Case history: Demodicosis in dogs. Case history of a dog successfully treated for demodicosis (difficult case)

Pathogen. The disease is caused by a tick Demodex canis(demo-dex canine) families Demodecidae, suborder Trombidiformes. Sexual dimorphism in ticks E. satb pronounced in the imago phase. The male is larger than the female, and the male has a much shorter opisthosome. When differentiating a male from a female, body shape should also be taken into account. If the female as a whole has a worm-like body shape, then the male clearly has a more voluminous middle part - the podosome. In the male, at the point of transition of the podosome into the opisthosoma, the constriction of the body is clearly expressed.

The demodex egg is spindle-shaped (flask-shaped), covered with a delicate, transparent shell. The anterior pole of the egg is rounded, while the posterior pole is sharper and somewhat elongated.

Biology of development. Under favorable conditions, the development cycle occurs within 25-30 days, in the warm period - 14-15 days. During this time, the tick goes through five phases of development: egg, larva, nymph first (protonymph), nymph second (deutonymph) and imago. Ticks isolated from the host remain viable at room temperature in dry air for no more than 5 days, and on the skin of dogs - up to 7 days.

In a humid environment, especially in crusts and scabs at a temperature of 16 ... 20 ° C, mites survive 2-3 weeks.

Demodicosis is a typical disease of young dogs (dogs aged 6 months to 2 years are most severely ill).

The development of the disease is facilitated by a weakened immune system, endocrine diseases, concomitant diseases (helminthiases, entomosis, sarcoptic mange, etc.), chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, lactation, skin hygiene disorders (frequent washing, causing skin irritation, keeping dogs in a damp room).

The disease is more common in short-haired dogs of the breeds Rottweiler, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, Bull Terrier and Pit Bull Terrier, Great Dane, Kurzhaar, Drathaar. Much less often, the causative agent of demodicosis is found in dogs of such breeds as Pekingese, Charley, Newfoundland, Chow Chow, Mastino Neapolitano.

There is a breed predisposition to the occurrence of the disease (Scotch Terrier, Shar Pei, Afghan Hound, Great Dane, English Bulldog, West Highland White Terrier, Doberman), and outbred dogs and mestizos are less susceptible to this disease. Since the juvenile generalized form of demodicosis is hereditary, a family predisposition can also be traced.

Dogs with low and medium body condition are most susceptible to the disease, and dogs with above average body condition are less likely to become infected.

The peak of the disease is observed in the winter-spring period, which is associated with a decrease in the overall resistance of the animal organism and a decrease in skin tone due to lack of insolation.

The disease is low contagious. Infection occurs only by contact and only by sexually mature forms of the mite, which migrate from the follicles to the surface of the skin and actively move along it. Environmental contamination does not matter. Currently, most authors tend to believe that the contact route of transmission of the pathogen from a sick mother to a newborn is the main, if not the only one.

Infection occurs by contact with sick animals during group keeping and mating, by contact with objects (cages, houses, inventory) that were used in keeping sick dogs. The attendants of the nursery can mechanically transfer the pathogens of demodicosis. In addition, dogs become infected with demodicosis when hunting predatory animals (foxes, arctic foxes, wolves). Puppies are susceptible to infection with demodicosis from the first days of life.

Disease symptoms. More often, the disease takes a chronic form, and with complications, the symptoms associated with the underlying disease can develop quite quickly.

According to the area of damage to the body of dogs, localized and generalized forms of demodicosis are distinguished.

According to the localization of the demodicosis process, pododemode-goats (deemodicosis of the paws) and otodemodecosis (ear demodicosis) are distinguished.

According to the nature of the lesion, focal (scaly, squamous), nodular (papular), pustular and mixed forms are distinguished.

Juvenile demodicosis, noted in dogs under the age of one year, is distinguished into a separate nosoform.

Sometimes there is an asymptomatic form of invasion.

papular (nodular)) the form is characterized by the formation of papules on the skin, more often in the area of the head, back and tail root, ranging in size from 1 to 7 mm in diameter, of a very dense consistency. On the surface of large papules, hair is preserved.

Pustular form (pyodemodecosis) characterized by the formation of pustules on the skin with a diameter of 1-4 mm. In the future, they are opened, and their contents flow out. Hyperemia occurs, cracks appear in the skin, which becomes thick, moist, folded and acquires, especially between the folds, an intense red color. The hairline in the affected areas is rare. As a result of a secondary infection, pyoderma occurs with the formation of ulcers.

mixed form- the most severe and widespread. It is characterized by necrosis of the epidermis and its desquamation. In place of the opened pustules, ulcers often form. The hair falls out, and in the bald areas, the skin is heavily wrinkled, which gives it a "corrugated" appearance. Due to a violation of thermoregulation, the dog experiences chills even in a warm room. Invasion often ends in death.

Generalized form the disease develops rapidly. Extensive lesions appear on the skin. The inflammatory process penetrates deeply into the tissues, even involving the internal organs, which leads to a general intoxication of the dog's body.

Asymptomatic form disease occurs in adult dogs. There are no characteristic signs of the disease. With this form, demodexes are found in the skin of dogs, which is completely unchanged in appearance.

Podomodekoz (deemodic nododermatitis, paw demodicosis). Localization of demodexes in the area of the paws is most often found in dogs with a generalized form of the disease. The course of invasion can be complicated by secondary bacterial infections. Old English Sheepdogs, Sharpei, Cocker Spaniels are predisposed to this form of invasion. A biopsy is sometimes required for tick detection and differential diagnosis, due to the deeper localization of demodexes.

Diagnosis. The diagnosis is made on the basis of epizootological data, symptoms of the disease and the results of an acarological study of animal skin scrapings or the contents of demodectic nodules.

Make deep (until the appearance of ichor or drops of blood) skin scrapings from 2-3 affected areas of the dog's body (especially in the head and paws). In this case, the skin should be squeezed from the sides with your fingers so that the mites come out of the hair follicle.

To confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to display an acarogram (counting eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults), since single mites can be found in skin scrapings from clinically healthy dogs.

With a localized form of demodicosis, you can additionally take scrapings from healthy skin, since a large number of ticks found may indicate the danger of subsequent generalization of the disease.

Demodicosis is differentiated from diseases similar in symptoms: sarcoptic mange, otodectosis, cheiletiellosis, afanipterosis, microsporia trichophytosis, allergies, pyoderma of bacterial origin, etc.

Treatment. If there are signs of demodicosis in a dog, the form of manifestation of the invasion should be established, since the treatment and prognosis of the disease are different in each case.

Treatment of demodicosis should be comprehensive and based on the suppression of the vital activity of mites, the normalization of skin function, the improvement of hair growth, etc. Therefore, in addition to insecticides, it is necessary to use immunocorrective therapy, vitamins, and hepatoprotectors. In a complicated form, specific treatment is carried out - antifungal, antimicrobial, etc.

For treatment, insecticides based on pyrethrodes, fipronil, imidacloprid in the form of ointments, gels, emulsions, solutions, aerosols, as well as preparations from the group of macrocyclic lactones (injectable forms, ointments, gels) are used. The following drugs are used: lawyer, ivermek gel, ivermek spray, amidel-gel, aversectin ointment, amit forte, amit, amitan, acaromectin, dermatol, cidem, cipam, entomozan super, epacid-alpha, Bars spot-on, etc.

Prevention. Kennels and clubs must be staffed with healthy dogs. Do not allow dogs that have had demodicosis to be bred. Producers, among whose offspring there are puppies affected by demodicosis, are also not allowed to reproduce.

A good way to prevent demodicosis in dogs is to use insecticide collars.

The most important thing in such a disease at the first symptoms is to immediately begin treatment. If you do not comply with the deadlines, then the disease will flow into a chronic disease, you will get rid of it with great difficulty.

At the same time, demodex mites cause severe damage to the appearance of people, which causes serious complexes, depression, and low self-esteem. In such a serious disease as demodicosis of the eye, treatment takes about 4 months, it all depends on the severity of the disease and on the type of demodex mites.

The main thing is not to stop treatment at the first improvements, but they will come in the first weeks of treatment. With the onset of a severe stage of demodicosis of the eyelids, the treatment will last about six months.

In the case when a person refuses to carry out timely and correct treatment, the disease begins to progress, leading to hair loss, strong growth of nasal tissues, inflammation of the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye and other affected parts of the body.

The principle of treatment of such an ailment is the identification of the main cause that provoked the disease. It is extremely important that the patient sits on a special diet, unambiguously excludes all alcoholic beverages, tobacco, spicy, caffeine.

Personal hygiene should become the main companion of life: constantly change towels, bedding, avoid places with hot air. “After the diagnosis, along with the treatment of identified chronic diseases, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, first of all, alternate physical activity with rest, especially when working at a computer, do morning exercises, and monitor the diet.

Outdoor walks are required for at least 1 hour daily, ”this is exactly what an ophthalmologist of the highest category, Doctor of Medical Sciences L.P.

Volkov. It is definitely worth completely eliminating self-treatment, this can lead to serious consequences.

If you want to use the treatment of folk remedies, you must first consult with your doctor.

Medications for illness

In the treatment of such a serious illness, local ointments are perfect. Demelan - an external ointment for the eyelids is used for demodicosis.

Before using it, first remove the dry crusts from the eyelashes, treat the eyelid with an alcohol solution of calendula. Then apply the ointment, gently massaging the eyelid.

It must be used twice a day for at least one and a half months. Another ointment, Blefarogel, will help to cure demodicosis well.

She also needs to treat the eyelids of all family members for prevention. During pregnancy and lactation, it is allowed to use Trichopolum ointment.

When removing severe itching, it is necessary to drip Akular or Dexamethasone drops into the eyes.

Folk remedies for demodicosis of the eyes

This type of treatment should be carried out only with medication. It won't help on its own.

But before using any remedy, be sure to consult a doctor. A decoction of wormwood, which is taken orally to kill ticks, is perfect.

You need to know that tansy is poisonous, so follow the dosage exactly. It is necessary to treat the eyes with infusion, bury them three times a day.

You can make an ointment from the plant. The eyelid treated with alcohol should be smeared with the resulting product for half an hour.

Be sure to use massage during treatment. It is extremely important for complex treatment.

Demodicosis is a serious disease that must be treated when the first symptoms appear. Be sure to consult a doctor for a complete examination, a clear analysis, and the appointment of competent treatment.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://allbest.ru

Department for Personnel Policy and Education of the Russian Federation

FGOU VPO “Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University”

Department of Epizootology, Microbiology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise

Course work

Demodicosis in dogs

Completed: Art. IV course,

Checked by: pr. Shcherbak O.I.

Krasnoyarsk - 2004

Introduction

1.3 Tick biology

1.4 Pathogenesis of demodicosis

1.5 Diagnosis of demodicosis

Introduction

The causative agent of the disease is trombidiform mites, their description was first made 120 years ago. However, many questions of morphobiology, pathogenesis, and specificity have not been resolved and remain debatable until now.

This, in turn, leads to incorrect diagnosis and organization of the treatment of demodicosis.

1. Brief information about the disease and characteristics of the causative agent of demodicosis

demodicosis - a widespread chronic seasonal disease, which is manifested by focal skin lesions, as a result of the settlement of Demodex mites in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of animals.

1.1 History of the study of demodicosis

Many scientists have studied the morphology of pathogens, systematics, biology, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The first mention of mites of the genus Demodex dates back to 1841, when Berger discovered them in human eels. Later T. Tulk (1844) and P. Megnin (1877) reported finding such ticks in dogs. In Russia, the first mention of ticks of this genus in dogs and cattle appeared in 1845. According to many scientists, the causative agents of demodectic invasion are strictly specific to the host species.

Significant studies on the problem of carnivorous demodicosis have been and are currently being conducted by many scientists. Among them, Yu.S. Balashov, S.V. Larionov, F.I. Vasilevich, M.V. Rozovenko, O.A. Raga, L.N. Skosyrskikh, B.A. Frolov, J. Stamm, D.K. Polyakov, L.Kh. Azamatov, R.O. Drummond, W.F. Fisher.

1.2 Taxonomy and morphology of ticks

To date, the following systematic position of ticks has been accepted (O "Connor, 1982):

Type: Arthropoda

P/type: Chelicerata

Class: Arachnida

Squad: Acariformes, Zoch.

Squad: Trombidiformes, Reuters

N/family: Demodecoides, Bauns

Family: Demodicidae, Nik

Genus: Demodex

The most common types:

The female has a cigar-shaped body, 0.19 - 0.22 microns long. Gnathosoma wide, protruding forward, dorsally showing basal, second, and terminal segments of palps, paired seta of palps.

On the ventral side, on the terminal segments of the palps, six very short papillae in the form of a cone are located on both sides. Further between the pulps are thin stylet-like chelicerae. They are enclosed in a case. At their base, a mouth opening is visible, and just below it there are paired respiratory openings. On the dorsal surface there is a propodosomal shield with rounded corners. On its periphery there are 4 setae-microchaetes. The opisthosoma is much longer than the anterior part of the body, with transverse annular folds.

Figure 1. Demodex canis: A - from the ventral side; B - from the dorsal side

On the ventral side, 4 pairs of short cone-shaped legs with 5 movable segments are visible on the propodosome. On the paws of all legs there are 2 claws. Two rows of coxal fields are located along the midline of the body. At the level of the 4th pair of legs, between them there is a genital opening, in the form of a longitudinal slit.

Ticks show little sexual dimorphism. Unlike females, males have a body length of 0.16 - 0.18 microns, a narrower opisthosoma. The reproductive apparatus is located on the dorsal side at the level of the 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs.

1.3 Tick biology

Ticks D. Withanis in its development, the phases of eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs and adults pass. The duration of the cycle depends on the season of the year, the general condition of the animal (especially the skin), the conditions of keeping and feeding.

Moreover, the transition from one phase to another occurs through a complex process of restructuring the body: histolysis - the destruction of organs and histogenesis - the formation of organs of a new individual. In the warm season, the entire cycle occurs in 18 - 20 days, and in autumn and winter 22 - 25 days. Ticks develop only in hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The accumulation of ticks in these places was previously called "Kruglikovsky's balls". Now they are called colonies or papules. Their number on one animal - a dog can reach up to 200-300, and in cattle - up to 5 million. Females in papules live up to 10 months, males - 3-5 days. The growth of papules continues for 3 weeks, and when their diameter reaches 10 mm, the “dome” opens. When the mites leave the "old" papules, and these are mostly females, they move over the skin for 2-3 days, looking for suitable follicles. When all individuals leave their home, the cavity will become overgrown with connective tissue or filled with thick fat.

Demodexes are relatively stable in the external environment. Outside the body of the host, they remain viable at 19 0 C, at 18 0 C - 3-4 days, from 1 to 5 0 C - 11-18 days, at -6 -9 0 C - up to 5 days, viability in mineral oil - 4 days. These data are interesting not only from the point of view of biology, it is important to take them into account when organizing treatment and prevention.

1.4 Pathogenesis of demodicosis

Ticks begin to affect the host organism from the moment they enter the hair follicles. There they feed on the epithelial cells of the root sheath of the hair follicle, causing it to atrophy. When the papule ruptures, focal inflammation forms around it, the connective tissue and elastin fibers are destroyed, it shrinks and becomes, as it were, tanned. During the migration of ticks, as well as when the papule ruptures, ticks release toxic metabolic products that cause biochemical changes at the level of the whole organism. It was found that this increases the concentration of carbohydrate components of blood serum glycoproteins and the level of hexoses associated with the protein, which indicates the disorganization of the basic substance of the subcutaneous connective tissue.

Demodex metabolism products lead to a decrease in the level of diamine oxidase and a slowdown in the processes of collagen synthesis. This dramatically reduces the immunobiological reactivity of the host organism.

Foreign scientists investigated the immune status of the host organism during the invasion by ticks. At the same time, not only indicators of natural resistance (lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity of blood serum) change in dogs, but also the level of cellular and humoral immunity. However, a strong immunity to this disease is not developed. Animals that have been ill can become infected with demodicosis after a while again. Intrauterine infection has not been established, but the hereditary nature of the disease with a generalized form of demodicosis has been proven.

1.5 Diagnosis of demodicosis

1.5.1 Epidemiological data and clinical signs of demodicosis

Demodectic infestation among dogs is widespread. Similar diseases are noted in most countries. A total of 22 dog breeds have been identified in which this pathology occurs. Smooth-haired breeds are most susceptible to the disease, and from long-haired breeds - collies, shelties, shepherd dogs. Infection and disease of animals is possible already at the age of three weeks, but most often it occurs at 2-3 years of age.

As can be seen from graph I, the highest invasion peak is observed in March (70%) and September (60%), i.e. then when the active natural change of the hairline of animals begins. Demodicosis is also recorded in the cat population. According to M.V. Shustrova, this pathology is most common in cats of the Russian blue breed, as well as in animals of the Siamese - oriental group. Demodicosis in dogs manifests itself in scaly, papular, generalized (chronic), complicated forms.

Initially, the acute course of the disease in dogs, especially in puppies, proceeds in a scaly form. At the same time, bald areas with small scales of keratinized gray epidermis appear on the skin around the eyes, nose, outer surface of the auricles, which are easily removed. This period lasts 1 - 1.5 weeks.

Then comes the period of papular manifestation of the disease. Papules appear on the skin in the affected areas (they are called colonies). By the 30th day, they turn into vesicles, inside them there is a thick, greasy mass of gray color, their diameter is 7-10 microns. On the 4th - 5th week from the onset of the disease, the vesicles burst, a brown scab forms in these places. In dogs during this period, appetite deteriorates sharply, emaciation occurs. With a complete lack of treatment, as well as with improper feeding, the disease becomes generalized. In this case, the signs of the two forms appear simultaneously. After two months, the animals become exhausted, they become shy, and are reluctant to go for walks. If the dog does not have concomitant pathologies, then the process becomes chronic. Clinical signs can be smoothed out.

The general condition may improve. However, after 1 - 2 weeks, relapses of the disease occur, with the appearance of new extensive bald patches of skin covered with a thick tuberous crust, an ichorous smell emanates from the dogs. Such a clinical picture can be observed for several years, but in the end, the animal still dies. Throughout this period, a sick dog is a constant source of infestation for other dogs.

If the owners continue improper feeding, neglect the rules of care and maintenance, do not provide qualified treatment, demodicosis turns into a complicated form. Secondary microflora enters the affected areas of the skin - staphylococci and fungi of the genus Candida. During this period of the disease, when most of the follicles suitable for the life of ticks are affected, demodexes migrate to the internal organs: liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.

1.5.2 Laboratory studies

The diagnosis is made in a complex manner, taking into account the epizootology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of the disease.

The diagnosis is confirmed in only one way - by taking a scraping.

To do this, make a deep scraping or incision of the affected area of the skin, the contents of which are immediately placed in a drop of preservative (50% glycerin or 10% NaOH, any oil, kerosene). For the preparation of permanent micropreparations, ticks are poured into the Fora-Berlese gum arabic mixture.

After taking a scraping, the animal should treat the wound so that secondary microflora does not get there.

If the animal has a generalized or complicated form of the course of the disease, then its fecal masses can be examined by any flotation method (Darling, Fulleborn, Kotelnikov). D.canis mites will be found in smears, and more often dead ones.

When viewing preparations under a microscope, one should not only establish the presence of mites, but also determine which phases of development predominate, assess the number of pathogens and draw a conclusion about the duration of the disease. These data are also important for developing a treatment strategy when choosing an acaricide and determining the frequency of its use.

1.5.3 Making a differential diagnosis

It is important to note that there are many diseases of various etiologies, the clinical signs of which are very similar to those of demodicosis. The most important among them are the following:

Sarcoptic mange is a chronic disease of dogs caused by the sarcoptic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. Small blisters appear where the mites enter the skin. The favorite localization of ticks is the skin of the ears, muzzle, elbows, and the root of the tail. The main symptom of the disease is itching.

Cheyletiellosis is caused by the trombidiform tick of the genus Cheyletiella. Skin lesions in the form of dandruff along the entire length of the back.

Sifunculatosis - lice, pathogens are insects of the genus Linognathus. This is a very rare disease that occurs under unsatisfactory conditions of detention - in damp rooms and with inadequate feeding. Places of localization - on the head near the ears, along the spine, on the neck. It is characterized by scratching and irritation of the skin, great restlessness of animals at night.

Vlaseed - causative agents of insects of the genera Trichodectes and Heterodoxus. In infested animals, withers are located on the head, paws, tail root. In these places - a strong constant itching, scratching, hair loss, a sharp exhaustion of animals.

Trichophytosis is an infectious disease caused by fungi of the genus Trichophyton. Sharply limited flaky areas appear on the skin, the hair is broken off at the base. In the affected areas, inflammation develops with the release of serous-purulent exudate.

Microsporia is an infectious disease caused by fungi of the genus Microsporum. Skin lesions on the muzzle, trunk, tail. Spots in diameter from 0.5 to 10 - 15 cm, the affected areas are covered with grayish - white crusts, skin inflammation is mild.

Cold dermatitis - usually occurs only in smooth-haired dogs. Dandruff appears on the skin of the paws, muzzle, sides, slight peeling of the skin, brittle hair. Within a week, the symptoms disappear.

True food allergy is an immunobiological disease in dogs of all breeds. Food allergy specialist Dr. Richard G. Harvey (Great Britain) points out that most often skin pathology in this case comes down to itching and scratching, does not depend on the season, and is difficult to treat.

The etiological factors of true food allergy are the intake of food products containing high molecular weight proteins, long polysaccharide chains, as well as their complexes (glycoproteins). These substances are found in various products (milk, beef, horse meat, soybeans, etc.).

Clinical signs often manifest as a violation of the integrity of the skin, the appearance of bald areas on it in different parts of the body. It has been proven that the disease is of the nature of individual sensitivity, therefore, a refined diagnosis is made taking into account the results of a dietary test, which uses diets with a limited number of components.

Nutritional imbalances - insufficient or excessive intake of nutrients with the diet. The use of homemade food, which is dominated by boiled cereals, pasta and other components that are not characteristic of dog digestion, leads to the development of nutritional deficiencies.

2. Organization of medical and preventive measures

Before proceeding with the treatment of a sick animal, once again make sure that the diagnosis is correct; determine the cause of this invasion, establish whether the animal is fed correctly, contains the animal, what treatment has already been used.

Treatment of any disease is carried out in a complex manner. In the case of demodicosis, the veterinarian has two main methods at his disposal: pharmacotherapy and diet therapy.

Modern science offers many new insectoacaricides of different chemical groups. Multi-component integrated systems for tick control have been created, it remains only to choose the means (see Table I) and determine the rules for their use. This is done individually for each animal.

Table 1. The main groups of pharmacological drugs in the treatment of animals with demodicosis

Phosphorus organic means used in the form of aqueous emulsions or oil solutions in concentrations of 0.5 - 2% no more. At the same time, at least 3-4 treatments are done, every 7-10 days. It should be remembered that all these drugs are toxic to animals and humans, because. sharply reduce the level of blood cholinesterase, which ultimately affects the processes in the body.

pyrethroids- analogues of natural pyrethrum compounds, which are used in the form of oil solutions and aqueous emulsions in dogs with demodicosis - 0.05 - 0.075%. The number of treatments 3 - 4, the interval between them 5 - 6 days.

Formedine compounds, primarily amitraz, is used in a 0.02% concentration of an aqueous solution. This drug is effective only with a weak lesion (scaly form of invasion).

From the pharmacogroup biologically active substances use preparations of the covermectin group. These funds are rational to use only in the initial stages of the disease. The drugs are immunosuppressants. They must be used strictly according to the instructions - at least 2 injections every 10 days.

A good effect is given by the simultaneous use of ivomek and pyrethroids, especially in chronic cases.

All oil solutions and aqueous emulsions of preparations are applied by rubbing. Methods of watering, bathing and spraying with demodicosis of dogs are not effective!

The most difficult is the treatment of animals with complicated and generalized forms, since it is necessary to destroy the tick, secondary microflora and restore the affected skin and coat in a short period of time.

It is difficult to assess the effects of this drug on the animal organism, because. it has immunostimulating and antiseptic properties. When introduced into the body, it helps to increase the activity of adenylate cyclase by 1.5-2 times. Marasasd retains its acaricidal, bactericidal, stimulating properties in the skin for 56 days. Two treatments are enough for a complicated form and one for a scaly one, so that the animal is cured, the coat is completely restored, all the affected layers of the skin.

The method of treatment with this remedy is protected by a patent of the Russian Federation. Technical documentation (TU) was drawn up for it, in 1994 the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation approved a manual for its use.

In parallel with the conduct of drug treatment, it is necessary to organize the proper feeding, care and maintenance of animals. This can only be determined and recommended by a qualified specialist.

Given the fact that demodicosis lesions are recorded mainly on the outer covers, and the disease itself is of an immunobiological nature, the use of anti-allergic feeds is indicated for diet therapy. The owner of the animal can make up a "homemade" diet, but may use a commercial diet.

In the case of the appointment of a "home" diet, it is advisable to draw up the following diet: rice (buckwheat) + heart - boil for 3-5 minutes, then add vegetable mixtures from cabbage, pumpkin, zucchini, fresh vegetables and herbs + sunflower oil.

A diet therapy behavior is recommended with the Waltham Sensitivity Control Diet (Appendix II) for dogs developed by the Waltham Center. This diet shows high efficiency in skin pathologies of various origins (all kinds of allergies, fungal infections, idiosyncrasies), and, of course, in the treatment of demodicosis. The high efficiency of the diet is due to the presence in its composition of exclusively hypoallergenic proteins and carbohydrates.

Chicken "white" meat, rice, vegetable polysaccharides, mineral-vitamin complex and water are used as ingredients of this diet. The biochemical composition of the diet and doses of its use are listed in Appendix II. There are no contraindications to the use of this diet. The duration of diet therapy is at least 21 days, and in difficult cases - until the dog is completely cured.

The form of release of the diet is canned food (wet food), packaged in cans of 420 g. The countries producing the diet are Austria or Australia.

Preventive measures against demodicosis are reduced to the correct and timely care of the dog, namely its coat, especially during its change (March, September).

Dog owners should regularly contact veterinary specialists for a clinical study of animals with palpation of the characteristic places of demodicosis foci. Sick dogs are isolated and treated.

In addition to the destruction of ticks on the dog's body, the premises, materials and care items with which it came into contact are sprayed or wiped with Bolfo preparations, 0.1% aqueous solution of chlorophos, dichlorvos, carbazole and other insecticides. At the same time, the conditions for keeping and feeding the animal are improved, and vitamin and mineral supplements are included in the diet. It was found that if a deficiency of such nutrients as zinc, sulfur-containing amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids is formed in the body of dogs, this leads to a violation of the general metabolism, as a result, to changes in the skin. In different parts of the body, alopecia appear on the skin, hair falls out, and itching occurs.

Resistance is increased by regular hardening of puppies and adult dogs.

Owners of dogs with a genetically susceptible generalized form of demodicosis are strongly advised to spay or refrain from producing offspring from diseased lines.

List of used literature

1. Shustrova M.I. Demodicosis in dogs. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - 30 p.

2. E. Benzior, D.N. Carlotti. Guide to demodicosis in dogs.//Veterinarian - 2000 - No. 3 - S. 32-36.

3. Shustrova M.I. Scabies and demodicosis of animals of various species // Abstract of the thesis. dis… doc. vet. Sciences. - St. Petersburg, 1996. - 40 p.

4. V.I. Romensky, A.A. Shinkarenko, Yu.F. Petrova, A.Yu. Gudkova Pathogenesis of demodicosis in dogs. // Veterinary - 2003. - No. 11 - S. 30-31.

5. Starchenkov S.V., Vasilevich F.I. Diseases of small animals: diagnosis, treatment, prevention. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1999. - S. 475-485.

6. Avdienko V.A. Treatment of dogs with staphylococcal infections and demodicosis complicated by staphylococcosis. // Veterinary - 2003. - No. 7

7. Bratyukha S.P., Nagorny I.S. Diseases of your pets: dogs, cats, songbirds, guinea pigs, aquarium fish. - Kyiv: MSP "Alterizis", 1995. - 335 p.

8. Berghof P.K. Small pets. Diseases and treatment. - M.: Aquarium, 1999. - 307 p.

9. A.D. Belov. Diseases of dogs. - 2nd edition, ster. - M.: Kolos, 1995 - 307 p.

10. Matveev L.V. Diseases of dogs and cats. - N. Novgorod, 1997. - 400 p.

12. Palmer D. Your dog. - M.: Mir. 1998 - 410 p.

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Research data – Status praesens

General study

Temperature rect. 39ºСpulse 130 bpmbreath 18 DD

Habit:

The position of the body in space is naturally upright.

The physique is correct, bone and muscle tissue are well developed, the body is proportional.

The fatness is satisfactory, the constitution is tender.

Temperament is lively, good disposition.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

The skin is clean, pink, elastic, moderately warm, turgor is preserved, skin moisture is moderate, corresponds to the norm, the smell is characteristic of an animal of this species. Sensitive to irritants, pathological changes, no rashes, skin integrity is not broken.

The hairline corresponds to the norm, shiny, soft to the touch, well kept in the skin, thick, adjacent. Subcutaneous fat is well, evenly developed.

The lymph nodes

Lymph nodes (inguinal, submandibular) are not enlarged, rounded, smooth, mobile, elastic, dense, painless. There is no increase in local temperature, moderately warm.

Mucous membranes and conjunctiva

- the mucous membrane of the eyes is pale pink, the iris is yellow-green, evenly colored, the pupil is black, reacts to light. The mucosa is moist, without pathologies, there are no outflows, without breaking the integrity.

- the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is pale pink, without pigmentation, without pathological outflows, moist, the temperature is normal, without violating integrity.

- the mucous membrane of the oral cavity is pale pink in color with dark pigmentation, without ulceration and pathologies, moist, without breaking the integrity. The smell of the oral cavity is normal.

Support-static apparatus

The position of the limbs is correct, the joints are painless, symmetrical, the movements are fully preserved, the coordination is correct, without pathologies. There are no convulsions. The muscles are well developed, symmetrical, the muscles are in good shape, painless. There are no skeletal anomalies.

The bones are well developed, symmetrical, painless, without distortions and fractures. The caudal vertebrae are well developed, the tail is straight, without curvature. The ribs are full, symmetrical, painless, smooth, the intercostal spaces are not enlarged.

Introduction

1. Brief information about demodicosis

1.1 Pathogen morphology and systematic position

1.2 Developmental biology

1.3 Pathogenesis

2. Diagnosis of demodicosis

2.1 Epidemiological and clinical data

2.2 Pathological changes

3. Organization of medical and preventive measures

Bibliography

Introduction

Invasive diseases are widespread among animals, both domestic and wild.

1. Brief information about demodicosis

For the first time, the causative agent of demodicosis was described in 1845 by D. Gross.

Demodectic mites are morphologically similar to each other. In animals, mites develop in hair follicles and sebaceous glands, where they multiply and form colonies. Demodectic mites in their development go through 4 phases: egg, larva, nymphs (proto-, deutonymph), adults.

The entire development cycle of ticks from egg to adult takes 25-30 days. Ticks live outside the host body for up to 9 days. Mobility is shown at t 30-40 ° C.

Animals become infected through contact with sick people and through surrounding objects. All types of animals over the age of 3 months are affected, but in dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, the disease occurs with complications.

Infection occurs through contact of healthy animals with sick and through surrounding objects. Young animals are most susceptible. The most dangerous period of distribution is spring and summer.

With demodicosis, treatment should be complex: specific therapy (the use of acaricides) and systemic maintenance therapy, which necessarily includes the use of immunostimulants.

1.1 Pathogen morphology and systematic position

Type: Arthropoda

Type: Chelicerata

Class: Arachnida

Order: Acariformes, Zoch.

Squad: Trombidiformes, Reuter

N/family: Demodecoides, Bauns

Family: Demodicidae, Nik

The most common types:

Demodex canis is a cigar-shaped mites with a transversely striated light gray cuticle. Body length: in females 0.21-0.26 mm, male 0.2-0.22 mm. Body width: about 0.04mm. Young individuals are smaller, and sexually mature females are the largest. Diamond-shaped eggs (0.068 - 0.083x0.019-0.033). The anterior pole of the egg is more obtuse, while the posterior pole is sharper and somewhat elongated. Larvae are 0.07-0.09 mm long, 0.025-0.03 mm wide. The body of the larva consists of two sections: the gnathosoma and the idiosoma. Protonymphs are at first smaller than larvae, and then their sizes increase (0.10-0.14x0.025-0.030), its body already consists of three sections. Deutonymphs are larger than other preimaginal stages (0.15-0.25x0.035-0.045). They have a prominent podosome, especially its ventral surface; on the ventral side, the coxosternal skeleton, the fourth pair of legs, and the transverse striation of the body cuticle are clearly visible. Opisthosoma in the form of a short tail.

Demodex cornei - oval-shaped mites, much shorter than the first species, 0.1 mm long.

Demodex injai is a tick with a very elongated body. Length: up to 0.6 mm.

1.2 Developmental biology

The development cycle is 25-30 days, while ticks go through 5 stages of development: egg, larva, protonymph, telenymph, adult. Females are the main invasive stage. Embryonic development inside the egg lasts 2-4 days. During the passage of metamorphosis, the preimaginal stages become inactive, stop feeding.

1.3 Pathogenesis

It has been established that the adult D. canis, penetrating from the skin surface into the hair canal of the follicle along the way, partially destroys the epithelial cells of the inner and outer root sheaths of the hair. In some places, the epithelium of the hair follicle disappears down to the basement membrane, between the connective tissue of the hair follicle and the epithelium of the outer root sheath. Having descended to the bottom of the hair follicle, the tick destroys the epithelial cells of the hair papilla, after which the internal hair sheath is no longer restored. Gradually cutting out the epithelium of the hair follicle, mites increase the volume of their receptacle.

A similar picture is observed when D. canis mites colonize the sebaceous glands. The tick, passing along the inner wall of the focus, and with the help of chelicerae cuts off entire layers of cells, sometimes to the basement membrane and even deeper, leaving depressions in the form of furrows. The displacement of the basement membrane, and with it the connective membrane deep into the tissues of the dermis, increases the volume of the focus.

This pattern is typical for the papular form of demodicosis in dogs. In this case, the mites move up the canal, destroying the epithelium of the orifice in the region of the neck of the former hair follicle along with the membrane, thereby interrupting the connection between the focus epithelium and the epidermis. This leads to complete encapsulation of mites and their death. Encapsulation also occurs in the sebaceous glands when the mites destroy the epithelial wall of the focus, as well as the underlying basement membrane and connective tissue membrane at the level of the inlets of the sebaceous glands.

2. Diagnostics

The diagnosis can be made only by special diagnostic methods.

For this, several deep scrapings are performed, for which vegetable, glycerin or mineral oil is applied to the surface of the affected area. After 5 minutes of exposure, the blunt surface of the scalpel is scraped until capillary blood, lymph and follicle contents are released, firmly squeezing the skin fold.

Scraping is placed on a glass slide and microscoped using lactophenol, kerosene, 5% alkali. Samples must be examined no later than 5 hours after they are taken. Permanent preparations are mounted on Berlise medium.

Indirect signs indicating deep destructive changes in the skin. When viewing preparations under a microscope, one should not only establish the presence of mites, but also determine which phases of development predominate, assess the number of pathogens and draw a conclusion about the duration of the disease. These data are also important for developing a treatment strategy when choosing an acaricide and determining the frequency of its use. There may be an increase in the content of globulin fractions against the background of a decrease in albumin, an increase in glucose, urea, creatine and cholesterol in the blood of animals. The exchange of copper, zinc and iron is disturbed against the background of an increase in the metalloproteins corresponding to these elements (transferin, ceruloplasmin, alkaline phosphatase, etc.). The severity of biochemical parameters depends on the intensity of invasion. These indicators can be used for prognosis, as well as as a control over the applied methods of treatment.

Making a differential diagnosis.

It is important to note that there are many diseases of various etiologies, the clinical signs of which are very similar to those of demodicosis. The most important among them are the following:

Cheyletiellosis is caused by the trombidiform tick of the genus Cheyletiella. Skin lesions in the form of dandruff along the entire length of the back.

Cold dermatitis - usually occurs only in smooth-haired dogs. Dandruff appears on the skin of the paws, muzzle, sides, slight peeling of the skin, brittle hair. Within a week, the symptoms disappear.

True food allergy is an immunobiological disease in dogs of all breeds. Most often, skin pathology in this case comes down to itching and scratching, does not depend on the season, and is difficult to treat.

Clinical signs often manifest as a violation of the integrity of the skin, the appearance of bald areas on it in different parts of the body.

It has been proven that the disease is of the nature of individual sensitivity, therefore, a refined diagnosis is made taking into account the results of a dietary test, which uses diets with a limited number of components.

2.1 Epidemiological and clinical data

Demodicosis is a widespread disease of dogs observed in all countries with developed dog breeding. Register demodicosis in dogs more often from 2 months of age to 3 years, the disease of older dogs is rare. Most often, the disease manifests itself in animals of one year of age. The manifestation of the disease occurs with a decrease in temperature and insolation. In Russia, it is more often recorded from autumn to spring. In southern countries, the disease is confined to the wet season.

The disease is more common in short-haired dogs. Dogs with low and medium body condition are most susceptible to the disease, dogs with above average body condition are less likely to become infected.

The disease is low contagious. Infection occurs only by contact, contamination of the environment does not matter. Currently, most authors are inclined to believe that the contact route of transmission of the pathogen from a sick mother to a newborn is the main, if not the only, way of infecting animals. It was experimentally possible to infect healthy puppies with D. canis by placing them in groups with heavily infected puppies. (F. E. Frensch, 1976; F. Piotrowski et al., 1975). Dogs obtained by caesarean section and free from demodectos became infected during prolonged application of the invasive material to moistened skin.

Apparently, the invasive stage is females, which, attacking a new host, penetrate the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin and multiply intensively. A defect in the T-link of immunity leads to unlimited reproduction of ticks in immunocompromised animals and the manifestation of the disease. The remaining dogs become asymptomatic carriers.

It is believed that predisposing factors are heredity, stress, pregnancy, lactation, congenital and acquired immunodeficiency, prolonged administration of corticosteroids. Apparently, high humidity, defective and insufficient feeding contribute to the manifestation of the disease.

Clinical signs. The development of the disease is usually chronic, with complications, the symptoms associated with the underlying disease can develop quite quickly. According to the area of the lesion, localized and generalized forms of demodicosis are distinguished. Based on the localization of the process, pododemodecosis and otodemodecosis are distinguished. By the nature of the lesion, pustular (nodular), scaly (squamous) and mixed forms are distinguished. A separate nosoform is juvenile demodicosis - observed in dogs up to a year old.

Local demodicosis (scaly form). The most favorable course of the disease, if the disease affects puppies at the age of about a year. The number of lesions does not exceed 4-5. Spread on the body of the animal does not occur. There is no secondary microflora. This form occurs in up to 90% of cases. Most often, lesions occur around the eyes, forming characteristic "glasses". In the corners of the lips, on the muzzle from the forehead to the nostrils, on the neck, then on the chest and on the forelimbs, erythema (local hyperemia) appears, which is clearly visible in dogs with fair skin. Then there are expanding foci of coin-shaped depilation with a diameter of about 5 cm, less often diffuse, accompanied by fatty seborrhea with an unpleasant odor and parakeratosis (appearance of scales). Hair follicles become clogged and hypertrophied as a result of intense secretion of sebum, blackheads (comedones) are formed. The skin becomes thickened, folded, often with bleeding cracks, its color is reddish-blue or bluish-gray. Itching is absent.

Generalized demodicosis. It is characterized either by a large number of foci of baldness (more than 5), or by the spread of lesions to the entire trunk or, at least, to the limbs, or, finally, by the appearance of a microbial complication. Such a complication occurs, as a rule, always, which served as the basis for the name "pyodemodecosis" (demodecosis + pyodermatitis). This form occurs in 85% of cases in dogs older than 7 months and in 80% of cases in purebred individuals. The disease ends in self-healing in less than 30% of cases.

The superficial dermatitis or bacterial folliculitis that occurs with the disease is characterized by the presence of numerous raised whitish pustules. They correspond to infected and hypertrophic hair follicles containing a white mixture of sebum and pus, teeming with mites. The causative agents are most often Staphylococcus pyogenes albus (staphylodemodecosis), but sometimes other bacteria (Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus mirabilis).

Deep pyodermatitis, which is the next stage of microbial infection, is characterized by the spread of infection from the hair follicles to the dermis due to rupture of their walls. Depressed eggplant-colored boils 5 mm in diameter, filled with bloody pus, are observed. There are few mites in this pus. Demodicosis can also be purulent, accompanied by itching caused by the allergenic effect of microbial antigens.

The chronic form is expressed in skin alteration: hyperkeratosis (thickened, folded skin), seborrhea with a very strong odor. There is a significant deterioration in the general condition of the animal: adenomegaly (glandular hypertrophy), emaciation, anorexia, apathy, renal failure due to the absorption of bacterial toxins. The animal may die with the phenomenon of cachexia and chronic sepsis. The course of demodicosis in dogs is usually chronic.

2.2 Pathological changes

Morphological examination of the skin of dogs reveals focal dystrophic, necrobiotic and necrotic processes, the nature of which depends on the intensity and form of the disease, and the inflammatory process is productive. Tissue changes were detected in the emidermis, hair follicles, papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. The stratified squamous epithelium is ulcerated or flattened in limited areas. Purulent-necrotic or necrotic masses are determined on the surface of these areas. Many epithelial hair follicle orifices and hair follicles are dilated, contain mites and destroyed epithelial cells. In the stratified squamous epithelium and the mouths of the hair follicles, there are foci of hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. Around the follicles with clusters of mites and the preserved wall of the outer root sheath, the cellular inflammatory response is very weak or absent.

When the wall of the hair follicle is destroyed and the mites come into contact with the dermis, a cellular inflammatory reaction develops in it, and epithelioid granules are formed with the presence of giant multinucleated cells of the Pirogov-Langhans type and foreign bodies. In the dermis there are massive inflammatory infiltrates and foci of various sizes of granulomatous structure. In skin areas with necrosis in the epidermis, there is a predominantly inflammatory infiltrate, consisting mainly of granulocytes with a predominance of eosinophilic leukocytes, among which epithelioid and giant cells, as well as mites, are found. The infiltrate is located in the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. In most cases, granulomas are formed in the dermis around the mites, which consist of epithelioid and giant multinucleated cells with an admixture of lymphocytes, histiocytes, monocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophilic leukocytes.

In the cortical layer of the substance of the lymph nodes with generalized pyodemodecosis, demodicosis mites are found. They are located in the marginal and cortical sinuses and peripheral areas of the lymphatic follicles. At the site of their introduction, granulomatous inflammation develops. Lymphatic follicles in the cortical layer are multiple, large, with wide light centers of reproduction and figures of cell division. In the lymph nodes there are signs of a cellular immune response with histiocytosis of the sinuses and hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles.

In the liver, in all cases, the same type of focal changes are noted with localization mainly in the portal tracts, periportally and perivascularly. The portal tracts are markedly dilated as a result of edema, hemorrhage, and mild cellular infiltrate. In the peripheral sections of the lobules, the beam structure of the liver, edema, hemorrhages, and necrosis of hepatocyte groups are disturbed. Liver cells in a state of diffuse protein dystrophy. Dead mites themselves can be found in the structures of the liver, penetrating from the skin into the lumen of large blood vessels. An acute inflammatory reaction of the liver is manifested by the development of hemocirculatory disorders and granulomatous hepatitis with the formation of tuberculoid-type granulomas. In the development of granulomas, most likely, sensitization processes and associated immune responses play a role.

In the kidneys, hemocirculatory disorders are found, expressed by uneven plethora of the cortical and brain zones, a noticeable dilation of blood vessels, edema and hemorrhages around some of them, and focal fibrosis of the wall. The epithelium of the convoluted tubules is in a state of granular and small-focal hydropic dystrophy. In the tubules of the medulla, small, few calcified cylinders are determined.

3. Organization of medical and preventive measures

Treatment of any disease is carried out in a complex manner. In the case of demodicosis, the veterinarian has two main methods at his disposal: pharmacotherapy and diet therapy.

Modern science offers many new insectoacaricides of different chemical groups. Multicomponent integrated systems for combating ticks have been created, it remains only to choose the means and determine the rules for their use. This is done individually for each animal.

In addition to collies, shelties and their crossbreeds, dogs are prescribed ivermectin preparations (ivomek, baymek, ivermag, ivermectin, novomek). The drug is given in a dose exactly calculated for the weight of the dog orally. The therapeutic dose for dogs is 0.6 mg per kg of body weight, according to the active substance. To determine the sensitivity of animals to the drug, the dose is increased gradually, over several days. For puppies, the dose may be reduced to 0.4 mg/kg. The drug is given daily, until the complete disappearance of mites, their eggs and larvae in scrapings.

To control treatment, perform up to 5 scrapings every 2-4 weeks. To control the dynamics, the number of mites in each sample is determined. Treatment is stopped only after two negative scrapings obtained with an interval of 3-4 weeks.

An alternative to ivermectin is milbemycin (Interceptor, milbemycin oxime) given orally to dogs over 1 month of age at a dose of 1-2 mg/kg for 60-70 days.

Moxidectin (sidektin, tsaydektin) is administered orally at a dose of 0.4 mg per kg of body weight. The starting dose is increased from 0.1, which is increased to 0.4 mg per kg for 4 days. When signs of ataxia appear (up to 15% of animals), treatment is stopped. With good tolerability of the drug, the course is continued (from 42 to 120 days, an average of 2.5 months).

Doramectin ("Dectomax") is prescribed at a dose of 0.6 mg per kg of body weight weekly subcutaneously.

For dogs with hypersensitivity to macrocyclic lactones

Before the start of treatment, hygienic treatment of the skin is carried out using a 5% warm emulsion of soap K, zoo shampoo. The crusts are soaked with hydrogen peroxide. In the lesions, the hair is shortened, carefully shearing it.

Suspension of amitraz (Ectodex, Tactic) every two days for the first week, and then once a week for 1-2 months.

For use, 0.5 ml of the drug is diluted in a liter in water, applied with a significant overlap of the affected areas of the coat. Improvement of the clinical condition usually occurs within three weeks after the start of treatment. Treatment continues for another 2 weeks after a negative skin scraping test is obtained. Recovery occurs in the absence of relapses 6 months after the start of treatment.

After the acaricide treatment, the dog can be given an acaricidal collar that spreads amitraz (Preventuic). Amitraz can cause side effects, skin irritation, even drowsiness. The latter disappears after a few hours (maximum after 24 hours). With obvious intoxication, expressed not only in drowsiness, but also in bradycardia and hypothermia, you can use the specific antidote atipamezole ("Antisedan"). Amitraz also has a hyperglycemic effect, leading to caution in its use in diabetic animals.

Scheme of Larionov and Vasilevich. Subcutaneous injection of ivermectin in the form of a 1% solution at the rate of 0.3 ml/kg of animal weight. Purified sulfur, daily for 30 days with food at a dose of 40 mg / kg, with a scaly form - twice, with a generalized form - four times. External treatments with sulfur-tar liniment, consisting of: 2 parts of sulfur, 1 part of birch tar and 4 parts of tetravit. Treat the first week daily, then 1 time in 4 days, for a month.

The effectiveness of treatment, depending on the form, is manifested at 21-30 days after the start of treatment.

Contact insecticides, as well as various locally acting agents, are mostly ineffective - the penetration of drugs into the hair follicles is limited. Thorough treatment of the entire coat with ointment-based preparations is time-consuming and inconvenient for pet owners. Injections of macrocyclic lactones, due to the inability to control a constant concentration in the blood of an animal, are not effective in monotherapy.

Outdated remedies include iodine tincture, Vishnevsky ointment, Yam ointment. Such treatments are repeated 2-4 times with an interval of 5-6 days. Application intravenously or subcutaneously 1% trypansini solution at a dose of 0.004-0.01 g per 1 kg of dog weight. The drug is injected 2 or 3 times, in severe cases 5 times with an interval of 3-6 days. At the same time, sedimentary sulfur powder is rubbed into the affected areas of the skin.

Preventive measures are limited:

1. Prevention of dogs that have recovered from demodicosis for breeding. Producers whose offspring include puppies affected by demodicosis should also be excluded from the ranks of sires;

2. Exclusion of any temporary immunosuppression in puppies;

3. Use glucocorticoids for the treatment of dogs younger than one year, only for health reasons;

Bibliography

1. E. Benzior, D.N. Carlotti. Guide to demodicosis in dogs.//Veterinarian - 2000 - No. 3

2. A.D. Belov. Diseases of dogs. - 2nd edition, ster. - M.: Kolos, 1995

3. V.I. Romensky, A.A. Shinkarenko, Yu.F. Petrova, A.Yu. Gudkova Pathogenesis of demodicosis in dogs. // Veterinary - 2003.

4. Shustrova M.I. Demodicosis in dogs. - SPb., 2001.

5. S.V. Larionov. Morphological features of demodex mites and control measures for demodicosis.

7. S.V. Konyaev. Demodicosis in dogs.

Case history: Demodicosis in dogs. Case history of a dog successfully treated for demodicosis (difficult case)

Medications for illness

Folk remedies for demodicosis of the eyes

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Research data – Status praesens

General study