Types of rehabilitation of disabled children. Psychosocial rehabilitation of disabled people Rehabilitation centers for disabled children

Rehabilitation of disabled children is a system of medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic measures aimed at eliminating or possibly more fully compensating for life limitations caused by health problems with persistent impairment of body functions. The goal of rehabilitation is to restore the social status of a disabled person, achieve financial independence and social adaptation.

There are the following types of rehabilitation for disabled children:

- medical,
- psychological,
- pedagogical,
- socio-economic,
- professional,
- labor,
- household,
- sports.

Medical rehabilitation is aimed at full or partial restoration or compensation of one or another impaired or lost function or to slow down the progression of the disease.

Rehabilitation in medicine is the initial link in the system of general rehabilitation, because a disabled child first of all needs medical care. Essentially, there is no clear boundary between the period of treatment of a disabled child and the period of his medical rehabilitation, or restorative treatment, since treatment is always aimed at restoring health and returning to active activity, however, medical rehabilitation activities begin in a hospital institution after the disappearance of acute symptoms diseases.

Medical measures for the rehabilitation of disabled children include determining the medical and physiological state of children, rehabilitation potential, rehabilitation therapy, reconstructive surgery, a conclusion on professional suitability, as well as a medical and social examination. For a comprehensive assessment of the state of health, as a rule, a comprehensive clinical and functional examination of the child is carried out using clinical, instrumental, functional and physiological research methods, identifying the compensatory capabilities of the body, the child’s tolerance to physical and neuropsychic stress, and psychological status.

All other forms of rehabilitation of disabled children - psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic, professional, everyday - are carried out along with medical ones.

Psychological rehabilitation- this is an impact on the mental sphere of a disabled child. This form of rehabilitation accompanies the entire cycle of treatment and rehabilitation measures. First of all, a social pedagogue must know and take into account the psychology of a disabled child, understand that he is, as it were, isolated from society and left alone with his own problems. Closed space, limited communication lead to the emergence of nervous disorders in disabled people, which introduces additional difficulties in socio-pedagogical work.

Psychological rehabilitation of disabled children includes, as one of the directions, the psychological correction of developmental deviations in various options for limiting the child's abilities. In the study of the personal and intellectual spheres of the child's psyche, the focus is on the mental causes of deviations, the degree of their severity. However, in relation to childhood, psychology and pedagogical assessment of developmental disorders cannot be complete if they do not also take into account deviations from the norm of the age development in which the child is, the features of his ontogenesis caused by disease processes or their consequences.

It should also be taken into account that psychological problems are experienced not only by disabled children, but also by their parents, relatives, and other relatives. Consequently, they also need psychological help and support.

Pedagogical rehabilitation- these are educational activities aimed at ensuring that a sick child acquires the necessary skills for self-care, receives a school education. It is very important to develop a child's psychological confidence in their own usefulness and create the right professional orientation. The social educator conducts activities that provide training for various types of activities available to them, creating confidence that the acquired knowledge in a particular area will be useful in subsequent employment.

Socio-economic rehabilitation includes a set of measures: providing a disabled person with the necessary and convenient housing for him; maintaining the confidence of a child with a disability that he is a useful member of society; monetary support for a disabled person and his family through payments for temporary disability or disability, granting a pension, etc.

Vocational rehabilitation provides for training or retraining of disabled children in accessible forms of labor, provision of the necessary individual technical devices to facilitate the use of working tools, adaptation of the disabled person’s previous workplace to its functionality, organization of special workshops and enterprises for disabled people with easier working conditions and shortened working hours, etc. d.

Occupational rehabilitation- lies in the fact that rehabilitation centers widely use the method of occupational therapy, based on the tonic and activating effect of work on the psychophysiological sphere of a person. Prolonged inactivity relaxes a person, reduces his energy capabilities, and work increases vitality, being a natural stimulant. Occupational therapy as a method of rehabilitation treatment is important for the gradual return of disabled children to the normal rhythm of life. Occupational therapy plays a major role in diseases and injuries of the osteoarticular system. Occupational therapy is of particular importance in the treatment of mental illnesses, which often cause long-term isolation of a disabled child from society. Occupational therapy facilitates relationships between people by relieving tension and anxiety. Being busy and concentrating on the work at hand distracts a disabled child from his painful experiences.

home rehabilitation- this is the provision of prosthetics to a disabled child, personal means of transportation at home and on the street (special bicycle and motorized strollers, cars with adapted controls, etc.).

Recently, great importance has been attached to sports rehabilitation. Participation in sports and rehabilitation activities allows relatively healthy children to overcome the fear of a sick child, form a culture of attitude towards the weak, include the child in the process of self-education, acquire skills to lead an independent lifestyle, and be sufficiently free and independent.

When developing and carrying out rehabilitation measures, it is necessary to take into account both the medical diagnosis of a disabled child and the characteristics of the individual in the social environment. Rehabilitation differs from conventional treatment in that it involves the development, through the joint efforts of a social teacher, social work specialist, psychologist and doctor, on the one hand, and of the disabled child and his environment (primarily family), on the other hand, of qualities that help optimal adaptation of a disabled child to the social environment. Treatment in this situation is a process that affects the body, the present, and rehabilitation is more addressed to the individual and aimed at the future.

And finally, we note that in accordance with the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation,” a distinction is made between the federal basic program for the rehabilitation of disabled people (this is a guaranteed list of rehabilitation measures, technical means and services provided to a disabled person free of charge at the expense of the federal budget) and an individual program rehabilitation of a disabled person (developed on the basis of a decision of the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise, a set of optimal rehabilitation measures for a disabled person, including certain types, forms, volumes, timing and procedure for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at restoring, compensating for impaired or lost body functions , restoration, compensation of a disabled person’s abilities to perform certain types of activities).

An individual rehabilitation program is of a recommendatory nature for a disabled person; he has the right to refuse one or another type, form and volume of rehabilitation measures, as well as the implementation of the program as a whole. A disabled person has the right to independently decide on the issue of providing himself with a specific technical means or type of rehabilitation, including cars, wheelchairs, prosthetic and orthopedic products, printed publications with a special font, sound-amplifying equipment, alarms, video materials with subtitles or sign language translation, and other similar means.

ChapterI

A child with disabilities in modern conditions.

types of rehabilitation 5

1.2 Technologies for social rehabilitation of children with disabilities

health opportunities 22

1.3 Features of social rehabilitation of disabled children living outside the family 33

ChapterII

Modern approaches to the problems of disabled children.

2.1 Difficulties of socio-psychological rehabilitation

disabled children 41

2.2 Development of abilities to overcome difficulties of social rehabilitation 45

2.3 Practical solutions to problems of childhood disability 50

Conclusion 77

List of used literature 87

Application 90

Introduction.

According to the UN, there are approximately 450 million people in the world with mental and physical disabilities. This represents 1/10 of the inhabitants of our planet (of which about 200 million are children with disabilities).

Moreover, in our country, as well as throughout the world, there is a growing trend in the number of disabled children. In Russia, the incidence of childhood disability has doubled over the past decade.

In 1995, over 453 thousand disabled children receiving a social pension were registered with the social protection authorities. But in fact there are twice as many such children: according to WHO estimates, there should be about 900 thousand of them - 2-3% of the child population

Every year about 30 thousand children are born in the country with congenital hereditary diseases, of which 70-75% are disabled.

Disability in children means a significant limitation in life activity; it contributes to social maladaptation, which is caused by developmental disorders, difficulties in self-care, communication, learning, and mastering professional skills in the future. The acquisition of social experience by disabled children and their inclusion in the existing system of social relations requires certain additional measures, funds and efforts from society (these may be special programs, special rehabilitation centers, special educational institutions, etc.). But the development of these measures should be based on knowledge of the patterns, tasks, and essence of the process of social rehabilitation.

Currently, the process of social rehabilitation is the subject of research by specialists in many branches of scientific knowledge. Psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, teachers, social psychologists and other specialists reveal various aspects of this process, explore the mechanisms, stages and stages, factors of social rehabilitation.

Social policy in Russia, aimed at disabled people, adults and children, is built today on the basis of the medical model of disability. Based on this model, disability is considered as an illness, disease, pathology. Such a model, wittingly or unwittingly, weakens the social position of a child with a disability, reduces his social significance, isolates him from the “normal” children’s community, aggravates his unequal social status, and condemns him to the recognition of his inequality and lack of competitiveness in comparison with other children. The medical model also determines the methodology of working with a disabled person, which is paternalistic in nature and involves treatment, occupational therapy, and the creation of services that help a person survive, let us note - not live, but survive.

The consequence of the orientation of society and the state towards this model is the isolation of a child with disabilities from society in a specialized educational institution, and the development of passive - dependent life orientations in him.

In an effort to change this negative tradition, we use the concept "person with disabilities" which has become increasingly used in Russian society.

The traditional approach does not exhaust the full scope of the problems of the category of adults and children in question. It clearly reflects the lack of vision of the child’s social essence. The problem of disability is not limited to the medical aspect, it is much more a social problem of unequal opportunities.

This idea radically changes the approach to the triad “child - society - state”. The essence of this change is as follows:

The main problem of a child with disabilities is the disruption of his connection with the world, limited mobility, poor contacts with peers and adults, limited communication with nature, inaccessibility of a number of cultural values, and sometimes even basic education. This problem is a consequence not only of a subjective factor, such as the state of the child’s physical and mental health, but also the result of social policy and the prevailing public consciousness, which sanction the existence of an architectural environment, public transport, and social services inaccessible to a disabled person.

A child with a disability may be just as capable and talented as his peer who does not have health problems, but inequality of opportunities prevents him from discovering his talents, developing them, and using them to benefit society;

A child is not a passive object of social assistance, but a developing person who has the right to satisfy diverse social needs in cognition, communication, and creativity;

The state is called upon not only to provide a child with a disability with certain benefits and privileges, it must meet his social needs and create a system of social services that will help mitigate the restrictions that impede the processes of his social rehabilitation and individual development.

The purpose of this work is to characterize the social rehabilitation of disabled children, its significance and modern directions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Describe the essence of the concepts of disability and rehabilitation, types of rehabilitation;

Consider modern trends and basic methods of social rehabilitation of disabled children

A child with disabilities in modern conditions

Social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities is one of the most important and difficult tasks of modern systems of social assistance and social services. The steady increase in the number of disabled people, on the one hand, increasing attention to each of them - regardless of his physical, mental and intellectual abilities, on the other hand, the idea of increasing the value of the individual and the need to protect his rights, characteristic of a democratic, civil society, on the third hand - all this predetermines the importance of social rehabilitation activities.

According to the Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN, 1975) a disabled person is any person who cannot independently provide in whole or in part the needs of a normal personal and (or) social life due to a deficiency, whether congenital or not, of his (or her) physical or mental capabilities.

In Recommendation 1185 to rehabilitation programs of the 44th session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of May 5, 1992. disability determined as limitations in capabilities caused by physical, psychological, sensory, social, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person with a disability to be integrated into society and take part in the life of the family or society on the same basis as other members society. Society has a responsibility to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live independent lives.

In 1989, the UN adopted the text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has the force of law. It enshrines the right of children with developmental disabilities to lead a full and dignified life in conditions that allow them to maintain dignity, a sense of self-confidence and facilitate their active participation in the life of society (Article 23); the right of a disabled child to special care and assistance, which should be provided whenever possible free of charge, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or other persons caring for the child, in order to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to educational, vocational training, medical care, and rehabilitation services , preparation for work and access to recreational facilities, which should contribute to

opportunities for the most complete involvement of the child in social life and the development of his personality, including cultural and spiritual development.

In 1971, the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, which affirmed the need to maximize the rights of such persons with disabilities, their rights to adequate health care and treatment, as well as the right to education, training, rehabilitation and protection that allows them to develop their abilities and capabilities. The right to work productively or engage in any other useful activity to the fullest extent of one’s abilities is specifically stipulated, which is associated with the right to material security and a satisfactory standard of living.

Of particular importance for children with disabilities is the norm stating that, if possible, a mentally retarded person should live in his own family or with foster parents and participate in the life of society. The families of such persons should receive assistance. If it is necessary to place such a person in a special institution, it is necessary to ensure that the new environment and living conditions differ as little as possible from the conditions of ordinary life.

In the International Pact about UN economic, social and cultural rights (Article 12) establish the right of every disabled person (both adults and minors) to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health. An integrative document covering all aspects of the life of persons with disabilities is the UN Standard Rules for the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.

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Branch of the Russian State Social University

in Anapa

Department of Social Work and Social Law

Specialty "Social rehabilitation"

" Medical and socialrehabilitation of childrendisabled people"

Completed by a 4th year student

areas of training "Social work"

Udovenko Evgenia

Introduction
1. Main part
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

One of the most pressing problems of social work today is the problem of working with a family with a child with disabilities. With the rapid growth of disabled children, the relevance of the problem increases in equal proportions. There are currently 587 thousand disabled children in the Russian Federation. In the Krasnodar Territory there are over 16 thousand children with disabilities.

Children with disabilities (recently there has been a general humanistic tendency to call this category of children “children with disabilities”) are children who have such significant illnesses or deviations in physical, mental, and intellectual development that they become subjects of special legislation adopted at the federal level . Children are classified into this category based on medical indications by special medical and social examinations.

The purpose of the work is to study the specifics of medical and social rehabilitation of disabled children.

Object: disabled children.

Subject: work of a social worker aimed at medical, social and pedagogical rehabilitation of children with disabilities.

Based on the goal, the following tasks were identified:

- explore the features of medical and social rehabilitation;

- explore the features of the activities of a social worker with the category of disabled children;

- study an individual rehabilitation program for a child with disabilities.

1. Main part

disabled child rehabilitation social

Social work with disabled people includes medical and social rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is a set of medical, psychological, pedagogical, technical, professional measures aimed at restoring (or compensating) impaired body functions and the working capacity of sick and disabled people.

Medical, psychological, pedagogical, technical, professional functions, taken together, provide social rehabilitation of the patient. The main objectives of rehabilitation are to make a disabled person capable of living in society, to create appropriate prerequisites for his involvement in the social and labor life of society.

The main result of medical and social rehabilitation as a direction of social work is the achievement of a state of a disabled child when he is capable of performing social functions characteristic of healthy children. At the same time, social functions (they are also called social skills) are understood as work activity, learning, the ability to read, write, communicate, and others.

While most people can learn social skills with minimal formal instruction, children with disabilities need careful and systematic teaching of these skills. The main goal is to teach a disabled child motor and social skills, basic literacy and numeracy (for example, dressing, washing, using cutlery, handling money, shopping and preparing food, using the telephone, transport, etc.). Disabled children of school age have the opportunity, within the framework of medical and social rehabilitation, to study academic disciplines and prepare for working life.

Rehabilitation treatment for disabled children is not limited to surgical intervention, medication and physiotherapy, it consists of long and varied stages of medical and social psychological correction. The concept of rehabilitation of children with psychophysiological disorders includes the following most important points: the development of vital skills, learning, if possible, reading and writing, adaptation to the children's team, which should be carried out every day and every minute.

Currently, the system of year-round health improvement and rehabilitation of disabled children on the basis of specialized children's institutions has been recognized as effective. This organizational form makes it possible to use not only traditional methods of therapy, but also methods of therapeutic pedagogy, psychological correction in combination with the adaptation of children in a team. However, it should be noted that there are an insufficient number of institutions of this type, as well as the severity of violations that occur in a large number of children, the presence of which may serve as a contraindication for visiting specialized kindergartens.

Educational work with children with musculoskeletal disorders is characterized by correctional specificity. It is aimed at developing the child’s personality, hardening his body, developing movements, sensory experience and thinking, including the child in feasible work, etc.

A social worker, within the scope of his activities, must help solve basic correctional problems, the implementation of which in educational institutions for children with musculoskeletal disorders is often disrupted. These tasks include:

- comprehensive psychological, pedagogical and clinical-physiological study of the basic patterns of physical and mental development of children with musculoskeletal disorders;

- development of psychological and pedagogical classifications of various categories of children with musculoskeletal disorders;

- justification for a differentiated and individual approach to their upbringing, training and correction of deficiencies in their cognitive activity and personality;

- substantiation of the principles of organizing a system of various special institutions that create optimal conditions for the upbringing and education of children with musculoskeletal disorders;

- establishing the laws of the correctional educational process carried out in special kindergartens and schools, as well as during individual training;

- determination of goals, objectives, content, principles and methods of education, training, labor and social training of various categories of children with musculoskeletal disorders;

- development of special technical means to help children with physical developmental disabilities understand the reality around them more successfully and in various aspects, establish contact with other children and adults;

- determination of ways and means to prevent the occurrence of developmental disorders in children;

- finding ways to improve and make the lives of people with musculoskeletal disorders more comfortable in the social environment - in the family, in educational and work groups.

Psychologically, disability poses many problems for a person. Disability is a specific situation of development and state of the individual, usually accompanied by limitations in life activity in a wide variety of areas.

Disabled people from childhood are the most poorly protected category of disabled people, which has its own specifics, determined, depending on the time of onset of impairments and limitations in life activity, by the lack of the social experience that disabled people who become disabled after the age of eighteen have.

Personality formation in disabled children, especially those with musculoskeletal disorders, occurs in conditions of limited living space and communication, sometimes in complete dependence on outside help in self-care. Despite the fact that people with disabilities from childhood, as a rule, have a high internal sensitivity of worldviews and developed introspection, which provide the prerequisites for the development of creative abilities, it is much more difficult for them to realize their capabilities than other people with disabilities.

The absence of conditions under which abilities, determination, activity and resilience arise and develop affects the formation of skills of independence, adequate relationships with others, without which harmonious interaction of the external environment with the inner world of the individual is impossible.

Due to the recent increase in the number of disabled children, the problem of socio-psychological adaptation not only of a child suffering from one or another pathology, but also of the family in which he is being brought up, is of particular importance.

Social isolation, experienced by a significant proportion of families raising children with disabilities, aggravates the mental trauma caused by the child’s disability. This often entails the creation of an unhealthy emotional and psychological environment, contributing to the development of neurosis-like conditions, and in some severe cases, mental illness, both in children and parents.

In order to implement social adaptation, a medical and social examination annually develops an individual comprehensive program for the rehabilitation of a disabled child.

Individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person- this is a complex of optimal rehabilitation measures for a disabled person, developed on the basis of a decision of the authorized body that manages federal institutions, a medical and social examination, which includes certain types, forms, volumes, timing and procedures for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at recovery , compensation for impaired or lost body functions, restoration, compensation for the abilities of a disabled person to perform certain types of activities.

This means that the individual rehabilitation program must include all activities, technical and other means of rehabilitation and rehabilitation services necessary for a disabled person to lead a full, independent life.

The IPR map is divided into several parts. It begins with detailed individual information about the disabled person. This section, in addition to personal data, includes information:

- about educational level (general and professional);

- about professions and specialties, qualifications and work performed at the time of examination (if any exists or was);

- about the group of disability and the degree of limitation of the ability to work.

Based on objective data, an expert opinion is made and a rehabilitation program is formed.

The IPR map includes the following sections:

1) medical rehabilitation;

2) social rehabilitation;

3) vocational rehabilitation;

4) psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation (for children under 18 years of age).

Medical rehabilitation of disabled people carried out with the aim of restoring or compensating for lost or impaired functions of the human body.

Medical rehabilitation includes:

1. Rehabilitation therapy.

2. Reconstructive surgery.

3. Prosthetics and orthotics.

4. Providing technical means of medical rehabilitation.

5. Sanatorium-resort treatment of non-working disabled people.

In chapter " social rehabilitation" provided:

1. Information and consultation on rehabilitation issues,

2. Providing legal assistance,

3. Socio-psychological and socio-cultural patronage of a family with a disabled person,

4. Adaptive training for the implementation of household and social activities,

5. Technical means of rehabilitation for everyday and social activities,

6. Psychological rehabilitation,

7. Sociocultural rehabilitation,

8. Rehabilitation by means of physical culture and sports.

Professional rehabilitation of a disabled person is a process and system for restoring the competitiveness of a disabled person in the labor market.

The vocational rehabilitation program includes the following activities and services:

1. Recommendations on contraindications and available conditions and types of work,

2. Professional guidance.

3. Vocational training (retraining),

4. Assistance in employment,

5. Technical means of rehabilitation for vocational training (retraining) or work.

The psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation program for children under 18 years of age includes the following activities:

1. Receiving preschool education and training,

2. Obtaining general education,

3. Psychological and pedagogical correctional work,

4. Technical means of rehabilitation for training.

So, the IPR map includes several sections. The most important are the sections that include rehabilitation measures in medical, social professional and psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation. Each section consists of two parts. The first outlines the activities, services and technical means necessary for rehabilitation of a disabled person. The second part contains information about the performers, forms of rehabilitation, the timing of the program and the results of the rehabilitation carried out (or the reasons for non-fulfillment of the program).

The IPR map is developed based on the decision of the federal institution of medical and social examination. However, not all disabled people are assigned to local ITU regional offices. As a rule, visually impaired people are assigned to specialized eye bureaus of the ITU and must receive IPR there.

IPR is the main mechanism for the rehabilitation of a disabled person; it is designed to ensure that individual needs are taken into account and state support is targeted.

Conclusion

Thus, children with disabilities are the least socially and psychologically protected category among disabled people, which has its own characteristics due to the lack of the social experience that disabled people who become disabled in adulthood have. Despite the many medical, social, psychological and pedagogical problems facing children with disabilities, it is impossible to resolve them without changing negative attitudes towards people with disabilities in the public consciousness, as well as eliminating their discrimination in society.

During the study, it was possible to study the features of medical and social rehabilitation of children with disabilities, explore the features of the activities of a social worker with the category of disabled children, and study the individual rehabilitation program for a child with disabilities.

The problem of childhood disability is relevant all over the world. The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities, is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance. When there is a disabled child in a family, it can influence the creation of a more rigid environment necessary for family members to perform their functions.

Bibliography

1. Akatov L.I. Social rehabilitation of children with disabilities. Psychological foundations: Textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2007. - 368 p.

2. Martynenko A.V. Theory of medical and social work: textbook. - M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2006. - 160 p.

3. Nevleva I.M., Solovyova L.V. Theory of social work: Textbook. - Belgorod: Cooperative education, 2005. - 431 p.

4. Fundamentals of social work: Textbook for universities / Under. Ed. P.D. Pavlenok. - M.: INFRA-M, - 2005. - 393 p.

5. Theory of social work: Textbook / Under. ed. prof. E.I. Single. - M.: Yurist, 2008. - 334 p.

6. Theory and methodology of social work / Rep. ed. P.D. Pavlenok. M.: 2007.

7. Kholostova E.I., Dementieva N.F. Social rehabilitation: Textbook. - 4th ed. M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2006.

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Main aspects

There are several options for the rehabilitation of minor children:

Adaptation of the child to the conditions in which he was before receiving disability.
Carrying out readaptation in new conditions.
Application of therapeutic and preventive measures in a rehabilitation institution.

Treatment measures can be taken only after a doctor in the bureau of medical and social examination develops a rehabilitation program taking into account the individual characteristics of the child.

Basic terms

During the rehabilitation process in medical centers, some terms may be used, the meaning of which is often unknown to parents of disabled children:

Habilitation	The process of rehabilitation, during which the child develops and forms individual functional systems of the body, the full development of which is difficult due to the presence of certain health defects
Abnormal children	These are those children who have serious deviations in physical and mental development
Hyperactivity	General movement disorder and restlessness, as well as accompanying difficulty concentrating
Disabled person	A person who has a health impairment that is caused by some disease or previous injury
Limitation of life activities	A deviation in the development of a child from the norm that occurs due to health problems. As a result, the disabled person is not inclined to self-care, movement, communication and orientation

According to recent changes in legislation, maternity capital can be used for the rehabilitation of disabled children.

In particular, parents can purchase goods and services that the child needs to make his adaptation and integration into society, rehabilitation possible.

Main tasks of restoration

When restoring health, technical means of rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy are used.

When carrying out special treatment and rehabilitation measures, the following objectives are pursued:

Identifying the child’s potential and unleashing it.
Exercising dynamic control over the development of a minor.
Determining the degree of need for certain therapeutic measures and procedures.
Drawing up a rehabilitation program and following doctor’s orders.

There are some principles for the rehabilitation of children with disabilities:

the state guarantees that the rights of persons with disabilities are fully protected;
the interests of disabled children take priority;
rehabilitation programs are available to everyone who needs them;
medical intervention is most appropriate at an early stage of the disease, when it is possible to prevent the development of serious health consequences;
there are many different forms of rehabilitation;
The activities of services providing medical and social assistance to disabled children are coordinated by the state.

An important task is to prepare disabled children for life in society, subsequent work activity and socialization.

Normative base

The protection of the rights and interests of people with disabilities is carried out by the state at the highest level, especially when it comes to children with disabilities.

Some regulations have been issued that are observed by organizations that interact in one way or another with persons with health problems:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Convection on the rights of the child.
Federal Law No. 419 on the social protection of disabled people, in accordance with which the concepts of rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people are established, the need to provide assistance to this category of citizens is established. In accordance with this law, an individual rehabilitation program for persons with disabilities is being developed.
Federal Law No. 166 establishes the basic rules for the assignment and payment of social pensions.

Those disabled children who permanently reside in Russia have the right to such assistance.

According to the law, disabled children have the right to free sanitary and resort treatment. Travel and accommodation are also paid for one accompanying person.

In accordance with the Federal Law on the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, they should be provided with opportunities for social adaptation, sports, assistance in training and preparation for subsequent employment.

What you need to know

Restoring children's health is not an easy task. You need to approach it with full responsibility. Developing a program is only the first step on the road to recovery.

With the help of rehabilitation, the child’s recovery process can be accelerated or the process of adaptation to new, unusual social conditions can be launched.

Photo: statistics on the number of disabled children

Through rehabilitation, various complications can be prevented. In some cases, it is possible to return a person to an active life and prepare him for future work.

Specifics of work (methods and technology)

There are several methods and technologies that are used by medical workers for the rehabilitation of disabled children. Thus, projects are being developed for sociocultural adaptation.

Basic methods for social and everyday adaptation of persons with disabilities:

consultations for parents of disabled people;
conducting adaptation training activities;
assistance in teaching the child social skills;
adaptation of housing where a disabled child lives to his needs;
organization of the educational process, leisure;
therapeutic physical education, sports activities.

There are several methods of social rehabilitation:

Social diagnostics.
Therapy.
Preventive actions.
Psychosocial assistance.

Based on the diagnosis, a psychological and pedagogical plan is drawn up, which should be used not only in treatment, but also in teaching a child with a disability.

Social therapy is carried out, the main task of which is to solve the child’s social problems, correct behavior in society, and help in self-affirmation.

Individual rehabilitation program for a disabled child

IPR is a kind of medical record project, developed by specialists in the bureau of medical and social examination. The format of the document was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health.

The document format for an individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person is possible.

It includes the following sections:

Personal information about a person with a disability.
The level of education. The institution where the child is studying is indicated.
Disability group.
Existing restrictions.
Medical rehabilitation program.
Social project recovery.
The project of psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation of a child under 18 years old.

The most important section is medical rehabilitation. The main task of medical workers is to restore or maintain the health of a child with a disability.

The program makes a note about which type of treatment was chosen:

general, rehabilitation therapy;
surgery;
prosthetics;
restoration with the help of technical means for rehabilitation;
Spa treatment.

In accordance with the IPR, a disabled person is provided with assistance in selecting an educational institution, providing technical means, and conducting psychological, pedagogical and correctional work with the child.

Modern approaches to the problem

In modern society, the following measures are being taken to rehabilitate people with disabilities:

Medical.
Socio-economic.
Professional.
Pedagogical.
Psychological.

The main task is to prepare the child for adult life, to carry out work activities, and socialization.

The number of disabled people is increasing, just as the state's expenses for their maintenance are increasing. The problem of rehabilitation is reflected in many modern legislative acts, as well as in UN documents.

Much attention is paid to the development of a unified system for the rehabilitation and adaptation of citizens with health problems.

Difficulties of socio-psychological recovery

A child who has been assigned a disability group, in addition to the usual problems that are characteristic of any citizen, also has certain needs.

Failure to comply with them may cause a person to be unable to adapt to society and to feel defective and inferior. With such an attitude, a child will not be able to develop as a full-fledged personality.

The difficulty lies not only in choosing the right rehabilitation program, but also in implementing it. The child needs to be prepared for the fact that he must subsequently become a full-fledged citizen and carry out work activities.

Practical problem solving

The state, in order to provide people with disabilities with a decent life and help solve existing problems, takes the following actions:

The size of social pensions and benefits is increasing.
Motivational programs are being conducted for employers for whom hiring a disabled person can be very profitable.
A whole system of payment of compensation for payment for housing and communal services is provided.

At any time, a disabled person can get advice on any issues that arise by calling the social assistance service.

Special centers

A disabled child and his parents can receive medical and social assistance by contacting a specialized center.

A large number of them were opened in large cities of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, but they are also available in sparsely populated areas.

Such specialized institutions include correctional kindergartens and secondary schools, rehabilitation centers.

Photo: dynamics of disabled children living in Russia

Disability implies that its owner has been diagnosed with chronic health problems, that is, there is an injury or a complex disease. Moreover, these conditions limit human life and social activity. As for disabled children, they are usually unable to control their reactions and behavior due to serious mental, neuropsychiatric and/or physical abnormalities. Self-care and communication with peers is also difficult for them, and training and further work are sometimes even impossible. Taking all this into account, the state is creating various opportunities for the rehabilitation of children with disabilities. Next we will cover the topic in more detail.

Understanding and directions of rehabilitation of disabled children

According to experts, more than 600,000 minors with the status in question are registered in the Russian Federation. At the same time, the figure increases every year due to the ill health of young parents, social and domestic problems, poor environmental conditions and other reasons. Therefore, to ensure conditions in which disabled children can live as fully as possible, taking into account their characteristics and limitations, a rehabilitation system has been created.

Rehabilitation, in fact, is a set of measures designed to help injured or sick citizens with disabilities so that they have the opportunity to study, be busy at work, live normally and fully participate in the life of society. Conventionally, rehabilitation is divided into:

Medical - here we are talking about measures that should reduce the impact of the pathology that causes disability on the body;

Physical - implies correction, restoration or compensation of lost physical. the body's capabilities through adaptive and therapeutic exercise;

Psychological - consists of a set of special measures with the help of which a psychological environment is created so that a disabled person can live comfortably in society and in general;

Social - an element of psychological orientation that promotes the independence of a person with disabilities and his adaptation in social terms;

Professional - in this case we mean providing people with disabilities with a competitive education and developing professional skills. activities for employment.

The listed actions for a disabled child can be fully implemented only on the basis of an individual rehabilitation program (IRP) and a plan with all current directions in them. IPR is issued based on the results of a medical and social examination.

The standard program (since 2005) contains information about a disabled child, the disease diagnosed in him, the established degree of restrictions and the disability group. It also spells out the types and volumes, the procedure and terms for the implementation of rehabilitation measures of a medical, physical, psychological and pedagogical orientation.

In the latter case it is meant:

Receiving preschool and school education for a disabled child;

Psychological and pedagogical work with the aim of correcting relevant violations;

Providing the necessary material and resource equipment for training.

Family patronage and, if required, counseling parents on the adaptation of a sick child (and not only), the provision of psychological support;

Laws of the Russian Federation on the rehabilitation of disabled children

Today in the social state. In politics, the topic of adaptation and comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled children occupies one of the priority places. This is largely due to integration into the world community, where respect for the freedoms and rights of people with disabilities has long been a sign of a civilized society and the norm. In addition, we should not forget about the increasing number of sick children.

In any case, in the Russian Federation, rehabilitation measures are carried out based on the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the UN Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The indicated documents document the right of disabled people under the age of majority to economic and social

ensuring satisfactory living conditions. They are guaranteed psychological and medical support, opportunities to study, demonstrate their abilities and prepare for work.

Plus, the rehabilitation and social protection of children with disabilities are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Laws “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”, “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child”, “On Education”, “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”. Additionally, the topic under consideration is regulated by special decrees of the President of the country and federal target programs created to provide social assistance to persons with disabilities and improve their living conditions.

Social rehabilitation of disabled children

So that a child with a disability has an understanding of society, its values, culture, accepted norms of behavior, develops in general, receives an education, is brought up correctly, knows how to interact with others, and a set of measures for social rehabilitation is developed. Thanks to various activities, children with disabilities should also become more independent, master everyday orientation and self-care.

And since disabled children are mostly isolated from their peers, cannot or have great difficulty visiting sites of historical and cultural heritage, the main task of social rehabilitation becomes the organization of an environment and space where the child will be able to develop and demonstrate the inherent skills and be involved in communication with others children, with the world around them.

It should be taken into account that not only the medical direction should be actively developed in the rehabilitation of disabled minors. Of course, treatment of diseases and their prevention are vital, but this should not contribute to the separation of children with disabilities into separate schools based on health problems. Although for many years there has been a practice of placing disabled people not only in special schools, but also in closed medical institutions, sanatoriums, etc., today, with the help of social rehabilitation, they strive to integrate special children into the same space with healthy ones in order to overcome rejection, fear, complexes and help unlock their potential.

For more successful integration of people with disabilities, attention is paid to:

Facilitating and improving their living conditions through the use of household appliances and technical means;

Creating special conditions for practical interaction in society;

Restoration and development of physical opportunities;

Realization of their creative abilities;

Organizing space and leisure to make it comfortable to visit museums, cultural events, development centers, etc.;

Psychological support, relevant both for disabled children and their parents and relatives.

The types of activities considered are designed to help a child with a disability and his loved ones integrate into the public environment and become part of it.

Rehabilitation of disabled children at home

If parents want their child to undergo rehabilitation at home, the first step is to consult with the attending physician. Consultations with a psychoneurologist and teacher will not be superfluous. Honey. specialists and teachers must examine the condition of a disabled person, as well as assess his physical and intellectual capabilities, record the degree of limitations and development of motor skills.

As a result, an individual program of lessons is formed, and at the initial stage it is permissible to complete most of the tasks together with the usual tasks of caring for the child. For example, in the process of daily care, it is possible to develop self-care and independence skills in disabled children, while simultaneously promoting their physical development.

It is important that home-based activities please the child and at the same time be successful. To achieve these goals, experts advise adhering to the following principles::

Give small tasks;

Develop intact functions through a set of exercises;

Alternate activities, avoiding monotony and monotony;

Intersperse new tasks with simple and mastered ones, so that after making efforts the child can relax a little;

Evaluate the achieved results positively, encouraging the child and, if necessary, providing support (if he cannot do something on his own);

Adhere to the plan adjusted by the teacher, drawn up for at least two weeks.

With all the advantages of home rehabilitation, parents should prepare for the whims of a disabled child, his reluctance to complete tasks and other possible difficulties.

Rehabilitation centers for disabled children

Restorative measures as a whole, that is, in the required areas, are implemented in special rehabilitation centers. They have all the conditions for the social, pedagogical, physical and medical rehabilitation of a child with disabilities.

It also provides psychological assistance to family members of a minor with disabilities. For example, parents are consulted, taught parenting methods, introduced into a circle of support and communication with similar people

The key objectives of the center are the comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled children, their social adaptation of children, the creation of a suitable environment and a favorable climate (in the family, between children). In rehabilitation centers, qualified specialists get down to business, from doctors to trainers. This guarantees the implementation of individual ways of working with each child with a disability.

Plus, cultural, educational, cultural, sports and other events are held in such centers, taking into account the characteristics of students. Often, parents and healthy children are invited to participate, which allows everyone involved in the process to gain a unique communication experience and more.