding when the walls of blood vessels are damaged.

It consists of three components:

• coagulation system - responsible for the processes of blood clotting (coagulation);
• anticoagulation system - for processes that prevent blood clotting (anticoagulation);
• fibrinolytic system - for the processes of fibrinolysis (dissolution of formed blood clots).

Immediately after injury, vascular spasm is observed in the injury area, after which a chain of reactions is launched, as a result of which a platelet plug is formed. Initially, platelets are activated, then they stick together and attach to fibrinogen. These complexes adhere to collagen fibers and the inner layer of blood vessels (endothelium).

The formed plug closes the defect in the vessels, and coagulation factors are released from it. Fibrin networks trap blood cells and form a blood clot. Later, fluid is forced out of it and it turns into a blood clot, which prevents further blood loss.

The characteristic time for primary hemostasis in a healthy person is 1-3 minutes, and for the formation of a fibrin clot - about 10 minutes.

Bleeding disorders: general characteristics

A problem in which the blood does not clot well is called a bleeding disorder. It is caused by the fact that blood vessels do not normally become blocked when they are damaged. Its appearance is associated with one of three factors:

• imbalance of the hemostasis mechanism;
• pathology of the walls of blood vessels;
• platelet functions.

Depending on the type of violation, there are:

• decreased clotting (bleeding) is the cause of various types of hemorrhagic diathesis, long wound healing, complications of operations and the postoperative period, hemorrhages in internal organs;
• increased coagulability (thrombophilia) - increases the risk of strokes and heart attacks, increases the risk of thrombosis of the veins of the lower extremities with varicose veins, can cause infertility, recurrent miscarriage.

Classification

According to the mechanism of occurrence there are:

• acquired;
• genetically determined;
• congenital;
• autoimmune.

The congenital form is further divided into three types based on blood clotting factors:

• group A - insufficient saturation with antihemophilic globulin (VIII);
• group B - deviation in the balance of the Christmas factor (IX);
• group C - insufficient amount of factor XI, which precedes thromboplastin.

Causes

Among the causes of bleeding disorders, hematologists identify:

• liver dysfunction (cirrhosis, fatty degeneration);
• thrombohemorrhagic syndrome (in shock and post-traumatic conditions, surgical interventions, massive blood transfusions, severe infectious diseases);
• vitamin K deficiency (due to bile duct obstruction or poor bowel function);
• pernicious anemia (lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid;
• tumor diseases of the hematopoietic system (leukemia, hemoblastosis) with damage to bone marrow stem cells;
• side effects of medications (anticoagulants, cytostatics, aspirin).

Risk factors

Factors that increase the risk of developing bleeding disorders:

• age;
• heart failure;
• liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis);
• hormonal disorders;
• hereditary predisposition;
• taking hormonal contraceptives;
• high blood pressure;
• bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse);
• atherosclerosis;
• diabetes;
• obesity.

Clinical picture

Bleeding disorders most often manifest themselves:

• in the form of bruises, hematomas and bruises that appear spontaneously or with minor injuries;
• increased bleeding of gums during routine brushing of teeth;
• the appearance of cuts, wounds;
• prolonged wound healing;
• excessive blood loss during tooth extraction, trauma, surgery;
• hemorrhages into the joint cavity or muscles;
• severe nasal and uterine bleeding;
• the formation of spots (petechiae) caused by subcutaneous effusions of blood, they can be pink/purple/violet in color.

Doctor's advice! If such symptoms appear, you should definitely consult a hematologist and undergo an examination.

Bleeding disorders in pregnant women

During pregnancy, the most common are acquired pathologies of the coagulation system. The mother's blood volume increases by 25-50% of the initial level.

The danger of increased coagulation lies in the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Placental blood flow is disrupted due to the formation of small blood clots, the fetus does not receive nutrition, vitamins and oxygen. The risk of developing DIC and increased blood clotting during pregnancy increases if a woman has had heart attacks or strokes, varicose veins, or thrombosis in her family.

Low coagulability causes the risk of massive bleeding during childbirth and the likelihood of premature placental abruption.

Associated symptoms of diseases

In most patients with hemophilia, the first signs of the disease appear in childhood (by the end of the first year of life) in the form of bleeding resulting from injuries (after extraction or teething, minor bruises). Bleeding into the skin and muscles usually takes the form of bruises or hematomas. The most common hemorrhages in the joints are hemarthrosis (usually in the knees and elbows). In repeated cases, deforming osteoarthritis occurs. In hemophilia, bleeding is observed from the mucous membranes (stomach and intestines, from the gums, less often from the kidneys and nasal cavity), as a result of which posthemorrhagic anemia often develops.

Clinical manifestations of von Willebrand disease range from mild to moderate and include minor bruising of the mucous membrane, bleeding from small cuts in the skin, which may stop and occur after several hours. Increased menstrual cycle, blood loss after surgical interventions (tooth extraction, tonsil removal). The platelets function well enough that petechiae and purpura do not occur.

In patients with thrombocytopenic purpura, painless multiple hemorrhages appear under the skin, in the mucous membranes (“dry” version), as well as bleeding (“wet” version). They develop spontaneously and their severity does not correspond to the strength of the traumatic impact. Damage to the skin can be single or multiple and appear mainly at night.

Hemorrhagic rashes have different shapes and differ in color (from bright purple-blue to pale yellow-green). Most often they appear on the chest, abdomen, thighs, and rarely in the facial area. Hemorrhages in the sclera of the eyes are especially dangerous, which can serve as a sign of a possible hemorrhage in the brain. An enlarged spleen is not typical for this disease.

Thrombasthenia is a disease caused by platelet pathology, leading to bleeding. This pathology is characterized by a clinical picture:

• nosebleeds;
• idiopathic purpura;
• bleeding from the gums, stomach bleeding;
• menorrhagia - heavy periods in women;
• hematuria - blood in the urine.

Which doctor and when to contact

This pathology is treated. If the above symptoms appear, you should immediately contact your doctor or a specialist for further examination.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is based on:

• anamnesis data;
• clinical picture;
• type of bleeding;
• test results.

The doctor asks the patient about the presence of concomitant symptoms, the frequency and nature of bleeding and its duration, medications taken, and past illnesses. After the inspection of the systems, additional tests are prescribed.

Specific diagnostic methods include:

• determination of the clotting time of whole blood (Mas - Magro or Morawitz method);
• thromboelastography;
• thrombin generation test (thrombin and endogenous thrombin potential);
• activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT);
• prothrombin time test (or prothrombin test, INR, PT).

Treatment

To choose an effective treatment tactic, it is necessary to determine the cause of the symptom.

In hemophilia, complete relief from the disease is impossible, so the basis of treatment is hemostatic replacement therapy with concentrates of blood coagulation factors VIII and IX. The required dose of concentrate is determined by the severity of hemophilia, the severity and type of bleeding.

The main treatment method for thrombocytopenic purpura, plasma infusion, is used strictly according to indications. Plasmapheresis, hemocoagulants, pulse therapy with Methylprednisolone, and oral Prednisolone are also used.

In mild forms of von Willebrand disease, treatment is carried out for prophylactic purposes (for surgical interventions, dental procedures). In severe cases, replacement therapy is prescribed in the form of transfusions of cryoprecipitate and antihemophilic plasma. The method of transfusion of whole blood, platelet mass, and protein blood products (fibrinogen, thrombin) is also actively used.

In order to reduce symptoms, solutions are introduced into the patient’s body that normalize the rheological properties of blood (fluidity). As a result, normalization of the functions of organs and tissues impaired due to microcirculation disorders, bleeding and hemorrhage is achieved.

Diet and lifestyle

A patient with this pathology should be constantly monitored by a doctor, and should learn to use medications to stop bleeding. Patients should also remember that if there is no bleeding after an injury, this means that it will begin after a while, and they need to administer the necessary medications.

Sports activities strengthen muscles and have a positive effect on blood circulation. Before choosing a type of physical activity, you should consult with your doctor.

There are no strict rules in nutrition that should be strictly adhered to.

To restore blood and improve clotting, it is necessary to eat food that contains phosphorus and calcium salts, vitamins A, B, C, D.

Vitamin K is found in spinach, lettuce, onions, carrots, bananas and tomatoes. To increase hemoglobin, strengthen the walls of blood vessels and lower cholesterol levels, it is necessary to include liver, fatty fish, citrus fruits, nuts, pomegranate, avocado, and beets in the diet. Also add cranberry juice, honey, buckwheat porridge, carrot, apple and beet juice to your diet.

Traditional treatment

Traditional recipes for the treatment of hemostatic system disorders:

• 2 tsp. pour elecampane root with 2 glasses of cold water, take small sips throughout the day;
• Pour boiling water over the shepherd's purse grass (3 tablespoons per 2 cups) and leave for 4 hours, then strain. Take 4 times a day before meals, dosage - half a glass;
• pour 2 tsp of water into 2 glasses of water. meadow geranium and leave for 8 hours, strain. Take small sips throughout the day;
• tsp yarrow herbs in a glass of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Drink 1/3 glass a day before meals;
• 2 s. l. Polygonum herbs in a glass of boiling water, heat in a water bath for 15 minutes, cool for 45 minutes. Bring the resulting infusion to 200 ml with boiled water. Drink 1/3 glass 3-4 times a day before meals;
• 1 p. l. boil horse sorrel roots for 15 minutes in 1.5 cups of water, leave for 4 hours. Take according to l. 3-4 times a day before meals.

Important! Blood clotting disorders are a dangerous pathology in which the process of blood clot formation in the body is disrupted. As a result of these disorders, severe and prolonged bleeding may occur after injury. To protect your life, you should undergo a full examination and consult a doctor, and not self-medicate

Consequences and complications

Bleeding disorders can lead to the following complications:

• ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke;
• posthemorrhagic anemia;
• myocardial infarction;
• thromboembolism;
• hemorrhagic shock associated with a large volume of blood loss;
• hemorrhages in internal organs.

The pathology poses the greatest danger to pregnant women. It is the cause of 80% of cases of recurrent miscarriage, disturbances of uteroplacental blood flow and premature births up to 34 weeks.

Forecast

Against the background of regularly carried out treatment, the patient’s life expectancy is no different from the life of a person who does not suffer from this pathology.

Prevention

Basic methods for preventing the development of the disease:

• rational and balanced nutrition;
• giving up bad habits (smoking, alcohol, overeating);
• annual scheduled examination by a therapist;
• timely seeking medical help;
• treatment of somatic diseases.

Follow these preventive measures to protect yourself. If the first symptoms appear, consult a doctor and undergo the necessary examinations.

(questions: 6)

This test is intended for children aged 10-12 years. It allows you to determine what place your child occupies in the group of peers. To correctly evaluate the results and get the most accurate answers, you should not give a lot of time to think; ask your child to answer what first comes to his mind...

Symptoms of the disease - bleeding disorders

Violations and their causes by category:

Violations and their causes in alphabetical order:

bleeding disorder -

Blood coagulation system(synonymous with hemocoagulation system) is a multi-stage enzyme system, upon activation of which fibrinogen dissolved in the blood plasma undergoes polymerization after the cleavage of edge peptides and forms fibrin thrombi in the blood vessels, stopping bleeding.

Under physiological conditions, the processes of activation and inhibition in the blood coagulation system are balanced, as a result the liquid state of the blood is maintained. Local activation of the blood coagulation system, which occurs in places where blood vessels are damaged, helps stop bleeding. Activation of the blood coagulation system in combination with the aggregation of blood cells (platelets, erythrocytes) plays a significant role in the development of local thrombosis in the event of disturbances in hemodynamics and rheological properties of the blood, changes in its viscosity, inflammatory (for example, in vasculitis) and dystrophic changes in the walls of blood vessels. Multiple recurrent thrombosis in young and middle-aged individuals may be associated with congenital (hereditary) abnormalities of the blood coagulation system and fibrinolysis system, primarily with a decrease in the activity of the main physiological anticoagulants (antithrombin III, proteins C and S, etc.) necessary to maintain circulating blood in a liquid state.

Important physiological function of the blood coagulation system It also consists in the fact that, by means of massive thrombosis of microvessels in the area of ​​inflammation, around foci of infectious tissue destruction, as well as aseptic necrosis, it delimits these foci, prevents the dissemination of infection, and weakens the entry of bacterial toxins and tissue breakdown products into the general bloodstream. At the same time, excessive and excessively widespread disseminated blood coagulation leads to the development of thrombohemorrhagic syndrome - a pathological process that is an important component of the pathogenesis of a large number of diseases, critical and terminal conditions. In this regard, recognition of blood clotting disorders and their correction are of great importance in medical practice.

Blood clotting process is realized by a multi-stage interaction on phospholipid membranes (“matrices”) of plasma proteins called blood coagulation factors (blood coagulation factors are designated by Roman numerals; if they go into an activated form, the letter “a” is added to the factor number). These factors include proenzymes that, after activation, are converted into proteolytic enzymes; proteins that do not have enzymatic properties, but are necessary for fixation on membranes and interaction between enzymatic factors (factors VIII and V); the main substrate of the blood coagulation system is fibrinogen (factor I), blood coagulation inhibitor proteins, or physiological primary anticoagulants; non-protein components (the most important of them are calcium ions). The blood coagulation system at different levels closely interacts with cellular hemostasis, in which the endothelium of blood vessels, platelets, erythrocytes, and macrophages participate; plasma enzyme systems, such as kallikrein-kinin, fibrinolytic, complement, as well as the immune system.

What diseases cause bleeding disorders:

Bleeding disorders most often manifest themselves in the form of bruises that occur spontaneously or with minor injuries. Especially if they are combined with repeated nosebleeds or bleeding from other places. Bleeding gums also increase, cuts and wounds appear.

A number of blood and vascular diseases lead to bleeding disorders. This can manifest itself either in the form of large bruises and bleeding that is difficult to stop, or as small multiple bruises in the form of a rash.

All of these diseases are quite serious (some are even life-threatening, especially if left untreated) and require mandatory medical intervention.

Blood clotting disorders, characterized by hypocoagulation, can be caused by a deficiency of one or more blood clotting factors, the appearance of their immune inhibitors in the circulating blood, i.e. antibodies to blood coagulation factors (usually factors VIII, IX, V and von Willebrand factor), the action of anticoagulants and thrombolytic drugs, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC syndrome). An approximate differentiation of most of these disorders is possible on the basis of family and personal history: type of bleeding; background diseases and exposures (including medications) that may be associated with the development of hemorrhages. The results of the following laboratory tests are also used - determination of activated partial (partial) thromboplastin time, prothrombin and thrombin time, platelet agglutination under the influence of ristomycin (the test is important for identifying most forms of von Willebrand disease), studies of the content of fibrinogen and its metabolization products (soluble fibrin complexes) in plasma -monomers detected using paracoagulation tests, for example ethanol, protamine sulfate, orthophenanthroline, staphylococcal adhesion test) and fibrinogen (fibrin) cleavage products by plasmin (fibrinolysin). Determination of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes and fibrinogen degradation products is especially important for the diagnosis of intravascular coagulation, incl. thrombohemorrhagic syndrome. Also important are the identification of microvascular fragility (for example, the Konchalovsky-Rumpel-Leede cuff test), bleeding time, counting the number of platelets in the blood and studying their aggregation function. The choice of diagnostic tests is determined by the history, clinical picture, type of bleeding, underlying diseases and exposures. After the indicative tests, differentiating (corrective) tests are carried out.

Among hereditary bleeding disorders, the vast majority are hemophilia A and B, as well as von Willebrand disease. They are characterized by bleeding that arose in childhood; in this case, a hematoma type of bleeding (with hemorrhages in the joints and damage to the musculoskeletal system) is observed in males with hemophilia and a mixed type (petechial-spotted with rare hematomas) in individuals of both sexes with von Willebrand disease. A characteristic laboratory sign of these diseases is an isolated prolongation of blood clotting time in the test for determining the activated partial thromboplastin time with normal prothrombin and thrombin times. In von Willebrand disease, bleeding time is often significantly prolonged, and platelet aggregation is impaired under the influence of ristomycin.

An isolated violation of only prothrombin time with a mixed type of bleeding is typical for hereditary deficiency of factor VII or for the early phase of use of indirect anticoagulants (coumarins, warfarin, etc.). With a complex deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent factors (VII, IX, X and II), observed in hemorrhagic disease of newborns, liver diseases and taking indirect anticoagulants, as well as with hereditary deficiency of factors X, V, II, they are impaired as a test of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin index, but the thrombin time remains normal.

Violation of the indications of all coagulation tests, including thrombin time, is characteristic of thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, hereditary hypo- and dysfibrinogenemia, chronic liver damage. With factor XIII deficiency, all coagulation tests remain normal, but the fibrin clot dissolves in 5-7 M urea.

Blood clotting disorders, characterized by a tendency to recurrent vascular thrombosis and organ infarctions, are more often associated with hereditary or secondary (symptomatic) deficiency of antithrombin III - the main inactivator of all enzymatic factors of blood coagulation and the cofactor heparin, proteins C and S (blockers of activated factors VIII and V) , deficiency of fibrinolytic components (deficiency of plasminogen and its endothelial activator, etc.) and kallikrein-kinin system (deficiency of plasma prekallikrenia and high molecular weight kininogen), rarely with factor XII deficiency and fibrinogen abnormalities. Thrombophilia can also be caused by platelet hyperaggregation, deficiency of prostacyclin and other platelet aggregation inhibitors. Secondary depletion of the above mechanisms for maintaining the fluid state of the blood may be due to the intensive consumption of physiological anticoagulants. The tendency to thrombosis increases with an increase in blood viscosity, which is determined by viscometry, as well as by an increase in hematocrit and an increased content of fibrinogen in the blood plasma.

Bleeding disorders, purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions (ICD-10), class III (2/3)
D65. Disseminated intravascular coagulation [defibration syndrome]. Afibrinogenemia acquired. Consumptive coagulopathy. Diffuse or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DJC). Acquired fibrinolytic bleeding. Purpura: fibrinolytic, fulminant.
Excludes: defibration syndrome (complicating): abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy (O00 - O07, O08.1), in the newborn (P60), pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O45.0, O46.0, O67.0, O72 .3)

D66. Hereditary deficiency of factor VIII. Factor VIII deficiency (with functional impairment) Hemophilia: NOS, A, classic.
Excludes: factor VIII deficiency with vascular disorder (D68.0)

D67. Hereditary deficiency of factor IX. Christmas disease. Deficiency: factor IX (with functional impairment), thromboplastic plasma component, Hemophilia B

D68. Other bleeding disorders.
Complications excluded: abortion, ectopic or molar pregnancy (O00-O07, O08.1), pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period (O45.0, O46.0, O67.0, O72.3)

D68.0 Von Willebrand's disease. Angiohemophilia. Factor VIII deficiency with vascular impairment. Vascular hemophilia.
Excluded: hereditary capillary fragility (D69.8), factor VIII deficiency: NOS (D66), with functional impairment (D66)

D68.1 Hereditary factor XI deficiency. Hemophilia C. Deficiency of plasma thromboplastin precursor.

D68.2 Hereditary deficiency of other coagulation factors. Congenital afibrinogenemia. Deficiency: AC globulin, proaccelerin. Factor deficiency: I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V (labile), VII (stable), X (Stewart-Prower), XII (Hageman), XIII (fibrin-stabilizing). Dysfibrinogenemia (congenital). Hypoproconvertinemia Ovren's disease

D68.3 Hemorrhagic disorders caused by anticoagulants circulating in the blood. Hyperheparinemia Increased levels of: antithrombin, anti-VIIIa, anti-IXa, anti-Xa, anti-XIa.

D68.4 Acquired coagulation factor deficiency. Coagulation factor deficiency due to: liver disease, vitamin K deficiency.
Excludes: vitamin K deficiency in the newborn (P53)

D68.8 Other specified bleeding disorders. Presence of systemic lupus erythematosus inhibitor

D68.9 Coagulation disorder, unspecified

D69. Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions.
Excluded: benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura (D89.0), cryoglobulinemic purpura (D89.1), idiopathic (hemorrhagic) thrombocythemia (D47.3), purpura fulminans (D65), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (M31.1)

D69.0 Allergic purpura. Purpura: anaphylactoid, Henoch (- Schonlein), non-thrombocytopenic: hemorrhagic, idiopathic, vascular. Allergic vasculitis.

D69.1 Qualitative platelet defects. Bernard-Soulier syndrome (giant platelets), Glanzmann's disease, Gray platelet syndrome, Thrombasthenia (hemorrhagic) (hereditary). Thrombocytopathy.
Excludes: von Willebrand disease (D68.0)

D69.2 Other non-thrombocytopenic purpura. Purpura: NOS, senile, simple.

D69.3 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Evans syndrome

D69.4 Other primary thrombocytopenias.
Excluded: thrombocytopenia with absent radius (Q87.2), transient neonatal thrombocytopenia (P61.0), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (D82.0)

D69.5 Secondary thrombocytopenia

D69.6 Thrombocytopenia, unspecified

D69.8 Other specified hemorrhagic conditions. Capillary fragility (hereditary). Vascular pseudohemophilia.

D69.9 Hemorrhagic condition, unspecified

Which doctors should you contact if a bleeding disorder occurs:

Have you noticed a blood clotting disorder? Do you want to know more detailed information or do you need an inspection? You can make an appointment with a doctor– clinic Eurolab always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, study external signs and help you identify the disease by symptoms, advise you and provide the necessary assistance. you also can call a doctor at home. Clinic Eurolab open for you around the clock.

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If you have previously performed any research, Be sure to take their results to a doctor for consultation. If the studies have not been performed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

Do you have a blood clotting disorder? It is necessary to take a very careful approach to your overall health. People don't pay enough attention symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you just need to do it several times a year. be examined by a doctor, in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the organism as a whole.

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Blood is the connecting fluid between human organs. It has many functions. When a blood vessel or tissue is damaged, blood loss occurs. How does the body react to such a situation? We will answer in this material right now.

The protective function of blood is called clotting. Substances that accomplish this task are called clotting factors. That is, substances circulate in the blood whose task is to eliminate blood loss. In an emergency, some of them are produced by the liver, while some remain in the blood constantly.

Coagulability needs to be known in the following cases:

To determine coagulability, two methods are used: Lee White or Sukharev. In the first case, venous blood of no more than 3 ml is used. In this case, the resulting sample is placed in 3 millimeter test tubes and heated in a water bath. The tripod is then placed at a 50 degree angle until the blood is completely clotted.

For the Sukharev method, capillary blood is used, and the first drop is removed. The resulting sample is placed in a prepared container, the height of which reaches 30 mm. Then the installed capillary is tilted every 30 seconds in different directions. The movement of the container stops after the blood slows down, that is, when clotting occurs, and the specialist indicates the clotting interval for a particular sample.

For poor clotting There is a threat of uncontrolled blood loss or the formation of blood clots, which lead to heart attacks and strokes. In addition, going beyond the parameters of any clotting factor leads to disruption of organ function, the emergence or presence of diseases.

According to the international nomenclature, factor I in the clotting function is fibrinogen. This protein is produced by the liver. During blood loss, fibrinogen becomes insoluble fibrin, the threads of which create a fibrin mesh. This mesh retains red blood cells, platelets and other components of the blood environment.

Name of pathologies associated with poor coagulation

Poor coagulation does not relate to individual diseases, but is a sign of one of the hereditary pathologies:

• Hemophilia is a disease associated with bleeding disorders. With the development of such a pathology, bleeding occurs in the muscles, joints or internal organs.
• Von Willebrand's disease is a deficiency of a specific protein, the deficiency of which disrupts the blood thickening process. As a result, a blood clot forms because the platelet does not attach to the walls of the damaged vessels.
• Thrombocytopenia is associated with a decrease in platelet count to less than 150*109/l, which leads to increased bleeding and problems stopping bleeding. This disease can be detected by taking a blood test. In people with such a lesion, a simple scratch or gums bleed non-stop, and it is difficult to stop bleeding from the nose.

In addition, diseases associated with poor coagulation include: tumors; DIC syndrome; sepsis.

Symptoms of deviation

The main external indicator of poor coagulation is increased bleeding, which cannot be stopped. Doctors also identify the following symptoms:

Why is there poor clotting?

When the blood clot formation system does not work or works poorly, doctors talk about poor blood clotting. The reason is an insufficient amount of the substance included in the coagulation process. Thus, bleeding disorders are associated with a lack of platelets, which leads to the development of thrombocytopenia.

Reasons also include:

Coagulability during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the level of clotting increases. This is a normal phenomenon, as the body prepares for blood loss when the baby is born.

In addition, fluctuations in the direction of decreasing coagulation characteristics are possible. This is also normal, since the body adapts to the conditions in which pregnancy occurs. In addition, in women there is a decrease in immunity characteristics so that the body does not reject the fetus as a foreign organism.

Fluctuations in coagulation characteristics are monitored by a doctor, because a significant excess of normal values ​​threatens serious consequences for the mother and unborn child. Thus, with elevated values ​​in the placenta, blood clots may form, which will impede the access of necessary elements and oxygen to the baby. The consequence will be the occurrence of hypoxia (oxygen starvation), which will lead to developmental delays, disturbances in brain function, and the occurrence of congenital pathologies. And in a similar situation, the expectant mother develops thrombosis - a disease characterized by the occurrence of blood clots.

When the limits are significantly exceeded, the fetus develops diseases associated with reduced coagulability. In addition, miscarriage, premature birth, and severe bleeding during childbirth cannot be ruled out.

Important! Blood clotting indicators among pregnant women are under close medical attention.

Poor analysis in a child

Normal values ​​in childhood differ from those of an adult patient. They also differ as the baby grows. Exceeding the indicators is manifested by the spontaneous occurrence of blood clots in the blood vessels, which threatens blockage of blood vessels, disruption of organ function, and stroke.

Reduced coagulability is often hereditary. This disease is called hemophilia. Autoimmune diseases (in which the immune system perceives the tissues of one’s own body as foreign) and liver pathologies are also included in the list of reasons for this deviation. In this case, parents are obliged to monitor the child to prevent blood loss.

External signs in children appear in the form of frequent bruises, subcutaneous hematomas; in girls, heavy menstruation is possible.

How to treat?

Treatment of poor clotting is a long process. A full examination is required, on the basis of which the doctor prescribes a course of treatment. Most often, treatment measures include:

• Elimination of vitamin K and calcium deficiency.
• Elimination of disorders associated with the functioning of platelets in the patient’s body.
• Donor blood transfusion.
• The use of medications for the normal functioning of fibrinogen.
• Eating foods high in vitamin K, calcium, and amino acids. First of all, these are dairy products (cottage cheese, kefir, sour cream, cheese, etc.). It is important to focus on eating leafy vegetables (spinach, green onions, white cabbage), meat, and fish.

After consulting with a doctor, you can turn to traditional medicine. Doctors recommend drinking decoctions of nettle, yarrow, and pine nut shells. Black currant leaves, arnica, and barberry fruits will also help.

As a result, bleeding disorders are a serious problem. In each specific case, a complete and comprehensive examination gives a clear picture of the disease. Based on this, the doctor draws up a course of treatment.

If a person suffers from bleeding disorders, then this is dangerous with quite serious consequences; in some situations, advanced pathology can even lead to death. To try to eliminate the problem, you must immediately contact a specialist and begin treatment therapy. In some situations, traditional medicine helps.

However, before this, it is necessary to find out the causes of blood clotting disorders.

general information

With the normal functioning of the human body systems, blood coagulation and thinning proceed normally. Therefore, in case of injury or wound, bleeding stops. This function depends on the aggregation of blood cells (erythrocytes and platelets). If a deviation occurs, it leads to a change in blood viscosity. If it becomes too liquid or, conversely, thick, this leads to serious problems.

If the wound healing process does not occur correctly, it can lead to the spread of infection and many other negative consequences.

What is a bleeding disorder called?

The thickening or excessive dilution of the liquid itself depends on coagulation factors. Such problems may be hereditary or acquired. Most often in medical practice we encounter pathologies of this type:

1. Hemophilia. In this case we are talking about genetic pathology. Hemophilia comes in two types. In the first case, there is no protein in the blood that is necessary for proper clotting. In the second case, we are talking about a shortage of Christmas plasma.
2. Von Willebrand's disease. This is another hereditary disease that consists of blood deficiency. Due to a specific factor called von Willebrand, the necessary blood clot does not form. This blood clotting disorder is explained by the fact that platelets lose their ability to attach to the walls of damaged vessels. Against this background, the normal process of aggregation of blood plates does not occur. Also, such a pathology can develop against the background of repeated blood transfusion procedures, as well as due to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

When these pathologies occur, patients suffer from increased bleeding. If a wound appears on the body, it becomes very difficult to stop the bleeding. This is a very dangerous condition.

According to statistics, boys are more likely to suffer from hemophilia, while von Willebrand disease affects both sexes. The most striking symptom of such pathologies is the blood clotting process that takes too long when injured.

However, excessive thickening of the liquid is fraught with consequences. Speaking about blood clotting disorders, what they are, symptoms and other data, it is worth taking into account the conditions in which the formation of blood clots - thrombi. In this case, the condition may be called thrombocytopenia or fibrinopenia. Regardless of whether the fluid liquefies or thickens, immediate treatment must be started.

Causes of bleeding disorders

If this process is disrupted, it is absent. A similar condition can develop not only against the background of genetic pathologies, but also with other diseases. For example, a blood clotting disorder can occur due to:

1. Vitamin K deficiency.
2. Liver dysfunction.
3. DIC syndrome.
4. Pernicious anemia.
5. Thrombasthenia.
6. Tumor diseases.
7. Afibronogenemia or dysfibrinogenemia.
8. Side effects after taking anticoagulants or cytostatics.

If a person experiences frequent bleeding, especially if we are talking about the hematoma type, then the first signs of this condition, as a rule, become noticeable at a fairly young age. Against this background, damage occurs to the blood vessels, and sometimes to the entire supporting apparatus.

Considering the causes and pathogenesis of blood clotting disorders, it is worth paying attention to the fact that against the background of this condition, recurring thromboses and infarctions of various organs of the human body can develop.

Symptoms

There are a number of symptoms of a bleeding disorder. First of all, you should start to worry if, when you receive even a minor wound, it becomes extremely difficult to stop the bleeding. Patients also complain of the constant appearance of large bruises on the body. As a rule, we are talking about multiple hematomas, which look more like a cyanotic rash. These can form even with the most minor injuries, for example, if a person presses the skin with force. Patients note that bruises literally appear for no reason.

If the cause of a bleeding disorder is hemophilia, then the symptoms become noticeable at a very young age. In this case, children experience hemorrhages in the joints. In addition, there is a disruption of the musculoskeletal system.

Symptoms of bleeding disorders also include bleeding gums. Patients also complain of blood that starts coming out of the nose for no reason.

Features of symptoms with increased coagulability

In this situation, patients develop a constant feeling of fatigue. Many people note the appearance of heaviness in the lower extremities. While walking, a person gets tired quickly. In addition, some report frequent headaches and drowsiness.

People who have this are susceptible to thrombosis and varicose veins. In this case, numerous spider veins and venous nodes begin to appear on the lower extremities.

Diagnostics

To find out the exact causes of bleeding disorders, you need to consult a specialist. First of all, the hematologist conducts an external examination of the patient and carefully listens to his complaints. You need to very clearly describe your condition, symptoms, frequency, nature and duration of bleeding. If a blood clotting disorder occurs in surgical patients, then it is necessary to tell the doctor about the operations undergone, and also list the medications that the person took. Some medications have bleeding disorders as a side effect. It is also important to consider the medical history of the patient's relatives. If they suffered from similar problems, then most likely it is a hereditary pathology.

After this, the patient must have his blood tested (platelet aggregation is also checked) and undergo diagnostic tests. The specialist also conducts tests during which it is possible to determine the exact duration of bleeding.

What to do?

Depending on the symptoms and causes of the bleeding disorder, treatment may vary. If it is impossible to correct the situation, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the fluid using a coagulogram. If a person suffers from severe blood thinning, then mandatory medical supervision is required. Otherwise, there is a risk of transforming the disease into a completely opposite state, which will lead to the formation of blood clots.

If we talk about medications, then they help get rid of pathology:

1. Vitamin K injections.
2. Aminocaproic acid, as well as other drugs that prevent excessive dissolution of fibrin.
3. Coagulants. In this case, drugs of indirect or direct influence may be prescribed.
4. Agents that promote platelet production.

Plasma transfusions are often used to control clotting factors.

Also, to correct their condition, patients need to adhere to proper nutrition. It is recommended to eat foods that contain large amounts of vitamin K. To do this, you need to include buckwheat, bananas, mangoes, radishes, red peppers, beans and walnuts in your diet. Depending on the cause of the blood clotting disorder, vitamins may also be prescribed in the form of injections.

In order not to worsen your condition, you should exclude drinks that contain caffeine or alcohol. You can also resort to traditional methods. However, you should not do this without prior consultation with a specialist, especially when it comes to women who are pregnant.

If a pregnant woman suffers from poor clotting

In the process of carrying a baby, a woman is forced to deal with numerous stresses. Serious changes are happening in her body. Often pregnant women notice a deterioration in their condition, some of them begin to suffer from poor blood clotting.

As a rule, this is explained:

1. Overloads that the immune system of the expectant mother is forced to cope with.
2. Viral diseases.
3. The use of certain medications, especially when it comes to antibiotics.
4. Vitamin deficiency.
5. Increased content of vitamin C in food.

If, while carrying a baby, a woman does not take measures to restore normal fluid clotting, this can lead to serious complications, including miscarriage or excessive bleeding after childbirth.

Also, people suffering from such pathological conditions often resort to the recommendations of traditional medicine.

horse chestnut

To prepare a healing infusion, you need to peel 50 g of the plant’s fruits from the dense peel, chop them and mix with 0.5 liters of vodka. The resulting liquid is infused in a dark place for 12 days. After this, the finished composition can be taken a teaspoon 3 times a day before eating.

However, if a person continues or even intensifies bleeding, then it is necessary to immediately stop taking this infusion.

Chestnut is also often used in another way. To do this, 50 g of peeled plant kernels are finely crushed, after which the resulting powder is mixed with 250 g of natural olive oil. All components must be thoroughly mixed until you obtain a product that resembles a thick ointment in consistency. The resulting composition is rubbed into the resulting bruises. Between procedures you need to take a break of several days.

Orange juice

It is better not to buy this composition in the store, but to prepare it yourself. To do this, you need to squeeze out about half a glass of orange juice and dilute it with 1.5 glasses of water. After this, 30 g of sugar is added to the liquid. The resulting aromatic and tasty medicine should be drunk throughout the day. The total volume of liquid should be divided into 6-8 servings. The course of treatment with orange juice is 1.5 months.

Mulberry roots

To thin the blood, it is recommended to pour 20 g of the crushed plant into a deep bowl and fill it with three liters of water. The resulting liquid is left for 1 hour. After this, the container is placed on the stove and the broth is brought to a boil. Next, you need to reduce the heat and boil the mulberries for another 15 minutes. After the broth has cooled, it should be strained and consumed three glasses a day. The course of such treatment is usually 5 days. After this there is a short break. After 2-3 days the procedure can be repeated. While taking the medicine, it should be stored in the refrigerator.

Possible complications

If a person’s diagnosis of blood clotting disorders is confirmed, it is very important to carry out adequate treatment. Otherwise, there is a risk of life-threatening complications. For example, if a person ignores the problem, then he may suffer from bleeding in the brain, serious bleeding in the ECT or joints.

You need to understand that any disturbances in the functioning of hemostasis can lead to the development of serious pathological conditions or dangerous exacerbations that can even lead to death.

Prevention

To prevent serious complications, it is recommended to stop smoking and not be around people who use cigarettes. Proper nutrition is important. Even a healthy person needs to take vitamins periodically to maintain the body's protective functions.