Sulfur liver. Patination and oxidation of metals

• 1 Indications for use
• 2 How to properly prepare for a cholesterol test?
• 3 Types of cholesterol tests
  • 3.1 Complete blood test to determine cholesterol
  • 3.2 How to take a biochemical blood test?
    • 3.2.1 Biochemical studies
    • 3.2.2 Colorimetric methods (Ilk method)
    • 3.2.3 Enzymatic method
    • 3.2.4 Alternative methods
• 4 Express analysis
• 5 What is a lipid profile?
• 6 Decoding the result and norm
  • 6.1 What is the atherogenic index?

Few people know that total cholesterol is an important component that ensures the proper functioning of the body. Medicine has determined the norms for its content in the blood, so doctors recommend monitoring indicators so that cholesterol levels are not low or, conversely,. General and biochemical blood tests are often used as the most accurate procedures that are carried out in every clinic. Cholesterol levels are determined using research methods, with preference given to enzymatic methods. In addition, you can purchase a special test system at the pharmacy to conduct a rapid laboratory analysis without leaving your home.

Controlling blood cholesterol levels is a simple but important procedure, even for healthy people who do not have diabetes.

Indications for use

Note that the cholesterol level is not constant, and the older a person gets, the higher the level rises. Don't be afraid and limit yourself in consuming good cholesterol. Even if the substance does not enter the body with food, it will provide for itself. And the liver will help with this.

From the age of 20, doctors advise taking tests at least once every 5 years to monitor blood cholesterol levels. This analysis is included in the list of tests during preventive medical examinations. In addition to prevention, doctors use the study in the following cases:

A cholesterol test is required if you suspect heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, etc.

• to assess the likelihood of cardiac disorders: stroke, heart attack, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis;
• when diagnosing kidney and liver diseases;
• with endocrine abnormalities (diabetes mellitus);
• during dispensary examinations;
• to diagnose dyslipidemia (lipid metabolism disorder).

To determine the current cholesterol level, you will need to donate blood from a vein, which will subsequently be subject to laboratory testing. There are 2 types of blood tests: general and biochemical. In addition to cholesterol, they determine how much protein, glucose and other substances are in the body.

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How to properly prepare for a cholesterol test?

The doctor always draws the patient’s attention to the rules for taking the test. If the patient does not prepare the day before, the result will be unreliable and the procedure will have to be repeated. In order not to spoil the analysis, it is better to familiarize yourself with the rules:

• It is not advisable to eat food 12 hours before visiting the laboratory; you need to donate blood on an empty stomach.
• Preparation includes the absence of fatty foods and alcoholic beverages from the diet for at least 2 days. This provokes a temporary increase in the level of the substance. You are allowed to drink clean water, but it is better not to drink tea or coffee for 6 hours.
• You will have to be patient and not smoke for at least an hour before the test.
• Bring yourself to a state of calm if before this the person was running or walking at an accelerated pace.
• It is better to have a blood test before x-rays, rectal examinations or physical therapy procedures.
• It is important to remember that there are a number of drugs that help raise cholesterol. The doctor must be informed about the appointment. These drugs include diuretics, antibiotics, and vitamins.

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Types of cholesterol tests

Complete blood test to determine cholesterol

A general analysis helps diagnose atherosclerosis and the risk of coronary artery disease. Testing blood for cholesterol in adults shows how much total cholesterol is contained in venous blood. This technique is the most common, and the material is taken from a finger or from a vein. The analysis is carried out exclusively in the laboratory. Indications for use may include endocrine system abnormalities, renal dysfunction, liver dysfunction, and treatment monitoring.

It was previously mentioned that there is an increase in the level of the substance depending on age. In addition to age characteristics, there is a difference related to gender. The difference shows that in middle-aged men the lipid index is increased, while in women the increase is observed only after 50.

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How to take a biochemical blood test?

In addition to general analysis, the biochemical method is no less common, from which a detailed report on the state of the body is obtained. Biochemical analysis allows you to detect possible deviations in the internal mechanism, the presence of an infection inside or a lack of any substances. During a biochemical examination, many indicators are assessed (glucose, protein, bilirubin, potassium, creatinine and others). Decoding the results that biochemistry gives:

• increased protein in the blood is a sign that there is an infection in the body or that arthritis, rheumatism or even oncology are developing;
• A deviation from normal glucose levels indicates the presence of an endocrine disease.
• with elevated lipase levels, pancreatitis is possible;
• decreased haptoglobin - disruption of the liver and spleen;
• High cholesterol is the main indicator of the development of atherosclerosis.

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Biochemical studies

It is worth noting that a biochemical blood test for cholesterol includes the study of blood serum using certain methods:

• colorimetric (150 types, which are based on color reaction);
• the nephelometric method compares the “turbidity” of two solutions: standard and test;
• fluorimetric (determines the amount of a substance in the blood serum);
• titrimetric and gravimetric;
• gas chromatic and chromatographic studies;

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Colorimetric methods (Ilk method)

The Ilka method for testing blood for cholesterol is simple and does not require special preparation.

Colorimetric methods are named because of the process of performing the analysis using color reactions. For example, the Biol-Croft reaction involves the addition of potassium persulfate, acetic acid and sulfuric acid, which causes a red color. And the Liebermann-Burkhard reaction oxidizes cholesterol so much that it produces an emerald-colored acid.

The Ilk colorimetric method is considered the most common and effective. To perform this, take the following reagents:

• glacial acetic acid;
• sulfuric acid;
• ethanol;
• acetic anhydride;
• special acid mixture: 10 ml of glacial acetic acid is mixed with anhydride and, while mixing, 10 ml of sulfuric acid is added (the liquid should turn out colorless);
• calibration solution, which includes exactly 232 ml of cholesterol, 3 ml of chloroform and 100 ml of ethyl alcohol.

The principle is based on the Liebermann-Burkhard reaction: when acetic anhydride reacts with an oxidized medium, water molecules are split off from cholesterol, which leads to the formation of a chemical acid colored greenish or blue. This method is relatively easy to use, does not require preparation, but has disadvantages: it causes toxicity and corrosion in modern analyzers, which is why laboratory technicians prefer to use enzymatic methods for determining the substance.

The enzymatic method of analysis gives good results, but the procedure takes place in several stages. Return to contents

Enzymatic method

This technique includes the use of enzymes (cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase) and takes place in 3 stages:

• enzymatic breakdown of cholesterol esters under the influence of water;
• oxidation of a substance with oxygen to form cholesterol and hydrogen peroxide;
• the process occurs in one test tube.

OXIDATION OF THE SURFACE OF METAL ELEMENTS
AGING OF COPPER, SILVER, BRONZE OR BRASS WITH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
LIVER SULFUR

Sulfur liver (Liver of sulfur / Liver of sulfur) - potassium polysulfide or sodium polysulfide.

Copper and silver are well patinated with an aqueous solution of sulfur liver, gradually acquiring a thick black color, while bronze and brass have faint shades.

Sintering of the patinated composition over a fire gave it the name “liver” in the old days - from the word “furnace”, “to sinter”.

Patina- film (plaque).
Patina comes in two types: natural and artificial.

Natural patinaA- this is a thin, but quite dense and durable oxide film that forms on the surface of decorative elements under natural conditions (under the influence of the environment).

Natural patina is often considered noble and, as a rule, they try to protect it.

Artificial patina- a coating formed on the surface of decorative elements after applying various mastics, solutions and other compositions intended for this purpose to their surface.

Oxidation- creation of an oxide film on the surface of a decorative element as a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation is used, among other things, to obtain a beautiful decorative coating.

To oxidize copper, silver, bronze or brass you will need :

The object itself, the surface of which will be treated with a solution of sulfur liver;

Liver sulfur (working concentration - 10 g of liver sulfur per 1 liter of water, however, by changing the concentration,
solution temperature or exposure time, a wide range of patina colors can be obtained on copper and silver -
reddish brown and purple to black);

Glass or plastic container;

Patination is the artificial aging of materials to give them an exquisite decorative and antique look. We would like to offer you a recipe for liver sulfur solution for patination of products.

You will need:

• feed sulfur
• baking soda
• heating container
• spoon
• dark glass container

Sulfur can be bought at any pet store, it costs about 30 rubles. Use an iron mug for heating and an aluminum spoon for stirring. You will also need a dark glass container for the finished solution (preferably with a large neck, so that some products can be immersed immediately). Prepare in a well-ventilated area with an exhaust hood. Remember that the rate of oxidation of the product depends on the concentration, temperature and time of exposure of the product in the solution. Some stones are sensitive to sulfur liver (malachite, turquoise, etc.), in such cases the solution must be carefully applied with a brush to a heated product. The prepared solution can be stored in the refrigerator for more than a month. Don't forget to sign!

(1-8)
So, let's start preparing sulfur liver. Pour 1 part sulfur and 1 part baking soda into a cooking container. Mix thoroughly and get rid of lumps. Then heat the mixture over low heat, stirring it with a spoon ( If heated quickly, the sulfur may ignite!). Bring to a bright yellow, slightly brownish color. Add warm water and stir. Carefully pour the solution into a dark glass container.

To reuse the solution, heat it in a water bath. Place the product in the container and wait for the color you want. Then rinse under running water, wipe with a cloth and polish with a metal sponge.

The finished embossed composition can be left in the natural metallic color of the original plaque, but it can also be “aged”, darkened, chemically treated, followed by grinding, polishing, and, if necessary, varnishing.

Before patination, the product can be treated not with acid, but by thoroughly brushing (cleaning) the relief with a metal brush made of steel wire.

Chemical processing of copper

To change the color of this reddish metal, patination with sulfur liver and ammonium sulfide or oxidation with nitric acid is most often used.

Patination with sulfur liver

The composition of sulfur liver includes potash and sulfur. Sulfur is flammable, so it requires careful handling. Its vapors with air form explosive mixtures. Sulfur should be stored in a dry place, isolated from oxidizing agents (sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, berthollet salt). Doses of potash and sulfur may vary. Most often, 1 part sulfur is mixed with 2 parts potash. Sprinkled together, both powdered substances are thoroughly mixed, placed in a metal vessel with a handle and set to heat. It is recommended to stir the contents of the vessel. Fusion of the reagents occurs within 15-25 minutes. The reaction produces a dark mass of liver sulfur. High temperatures cause sulfur to smolder with a blue-green fire. This should not be a cause for concern, as the patination properties of the liver of sulfur will remain. The finished hot mass is poured with water, in which the resulting melt dissolves. The water takes on an intense black color.

Pre-treated copper products are dipped into a hot aqueous solution of liver sulfur. If the leaf is large and does not fit into the vessel, it is watered on top with a solution or lubricated with a soft brush.

Copper turns black very quickly. From the interaction of sulfur ions with metal, copper sulfide is formed. It is a black salt, insoluble in water and dilute acids.

The reaction proceeds faster and the patination will be better if the plate is preheated. (You should use an electric stove rather than an open fire.) Then the plate is washed in warm running water and the convex areas are lightly wiped with pumice powder. The color is black in recesses, greyish on inclined surfaces, and shiny red copper on protrusions. An antique imitation is created. Pumice powder can be replaced with powders used for cleaning dishes (Pemoxol, Chistol, etc.). You can also use abrasive powder from an emery wheel. You need to drop a drop of oil (machine, household, vegetable, etc.) onto a cloth, dip it into the powder and wipe the protuberances of the embossing. It is convenient to use a large eraser - wrap it in a cloth and apply oil to a wide surface so that the powder sticks. In this case, when wiping the relief, only the raised areas are highlighted, since the eraser does not touch the background recesses.

An aqueous solution of liver sulfur can affect both silver products and products silver-plated by galvanic means. They are also covered with a black coating.

It is recommended to use liver sulfur solution within 24 hours. Sulfur liver can be prepared for future use and consumed in small doses. The melt of sulfur and potash is poured onto a non-hot surface, cooled, and then broken into pieces and stored in a vessel with a ground stopper. Prepare a liver solution at the rate of 5-20 g of powder per liter of water.

Patination with ammonium sulphide

Blackening of the metal is observed when copper is patinated with ammonium sulfide. 20 g of ammonium sulfide is diluted in a liter of water. The product is dipped into the resulting solution or poured on top and wiped with a brush. The work is carried out in a fume hood. Sulfur ions present in an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfide interact with copper ions. Black copper sulfide is formed.

The intensity of the patina on the metal can be of different shades - from light brown to black. Adjust the color by changing the heating temperature of the plate before patination. If you need to clean the product to the natural color of the metal, do this: dip it in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric (10-15%) acids. Sulfuric acid is added to nitric acid to increase the concentration, since it has the property of attracting moisture. When concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids are mixed, a reaction occurs that releases a large amount of heat, and thick-walled vessels may burst, so you should use only thin-walled chemical containers. When a copper plate is dipped into a mixture of acids, the patination film instantly falls off and the black color disappears. The following precautions should be observed when working with concentrated acids:

a) pour them through a funnel under the draft;

b) when diluting concentrated acids, pour the acid in portions into water and mix lightly.

Nitric and sulfuric acids are particularly dangerous substances. They cause severe burns. It is recommended to store acids in glass containers away from flammable materials. Children are allowed to work with them only under supervision. If safety regulations are followed, working with chemicals does not pose a threat. Injury cases mostly involve violations of these rules.

If drops of concentrated acid do get on exposed areas of the body, you need to quickly wash the burned area with plenty of water (put it under the tap), and then wipe it with a 3% solution of soda or a 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda.

Oxidation of copper with nitric acid

This method is simple and reliable, but requires caution, since the work is carried out with concentrated acid. Using a piece of cotton wool tied to a wooden stick or clamped with tweezers, a layer of concentrated nitric acid is applied to the surface and the plate is heated. As the temperature rises, the color of the surface changes from greenish-blue to black. The metal relief is covered with a uniform blackness. The cooled product is washed under the tap, and then the convex elements of the composition are highlighted for greater expressiveness. To do this, a piece of felt or thick wool is moistened in gasoline, rubbed with GOI paste and pressed several times along the front side of the metal product. Then wipe dry with cloth. It should be remembered that copper salts are poisonous even if the dust is inhaled. Therefore, after work, you need to wash your hands thoroughly.

Patination and oxidation of brass

Brass has a very wide range of shades obtained by chemical processing: yellow, orange, red, blue, violet, indigo, black. Moreover, a variety of colors can be achieved on the surface of one plaque.

In addition to intense, bright, chromatic brass can be patinated in achromatic, light or dark gray and black tones.

Patination with sodium trisulfate and nitric acid

0.5 liters of hot water is poured into an enamel, plastic or nylon bowl and 20-30 g of sodium trisulfate, better known as hyposulfite (fixer for photographic film), is poured into it. If you add a little (about two thimbles) of some acid, such as nitric acid, to this solution, the smell of sulfur dioxide appears and after a while the clear liquid becomes cloudy yellow with a slight green tint from the released sulfur. The duration of the patination solution is very short, only 15 minutes. Brass is dipped into the solution and the surface is observed to darken. A plate preheated in a stream of hot water and dipped into the solution quickly darkens, acquiring grayish-blue or brownish-violet shades, replacing one another.

The patinated plate is removed with tweezers or hands wearing rubber gloves, and, after washing in hot water, the entire plane of the metal is wiped with a brush and sand, as if applying a chemical primer to the background. The plate is then dipped back into the solution to obtain the final color. Observe changes in the color of the plate, slightly tilting the vessel so that metal can be seen from time to time from the opaque solution.

When the desired color is achieved, the product is removed, washed in hot water and, taking pumice powder on wet fingers, very carefully (the film is very fragile) wipe the convex areas, exposing clean metal. Pumice easily removes patina from a wet plate. Wash off the pumice powder with water.
After drying in sawdust, the product seems to be dusted with a cloudy coating. To return the metallic shine to the coinage, it is wiped with sewing oil or coated with colorless varnish. You shouldn't get carried away with varnish. It is not applied to add shine to the embossed relief, but only to lightly fix weak patina coatings.

Patination with a mixture of solutions of sodium triosulfate and lead acetate or lead nitrate
This patination method allows you to get all the rainbow shades on the surface of a brass product: yellow, orange, crimson, purple, blue.

Patination proceeds as follows. 130-150 g of sodium trisulfate are dissolved in one liter of hot water. In another vessel, 35-40 g of lead acetate or lead nitrate are dissolved in the same amount of water. Both solutions are poured into one container. The solution is heated to 80-90°C and a bleached, etched in nitric acid and well washed brass plate is lowered into it. On the surface of the metal, shades quickly change: yellow turns into orange, which in turn gives way to red-crimson, then purple. Then the plate gradually turns blue, twitches with a grayish coating, turns black, and the reaction stops. All of the colors listed appear continuously. The lifetime of each of them is short. Therefore, as soon as the desired color appears on the plate, it should be immediately removed, washed and dried.

If the product is removed from the solution, washed, and then dipped some area back into the solution, then taken out again, washed and dipped again in the patination mixture, you will get interesting rainbow colors with relatively sharp transition lines. If the product is removed from the solution gradually, the colors will gently transition into each other. You need to know these methods in order to achieve the intended effect.

Change in color of brass under the influence of antimony chloride

Not everyone likes bright colors on metal, and they are not always appropriate. Sometimes the metal just needs to be blackened. For this purpose, minting masters quite widely use antimony chloride. It is applied with a brush to the finished plate and rubbed with a brush or stiff brush. Work with rubber gloves. The plate is painted in a black velvety color. Depending on the concentration of the solution and the duration of treatment, colors from light gray to velvety black are obtained. When the desired color is obtained, the plate is washed well and dried. The film should not be sealed with varnish.

Oxidation with nitric acid

Coated with a layer of acid, the brass plate turns bluish-green as it heats up, as copper nitrate is formed. With a further increase in temperature, copper nitrate decomposes. A black coating appears on the coinage. The product is cooled, thoroughly washed and dried. The oxide film is firmly and securely bonded to the metal.

Depending on the design, the creator of the coinage can stop the reaction at any stage. To maintain the desired shade, it is enough to interrupt the heating and quickly and thoroughly rinse and dry the plate.

Highlight the convex areas in the same way as on copper, i.e. rub them with GOI paste, after moistening a piece of felt with gasoline. The safety rules are the same.

An interesting and practically easy to perform method is the long-known method of silvering copper and its alloys (including brass) with a used fixer, but with a subsequent change in the silver color with a solution of sulfur liver. The tinting process in this way is carried out as follows:

the finished brass coinage is clarified in the usual way (in a weak solution of sulfuric acid) and washed in running water;

a paste is made from chalk, ground into powder, and used photographic fixative; add a few drops of ammonia to it;

Using a bristle brush (if the relief is high with deep and narrow areas of the background) or a clean cloth, thoroughly rub the surface of the embossing with the paste; the product acquires a silver color;

under running water, wash off the remaining chalk from the coinage and immerse it in a solution of sulfur liver; the product darkens (with slight color tints), taking on the appearance of old silver;

After washing and drying, the patination operations are completed.

Patination and oxidation of metals

OXIDATION OF THE SURFACE OF METAL ELEMENTS AGING OF COPPER, SILVER, BRONZE OR BRASS WITH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION LIVER SULFUR Sulfur liver (Liver of sulfur / Liver of sulfur) - potassium polysulfide or sodium polysulfide. Copper and silver are well patinated with an aqueous solution of sulfur liver, gradually acquiring a thick black color, while bronze and brass have faint shades. Sintering of the patinated composition over a fire gave it the name “liver” in the old days - from the word “furnace”, “to sinter”. Patina- film (plaque). Patina comes in two types: natural and artificial. Natural patinaA- this is a thin, but quite dense and durable oxide film that forms on the surface of decorative elements under natural conditions (under the influence of the environment). Natural patina is often considered noble and, as a rule, they try to protect it. Artificial patina- a coating formed on the surface of decorative elements after applying various mastics, solutions and other compositions intended for this purpose to their surface. Oxidation- creation of an oxide film on the surface of a decorative element as a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation is used, among other things, to obtain a beautiful decorative coating. To oxidize copper, silver, bronze or brass you will need: - the object itself, the surface of which will be treated with a solution of sulfur liver (here, for example, a copper-plated sheet); - a pinch of liver sulfur; - glass or plastic container; - brush.

Dissolve the powder in water.
The presence of sediment at the bottom is quite acceptable and does not affect the result of oxidation.

Apply the compound to the copper piece with a brush.

Do not allow the blackening compound to come into contact with the surface of natural stones and pearls.
This can lead to changes in the structure of the stone.

In no more than a minute, copper and silver are covered with a brownish-violet oxide film.
When the composition is reapplied, the copper surface darkens, even black.

Let's take a break from the process :)
This is how the oxide film turns out if the liver sulfur solution was too weak:

Let's continue... :)
Sand the part in places where the artistic intent requires it.

The scroll on the right is oxidized with sulfur liver and sanded with a Dremel.

Features of storage of the composition:

Composition in granules
Storage conditions: dry and protected from direct sunlight
in a tightly closed container at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees. WITH.
Shelf life and use: more than 1 year.

Ready aqueous solution
Storage conditions: in a tightly closed container in a cool place (for example, in the refrigerator).
Shelf life and use: no more than 1-2 days.

Natural method

1. Boil 2-4 eggs in boiling water for 15 minutes.

2. Remove the boiled eggs from the water and place on a cutting board. Using a spoon, mash the eggs and shells together.

3. Place the crushed eggs in a plastic zip-top bag. The bag must be large enough to contain the product. Alternatively, use a large, airtight container.

4. Place the copper item in a plastic bag and seal it. If you place more than one item in a bag, make sure they are not touching each other so that they oxidize on all sides. Egg yolks are a must because they contain large amounts of sulfur, which oxidizes copper.

5. 20 minutes later, remove the copper item from the bag using metal tongs. You will notice that the surface of the copper has darkened. If you want a darker patina, leave the piece in the bag overnight.

6. Remove the product from the bag and rinse with slightly warm water to wash off the egg.

PATINATION and OXIDATION of copper

To change the color of a reddish metal, they most often use PATINATED liver sulfur and ammonium sulphide or BY OXIDATION nitric acid.

PATINATION sulfur liver

The composition of sulfur liver includes potash and sulfur. Sulfur is flammable and therefore requires careful handling. Its vapors with air form explosive mixtures. Sulfur should be stored in a dry place, isolated from oxidizing agents (sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, berthollet salt). Doses of potash and sulfur may vary. Most often, 1 part sulfur is mixed with 2 parts potash. Sprinkled together, both powdered substances are thoroughly mixed, placed in a metal vessel with a handle and set to heat. It is recommended to stir the contents of the vessel. Fusion of the reagents occurs within 15-25 minutes. The reaction produces a dark mass of liver sulfur. High temperatures cause sulfur to smolder with a blue-green fire. This shouldn't be a cause for concern since patination the properties of sulfur liver will be preserved. The finished hot mass is poured with water, in which the resulting melt dissolves. The water takes on an intense black color.

Pre-treated copper products are dipped into a hot aqueous solution of liver sulfur. If the leaf is large and does not fit into the vessel, it is watered on top with a solution or lubricated with a soft brush.

Copper turns black very quickly. From the interaction of sulfur ions with metal, copper sulfide is formed. This salt is black in color and insoluble in water and dilute acids.

The reaction is faster and PATINATION It will be of better quality if the plate is preheated. In this case, you should not use an open fire, but an electric stove. Then the plate is washed in warm running water and the convex areas are lightly wiped with pumice powder. The color is black in recesses, greyish on inclined surfaces, and shiny red copper on protrusions. An antique imitation is created.

An aqueous solution of liver sulfur can also affect items made of silver or galvanically plated with silver. They are also covered with a black coating.

Oxidation and patination of copper, brass and bronze.

Some chemical reactions lead to the formation of oxides and oxides, i.e., oxygen compounds, on the surface of metals. This process is called oxidation.

Often, chemical elements, interacting with a metal or alloy, contribute to the appearance of sulfur or chloride compounds. The process of forming such compounds is called patination.

If you dip a metal product into the prepared solution, it literally changes color before your eyes. A sparkling metal product takes on the appearance of an antique product in a few seconds.

Most chemical compounds that are used for patination and oxidation of metals are toxic and dangerous to humans. Therefore, they need to be stored in vessels with ground-in stoppers, and all work involving the release of toxic and flammable vapors and gases should be carried out in a fume hood. The cabinet doors should be slightly open.

Before changing the color of the metal, it is necessary to carry out some preparatory operations. The item is cleaned and degreased, washed well and dried in sawdust. Metal art objects and coins should never be wiped with a towel. A towel wipes off fragile patina films that are not secured with varnish; moisture remains in the deep reliefs; the fabric gets caught on high protrusions and can bend them. Sawdust quickly and evenly draws water away from the metal surface.

Patina from gray to black

Preparation of sulfur liver:
To prepare sulfur liver, you need to mix one part of powdered sulfur with two parts of potash in a tin can and put on fire. After a few minutes, the powder will melt, darken and begin to sinter, gradually acquiring a dark brown color. (By the way, the sintering of the patination mass gave the name “liver” in the old days - from the words “oven”, “sinter”.)
During sintering, sulfur vapor may ignite with a weak blue-green flame. Do not knock down the flame - it will not deteriorate the quality of the sulfur liver. After about 15 minutes, stop sintering. For long-term storage, crush the sulfur liver into powder and place it in a glass jar with a tight lid.

Method No. 1
Applies to:
Copper, sterling silver, and bronze or brass (light shade). Does not work on nickel silver.
Colors:
On copper and silver there is a range of shades from purple/blue (difficult to obtain) to brown-gray, gray, black. On brass and bronze - only soft golden.

A durable and beautiful patina forms on the surface of copper treated in an aqueous solution of liver sulfur.

When making a solution in 1 liter of water, add 10-20 g of liver sulfur powder. The patina obtained on metal with a solution of sulfur liver is durable and beautiful, deep black in color. But such intense coloring is not always necessary. Sometimes, to give a copper piece an antique look, it is enough to apply a light gray patina. Pour 2-3 g of table salt and 2-3 g of sulfur liver into a liter of water. Dip a copper plate into the solution. After the required gray color appears, rinse the plate with clean water and dry.

Method No. 2
To blacken a copper item, prepare a saturated solution of copper sulfate, add ammonia to it until the mixture takes on a bright transparent blue color. The copper item being processed is dipped into this solution for a few minutes, then removed and slightly heated until it turns black.

Method No. 3
The copper item to be blackened is first cleaned with fine sandpaper, after which try not to touch its cleaned surface with your fingers. It is then either immersed in a liquid solution of platinum chloride or moistened with it using a brush. This solution, if it does not have an acidic reaction, is slightly acidified with hydrochloric acid.

Method No. 4
A very durable blackening of copper products is obtained by immersing them in a saturated solution of copper metal in nitric acid and then heating it slightly.

Patina red-brown

An aqueous solution of zinc chloride and copper sulfate colors copper red-brown. Mix one part copper sulfate with one part zinc chloride and dilute in two parts water. A few minutes are enough for the copper to acquire a red-brown color. After washing and drying, wipe the metal surface with oil.

Patina from light brown to black

Blackening of the metal is observed when copper is patinated with ammonium sulfide.
20 g of ammonium sulfide is diluted in a liter of water. The product is dipped into the resulting solution or poured on top and wiped with a brush. The work is carried out in a fume hood. Sulfur ions present in an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfide interact with copper ions. Black copper sulfide is formed.
The intensity of the patina on the metal can be of different shades, from light brown to black. The color is adjusted by changing the heating temperature of the plate before patination.

Patina light brown

Gram per liter:
sodium dichromate - 124
nitric acid (density 1.40 gcm3) - 15.5
hydrochloric acid (1.192) - 4.65
Ammonium sulfide 18% solution - 3-5
Apply with a brush immediately after preparation, rinse off after 4-5 hours and repeat after drying 2 times, polish with a dry cloth.

Dark brown to warm black patina

Gram per liter:
ammonium persulfate - 9.35
caustic soda - 50.0
for 5-25 minutes in a bath with a solution heated to 90 -95 degrees. rinse, dry, repeat 2-3 times

Olive to brown patina

Gram per liter:
Berthollet salt - 50*70
copper nitrate - 40*50
Ammonium chloride - 80*100
for 10-15 minutes in a bath with a heated solution to 60-70 degrees.
the resulting films have mechanical strength and corrosion resistance

Patina brown-black

Gram per liter:
Ammonium molybdate - 10
ammonia 25% aqueous solution - 7
the solution should be heated to 60 - 70 degrees

Golden patina

Gram per liter:
copper sulfide - 0.6
caustic soda - 180
milk sugar - 180

A solution of alkali and lactose is prepared separately and only then poured together, boiled for 15 minutes and copper sulfide added.
place the product in a heated to 90 gr. solution for 15 minutes.

Patina golden brown with crimson tarnish and moderate shine

After cleaning copper coins, you can create an artificial patina on them by placing 50 g of copper sulfate and 5 g of potassium permanganate per 1 liter of water in a solution, heating it to a temperature of 70-80C and holding it there until the desired color is obtained.

Green patina

The surface of copper, brass or bronze products can be painted green in various ways.

Method No. 1
Using a sponge, the surface of things is first lubricated with a highly diluted solution of copper nitrate with the addition of a small amount of table salt. Then, when the item dries, it is lubricated in exactly the same way with a solution of 1 part potassium oxalate and 5 parts ammonia in 94 parts weak vinegar. Let it dry again and again lubricate with the first solution; then, after drying, again with a second solution, etc. alternately until the coloring acquires the proper strength.
Before lubricating, the sponge soaked in the solution should be squeezed out firmly so that it is damp, but not wet. After painting the surface, rub the items thoroughly with hard hair brushes, especially in the recesses and crevices. After 8-14 days of work, a brownish-greenish color is obtained.

Method No. 2
Things are rubbed in several stages with cloth soaked in crude oleic acid (a product obtained in stearin factories). On the surface of things, a dark green layer of copper oleic acid is first formed, which, under the influence of oxygen and air moisture, gradually turns into lighter green copper carbonate.
The process is significantly accelerated if oleic acid is first infused on copper shavings for quite a long time, and after each lubrication with such acid, after the lubricant has dried, the items are lightly sprayed (no more than a few drops!) with an aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate.

Yes, I did it!

Here it is, this sulfur liver, made with your own hands.
And it turned out that the devil is not as scary as he is painted.
Lately I have started making some things from copper tape. Patination of copper with ammonia vapor and a purchased silver blackening compound turned out to be unsuccessful. Sulfur ointment helped, but the process was painful and dirty.
A everything came together here.
I bought sulfur and potassium carbonate at a chemical store, a ceramic crucible, and a respirator at a hardware store.
I decided to carry out the process at the dacha, but since there is gas there, and experts recommend not using an open flame, the last purchase was an electric stove.
A talkative sales consultant, checking the tiles, told us that he had the same one at his dacha and what appetizing smells of borscht from vegetables from his own beds spread through the air, congratulated us on a successful purchase and wished us to cook on the tiles for a long time and tasty. My husband and I looked at each other and giggled. “If only you knew that I’m going to cook with it,” I said: “It definitely won’t smell like borscht. It will smell like sulfur.” And we left under the bewildered gaze of the seller, taking away our successful purchase.
I carried out the process in a barn, with the door open, wearing a respirator. I constantly stirred the mixture in the crucible with a screwdriver at medium heat. The composition turned yellow, then began to brown and cake into small lumps. After 10-15 minutes I removed it from the heat.
There were no horrors described by other experimenters: no hellish stench, no burning of sulfur, no sticking of the composition to the surface. But nevertheless, the excitement took its toll: I squeezed the pliers with which I was holding the crucible with such force that the edge of the ceramic crucible crumbled. Next time I will use metal utensils.
Then it was necessary to test the resulting composition.
I made a textured plate and wove a bracelet. (And this is all instead of digging up garden beds))
Here are the results.
Plate 6 cm by 5 cm

And this is a bracelet

Overall, the weekend was very successful!

Page 2

Replacing potash with soda ash when preparing sulfur liver results in darker oxide films.

This reaction is called the liver sulfur formation reaction.

For chemical oxidation, a liver sulfur solution is used. Sulfur liver is prepared by fusion for 15 - 20 minutes. Sulfur is melted in an iron vessel and then dry potash is added to it. The resulting alloy is crushed and dissolved in water.

For chemical oxidation, a liver sulfur solution is used. Sulfur liver is prepared by fusing one part by weight of sulfur with two parts of potash for 15-20 minutes. Sulfur is melted in an iron vessel and then dry potash is added to it. The resulting alloy is crushed and dissolved in water.

The precipitate resulting from the action of sulfur liver on heavy and strontian earths can in no case be considered as a simple combination of sulfur with these earths.

This reaction is called the liver sulfur formation reaction; it passes through all compounds containing sulfur.

On copper, tombac and bronze, liver of sulfur forms red oxide films with various shades; On brass the color is greenish-brown. Depending on the time the brass remains in the liver sulfur solution, as well as on the subsequent rubbing of it with pumice powder, lighter or darker brown tones are obtained.

Blackening to look like old silver is done with a solution of sulfur liver, which is prepared in a workshop by fusing one part by weight of sulfur with two parts of potash for 15 - 20 minutes. The resulting mass is dissolved in warm water in an amount of 20 - 30 g / l, the solution is heated to 60 - 70 C and immersed in it for 2 - 3 minutes.

This is accomplished by oxidizing silver in a liver of sulfur solution consisting of one part (by weight) of sulfur and two parts of potash.

Blackening the surface to look like old silver is done with a solution of sulfur liver, which is prepared in the workshop by fusing one part by weight of sulfur with two parts of potash for 15 - 20 minutes. The resulting mass is dissolved in warm water with a concentration of 20 - 30 g / l, then the solution is heated to 335 - 345 K and the fat-free parts are immersed in it for 2 - 3 minutes or the solution is applied with a brush. The dried dark film is lightly brushed with brass brushes to brighten the metal in convex areas.

To blacken old silver, they use a solution of sulfur liver, which is prepared in a workshop by fusing 1 wt. The resulting mass is dissolved in warm water in an amount of 20 - 30 g / l, the solution is heated to § 0 - 70 C and the fat-free parts are immersed in it for 2 - 3 minutes or the solution is applied with a brush and dried, after which it is brushed with brass brushes. To protect electrical parts from oxidation, electrolytic deposition of rhodium or beryllium hydroxide is used.

Homeopathy Classic Encyclopedia of Home Medicine by J. Laurie

SULFUR LIVER (GEPAR SULFUR)

SULFUR LIVER (GEPAR SULFUR)

Related drugs . Spongia, Dulcamara, Sulfur.

Specific action. On the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract; on the skin and glandular apparatus; for absorption and excretion; to the salivary glands.

Application. Persistent and inflammatory skin diseases, especially on the head and face; mercury abuse disorders; persistent ulcers, boils and abscesses, inflammatory lesions of the respiratory tract; bronchitis; gum disease from mercury; croup; inflammatory and chronic cough; inflammation and drainage from the ears; inflammation of the glands, predisposition to suppuration; inflammation of the tonsils; toad; erysipelas; pustules on the connective membrane of the eyes; ulcers on the cornea; diphtheria.

Symptoms

Outside surface. Inflammation of the skin with redness, heat, swelling and tenderness; pimples between the roots of the hair, very sensitive and painful; unhealthy skin with a predisposition to ulceration; enlarged glands with inflammation or suppuration, ulcerative or rash diseases of the skin with foul-smelling discharge; severe itching, itching and fever; skin cracking; nodular swelling of the joints, very painful and sensitive, sweat easily caused; dry heat throughout the body; hot flashes, accompanied or replaced by sweat, burning redness of the face, or inflammation, or erysipelas; hives; hard breast swelling; foul-smelling sweat under the arms; heat, redness, and swelling of the ankles; weeping scabs on the head; scabs behind the ears; red hot swelling of the joints; sticky, sour sweat, especially at night and in the morning; the hair comes out and the head remains completely bald; redness and swelling of the nose; lips are swollen or ulcerated; pimples on forehead; swelling of ankles, feet and knees; cracking of the skin of the legs; yellowish complexion, blue circles under the eyes.

Breath. Weakness in the chest; partial or complete loss of voice; whistling, rapid, hoarse, anxious breathing; shortness of breath, cough and profuse sputum; severe suffocating cough ending in gagging; deep, suppressed cough with difficulty breathing; persistent hoarseness; rough voice; habitual fever at night; soreness of the upper respiratory tract; deep sharp sighs after coughing; constricted breathing, with the head thrown back to facilitate air access; cough appears immediately after swallowing liquid; dry cough with convulsive gagging and vomiting; or wet cough with rattling of mucus in the chest and suffocation when lying down.

Stomach, intestines and feces. Indigestion; heaviness, bloating of the stomach even after the lightest food; belching with stomach contents and heartburn; strong thirst; changeable appetite, sometimes gluttonous; greenish, bilious or sour vomiting with mucus; urge to go down with veining; loose, dry, or lumpy stools; or very thin, bloody, clayey and sticky, or whitish with a sour odor; very hot and dark urine, mostly at night; or copious cloudy and whitish urine with sediment of the same color.

Pain. Drawing, tearing, stitching in the joints and limbs, especially when touched; tickling in the throat, as if there was a fish bone stuck there; piercing digging or boring headache and forehead, as if it were crushed or opened; pain in the eyes, as if they were being pressed into the brain; tugging, gnawing pain in the teeth; tearing, jerking pain in the bones of the face, jaws, ears and temples; stitching or cutting in the liver and spleen; pain or constriction in the intestines; aching legs; shooting or pain in the lower back, as if bruised, or shooting, cutting, stabbing in the chest; pain when moving the eyes.

Eyes and ears. Chronic inflammation of the eyes, eyelids and ears; eyes red, hot, inflamed; offensive drainage from the ears; itching in the ears; ears are red and swollen on the outside; overnight glueing of eyelids; protrusion of the eyes or convulsive closing of them; lacrimation at night or towards night and sensitivity to light during the day.

Nose, mouth, throat and gums. Drainage from one nostril; nosebleeds, predominantly in the morning, with dullness or exacerbation of the sense of smell; profuse drooling; whitish, cheesy mouth ulcers; swelling, heat and redness of the tonsils; gums are hot, swollen and painful.

From the book Cleansing the body and proper nutrition author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov

Liver After cleansing the large intestine according to Walker, you need to start cleansing the liver. Personally, I consider these 2 cleanses to be mandatory and most important. Further cleansing and restoration will occur on their own with proper nutrition. All venous blood is from the intestines, for

From the book Anesthesiology and Resuscitation: Lecture Notes author Marina Aleksandrovna Kolesnikova

7. Poisoning with concentrated acids (nitric, acetic, sulfuric) Clinic When inhaling vapors, irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract occurs (lacrimation, runny nose, cough, difficulty breathing). Reflexive cessation of breathing is possible. After the hidden period

From the book Children's Diseases. Complete guide author author unknown

LIVER The liver of a newborn is the largest organ, occupying 1/3 of the abdominal cavity. At 11 months its mass doubles, by 2–3 years it triples, by 8 years it increases 5 times, by 16–17 years the weight of the liver increases 10 times. The liver performs the following

From the book Disease as a Path. The meaning and purpose of diseases by Rudiger Dahlke

Liver Talking about the liver is quite difficult due to the huge number of its functions. This is one of the largest human organs, the basis for intermediate metabolism or, figuratively speaking, the laboratory of the human body. Let me tell you briefly about the most

From the book Practical Homeopathy author Victor Iosifovich Varshavsky

ACIDUM SULFURICUM, ACIDUM SULFURICUM - SULFURIC ACID Specific action. On the central nervous system, mucous membranes (mainly the gastrointestinal tract), hematopoietic system. Main symptoms. Severe intoxication with adynamia. Functional

From the book Homeopathy Classic Encyclopedia of Home Medicine by J Laurie

HEPAR SULFUR. HEPAR SULFURIS - SULFUR LIVER Specific action. On mucous membranes, lymph nodes, skin and subcutaneous tissue. Has no natural analogue. Obtained by calcining finely crushed oyster shells with a sulfur color. Symptoms. Inflammation with

From the book Homeopathy for General Practitioners author A. A. Krylov

SULFUR, SULFUR - SULFUR COLOR Specific action. Affects the processes that cause autointoxication, the development of allergic reactions, chronicity of pathological conditions. It has an effect on all organs and systems, mainly on the digestive organs, skin,

From the book Paramedic's Handbook author Galina Yurievna Lazareva

SULFUR (SULFUR) Related drugs. Nerag, Ledum. Specific action. On the skin and mucous membrane, especially the eyes, bronchi and rectum; also given to eliminate predisposition to diseases, hereditary or acquired, and to induce susceptibility to

From the book Exercises for internal organs for various diseases author Oleg Igorevich Astashenko

SULFURIC ACID (ACIDUM SULFURICUM) Related drugs. Acidum nitricum, Acidum muriaticum, Gelseminum, Sanguinaria, Baptisia, Cimicifuga. Specific action. On the mucous membrane, skin and blood. Application. Nausea in the morning; nervous fever; chills; insomnia; indigestion; chronic diarrhea;

From the book Alcoholism author Alexander Vitalievich Melnikov

Hepar sulfuris Sulfur liver A distinctive feature is a tendency to inflammatory and suppurative processes in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, mucous membranes, in any organs and tissues. The type of sulfur liver is irritable, anxious, with a constantly depressed mood, but has

From the book How not to turn into Baba Yaga by Doctor Nonna

Sulfur Sulfur It is difficult to determine the constitutional type of sulfur: it can be either full blooming hypersthenics or pronounced asthenics. The most characteristic constitutional sign is skin manifestations with severe burning and itching, relieved by coolness.

From the book The Secret Wisdom of the Human Body author Alexander Solomonovich Zalmanov

Sulfur plug It occurs as a result of increased function of the glands located in the membranous-cartilaginous part of the external auditory canal. Sulfur plug is a conglomerate of dried secretion from the skin of the ear canal. Under normal conditions, sulfur dries out and is removed from

From the author's book

Liver Therapeutic movements for liver diseases In various liver diseases (cholelithiasis, chronic forms of cholecystitis and biliary dyskinesias), one of the main problems is insufficient emptying of the gallbladder. Stagnation of bile in

From the author's book

Liver Who hasn't heard that alcohol abuse leads to liver damage? A terrible diagnosis immediately comes to mind - cirrhosis. This is partly fair. Indeed, alcoholism is considered one of the main causes of liver cirrhosis. However, cirrhosis develops only in

From the author's book

The liver is, without exaggeration, a unique organ. The liver not only removes toxins and other harmful substances (generally called xenobiotics), but rather converts them into harmless, or less toxic, or easier to remove compounds from the body. She's in charge

From the author's book

Liver The liver produces from 1 to 1.5 liters of bile in 24 hours; one part of it goes to the intestines, the other to the gall bladder, which serves as a warehouse, a reservoir. Bile converts the fats contained in food into a substance that is then broken down into more complex forms in the small intestine.