Development of evolutionary ideas. The significance of K's work
Ideas about the variability of the organic world have been expressed since ancient times Aristotle, Heraclitus, Democritus.
In the 18th century . K. Linnaeus created an artificial system of nature in which the species was recognized as the smallest systematic unit. He introduced the nomenclature of double species names ( binary), which made it possible to systematize the organisms of different kingdoms known at that time into taxonomic groups.
Creator first evolutionary theory was Jean Baptiste Lamarck. It was he who recognized the gradual complication of organisms and the variability of species, thereby indirectly refuting the divine creation of life. However, Lamarck's statements about the expediency and usefulness of any emerging adaptations in organisms, the recognition of their desire for progress as the driving force of evolution, were not confirmed by subsequent scientific research. Also, Lamarck’s propositions about the heritability of traits acquired by an individual during its life and about the influence of exercise of organs on their adaptive development were not confirmed.
The main problem, which needed to be solved was the problem of the formation of new species adapted to environmental conditions. In other words, scientists needed to answer at least two questions: how do new species arise? How do adaptations to environmental conditions arise?
Evolutionary doctrine, which has been developed and is recognized by modern scientists, was created independently of each other Charles Robert Darwin And Alfred Wallace who put forward the idea of natural selection based on the struggle for existence. This doctrine was called Darwinism , or the science of the historical development of living nature.
Basic principles of Darwinism:
– the evolutionary process is real, determined by the conditions of existence and manifests itself in the formation of new individuals, species and larger systematic taxa adapted to these conditions;
– the main evolutionary factors are hereditary variability and natural selection.
Natural selection plays the role of a guiding factor in evolution (creative role).
Prerequisites for natural selection are:
excess reproductive potential,
hereditary variability
change in living conditions.
Natural selection is a consequence of the struggle for existence, which is divided into intraspecific, interspecific and struggle with environmental conditions.
The results of natural selection are:
preservation of any adaptations that ensure the survival and reproduction of offspring; all adaptations are relative.
Divergence – the process of genetic and phenotypic divergence of groups of individuals according to individual characteristics and the formation of new species – the progressive evolution of the organic world.
Driving forces of evolution according to Darwin are: hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection.
Thematic assignments
A1. The driving force of evolution according to Lamarck is
1) the desire of organisms for progress
2) divergence
3) natural selection
4) struggle for existence
A2. The statement is wrong
1) species are changeable and exist in nature as independent groups of organisms
2) related species have a historically common ancestor
3) all changes acquired by the body are useful and are preserved by natural selection
4) the basis of the evolutionary process is hereditary variability
A3. Evolutionary changes are fixed in generations as a result
1) the appearance of recessive mutations
2) inheritance of characteristics acquired during life
3) struggle for existence
4) natural selection of phenotypes
A4. The merit of Charles Darwin lies in
1) recognition of the variability of species
2) establishing the principle of double species names
3) identifying the driving forces of evolution
4) creation of the first evolutionary doctrine
A5. According to Darwin, the reason for the formation of new species is
1) unlimited reproduction
3) mutation processes and divergence
2) struggle for existence
4) direct influence of environmental conditions
A6. Natural selection is called
1) the struggle for existence between individuals of a population
2) the gradual emergence of differences between individuals of the population
3) survival and reproduction of the strongest individuals
4) survival and reproduction of individuals most adapted to environmental conditions
A7. The fight for territory between two wolves in the same forest refers to
1) interspecific struggle
3) combating environmental conditions
2) intraspecific struggle
4) internal desire for progress
A8. Recessive mutations are subject to natural selection when
1) heterozygosity of an individual for the selected trait
2) homozygosity of an individual for a given trait
3) their adaptive significance for the individual
4) their harmfulness to the individual
A9. Indicate the genotype of the individual in which gene a will be subject to the action of natural selection
A10. Charles Darwin created his teaching in
IN 1. Select the provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin
1) acquired characteristics are inherited
2) the material for evolution is hereditary variability
3) any variability serves as material for evolution
4) the main result of evolution is the struggle for existence
5) divergence is the basis of speciation
6) both beneficial and harmful traits are subject to the action of natural selection
Development of evolutionary ideas. The significance of the works of C. Linnaeus, the teachings of J.-B. Lamarck, the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Interrelation of the driving forces of evolution. Elementary factors of evolutionThe ideas of changeability of the organic world have found their supporters since ancient times. Aristotle, Heraclitus, Democritus and a number of other ancient thinkers expressed these ideas. In the 18th century K. Linnaeus created an artificial system of nature, in which the species was recognized as the smallest systematic unit. He introduced a nomenclature of double species names (binary), which made it possible to systematize organisms of different kingdoms known by that time into taxonomic groups.
The creator of the first evolutionary theory was Jean Baptiste Lamarck. It was he who recognized the gradual complication of organisms and the variability of species, thereby indirectly refuting the divine creation of life. However, Lamarck's statements about the expediency and usefulness of any emerging adaptations in organisms, the recognition of their desire for progress as the driving force of evolution, were not confirmed by subsequent scientific research. Also, Lamarck’s propositions about the heritability of traits acquired by an individual during its life and about the influence of exercise of organs on their adaptive development were not confirmed.
The main problem that needed to be solved was the problem of the formation of new species adapted to environmental conditions. In other words, scientists needed to answer at least two questions: how do new species arise? How do adaptations to environmental conditions arise?
The theory of evolution, which has been developed and is recognized by modern scientists, was created independently by Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Wallace, who put forward the idea of natural selection based on the struggle for existence. This doctrine was called Darwinism , or the science of the historical development of living nature.
Basic principles of Darwinism:
– the evolutionary process is real, determined by the conditions of existence and manifests itself in the formation of new individuals, species and larger systematic taxa adapted to these conditions;
– the main evolutionary factors are: hereditary variability and natural selection .
Natural selection plays the role of a guiding factor in evolution (creative role).
The prerequisites for natural selection are: excess reproductive potential, hereditary variability and changes in living conditions. Natural selection is a consequence of the struggle for existence, which is divided into intraspecific, interspecific and struggle with environmental conditions. The results of natural selection are:
– preservation of any adaptations that ensure the survival and reproduction of offspring; all adaptations are relative.
Divergence – the process of genetic and phenotypic divergence of groups of individuals according to individual characteristics and the formation of new species – the progressive evolution of the organic world.
The driving forces of evolution, according to Darwin, are: hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. The driving force of evolution according to Lamarck is
1) the desire of organisms for progress
2) divergence
3) natural selection
4) struggle for existence
A2. The statement is wrong
1) species are changeable and exist in nature as independent groups of organisms
2) related species have a historically common ancestor
3) all changes acquired by the body are useful and are preserved by natural selection
4) the basis of the evolutionary process is hereditary variability
A3. Evolutionary changes are fixed in generations as a result
1) the appearance of recessive mutations
2) inheritance of characteristics acquired during life
3) struggle for existence
4) natural selection of phenotypes
A4. The merit of Charles Darwin lies in
1) recognition of the variability of species
2) establishing the principle of double species names
3) identifying the driving forces of evolution
4) creation of the first evolutionary doctrine
A5. According to Darwin, the reason for the formation of new species is
1) unlimited reproduction
2) struggle for existence
3) mutation processes and divergence
4) direct influence of environmental conditions
A6. Natural selection is called
1) the struggle for existence between individuals of a population
2) the gradual emergence of differences between individuals of the population
3) survival and reproduction of the strongest individuals
4) survival and reproduction of individuals most adapted to environmental conditions
A7. The fight for territory between two wolves in the same forest refers to
1) interspecific struggle
2) intraspecific struggle
3) combating environmental conditions
4) internal desire for progress
A8. Recessive mutations are subject to natural selection when
1) heterozygosity of an individual for the selected trait
2) homozygosity of an individual for a given trait
3) their adaptive significance for the individual
4) their harmfulness to the individual
A9. Indicate the genotype of the individual in which gene a will be subject to the action of natural selection
1) АаВв 2) ААВВ 3) АаВв 4) ааВв
A10. Charles Darwin created his teaching in
1) XVII century 2) XVIII century. 3) XIX century 4) XX century
Part B
IN 1. Select the provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin
1) acquired characteristics are inherited
2) the material for evolution is hereditary variability
3) any variability serves as material for evolution
4) the main result of evolution is the struggle for existence
5) divergence is the basis of speciation
6) both beneficial and harmful traits are subject to the action of natural selection
AT 2. Correlate the views of J. Lamarck and Charles Darwin with the provisions of their teachings
Part C
C1. What is the progressiveness of Charles Darwin's teaching?
Answers Part A. A1 – 1. A2 – 3. A3 – 4.A4 – 3. A5 – 3. A6– 4.A7– 2. A8 – 2.A9 – 4.A10 – 3.
Part B. B1 – 2, 5, 6. AT 2 A – 1; B – 1; AT 2; G – 2; d 1; E – 2.
Part C. C1 Charles Darwin revealed the reasons for the origin of the diversity and adaptability of organisms, their biological progress over a historically long period of time. His teaching is based on the principles of hereditary variability, the struggle for existence, natural selection and divergence - i.e. factors that no one had talked about before. Darwin explained the mechanisms of the evolutionary process that in the second half of the 19th century. was a truly revolutionary breakthrough in science.
In addition, his teaching, together with the synthetic theory of evolution, is the only teaching that helps logically explain the emergence of fitness in organisms.
The creative role of natural selection. Synthetic theory of evolution. Research by S.S. Chetverikov. The role of evolutionary theory in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world
The synthetic theory of evolution arose on the basis of data from comparative anatomy, embryology, paleontology, genetics, biochemistry, and geography.
Synthetic theory of evolution puts forward the following provisions:
– the elementary evolutionary material is mutations;
– elementary evolutionary structure – population;
– elementary evolutionary process – directed change population gene pool;
– natural selection– guiding creative factor of evolution;
– in nature there are two conditionally distinguished processes that have the same mechanisms – micro- and macroevolution. Microevolution is the change in populations and species, macroevolution is the emergence and change of large systematic groups.
Mutation process. The work of Russian geneticist S.S. is devoted to the study of mutation processes in populations. Chetverikova. As a result of mutations, new alleles appear. Since mutations are predominantly recessive, they accumulate in heterozygotes, forming reserve of hereditary variability. When heterozygotes are freely crossed, recessive alleles become homozygous with a probability of 25% and are subject to natural selection. Individuals that do not have selective advantages are discarded. In large populations, the degree of heterozygosity is higher, so large populations adapt better to environmental conditions. In small populations, inbreeding is inevitable, and therefore an increase in the homozygous population. This in turn threatens disease and extinction.
Genetic drift, accidental loss or sudden increase in the frequency of alleles in small populations, leading to a change in the concentration of this allele, an increase in the homozygosity of the population, a decrease in its viability, and the appearance of rare alleles. For example, in religious communities isolated from the rest of the world, there is either a loss or increase in alleles characteristic of their ancestors. An increase in the concentration of alleles occurs as a result of consanguineous marriages; the loss of alleles can occur as a result of the departure of community members or their death.
Forms of natural selection. Moving natural selection. Leads to displacement reaction norms organism in the direction of trait variability in changing environmental conditions. Stabilizing natural selection(discovered by N.I. Shmalhausen) narrows the reaction rate under stable environmental conditions. Disruptive selection- occurs when one population, for some reason, is divided into two and they have almost no contact with each other. For example, as a result of summer mowing, a plant population may be divided in the time of maturation. Over time, two types can form from it. Sexual selection ensures the development of reproductive functions, behavior, morphophysiological characteristics.
Thus, the synthetic theory of evolution combined Darwinism and modern ideas about the development of the organic world.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. According to S.S. Chetverikov, the starting material for speciation is
1) insulation
2) mutations
3) population waves
4) modifications
A2. Small populations die out due to the fact that they
1) fewer recessive mutations than in large populations
2) less likely to transfer mutations to a homozygous state
3) there is a greater likelihood of inbreeding and hereditary diseases
4) higher degree of heterozygosity of individuals
A3. The formation of new genera and families refers to the processes
1) microevolutionary 3) global
2) macroevolutionary 4) intraspecific
A4. In constantly changing environmental conditions, a form of natural selection operates
1) stabilizing 3) driving
2) disruptive 4) sexual selection
A5. An example of a stabilizing form of selection is
1) the appearance of ungulates in the steppe zones
2) the disappearance of white butterflies in industrial areas of England
3) survival of bacteria in the geysers of Kamchatka
4) the emergence of tall forms of plants when they migrated from valleys to mountains
A6. Populations will evolve faster
1) haploid drones
2) perches heterozygous for many traits
3) male domestic cockroaches
A7. The gene pool of the population is enriched thanks to
1) modification variability
2) interspecies struggle for existence
3) stabilizing form of selection
4) sexual selection
A8. Reason why genetic drift may occur
Elementary factors of evolution. Forms of natural selection, types of struggle for existence. Interrelation of the driving forces of evolution. The creative role of natural selection in evolution. Research by S.S. Chetverikova Synthetic theory of evolution. The role of evolutionary theory in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world
6.2.1. Development of evolutionary ideas. The significance of the works of C. Linnaeus, the teachings of J.-B. Lamarck, the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Interrelation of the driving forces of evolution. Elementary factors of evolution
The concept of variability of the organic world has found its supporters since ancient times. Aristotle, Heraclitus, Democritus and a number of other ancient thinkers expressed these ideas. In the 18th century K. Linnaeus created an artificial system of nature, in which the species was recognized as the smallest systematic unit. He introduced a nomenclature of double species names (binary), which made it possible to systematize organisms of different kingdoms known by that time into taxonomic groups.
The creator of the first evolutionary theory was Jean Baptiste Lamarck. It was he who recognized the gradual complication of organisms and the variability of species, thereby indirectly refuting the divine creation of life. At the same time, Lamarck’s assumptions about the expediency and usefulness of any emerging adaptations in organisms, the recognition of their desire for progress as the driving force of evolution, were not confirmed by subsequent scientific research. Also, Lamarck’s propositions about the heritability of traits acquired by an individual during its life and about the influence of exercise of organs on their adaptive development were not confirmed.
The main problem that needed to be solved was the problem of the formation of new species adapted to environmental conditions. In other words, scientists needed to answer at least two questions: how do new species arise? How do adaptations to environmental conditions arise?
The theory of evolution, which has been developed and is recognized by modern scientists, was created independently by Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Wallace, who put forward the idea of natural selection based on the struggle for existence. This doctrine was called Darwinism, or the science of the historical development of living nature.
Basic principles of Darwinism:
- the evolutionary process is real, determined by the conditions of existence and manifests itself in the formation of new individuals, species and larger systematic taxa adapted to these conditions;
- the main evolutionary factors are: hereditary variability and natural selection.
Natural selection plays the role of a guiding factor in evolution (creative role).
The prerequisites for natural selection are: excess reproductive potential, hereditary variability and changes in living conditions. Natural selection is a consequence of the struggle for existence, which is divided into intraspecific, interspecific and struggle with environmental conditions. The results of natural selection are:
- preservation of any adaptations that ensure the survival and reproduction of offspring; all adaptations are relative.
Divergence is the process of genetic and phenotypic divergence of groups of individuals according to individual characteristics and the formation of new species - the progressive evolution of the organic world.
The driving forces of evolution, according to Darwin, are: hereditary variability, the struggle for existence, natural selection.
Part A
A1. The driving force of evolution according to Lamarck is
1) the desire of organisms for progress
2) divergence
3) natural selection
4) struggle for existence
A2. The statement is wrong
1) species are changeable and exist in nature as independent groups of organisms
2) related species have a historically common ancestor
3) all changes acquired by the body are useful and are preserved by natural selection
4) the basis of the evolutionary process is hereditary variability
A3. Evolutionary changes are fixed in generations as a result
1) the appearance of recessive mutations
2) inheritance of characteristics acquired during life
3) struggle for existence
4) natural selection of phenotypes
A4. The merit of Charles Darwin lies in
1) recognition of the variability of species
2) establishing the principle of double species names
3) identifying the driving forces of evolution
4) creation of the first evolutionary doctrine
A5. According to Darwin, the reason for the formation of new species is
1) unlimited reproduction
2) struggle for existence
3) mutation processes and divergence
4) direct influence of environmental conditions
A6. Natural selection is called
1) the struggle for existence between individuals of a population
2) the gradual emergence of differences between individuals of the population
3) survival and reproduction of the strongest individuals
4) survival and reproduction of individuals most adapted to environmental conditions
A7. The fight for territory between two wolves in the same forest refers to
1) interspecific struggle
2) intraspecific struggle
3) combating environmental conditions
4) internal desire for progress
A8. Recessive mutations are subject to natural selection when
1) heterozygosity of an individual for the selected trait
2) homozygosity of an individual for a given trait
3) their adaptive significance for the individual
4) their harmfulness to the individual
A9. Indicate the genotype of the individual in which gene a will be subject to the action of natural selection
1) АаВв 2) ААВВ 3) АаВв 4) ааВв
A10. Charles Darwin created his teaching in
1) XVII century 2) XVIII century. 3) XIX century 4) XX century
Unified State Exam Part B
IN 1. Select the provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin
1) acquired characteristics are inherited
2) the material for evolution is hereditary variability
3) any variability serves as material for evolution
4) the main result of evolution is the struggle for existence
5) divergence is the basis of speciation
6) both beneficial and harmful traits are subject to the action of natural selection
AT 2. Correlate the views of J. Lamarck and Charles Darwin with the provisions of their teachings
Unified State Examination Part C
C1. What is the progressiveness of Charles Darwin's teaching?
6.2.2. The creative role of natural selection. Synthetic theory of evolution. Research by S.S. Chetverikov. The role of evolutionary theory in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world
The synthetic theory of evolution arose on the basis of data from comparative anatomy, embryology, paleontology, genetics, biochemistry, and geography.
The synthetic theory of evolution puts forward the following provisions:
- mutations are the elementary evolutionary material;
- elementary evolutionary structure - population;
- an elementary evolutionary process - a directed change in the gene pool of a population;
- natural selection is the guiding creative factor of evolution;
- in nature there are two conventionally identified processes that have the same mechanisms - micro- and macroevolution. Microevolution is the change in populations and species, macroevolution is the emergence and change of large systematic groups.
Mutation process. The work of Russian geneticist S.S. is devoted to the study of mutation processes in populations. Chetverikova. Eventually, mutations result in new alleles. Since mutations are predominantly recessive, they accumulate in heterozygotes, forming a reserve of hereditary variability. When heterozygotes are freely crossed, recessive alleles become homozygous with a probability of 25% and are subject to natural selection. Individuals that do not have selective advantages are discarded. In large populations, the degree of heterozygosity is higher, so large populations adapt better to environmental conditions. In small populations, inbreeding is inevitable, and therefore an increase in the homozygous population. This in turn threatens disease and extinction.
Genetic drift, random loss or sudden increase in the frequency of alleles in small populations, leading to a change in the concentration of this allele, an increase in the homozygosity of the population, a decrease in its viability, and the appearance of rare alleles. For example, in religious communities isolated from the rest of the world, there is either a loss or increase in alleles characteristic of their ancestors. An increase in the concentration of alleles occurs as a result of consanguineous marriages; the loss of alleles can occur as a result of the departure of community members or their death.
Forms of natural selection. Driving natural selection. Leads to a shift in the norm of the body's reaction towards the variability of the trait in changing environmental conditions. Stabilizing natural selection (discovered by N.I. Shmalhausen) narrows the reaction rate in stable environmental conditions. Disruptive selection occurs when one population, for some reason, is divided into two and they have almost no contact with each other. For example, as a result of summer mowing, the plant population may be divided in the time of maturation. Over time, two types can form from it. Sexual selection ensures the development of reproductive functions, behavior, and morphophysiological characteristics.
Thus, the synthetic theory of evolution combined Darwinism and modern ideas about the development of the organic world.
Examples of practical tasks of the Unified State Exam on the topic: ““
Part A
A1. According to S.S. Chetverikov, the starting material for speciation is
1) insulation
2) mutations
3) population waves
4) modifications
A2. Small populations die out due to the fact that they
1) fewer recessive mutations than in large populations
2) less likely to transfer mutations to a homozygous state
3) there is a greater likelihood of inbreeding and hereditary diseases
4) higher degree of heterozygosity of individuals
A3. The formation of new genera and families refers to the processes
1) microevolutionary 3) global
2) macroevolutionary 4) intraspecific
A4. In constantly changing environmental conditions, a form of natural selection operates
1) stabilizing 3) driving
2) disruptive 4) sexual selection
A5. An example of a stabilizing form of selection is
1) the appearance of ungulates in the steppe zones
2) the disappearance of white butterflies in industrial areas of England
3) survival of bacteria in the geysers of Kamchatka
4) the emergence of tall forms of plants when they migrated from valleys to mountains
A6. Populations will evolve faster
1) haploid drones
2) perches heterozygous for many traits
3) male domestic cockroaches
4) monkeys in the zoo
A7. The gene pool of the population is enriched thanks to
1) modification variability
2) interspecies struggle for existence
3) stabilizing form of selection
4) sexual selection
A8. Reason why genetic drift may occur
1) high heterozygosity of the population
2) large population size
3) homozygosity of the entire population
4) migration and emigration of mutation carriers from small populations
A9. Endemics are organisms
1) whose habitats are limited
2) living in a variety of habitats
3) most common on Earth
4) forming minimal populations
A10. The stabilizing form of selection is aimed at
1) preservation of individuals with an average value of traits
2) preservation of individuals with new characteristics
3) increasing heterozygosity of the population
4) expansion of the reaction norm
A11. Genetic drift is
1) a sharp increase in the number of individuals with new characteristics
2) reducing the number of emerging mutations
3) reduction in the rate of mutation process
4) random change in allele frequencies
A12. Artificial selection has led to the emergence
1) arctic foxes
2) badgers
3) Airedale Terriers
4) Przewalski horses
Unified State Exam Part B
IN 1. Select the conditions that determine the genetic preconditions of the evolutionary process
1) modification variability
2) mutational variability
3) high heterozygosity of the population
4) environmental conditions
5) inbreeding
6) geographical isolation
Unified State Examination Part C
C1. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are allowed, explain them
1. Population is a complex of individuals of different species occupying a certain territory. 2. Individuals of the same population interbreed freely with each other. 3. The set of genes that all individuals in a population possess is called the genotype of the population. 4. The individuals that make up the population are heterogeneous in their genetic composition. 5. The heterogeneity of organisms that make up a population creates conditions for natural selection. 6. A population is considered the largest evolutionary unit.
Book table of contents open close
Biology - the science of life
Cell as a biological system
The structure of pro- and eukaryotic cells. The relationship between the structure and functions of the parts and organelles of a cell is the basis of its integrity
Metabolism, enzymes, energy metabolism
Biosynthesis of protein and nucleic acids.
A cell is the genetic unit of a living thing.
Organism as a biological system
Ontogenesis and its inherent patterns.
Genetics, its tasks. Heredity and variability are properties of organisms. Basic genetic concepts
Patterns of heredity, their cytological basis.
Variability of characteristics in organisms - modification, mutation, combination
Selection, its objectives and practical significance
Diversity of organisms, their structure and life activity
Kingdom of Bacteria.
Kingdom of Mushrooms.
Plant Kingdom
Plant diversity
Animal Kingdom.
Chordata animals, their classification, structural features and vital functions, role in nature and human life
Superclass Pisces
Class Amphibians.
Class Reptiles.
Bird class
Class Mammals
Man and his health
Structure and functions of the respiratory system
Structure and functions of the excretory system
The structure and vital functions of organs and organ systems - musculoskeletal, integumentary, blood circulation, lymph circulation.
Skin, its structure and functions
Internal environment of the human body. Blood groups.
Metabolism in the human body
Nervous and endocrine systems
Structure and functions of the central nervous system
Structure and functions of the autonomic nervous system
Endocrine system
Analyzers. Sense organs, their role in the body.
