Natural conditions and resources of the Far East. Natural conditions and resources of the Russian Far East

1. What are the differences between the northern and southern parts of the Far East?

The development of nature in the southern and northern parts of the Far East proceeded differently. The south, influenced by the East Asian monsoons, is distinguished by its particularly unique nature. In the north, the climate loses its typical monsoon features. Annual precipitation everywhere exceeds possible evaporation, but the northern half of the Far East is excessively humid, and the southern half is moderately humid due to higher temperatures. The natural differences between the northern and southern parts of the Far East are further enhanced by the biogeographical influence of neighboring territories: Siberia in the north, Northeast China (Manchuria), Korea and Japan in the south.

2. What do you think are the reasons for the decline in the population of the Far East after the collapse of the USSR?

The main reason for the decline in the birth rate in the Far East is small families. This trend is currently supported by socio-economic factors that influence the final number of children in the family. The second most important reason for low fertility is decreased family stability. In the early 1990s, mortality rates in the Far East increased. The main reasons for the increase in mortality are stress, quality of nutrition, ecology, poor living conditions, and the level of medical care. Since the beginning of the 90s, the population's ability to restore health in favorable climatic zones has sharply decreased. Since 1992-1993, all territories of the Far East have been losing their population as a result of migration mobility. The main reasons for migration were the deterioration of the comparative standard of living in the region, the emergence of the “island syndrome” - the desire of the younger and more active population to acquire additional employment opportunities and improve their well-being in economically more developed areas of the interior.

3. What is the reason for the greatest loss of population in the northern part of the Far East?

The northern zone is characterized by a focal nature of economic development and settlement, associated mainly with the selective use of resources and the development of raw materials sectors of the economy. The basis of settlement here is a relatively sparse network of settlements located at “key points” of the territory: near mineral deposits, near industrial and transport hubs, etc. Therefore, with the ruin of industrial enterprises (privatization in the 90s with their subsequent bankruptcy), the population began to decline sharply. Only agriculture remained more or less active, represented mainly by reindeer herding.

4. Name the main functions of Khabarovsk and Vladivostok. What other cities of the Far East do you know? What can you tell us about them?

Vladivostok: a city and port in the Russian Far East, the administrative center of the Primorsky Territory, the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway. One of the largest seaports in the Far Eastern basin. The main base of the Pacific Fleet. The largest scientific and educational center in the Far Eastern region. Free port (port zone enjoying special regimes of customs, tax, investment and related regulation).

Khabarovsk: the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia and the Khabarovsk Territory. One of the largest political, educational and cultural centers of the Russian Far East. Located near the border with China. Khabarovsk - “City of Military Glory”.

Birobidzhan is a city in the Russian Far East, the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Region (since 1934). City of regional significance.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is a city in the Russian Far East. The administrative center of the Sakhalin region, as an administrative-territorial unit, is a city of regional significance. The largest transport hub on the island: the intersection of regional roads, a railway station and an airport. There are Sakhalin State University and the Sakhalin Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur is a city in the Khabarovsk region of Russia. The largest industrial center in the Far Eastern region. City-forming enterprises: shipbuilding, aircraft plant, oil refinery and metallurgical plants. Oil and gas pipeline from Sakhalin. Transport hub on the Baikal-Amur Mainline and regional highway; River port. There are technical and pedagogical universities

Anadyr is a city in the extreme northeast of Russia, the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The city has a fish factory in the surrounding area where gold and coal are mined. Reindeer husbandry, fishing, and hunting are developed.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Kamchatka Territory. It constitutes an administrative-territorial unit (city of regional subordination), within the boundaries of which the municipal formation of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district was formed. Location of the base of the Russian Pacific Fleet. Communication with the mainland is carried out through the Yelizovo International Airport.

5. Using various thematic maps, compare the natural conditions of the northern and southern parts of the Far East. Fill the table.

6. Compare the population of the Far East with the population of your area (republic, region, territory). Draw a conclusion.

The population of the Far East in 2014 was: 6,226,640 people. (about 5% of the Russian population). The population of the Chelyabinsk region is 3,500,716 (less than 2% of the Russian population). Despite the fact that the population of the Far East is twice as large as in the Chelyabinsk region, it is worth noting that the area of the Chelyabinsk region is only 88.5 thousand km2, and the Far East is 6169.4 thousand km2. Thus, it would be more correct to compare the population density of two regions: Far East - 1 person/km2, Chelyabinsk region - 39.5 people/km2. The average population density in Russia is 9 people/km2, and in the world it is 35 people/km2. In general, the population density of the Chelyabinsk region is much higher than that of Russia and even the world, and the population density of the Far East is extremely small in comparison with any indicators.

7. Is it possible to stop the outflow of population from the Far East? Can the Far East “win the competition” to attract people from Moscow, the Krasnodar Territory, and the Belgorod Region? Give reasons for your answer.

The Far East is capable of stopping the migration outflow of the population, despite the fact that it covers large territories of Russia. The Far East is a great storehouse of mineral resources, the largest and richest in the world. The strategic importance of the Far East is especially great in the context of the global raw material crisis, when the basic mineral resources are being intensively exploited and will soon be exhausted. To overcome the migration crisis in relation to the Far East, it is necessary to pursue a special socio-economic policy that takes into account the specifics of this region: it should provide for high wages, good supplies, guaranteed benefits, compensation for expenses when traveling for treatment, and a “northern” coefficient from the first day of work. People should have a desire to explore new territories and at the same time get good money in order to subsequently solve their personal problems. Make sure that people are not in a hurry to return, since the use of natural resource reserves discovered in the Far East is enough to create the largest territorial production complexes for their extraction and processing. It is necessary to create new jobs and improve infrastructure.

8. Do you think the increasing number of Chinese in the area poses a danger? Is it possible to reduce the risk, for example, by populating the area not only with the Chinese, but also with people from other Asian countries - Vietnam, Korea, India, etc.? Give at least three arguments to support your position.

It makes no sense to deny the problem of the development of the Far East and its unpopulation. This is the challenge facing our country. But even despite this, all the talk about “demographic pressure” from China has a very fragile basis.

The territory located north of the modern border of the People's Republic of China belonged to the Manchus, the enemies of the Chinese. Therefore, China has no historical grounds for encroaching on Russian territory, there is an official border between the countries (which the PRC does not have, say, with India), and the absence of claims was recorded in the agreement between Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping in 1989;

In the summer of 2015, one of the most noticeable topics that caused heated discussions was the news about the lease of 115 hectares of land in Transbaikalia to China for 49 years. However, by Soviet standards, 115 hectares is not a very large collective farm. In general, rent is more a topic for speculation than a serious problem;

There are a lot of people in China - that's a fact. In 2014, the population of the country was 1 billion 364 million people. At the same time, we should not forget that the PRC is the third largest state in terms of territory, where the problem of urbanization of the population is acute. Only 53.2% of the billion-plus live in cities - and this figure indicates the existence of vast untapped territories within the country. It is unlikely that the Chinese are so friendly that the first thing they are ready to do is help solve the problem of the development of the Far East;

The largest number of Chinese migrants are indeed concentrated in the Far East. The second center of concentration is Moscow. However, the scale of migration from China is not comparable in size to migration from the CIS. According to Rosstat statistics, in 2014 the number of Chinese arriving in Russia was almost 13 times lower than that of Uzbeks, and 12 times lower than that of Ukrainians. At the same time, the number of Chinese residents migrating to Russia increases every year, but the number of those leaving is increasing at a rapid pace: if in 2012 their ratio was 2 to 1, then in 2014 it was 5 to 4.

This video tutorial will help users get an idea of the topic “Far East. Economy." In this lesson you will become familiar with the administrative composition, population, geographical location and main features of the nature of the Far East. You will also look at its economy, discussing the main industries of this region.

Development of the Far East and Eastern Siberia - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzXFC9YB6yU

Far East and Siberia. State company? What to do? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYMTetTbI5c

Video materials

Near Far East. Film by Sergei Minaev https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLRpHoaOSg

1. Name the sectors of specialization of the economy of the Far East. Which industry plays a leading role and why?

2. Using the materials of the lesson, a paragraph of the textbook, and an atlas map, characterize and compare the specialization of the economy of the Northern and Amur-Primorsky subdistricts of the Far East. Fill the table:

3. What are the main problems and prospects for the development of the economy of the Far East? Development of the Far East and Eastern Siberia -

Introduction. 3

1. Characteristics of natural conditions. 4

2. Resource potential of the Far East. 12

Conclusion. 14

Literature. 16

Introduction

The natural conditions of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrast, which is due to the very large extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. Only relatively small areas along river valleys are occupied by lowlands. The most extensive lowland is located in the valley of the Amur and its tributary, the Ussuri. A significant part of the region is covered by permafrost, which complicates the construction and development of agriculture. The mountains have an average height of 1000-1500 meters. But some peaks rise to 2000 meters or more. The Pacific Coast is dominated by young mountains, as evidenced by volcanic activity. There are more than 20 volcanoes in Kamchatka, the largest of which is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, and many geysers.

Mineral reserves are of great importance for the development of the region. Ores of non-ferrous metals and rare metals are of interregional importance. This is one of the most important gold-bearing areas in Russia. Deposits of ore and placer gold are concentrated in the basins of Kolyma, Aldan, Zeya, Amur, Selemdzha, Bureya, Chukotka and on the slopes of Sikhote-Alin. Tin, tungsten, lead-zinc ores are discovered and developed in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan region, in the spurs of the Sikhote-Alin. The Far East has large reserves of mercury. The main deposits are located in Chukotka, Yakutia and Khabarovsk Territory. Unique mica deposits have been explored in Tommot on the upper Aldan. The diamond deposits in the north-west of the Republic of Sakha are of great importance - “Mir”, “Udachnoe”, etc.

Purpose of the work: to consider the natural resource potential of the Far East.

1. Characteristics of natural conditions

The Far East occupies the extreme eastern part of the Soviet Union, located between the system of watershed ridges - Stanov, Yablonov, Dzhugdzhur, Kolyma - and the shores of the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. Hydrographically, it includes the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin - the basins of the Amur, Penzhina, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flowing into the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril Islands, about. Sakhalin and the Kamchatka Peninsula, which are considered separately. The relief of the Far East is highly rugged and is represented predominantly by mountainous forms. In addition to the already mentioned watershed ridges - Kolyma, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovoy and Stanovoy, powerful mountain systems are also located inside the country, of which we can name the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ridges, which together make up a powerful mountain range extending directly to the south of the Stanovoy ridge, the Bureinsky and Dusse ridges. Alin, which is like a continuation to the north of the Lesser Khingan, and finally, the Sikhote-Alin ridge, stretching along the coast of the Sea of Japan, from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Amur, for more than a thousand kilometers.

The river network of the Far East belongs entirely to the Pacific Ocean basin, or more precisely to its marginal seas - the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese. Along the coast of the first two named seas, it is represented mainly by small mountain rivers, falling steeply from the eastern slopes of watershed ridges, which come close to the seashore here. Only in the extreme northeast do the mountains retreat from the sea, leaving a vast lowland occupied by the basin of a significant river in the region - the Anadyr.

The main river is one of the largest rivers on the globe - the Amur, the basin of which occupies more than half of the Far Eastern Territory, i.e. almost the entire southeast of the Asian part of the USSR. To the south of the Amur, only short rivers flow into the Sea of Japan, steeply falling from the eastern slopes of the ridge Sikhote-Alin. The rivers of the Far East are predominantly mountainous in nature. Where mountain ranges intersect, they flow along the bottom of deep valleys bounded by high and rocky slopes.

In the large rivers of the region, in most cases, the direction of flow coincides with the direction of the mountain ranges, so these rivers have relatively wide valleys and a calm flow.

The following characteristic features characteristic of the rivers of the Far East can be noted:

1) at the sources of rivers, their valleys are constrained by mountains, and in some cases they look like gorges;

2) in the upper reaches of rivers, the bottom of the valleys, as a rule, is composed of a thick layer of pebble-boulder alluvial deposits and only in some places the beds of watercourses pass through bedrock;

3) as you move away from the sources, river valleys expand, the floodplain also increases, the thickness of alluvial deposits becomes thicker, and the sediment size noticeably decreases;

4) in the lower reaches of the river, they mainly pass through low-lying areas of the terrain, and the transition from the mountainous part of the basin to the flat one is expressed very sharply;

5) river falls in the upper reaches are 5-10 m/km and approximately correspond to the general fall of mountain ranges; in the lower reaches they decrease to 0.5 m/km or less.

Within the flat parts of the Far East, rivers have low slopes, low gentle banks and low flow speeds.

Amur - in Chinese Heiludzian - Black Dragon River - is the main river of the Far Eastern region. Among Russian rivers, it ranks fourth in size, second only to the Ob, Yenisei and Lena. The Amur is formed from the confluence of two rivers - the Shilka and the Argun - and for most of its length, from the source almost to the city of Khabarovsk, it is the state border between Russia and the People's Republic of China. The length of the river from the confluence of Shilka and Argun to the mouth is 2850 km. If we take the longest of the components, Shilka, as the source, then the length of the Amur will be equal to 4510 km. The river's catchment area is 2,050,000 km 2 (including the Kerulen basin).

The average slope of the Amur proper, from the confluence of the Shilka and Arguni to the mouth, is 0.11% (Fig. 138). According to the nature of the valley, the Amur is divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower.

In the Far Eastern region, lakes have a relatively small distribution.

Oz. Khanka. In the southern part of Primorye, on the border with China, the largest lake among the reservoirs of the region is located. Khanka, belonging to the Ussuri basin. The area of its water surface is about 4400 km 2. The basin of the lake is almost entirely filled with thick deposits of silt, so the lake is shallow: its greatest depth is less than 10 m, the predominant depths are 1-3 m; the water is highly turbid. A river flows out of the lake. Sungacha is a tributary of the Ussuri.

Medium and small lakes of the Far East can be divided into three groups:

1) The lakes of the Shilka and Arguni basins are mostly the remains of disappeared large reservoirs. Among them are the vast, now almost dry, basins of Zun-Torey (258 km 2) and Barun-Torey (528 km 2), located in the southern part of the region, on the border with the Mongolian People's Republic.

With an arid climate, a significant part of the lakes in this group, especially reservoirs in the Argun basin, are mineralized. There are also salty and bitter-salty lakes here.

The salt composition of water in lakes depends on the nature of the rocks composing their basins and basins. The waters of lakes Doroninsky, Ononsky, Borgaisky contain soda, since their basins are composed mainly of igneous rocks. Lake Doroninskoye, located 154 km southwest of the city of Chita, has long been used for soda extraction. When soda lakes freeze, they release crystalline soda, which looks like a white coating of ice. Such lakes are called gudzhir lakes. To obtain artificial gujir, ice is covered with lake water, which is pumped from ice holes; after the water freezes, the resulting gujir is collected, obtaining from 1 hectare to 20-25 tons. If the lakes lie among Jurassic sedimentary rocks, then sulfates, especially mirabilite, predominate in their salt mass.

Among the mineral lakes, local residents distinguish between black (Khara-Nor) and white (Tsagan-Nor) lakes. An example of black lakes is Girona. After a long period of settling, a flaky cherry-red sediment falls out of its water. Bitter-salty lakes of the Tsagan-Nor type have milky-white water. In addition to those mentioned, a group of bitter-salty lakes in the area of the city of Chita is known, as well as the Borzinsky self-sedating lakes. In the southern part of the Argun basin, in the interfluve pp. Agi and Onon, a group of lakes of the Aginskaya steppe is located. These lakes are shallow saucer-shaped depressions filled with water; Some of them dry out in the summer.

2) Lakes of the Lower Amur Lowland (Fig. 142). Among this group there are significant lakes, namely: Petropavlovskoye (45 km 2), Bolen (440 km 2), Evvo (590 km 2), Kizi (350 km 2), Kadi (95 km 2), Orel (300 km 2 ), Chlya (180 km 2), Chukchagirskoe (740 km 2), etc. The basins of the lakes are fault depressions filled with alluvial deposits. Currently the lakes are shallow; their depths do not exceed 3-8 m. Most lakes are connected by channels to the Amur and during periods of flood they are filled with its waters.

3) Lakes of the Anadyr Lowland. A large number of lakes are also found in the extreme northeast, especially in the area of the Anadyr Lowland. The origin of the basins of some lakes is associated with glaciation and frost weathering processes, in others - with river erosion, in others - with sea activity. One of the most significant lakes of this group, Krasnoye (660 km 2), has a basin of erosional origin. Lakes that arose as a result of sea activity include lagoons separated from it by sandy coastal ramparts; the largest of them is lake. Lawrence.

The rivers of the Far Eastern Territory are of great economic importance, primarily as transport routes. In this regard, the Amur plays a particularly important role, representing a waterway about 3000 km long. Has long been used for shipping pp. Shilka, Zeya, Bureya, Amgun and Ussuri, which are important access routes to the railway and to hard-to-reach central mountainous regions. Navigation, however, in some cases experiences significant difficulties, especially due to high water flow rates and the presence of shallow riffles in river beds. The medium and small rivers of the Far Eastern Territory are widely used for timber rafting. The energy resources of the Far Eastern rivers are large and amount to millions of kilowatts. Developing the hydropower resources of the region's powerful rivers, improving their transport conditions and fighting floods are the immediate and most important tasks of the water sector of the Far East. The Amur and its tributaries are also of great importance for fisheries. Extremely important commercially are chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon and other species of fish that live in the sea and enter rivers only for spawning. In the fall, whole schools of them quickly burst into rivers and move up the Amur and its tributaries for 500-1000 km to spawning grounds located in the upper reaches of mountain rivers. The Lower Amur, the first to receive schools of fish, is the main fishing region of the Far Eastern Territory.

The heights of the mountain ranges of the Far East are relatively low and, as a rule, do not exceed 2000-2500 m.

Along with numerous mountain ranges, there are also extensive lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankaiskaya. In the northern part of this region there is a relatively vast lowland, occupying the central part of the Anadyr basin. By its nature, the Far East belongs to the forest zone and belongs to the area of distribution of mixed broad-leaved forests. Only in its southwestern part (Arguni basin) does forest vegetation in some places give way to steppe vegetation.

The climatic conditions of the Far East are sharply different from other regions of Russia. The climate here is mainly formed under the influence of the interaction of the continent and the ocean and is called the monsoon climate. Its main features are harsh winters with little snow and relatively warm summers with abundant rainfall.

In winter, due to great cooling, a high pressure area is established on the mainland (Siberian anticyclone); it covers the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. At the same time, low pressure sets in over the Pacific Ocean. As a result of this pressure ratio over the land and over the ocean, in winter the air flows from the mainland to the ocean. In the center of the high pressure area over land, calm prevails, and towards the periphery there are weak winds, gradually increasing towards the sea.

In summer, on the contrary, the continent heats up greatly and therefore the pressure over land becomes low. The sea at this time is much colder than the land and high pressure is established above it, and therefore in summer the winds blow from the ocean to the mainland.

Winter in a monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of calm weather or very weak winds, an abundance of sunlight, little precipitation, little snow cover and severe frosts. These features are most clearly manifested in areas remote from the sea, for example in Transbaikalia, where on average no more than 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. There is so little snow here that a sled track is not installed every year.

If in winter most of the Far East is in a polar climate, then in summer, according to climatic conditions in the southern part, it approaches the subtropics.

The general thermal regime of the Far East is continental, increasing with distance from the sea inland.

Compared to the European part of Russia, the air temperature here at the same latitudes is much lower. For example, Primorye, located at the latitude of Crimea, is approaching Arkhangelsk in terms of the average temperature of the coldest month - January.

The annual amount of precipitation, with the exception of Primorye, where it reaches 800 mm in places, generally differs little from the central zone of the European part of Russia and is mostly 450-600 mm per year. However, the distribution of precipitation throughout the year has significant features compared to the European part of Russia: it is abundant during the warm part of the year and exceptionally small in winter. Summer monsoons carry a large amount of moisture from the ocean, while winter monsoons are characterized by great dryness. Under these conditions, up to 95% of precipitation falls in the warm part of the year and only about 5% falls in the cold part. The greatest amount of precipitation (up to 70-80% of the annual amount) falls in July and August. For example, in Blagoveshchensk in January an average of 1 mm of precipitation falls, and in August - 130 mm.

Rains in the Far East are torrential in nature, cover large areas and are characterized by high intensity. Particularly intense rainfall is observed in Primorye. There are cases when up to 150-250 mm falls in one day.

Almost the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone, which, along with the peculiarities of the monsoon climate, leaves its characteristic imprint on the regime of the region’s rivers - they are high in water in summer and poor in water in winter.

The Far East is characterized by the widespread development of surface swamps, especially within the vast lowlands - Zee-Bureya, Lower Amur, Prikhankai and Birobidzhan; swampiness reaches 15-20%. The thickness of the peat deposit in swamps is usually small. Vast spaces here are occupied by mari, which represent a transitional form from a marshy meadow to a peat bog; A distinction is made between dry mari, which forms under relatively good flow conditions, and wet mari, which occurs during slow runoff of surface water.

2. Resource potential of the Far East

The natural conditions and resources of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrasts, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. The most extensive lowland is located in the valley of the Amur and its tributary, the Ussuri. A significant part of the region is covered by permafrost. The Pacific coast is dominated by young mountains, and volcanic activity is active here. The Pacific Ocean seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese are of great importance for the region's economy. Freezing for a relatively short period, they are of fishing, hunting and transport importance. The world's largest salmon stocks are concentrated here, and seals, walruses, and fur seals live here.

Forests in the Far East cover about 260 million hectares (30% of all-Russian reserves).

The peculiarities of the physical and geographical position determined the diversity of natural and climatic conditions - from sharply continental in most of the territory to the monsoon climate in the southeast of the region, which led to the uneven settlement and development of the region.

The region has significant iron ore reserves - in the south of Yakutia (Taiga), in the Amur region and Khabarovsk Territory.

Deposits of polymetallic ores have been identified in the Primorsky Territory, tin ores - in the south and north of the region; tungsten deposits were discovered in Primorye, Yakutia, and the Magadan region.

The diamond-bearing region of the Far East is Yakutia (“Mirny”, “Aikhal”, “Udachnoe”).

The Far East contains significant reserves of silver, platinum, copper ores, and raw materials for the chemical industry.

The territory of the Far East accounts for 35% of all coal resources of the country, including about 10% of all balance reserves. The bulk of reserves (75%) are located in Yakutia, the Amur region and the Primorsky Territory. The region's coals are varied in composition, from brown (65% of balance reserves) to anthracite.

The largest basin in the Far East is the Lensky basin, whose total resources are estimated at 1541 billion tons, of which 57% are brown coals. However, the geological knowledge of the basin is low (0.4%).

The coal resources of the South Yakutsk basin are estimated at 47.8 billion tons. The coals of this basin are hard, mainly coking.

Significant coal resources are also available in other regions of the Far East - in the Amur and Magadan regions, in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in Sakhalin and Kamchatka. However, the exploration of their resources is extremely low, and even in the explored areas in the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory, low-quality reserves predominate. As a result, most of the 19 reserve areas cannot be recommended for development due to the low quality of coal and economic indicators.

The oil and gas resources of the Far East are confined mainly to the Lena-Tunguska, Lena-Vilyui and Okhotsk oil and gas provinces, the Verkhnebureinsky and Anadyr gas-bearing regions and the shelf of the Arctic seas.

The Far East is a complex geological region with a heterogeneous distribution of oil resources, which have been studied and developed by industry very poorly and unevenly. 62 oil fields have been discovered in the Far East, 47 of them are located on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk, 3 in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The initial total gas resources of the region are 26.8 trillion. m3 (of which shelf resources are 14.9 trillion m3).

The Far Eastern economic region has significant total recoverable oil resources within its continental part (2.98 billion tons) and the largest predicted resources of the shelf zones of the six seas (Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka, Bering, Okhotsk, Japan) and the East Kamchatka sector Pacific Ocean (5.87 billion tons).

Conclusion

Iron ore reserves are known in the Far Eastern region.

The Far East also has large reserves of fuel resources, especially hard and brown coal.

Oil and gas bearing provinces have been identified in the region: in Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Chukotka, and the Magadan region, but so far only the Okha and Tungor oil fields in the north of Sakhalin are being developed. The oil is of high quality, but it is not enough to meet the needs of the area. Gas was discovered in the Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province. This is one of the most important promising gas-bearing areas.

The Far East also has reserves of nonmetallic raw materials: marl, limestone, refractory clay, quartz sand, as well as sulfur, graphite, and mica.

The hydrographic network of the region is very extensive and rich in water. Among the largest are the basins of the Lena, Amur, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, etc. Rivers concentrate huge reserves of hydropower, are rich in valuable species of fish, and serve as transport routes, including in winter, when winter roads are laid on the ice. The area is also rich in thermal waters. Hot springs, especially in Kamchatka, feed rivers that do not freeze in winter. The origin of geysers is associated with volcanic activity. The water of hot springs contains zinc, antimony, arsenic, has medicinal value and opens up great opportunities for creating a resort base.

The Pacific Ocean seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese are very important for the economy of the region. Freezing for a relatively short period, they are of fishing, hunting and transport importance. The world's largest salmon stocks are concentrated here: chum salmon, sockeye salmon, Chinook salmon, and seals, walruses, and fur seals live here. Forests in the Far East cover about 260 million hectares of the region. The forests contain larch, spruce, fir, cedar, and broad-leaved species: oak, ash, maple, etc.

So, the peculiarities of the physical and geographical position determined the diversity of natural and climatic conditions - from the sharply continental to the monsoon climate of the southeast of the region, which caused uneven settlement and development of the region.

Literature

1. Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies. Tutorial. – M. Gardariki, 1999.

2. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobrokokk V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. M.: Gardarika, Literary and Publishing Agency "Kafedra-M", 1999.

3. Russian Far East: Economic potential / Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Economics research. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1999.

4. Regional economy. / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M., 2003.

5. Khrushchev A.T. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook for universities. – M.: Kron-Press, 1997.

Regional economy. / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M., 2003. – P. 400.

Regional economy. / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M., 2003. – P. 401.

Far East of Russia: Economic potential / Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Economics research. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1999. – P. 45.

Regional economy. / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M., 2003. – P. 144.

Far East of Russia: Economic potential / Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Economics research. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1999. – P. 78.

Occupies the easternmost part of Russia, including the Novosibirsk, Kuril, and Sakhalin islands - area - 6.2 million km2.

The Far East includes 2 territories (Primorsky and Khabarovsk), 4 regions (Amur, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Magadan), 1 autonomous region (Jewish), 2 autonomous districts (Chukchi and Koryak).

EGP is unique. Remoteness from the main economic regions of the country, communication with them is difficult due to poor transport availability. But it has wide access to the seas of the Arctic and Pacific oceans, a maritime border with the USA and Japan, and a land border with China and Korea, that is, an advantageous foreign trade position, being a connecting link between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Natural conditions are harsh. The terrain is predominantly mountainous. Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are an area of earthquakes and volcanism. The climate is harsh, sharply continental. The cold pole of the northern hemisphere is located in Yakutia. Almost the entire territory is located in the permafrost region. In the southern part the climate is milder - monsoon, but with typhoons, floods and tsunamis. Zones - from tundra to subtropical taiga in the south.

The population is multinational, small, with an average density of just over 1 person/km2, concentrated in the favorable southern part along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The urbanization level is 76%, one of the highest in Russia.

Large cities: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Yakutsk.

Resources are varied.

Branches of specialization:

Mining. The region has more than 70 types of minerals, including 90% of Russia's tungsten, 80% of tin, 98% of diamonds, 70% of gold, as well as iron and polymetallic ores. Sakhalin has rich oil and gas deposits. Higher quality coal is mined from the South Yakutsk and Lena basins.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. Tin, lead, and zinc smelting plants are located in Dalnegorsk and Khrustalninsk.
The timber and pulp and paper industries are concentrated in the south of the region; there are rich forest resources, including valuable broad-leaved species (Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk).
Fishing industry. The Far Eastern seas account for more than 60% of the countries' fish and seafood products (salmon fish, crabs, shrimp, squid, etc.). Centers: Sakhalin, Primorye, Kamchatka.
A large South Yakutsk TPK is being created (ore, apatite, coal, timber, non-ferrous metallurgy, energy). Currently, only the most valuable products - non-ferrous metals and seafood - come to the European part from the Far East, the rest is exported to Japan and other countries.

Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka and Koryak Autonomous Okrugs, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Economic-geographical location

The Far East is the extreme eastern part of Russia, facing the shores of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. Here Russia has maritime borders with the USA and Japan. In addition to the mainland territory, the Far Eastern economic region includes the islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Komandorsky. The southern mainland adjacent to the Sea of Japan is called Primorye. Economically, the region is less developed than other parts of Russia due to its distance from the central and most populated areas. Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of delivery of products. The construction of the BAM improved the situation somewhat.

The Far East has favorable opportunities for developing economic ties with the countries of the Pacific Rim. Primorsky Krai and the Sakhalin region have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.

Natural conditions and resources

The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The remaining territory of the Far East is predominantly mountainous, with mountains of medium height predominating (ridges: Stanovoy, Chersky, Verkhoyansky). Together with the depressions of the marginal seas, the relief of the eastern part of the area is included in the system of young folded formations. This is the only area of active volcanism in Russia and is distinguished by high seismicity. There are more than 20 active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands. Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest point of the Far East (4760 m) and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

The largest rivers are the Lena and Amur with their tributaries, the Kolyma, Indigirka, and Yana. The Amur and its tributaries have rich water resources.

The northern parts of the territory of the vast Far Eastern region (7.3 million km 2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable) there is a temperate monsoon climate.

The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental and harsh. Winter is characterized by windless, clear, frosty weather (Siberian anticyclone). Summer is hot and dry, but short. In Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia) the lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere was observed (-72 degrees).

The Far East is rich in forests. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so logging is difficult. There are a lot of fur-bearing animals in the taiga - this is one of the riches of the region. Along the middle reaches of the Amur there are forest-steppes with fertile meadow soils.

The Far East is very rich in mineral resources. Deposits of coal (Lena, South Yakutia basins), oil (Sakhalin), gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), non-ferrous and rare metal ores, gold, diamonds (Mirny, Yakutia) have been discovered.

Population

Population - 9.2 million people; average density 1.3 people 1 km 2; the minimum is in the Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs - 0.1-0.2. The area was settled slowly, which was explained by its remoteness, lack of roads, and harsh natural conditions. The Far East still experiences a shortage of labor resources. The southern regions of Primorye and the area along the railways are more densely populated. The northern part of the region is especially sparsely populated. The urban population is growing rapidly. The district is one of the most “urban” in Russia—the share of city residents is 76%. Rural residents are dispersed in patches, mostly along river valleys. The population of the Far East is multinational. The majority are Russians.

There are about one and a half dozen indigenous peoples of the North in this area. They belong to the northern branch of the Mongoloid race. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Eskimos, Aleuts are peoples who speak languages of the Palaeasian group. In the Amur basin and on Sakhalin Island live the peoples of the Tungus-Manchu language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkh, Udege). In Yakutia - the indigenous population - the Yakuts (belong to the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group); Other peoples also live there - Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs. From time immemorial, all the indigenous peoples who inhabited the Far East were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer herding.