Geography of the Russian chemical industry. Features of the location of the main branches of the chemical industry

The chemical industry produces products using chemical methods for processing raw materials and materials. In its industrial structure, two large groups of industries are distinguished: basic (inorganic) chemistry and the organic synthesis industry.

The basic chemistry group consists of the mining chemical industry, which extracts chemical raw materials, and basic chemistry itself, which produces mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate), sulfuric acid, soda, and the like. The group of organic synthesis industries includes: chemistry of organic synthesis (production of organic

semi-finished products - ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, etc.); production of polymers (synthetic resins, rubber, plastics, chemical fibers); polymer processing (production of plastic products, tires, rubber products).

In addition to the main large groups, there is a group of other branches of the chemical industry: paint and varnish, photochemical industry, production of chemical reagents, etc.

The chemical industry is significantly inferior to mechanical engineering in terms of the share of products and employees in the industry, but is one of those industries that ensures scientific and technological progress.

Raw material base

Chemical industry characterized by an extremely wide raw material base. It uses non-metallic mineral (chemical) raw materials from the bowels of the earth (potassium and kitchen soda, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), fuel mineral resources (oil, natural gas, coal, shale), waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, food and light industry . Using raw materials from other industries, the chemical industry combines and cooperates with them. It is also characterized by the concentration of production, carried out by merging enterprises or increasing the capacity of technological lines;

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Areas of the chemical industry in general are material-intensive. Therefore, the main factors for locating chemical industry enterprises are raw materials, fuel and energy, consumer, water, and environmental factors.

The most important areas of the mining and chemical industry are the Carpathian region (mining potassium salts in Kalush and Stebnyk, sulfur in Yavorov and Novy Rozdol) and Donbass (mining rock salt in Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

Basic chemistry in Ukraine specializes in the production of soda ash and caustic soda in Slavyansk and Lisichansk, mineral fertilizers, and sulfuric acid.

Potash fertilizers are produced in Kalush at the Lukor concern and at the Stebnitsky potash plant. factory

Phosphorus fertilizers from imported apatites are produced in beet growing areas (Vinnitsa, Sumy), and in the centers of sulfuric acid production - Odessa and Konstantinovka.

The Nitrogen-Tukova industry uses coking and natural gas (Dneprodzerzhinsk) to produce nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, its largest enterprises are located in Dneprodzerzhinsk on the Dnieper region, Torlivtsi, Severodonetsk in the Donbass, as well as in areas of fertilizer consumption (Rivne, Cherkassy) on gas pipelines.

The production of sulfuric acid, due to its poor transportability, gravitates towards areas of product consumption, that is, enterprises producing phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Practically in each of the centers for the production of these fertilizers, the production of sulfuric acid has been established.

Chemistry of organic synthesis provides a large share of chemical industry products. Synthetic materials create a new raw material base for industry and construction. Mostly they are cheaper and of better quality than natural ones, although they have worse hygienic properties.

The chemistry of organic synthesis covers plants producing intermediate products for the production of polymers (Lisichansk, Severodonetsk, Gorlovka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Zaporozhye). The industry uses mainly oil and gas raw materials.

The location of enterprises producing polymers depends primarily on the availability of hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as fuel, electricity, and water. For some sub-sectors, an important location factor is labor resources. Synthetic resins and plastics are produced mainly at petrochemical plants, nitrogen-fertilizer and chlorine plants, that is, they are combined with the production of other chemical products. The centers of production of synthetic resins and plastics are Donetsk, Severodonetsk, Zaporozhye, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Pervomaisk, etc. Artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic (from synthetic resins) chemical fibers are produced by enterprises in Chernigov, Kiev, Cherkassy, Sokal (Lviv region).

The most important of the enterprises processing polymers is the production of tires, which is established at the Dnepropetrovsk Tire Plant and the Belotserkovsky Plant of Tires and Humoasbestos Products.

Among other branches of the chemical industry, the most important are the paint and varnish industry (Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Odessa, etc.), the industry of synthetic dyes (Rubezhnoye in the Lugansk region), chemical-pharmaceutical (Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Lvov), photochemical (Shostkinsky PA "Svema" in Sumskaya region and Kiev factory "Foton").

The main areas where a large number of chemical enterprises are located in Ukraine are the Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Carpathian region, and the Black Sea region.

Problems and prospects for development. The high concentration of the chemical industry in large and medium-sized industrial centers and certain four regions of the country, the insufficient development of production with low-waste or non-waste technologies, modern waste treatment systems, as well as the residual principle of financing nature conservation and rational environmental management have led to the emergence of a difficult environmental situation in many cities and towns. regions of Ukraine. Among them, first of all, is the Lisichansk-Rubezhansky industrial hub, as well as the North Crimean, Cherkasy, Kola, Odessa and others.

In the future, the development of the chemical industry in Ukraine will occur primarily due to

reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises already operating today. They are widely introducing energy- and resource-saving and low- and non-waste technologies, closed-cycle water use schemes, and industrial waste treatment systems.

The chemical industry is one of the most important sectors of the world economy, thanks to which the full-fledged operation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, construction, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry is ensured. In the modern world, the importance of the chemical industry is very great, since its achievements significantly make people's lives easier.

general characteristics

The chemical industry is based on the processing of raw materials by chemical methods. The basic materials used in this industry are oil and various minerals. Thanks to it, people have the opportunity to use plastic and plastic products, fertilizers for agriculture, medicines, household chemicals and cosmetics, and much more in their everyday lives.

Rice. 1. Household chemicals.

Many industries need chemical products, thanks to which the industry is actively developing. The chemical industry is of particular importance for agriculture, automotive industry and construction.

The beginning of the development of the chemical industry is considered to be the beginning of the 17th century, when the industrial revolution took place. Before this, chemistry - the “science of substances” - developed extremely slowly, and only when people learned to apply their knowledge in practice, everything changed. The very first product of the chemical industry was sulfuric acid, which still remains the most important component in the chemical industry.

Rice. 2. Sulfuric acid.

This industry is characterized by the following features:

Using a large amount of raw materials to make products. This especially applies to rubber, plastic, soda, and fertilizers.
Chemical industry materials are very diverse.
High level of energy costs.
Low labor intensity combined with the need for highly qualified specialists.
Large capital investment. The operation of chemical enterprises is impossible without complex structures and mechanisms.
Complex industry structure.
Environmental problems associated with the manufacture of chemical products.

Chemical industries

The global chemical industry includes many different areas. Currently, there are more than two hundred different sub-sectors and industries, and the range of its products reaches one million types.

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The main branches of the chemical industry are:

Mining and Chemical - extraction, processing and enrichment of sulfur, phosphorites and various salts.
Basic - production of inorganic substances (fertilizers, acids, soda).
Polymer materials industry - based on organic synthesis and includes production and processing of various polymers (plastic, resin, rubber).

During the era of the scientific and technological revolution, the greatest development in the chemical industry was the production of polymer materials. Semi-finished petrochemical products are used as raw materials for these products. Polymers are an essential component of industry and construction.

Rice. 3. Plastic production.

Ecology conservation

The active development of the chemical industry has led to the construction of a large number of production facilities in large and medium-sized settlements around the world.

At the same time, only a small number of enterprises are equipped with low-waste or completely waste-free technologies and modern treatment facilities. All this has led to the emergence of a difficult environmental situation, especially in developing countries where little attention is paid to environmental protection.

To improve the environmental situation in the technological processes of the chemical industry, it is necessary to timely introduce the following techniques :

reduction and oxidation using oxygen and nitrogen;
membrane technology, thanks to which gas mixtures are separated from liquids;
biotechnology;
electrochemical methods.

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In the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but with a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive industries with low and average consumption of raw materials and water.

In areas of Siberia with favorable natural conditions and rich resources of raw materials, fuel and energy, energy-intensive, raw material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the labor shortage and the climate being harsh for people. conditions and expensive infrastructure.

The chemical industry of Russia is represented by the following industries:

Production of plastics and synthetic resins

Manufacturer of chemical fibers

Production of mineral fertilizers (sulfuric acid, phosphate and potash fertilizers, caustic soda)

Production of synthetic dyes and photochemical products

Leading branch of the Russian chemical complex polymer materials industry includes the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber. The industry's raw material base consists of associated petroleum and natural gases, refined hydrocarbons, and coal. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in areas with large reserves of raw materials (mainly oil and gas) Povolzhsky (Novokuibyshevsk in the Samara region, Kazan, Volgograd), Uralsky (Ekaterinburg; Ufa and Salavat in Bashkortostan; Nizhny Tagil), West Siberian ( Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), North Caucasus (Budennovsk) and in areas that use imported raw materials (oil and gas) Central (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volgo-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk).

Chemical fiber and thread industry most widely represented in the regions of the developed textile industry: Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Central (Tver, Shuya, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan), Volga region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels). More than 2/3 of the total production of chemical fibers and threads occurs in the European part. The importance of the eastern regions is increasing: Western Siberia (Barnaul), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk).

Synthetic rubber production located in the areas of natural gas and oil production, oil refining: Volga (Kazan and Nizhnekamsk in the Republic of Tatarstan, Tolyatti in the Samara region, Volzhsky), Ural (Ufa and Sterlitamak in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Perm, etc.), West Siberian (Omsk), In Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), synthetic rubber is produced from synthetic alcohol by hydrolysis of wood.

Mineral fertilizer industry, sulfuric acid, soda and other branches of basic chemistry in Russia have a powerful raw material base: resources of table and potassium salts, apatites in phosphorites, sulfur pyrites and native sulfur, coal, natural gas; gases from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coke ovens are also used as raw materials gases, etc.

Fertilizer industry Russia produces all types of mineral fertilizers: phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. Of the total amount of fertilizers produced, about half are nitrogen fertilizers.

Enterprises nitrogen-fertilizer industries, depending on the raw materials used, are placed

In places of coal development (Kemerovo in Kuzbass, Berezniki, Gubakha in the Perm region on coal from the Kizelovsky basin in the Urals; Angarsk in the Irkutsk region of Eastern Siberia),

In places where natural gas is produced (Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus),

Along gas pipeline routes (Novgorod; Novomoskovsk and Shchekino in the Tula region; Togliatti, etc.)

Or they are combined with metallurgical plants (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk).

Phosphate fertilizer Due to the low material intensity of production (the production of 1 ton of simple superphosphate requires only 0.5 tons of apatite concentrate), the industry has little connection with sources of raw materials and is focused mainly on the consumer. Almost all superphosphate plants in Russia operate on apatites from the Khibiny deposit. However, a number of factories also use local raw materials (phosphorites from the Yegoryevskoye, Polpinskoye, Shchigrovskoye and Vyatsko-Kama deposits). Most of the phosphate fertilizers in the country are produced by Central (Voskresensk), Northwestern (St. Petersburg, Volkhov), Central Chernozem (Shchigry; Uvarove in the Tambov region), Volga (Togliatti; Balakovo in the Saratov region) and Ural (Perm, Krasnouralsk ) areas.

Potash industry, characterized by high material intensity of production (2 tons of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products), is concentrated in places where raw materials are extracted in the Urals in the Perm region (Solikamsk, Berezniki).

Sulfuric acid industry, the main raw materials for the production of products, which are native sulfur and sulfur pyrites (their specific costs per 1 ton of sulfuric acid are 0.35 and 0.85 tons, respectively), located mainly in places of greatest consumption of sulfuric acid (regions and centers of phosphorus production fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, fabrics, etc.). The main areas of its production are the Urals (Berezniki, Perm), the Central region (Voskresensk, Novomoskovsk, Shchelkovo) and the Volgo-Vyatka region (Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region).

Soda industry located at the sources of raw materials in places where table salt is produced: in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky Soda Plant), in the Baikal region (Usolye), in the Volga region (Volgograd).

Ecology. The industry is environmentally harmful and requires special attention to compliance with the technological process and ensuring environmental safety. At the moment, a number of production facilities are closed due to environmental indicators. The issue of urgent decommissioning of 50 enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc. is being considered.

STRUCTURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA

Large industrial complexes of chemical production:

central District– polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires, rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid.

Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry

North-West region– production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry

Volga region– petrochemical production, production of polymer products

North Caucasus– production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis products, synthetic resins and plastics

Western and Eastern Siberia– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry.

Main raw material bases:

Northern European. Contains reserves of apatite (Kola Peninsula), forest, water and fuel and energy resources. Basic chemistry is based here (production of phosphate fertilizers); organic chemistry through the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern economic region.

Central. Based on consumer demand for products of the processing industry (oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils). Works on imported raw materials and local raw materials. Local raw materials are used for the production of basic chemicals (mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical industry)

Volgo-Ural. Contains reserves of potassium and table salts, sulfur, oil, gas, and non-ferrous metal ores. It has hydro and energy resources, forest resources. Produces 40% of chemical products, 50% of petrochemical products.

Siberian. Contains unique and diverse raw material resources (oil and gas, table salt, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals). It has hydroelectric and forest resources. Favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors. Petrochemical industry (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk). Coal chemical industry (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo).

Literature:

2. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina, Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M. 2007. P.165-181

3. Economic geography/V.P. Zheltikov, E 40 N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Tyaglov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001. - 384 p. Section 7.3 “Mining and chemical raw materials”, Section 9.6 “Chemical industry of the world”, Section 11.2.8 “Geography of the chemical industry”

Questions:

1. Location of raw materials for the chemical industry

2. Chemical industries

3. Factors influencing the location of the chemical industry

4. Chemical production groups

5. Main types of products and main consumers of chemical industry products

6. Location of chemical industry enterprises depending on the types of products produced

7. Geography of the Russian chemical industry

8. Structure of the Russian chemical industry

Knock- a mechanical mixture of one-component fertilizers (for example, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus), obtained by simple mixing, sometimes directly in an agricultural enterprise

The raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid are also gas waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, etc.

Mira provides industry and construction with new materials, fertilizers and plant protection products.

Peculiarities:

one of the dynamic industries that largely determines scientific and technological progress along with;
high knowledge intensity (at the electronics level);
The chemical industry is a very large consumer of raw materials, the unit costs of which in some cases significantly exceed the weight of the finished product (production of soda, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).
in addition to a large amount of raw materials, industries (production of synthetic materials, soda, etc.) consume a lot of water, fuel and energy;
the presence of various connections with other industries and agriculture;
relatively low labor intensity, but special requirements for the qualifications of the workforce;
high capital intensity;
complex equipment and technologies;
complex industry structure.

Industry composition

There are different approaches to identifying branches of the chemical industry

The chemical industry includes:

mining and chemical industry (extraction of raw materials - apatite and phosphorite, table and potassium salts, sulfur and other mining chemical raw materials);
the main one, producing inorganic compounds (acids, alkalis, soda, mineral fertilizers, etc.);
chemistry of organic synthesis, including the production of polymer materials (synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers) and their processing (production of tires, plastic products, etc.);
microbiological industry.

There is another approach that distinguishes in the chemical industry semi-finished production (production of salts, acids, alkalis, etc.), basic production (production of polymers, mineral fertilizers, etc.), processing production (paint and varnish, formacetic, rubber, etc. production ).
The greatest development in the chemical industry has been the production of polymers, the raw materials for which are semi-finished petrochemical products. Polymers are the most important structural material for industry and construction.

The location of the chemical industry is determined by a combination of many factors.

For the mining and chemical industry, as for any mining industry, the main factor of location is natural resources.

High-tech chemical industries (production of varnishes, dyes, reagents, pharmaceuticals, photo and toxic chemicals, high-quality polymer materials, special-purpose chemicals for electronics, etc.) place high demands on the level of workforce training, R&D development, and production of special equipment ( devices, devices, machines).

In addition, many basic chemistry and organic synthesis chemistry enterprises are focused on the provision of water resources and electricity.

For enterprises producing finished products, consumer factors are an important factor.

General placement trends

The strengthening of the knowledge intensity of the chemical industry as a whole and especially its individual productions has predetermined the priority for the development of the industry in highly developed countries. Many traditional branches of the chemical industry - mining chemistry, inorganic chemistry (including the production of fertilizers), and the production of some simple organic products (including plastics and chemical fibers) have been developing rapidly in recent years in developing countries.

Industrialized countries are increasingly specializing in the production of the latest science-intensive types of chemical products.

There are four main regions in the global chemical industry:

Foreign Europe, primarily Germany and France, providing 23-24% of world production and export of chemical products. The most “chemicalized” country in this region is Germany. After the Second World War, the petrochemical industry, focused mainly on imported raw materials, came to the fore in this region. This led to a shift of the chemical industry to ports (Rotterdam, Marseille, etc.), as well as to the routes of large oil and gas pipelines from Russia (this mainly concerns Eastern European countries).
North America. Particularly notable here are the world's largest producer and exporter of chemical products (about 20% of world chemical products and 15% of its world exports).
East and Southeast Asia. Japan (15% of world production and export of chemical products), China, and Korea stand out here.
CIS, where it is produced (3-4% of world chemical production).

In addition, a very large region specializing in the production of chemical products (mainly semi-products of organic synthesis and fertilizers) has developed in the Persian Gulf area. The raw material for production here is the huge resources of associated (oil production) gas. The oil-producing countries of the region - Iran, etc. - produce 5-7% of the world's chemical products, which are almost entirely export-oriented.

Outside these areas, the chemical industry is developed in and other countries.
Location of chemical industries.

Among the industries, the leading place is occupied by the polymer materials industry, based on oil and gas or petrochemical raw materials. For a long period of time, the raw material base of the polymer materials industry was almost universally coal chemicals and plant raw materials. The change in the nature of the raw material base also significantly affected the geography of industry - the importance of coal regions decreased, the role of oil and gas production areas and coastal regions increased.

Currently, the most powerful organic synthesis industry is in economically developed countries that have large reserves of oil and gas (USA, UK, the Netherlands, Russia, etc.), or occupy a favorable position for the supply of these types of chemical raw materials (Japan, Italy, France, Germany , Belgium, etc.).

All of the above countries occupy leading positions in the global production of synthetic resins and plastics and other types of synthetic products. Of the polymer industries, only the production of chemical fibers has seen a noticeable shift towards developing countries. In this type of production, along with the traditional leaders - the USA, Germany, etc., China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and India have also become among the largest producers in recent years.

In contrast to the polymer materials industry, the mining and basic chemical industries are widely represented not only in economically developed countries, but also in developing countries.

The leading producers of mineral fertilizers are China, the USA, Canada, India, Russia, Germany, Belarus, France,. At the same time, in terms of mining and processing of phosphorites, along with the USA, the following countries stand out: (,), Asia (, Israel), the CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan), Christmas Island and. The overwhelming majority of the world's production and processing of potassium salts is carried out by the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, and Belarus.

The main raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is. Therefore, among the most important producers and exporters of nitrogen fertilizers are, first of all, countries rich in natural gas (USA, Canada, the Netherlands, Russia, Gulf countries). Large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by France, Germany, Ukraine, China, and India, whose nitrogen fertilizer industry is closely connected with the ferrous metallurgy of these countries.

Sulfur producing countries are the USA, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Poland. Ukraine, Russia, Japan, etc. The largest producers of sulfuric acid are the USA, China, Japan and Russia (they account for more than half of world production).

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Sulfuric acid production	Production of mineral fertilizers	Plastics production	Production of chemical fibers	Synthetic rubber production
	USA	China	USA	China	USA
	China	USA	Japan	USA	Japan
	Russia	Canada	Germany	Taiwan	France
	Japan	India	France	R. Korea	Germany
	Ukraine	Russia	Taiwan

Plastics production – from synthetic resins, from coal, associated petroleum gases, petroleum refining hydrocarbons, partly from wood raw materials.

The initial stages of the technological process are confined to the sources of raw materials. Further processing of resins with subsequent production of plastics is consumer-oriented.

This industry arose in the early 20s in the Central region:

Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk (Tula region) and gradually spread to other areas, areas provided with raw materials:

St. Petersburg, Dzerzhinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Salavat, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Tomsk, Angarsk.

Manufacturer of chemical fibers . They are artificial and synthetic.

Artificial (from natural polymers, such as cellulose). Acetate and viscose are produced from them.

Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Krasnoyarsk

Synthetic (from synthetic resins, during oil, gas, coal processing). They are used to produce nylon, nitron, and lavsan.

Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky

The main amount of chemical fibers is produced in the European part of the country, differing in material, energy, water, and labor intensity of production. The production of chemical fibers is consumer-oriented, i.e., the textile industry or located in close proximity to it.

Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers: Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul, Shchekino.

Synthetic rubber production . It first appeared in the world in the 30s in the USSR (synthesized by Academician Lebedev). The main amount of synthetic rubber is used for the production of tires (65 - 70%) and rubber products (about 25%). The first enterprises arose in:

Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Kazan, Efremov

They were associated with regions and centers of the rubber industry and mechanical engineering. We used food raw materials (potatoes).

The transition to mineral raw materials has dramatically changed the geography of production. Now synthetic rubber is focused on synthetic alcohols obtained from hydrocarbons and oil refining of associated gases, located in the Urals, Volga region and Western Siberia:

Nizhnekamsk, Tolyatti, Samara, Saratov, Sterlitamak, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk - obtained on the basis of wood alcohol

There are complexes of interdependent production:

oil refining – synthetic rubber – tire production:

Omsk, Yaroslavl

wood hydrolysis – ethyl alcohol – synthetic rubber – tire production:

Krasnoyarsk

Nitrogen fertilizer industry . In Russia, the ammonia method for producing nitrogen fertilizers (from ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate) has been adopted. The basis for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is ammonia, previously synthesized from air nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrate and carbamide are produced from ammonia. This method is based on the use of coke, coke oven gas, and water. Now almost all ammonia is produced from natural gas (cheap raw materials), so enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are located in areas where gas resources are distributed (North Caucasus) and along the routes of main gas pipelines (Center, Volga region, North-West).

Enterprises operating on coke are located either in coal basins (Beryazniki, Gubakha, Kizel, Kemerovo, Angarsk) or at a distance from them (Derzhinsk, Moscow), since coke can be transported over considerable distances.

If coke oven gas serves as the raw material, then nitrogen production gravitates towards coal coking centers or is combined with ferrous metallurgy, where hydrogen is produced as a waste of coke oven gases (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk).

Centers: Novomoskovsk, Shchekino, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Dorogobuzh (Smolensk region, based on the use of oil refining waste Salavat), Togliatti, Kemerovo, Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol Territory)

Phosphate fertilizer industry focuses mainly on the consumer and sulfuric acid, and to a lesser extent on sources of raw materials. The main reserves of phosphate raw materials are in the European part (on the Kola Peninsula - in the Khibiny Mountains - apatite nepheline ores, ores from which phosphate fertilizers are obtained in the chemical industry). Almost all phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced from apatite concentrate.

Phosphorites are of local importance in the European part of the country. The Voskresensky chemical plant operates at the Egorovskoye field.

Industrial reserves of phosphorites are available in the Bryansk region - Poltenskoye; in the Kirov region - Verkhnekamskoe; in the Kursk region - Shelrovskoe - but this raw material is suitable only for the production of phosphate rock.

The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid, which is produced from imported or local raw materials. Often the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the production of phosphate fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by some centers of ferrous metallurgy (Cherepovets) and non-ferrous metallurgy (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Vladikavkaz), where the raw material for sulfuric acid is industrial waste, for example, sulfur dioxide gases.

Centers: St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Perm, Kingisepp

Sulfuric acid industry.

Sulfur pyrite (pyrite) is used - the Urals, native sulfur - Alekseevskoye deposit (Samara region). Individual gas condensate deposits are becoming an important source of sulfur.

Since the main consumer of acid is the phosphate fertilizer industry, the centers of production of sulfuric acid and phosphate fertilizers coincide with each other.

Soda industry .

Soda is the technical name for sodium carbonates. Bicarbonate - baking soda. Normal carbonate is calcined sulfur. Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide.

The main raw materials are table salt and lime. For 1 ton of finished product, 1.5 tons of limestone, 5 m 3 of salt brine and a large amount of fuel are required. There are reserves of natural soda in the Altai Territory - the Mikhailovskoye deposit.

Caustic soda is used in the soap, glass, pulp and paper, and textile industries. In medicine and the food industry - baking soda.

Centers: Berezniki, Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan), Mikhailovskoye (Altai Territory), Usolesibirskoye (Irkutsk Region).

Microbiological industry.

M/n is a new industry that acquired independent significance in the 60s under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Currently, its role in the country's industrial production has increased significantly due to the need to intensify agriculture.

Structurally, there are two main groups of industries that differ from each other in the raw materials used:

Production of feed protein substances (feed yeast) from hydrocarbon raw materials.

Production of feed yeast from raw materials of plant origin(hydrolysis of wood and plant waste from agriculture)

Microbiology includes: enterprises of the hydrolysis industry and the chemistry of organic synthesis. They are united into one whole by the purpose of the manufactured product and the nature of the technological process.

Enterprises using hydrogen raw materials focus on oil refining centers, which is due to the high material intensity of production. To obtain 1 ton of protein, 2.5 tons of hydrocarbons are needed. Enterprises focusing on hydrocarbon raw materials are located, respectively, in the Volga region and the Volga-Vyatka region (Nizhny Novgorod).

Enterprises that focus on raw materials of plant origin obtain feed yeast by interacting with enterprises of the hydrolysis industry, which processes sawmill waste, food waste and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs, sunflower husks, rice and cotton hulls. Hydrolysis production is focused on raw material bases, located together with sawmilling (Krasnoyarsk, Kamsk, Zima (Irkutsk region), Arkhangelsk, Volgograd) or combined with pulp and paper production (Arkhangelsk, Solikamsk and Krasnokamsk - Perm region).

Agro-industrial complex (AIC)

The Russian agro-industrial complex is a set of interconnected sectors of the national economy involved in the production of agricultural products and bringing them to the consumer. Its most important task is to provide the country with food and agricultural raw materials.

Composition and significance of the complex

The complex includes three groups of industries, each of which performs a specific function:

1. Agriculture , which is the central link of the agro-industrial complex;

2. Industries providing functioning of the agro-industrial complex (production of equipment for agriculture and processing industry). This group of industries is currently most important for the development of the agro-industrial complex, as it contributes to the mechanization of agriculture and increasing its efficiency;

3. Processing industries engaged in the transportation, procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products. The importance of this group of industries is also enormous, as they contribute to the safety of products and their delivery to the consumer.