Panfilov Ivan Vasilievich - Biography. Panfilov Ivan Vasilievich - biography

He commanded the 316th Guards Rifle Division, which fought heroically in the Battle of Moscow. It is symbolic that January 3, 1903 is the birthday of Alexander Alfredovich Bek (1903-1972), a Russian writer, author of the novel “Volokolamsk Highway,” which describes the feat of Panfilov’s life and death. Here is a short quote from the novel: “Mass heroism is not a force of nature. Our quiet, unprepossessing general prepared us for this day, for this struggle, he foresaw, anticipated its character, steadily, patiently sought to understand the task, “rubbed in his fingers” with his plan. Let me remind you once again that our old charter did not know such words as “node of resistance” or “strong point.” The war dictated them to us. Panfilov's ear heard this dictation. He was one of the first in the Red Army to penetrate the unprecedented secret record of an unprecedented war.
A small group isolated from everyone is also a knot, a strong point of struggle. Panfilov took advantage of every opportunity, almost every minute of communication with commanders and soldiers, to explain and instill in us this truth. He was very popular in the division. In different, sometimes inexplicable ways, his words and sayings, his jokes, thrown as if by chance, reached many people and were transmitted from one to another via a soldier’s wireless telephone. And once the fighters have accepted it and internalized it, this is already better management.”
In addition to Alexander Bek, both writers and military leaders wrote a lot about Panfilov. Therefore, it seems interesting to me to recreate his so-called “unofficial” image. The youngest daughter of the illustrious general, Maya Ivanovna, who lives in Moscow on Heroev-Panfilovtsev Street, helped me with this. Together with her, we contacted by telephone Valentina Ivanovna Panfilova, the eldest daughter of the hero, living in Alma-Ata, and Sergei Ivanovich Usanov, the former commissar of the artillery division of the Panfilov division.

The eldest daughter's story

My father met my mother Maria Ivanovna Panfilova (Kolomiets) in 1921,” Valentina Ivanovna began, “in the Ukrainian town of Ovidiopol. A Red Army detachment under his command was redeployed there from the fronts of the civil war. The 28-year-old walked around looking for places to stay for his subordinates. In one of them I met the local beauty Maria. A few weeks later, a wedding took place right at the detachment’s headquarters. From that day until the Great Patriotic War, the parents were not separated, no matter where Ivan Vasilyevich’s service took him.

He was already an experienced commander then. In the imperialist army he rose to the rank of sergeant major. In the civilian division, V.I. Chapaev was the commander of a mounted reconnaissance detachment. By the way, an interesting coincidence. When Ivan Vasilyevich commanded the 316th Infantry Division near Moscow in 1941, Chapaev’s son served under him as commander of an artillery division.

The father's pre-war service record can be represented by the places of birth of the children. I was born in Kyiv, where he studied at the school of red commanders. Evgeniy in Osh, where his father began the fight against the Basmachi. Vladilen is in Kyzil-Kiya, Galina is not far from Ashgabat, Maya is in Chardzhou. My mother followed my father everywhere with us, saying: “Where there is a needle, there is a thread.” And she was never a burden. She cooked food for the soldiers and washed them. I remember well how we wandered from place to place. Smaller children were loaded into baskets, which were tied with ropes and hung on the backs of camels.

For the first time, my mother separated from my father in 1941. And that was only because she worked at that time as the chairman of the district executive committee and party discipline did not allow her to run away to his front. But she was always there in spirit. She often wrote letters. Yes, what kind! Real Russian women, no matter how much they love their husbands, in times of severe danger for the Fatherland, will never wish them to hide, sit out, but rather bless them for risk and even death, if it is inevitable. That's how mom was.

From a letter from M.I. Panfilova to her husband:

“Vanya, I somehow didn’t want to talk about this, and I believe and hope: we will wait for the day of joyful victory, then we will live again cheerfully and happily, as we lived, and we will rejoice at our children, and that you and I have not lived in vain in the world. Vanya, if you still have to die for our Motherland, then die in such a way that you can sing songs and write poems about the glorious hero. Vanya, I don’t think about it, but still this is war and a cruel war, we need to be prepared for everything, and these are my true wishes as a husband and friend ... "

“I went to the front with my father,” Valentina Ivanovna continued. - He didn’t resist for long. Mom too. I was already 18! Only one was an agreement not to show the family connection to anyone. We didn't show it. Thanks to this, I learned a lot about dad, as if from the outside. She served in the medical battalion, and the wounded did not hesitate to discuss their division commander. It was felt, loved, called “father”.

Panfilov’s authority in the units and the fighters’ love for him began to emerge in Kazakhstan, where the 316th was formed,” Sergei Ivanovich Usanov told me. - You can’t tell about all the nuances. There are seemingly little things, but they are worth a lot. The division, for example, brought together representatives of 33 nationalities of the USSR. So Ivan Vasilyevich, despite his workload, studied some languages, emphasizing: “My subordinate and I must be able to exchange at least two words in his dialect.”

Panfilov managed to put together our division of multilingual and semi-literate people in a few months. It is very important that he knew what the soldiers needed to be taught first of all: to go one on one with a tank and knock it out. Panfilov organized groups of tank destroyers in his units. He gave them a fighting technique. He ensured that every fighter mastered it. And when we talk about the heroism of a handful of Panfilov’s men who stopped a large fascist tank formation at the Dubosekovo crossing and destroyed 50 combat vehicles, then we see glimpses of Panfilov’s feat. And when we remember that the 316th Division destroyed 30 thousand fascist soldiers and officers and more than 150 tanks in less than a month of fighting, then Panfilov’s feat emerges in its entirety. If every division commander had achieved such a result then, then already in November 1941 Hitler would have nothing to fight with!

From a letter from I.V. Panfilov to his wife:

“We will not surrender Moscow to the enemy. We destroy the reptile by the thousands and the tanks by the hundreds. The division is fighting well. Murochka, work tirelessly to strengthen the rear. I valiantly carry out your order and my word... The division will be a guards division! I kiss you, my friend and loving wife.”

How the division commander died

In November 1941, in the village of Gusenovo near Volokolamsk, the headquarters of the commander of the 316th (8th Guards) Rifle Division, commanded by General Panfilov, was located. Here the general died on November 18, 1941 from a German mine fragment.

From the memoirs of Marshal of the Armored Forces M.E. Katukov:

“On the morning of November 18, two dozen tanks and chains of motorized infantry again began to surround the village of Gusenevo. Here at that time Panfilov’s command post was located - a hastily dugout next to the peasant hut. The Germans fired at the village with mortars, but the fire was indirect and they did not pay attention to it.

Panfilov received a group of Moscow correspondents. When he was informed about the enemy tank attack, he hurried from the dugout to the street. He was followed by other division headquarters workers. Before Panfilov had time to climb the last step of the dugout, a mine crashed nearby. General Panfilov began to slowly sink to the ground. They picked him up. So, without regaining consciousness, he died in the arms of his comrades. They examined the wound: it turned out that a tiny fragment had pierced his temple.”

Panfilov was not a dugout commander,” Usanov continued. - He spent most of his time in regiments and even in battalions, moreover, in those that at that moment were experiencing the most fierce pressure from the enemy. This is not ostentatious reckless courage, but an understanding of the combat expediency of such behavior. On the one hand, the division commander’s personal command experience greatly helped to correct the situation in difficult areas, on the other, his appearance at a critical moment in the battle greatly raised the spirit of soldiers and officers.

On November 18, 1941, recalled Valentina Ivanovna, a group of seriously wounded people was brought to the first aid station. One of them was conscious. He ground his teeth and groaned. I tried to calm him down: just be patient, they will do the operation now.
- Eh, sister, can you understand my pain? After all, I don’t feel sorry for an arm or a leg. The heart bleeds. Our father was killed...
- He, warm-hearted, like many, did not know that “father” was my folder. Later I found out that he died during another fascist attack. He jumped out of the command post and ran to the division's OP. A small fragment of a mine pierced straight into my temple.
“On the eve of his death,” Usanov continued the story, “Ivan Vasilyevich’s cherished desires were fulfilled. I remember how newspapers were brought to the command post with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the division with the Order of the Red Banner and transforming it into the 8th Guards. Tears of joy appeared in Panfilov’s eyes. He wiped them and said, “I’m not ashamed. Big deal. This party shook hands with all of us, both living and dead. Go and tell people so.”

And after Panfilov’s death, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). Here are the lines from the performance: “In the fight against the German invaders on the approaches to Moscow, the division fought fierce battles with enemy forces four times superior. For a month, units of the division not only held their positions, but also, with swift counterattacks, defeated the 2nd Tank, 29th Motorized, 11th and 110th Infantry Divisions.”

Few managed to achieve such performance even in the victorious year of 1945. That is why, on the personal instructions of Stalin, the body of the Guard, Major General I.V. Panfilov was taken to Moscow, to the Central House of the Soviet Army for a solemn funeral service. The ashes of the hero were buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in a common grave with the ashes of the fighting friend of the glorious cavalryman L. Dovator and the ace of the Moscow sky V. Talalikhin.

From a poem about the father of his youngest daughter:

He left us all the valuables
that you can't buy on the counter.
And you can’t get it in the store rush.
They certainly don’t give them as gifts.
He left us CONSCIENCE, HONOR and WORK.

Nuclear attack on the USSR

On January 1, 1957, according to the Dropshot plan adopted in the United States in 1949, D-Day was supposed to occur - a nuclear attack on the USSR.

According to the plans of overseas strategists, by this time the United States should have achieved an overwhelming quantitative advantage of 10:1 in nuclear weapons and some lead in conventional weapons. 300 atomic bombs and 29 thousand tons of conventional ones were to be dropped on the USSR.
The 1949 plan prophetically stated:“On January 1, 1957, the United States will be involved in a war against the USSR due to an act of aggression by the USSR and its satellites.”

These hopes were not destined to come true, since Soviet scientists and engineers created atomic and missile weapons that would cause irreversible damage to a potential aggressor.

Memory of Ilya Muromets

On January 1, 1188, Ilya Muromets, a Russian hero who became an epic hero in folk memory, died.

Ilya Muromets, Pechersky, nicknamed Chobotok, was the son of Ivan Timofeevich Chobotov from the Murom village of Karacharovo, Vladimir region. He was born on September 5, 1143. Due to the weakness of his legs that struck him from childhood, Ilya lived motionlessly for 30 years in humility, love and prayers to God. Legends have brought to us the miracle of healing of the future defender of the Russian land. After healing, Ilya Muromets used his miraculous spiritual and physical strength only to fight the enemies of the Fatherland and restore justice. It is known that Ilya Muromets had no defeats, but he never exalted himself and released his defeated enemies in peace. Having received an incurable wound in the chest in one of the battles, he, obeying the call of his heart, left the world, took monastic vows at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and shut himself up. Ilya Muromets departed to the Kingdom of Heaven in the 45th year of his life on January 1, 1188. He was canonized in 1643, and his incorruptible relics rest in the Anthony Caves of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

Studies of the relics of Ilya Muromets, carried out in the 70s of the last century, established that his height was 177 cm (very tall for the 12th century), and his build was heroic. Wounds and injuries received in battles were found on the incorrupt body. The wound in the heart area, according to experts, was the main cause of his death.

Memorial Day is celebrated on January 1st. He is the patron of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Russian Border Guard Service.

Today
9th of March
Saturday
2019

On this day:

The fate of Kobzar

On March 9, 1814, Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko, an outstanding Little Russian poet and artist (d. 1861), was born. Shevchenko’s literary heritage, in which poetry plays a central role, in particular the collection “Kobzar”, is considered the basis of modern Little Russian literature and, in many respects, the literary Ukrainian language.

The fate of Kobzar

On March 9, 1814, Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko, an outstanding Little Russian poet and artist (d. 1861), was born. Shevchenko’s literary heritage, in which poetry plays a central role, in particular the collection “Kobzar”, is considered the basis of modern Little Russian literature and, in many respects, the literary Ukrainian language.

Most of Shevchenko’s prose (stories, diary, many letters), as well as some poems, are written in Russian, and therefore some researchers classify Shevchenko’s work as Russian literature. In addition, he spent most of his life in Russia.

It must be said that Taras Shevchenko was a serf peasant of the landowner Engelhardt. Since childhood, he showed a penchant for painting. He was accidentally noticed by the Ukrainian artist I. Soshenko, who introduced Taras to the Russian artists A. Venetsianov and K. Bryullov, and the poet V. Zhukovsky. They subsequently bought Shevchenko from the landowner for a very large sum. In addition to painting, Taras Grigorievich became interested in poetry and published the collection “Kobzar”. After the publication of this collection, Taras Shevchenko himself began to be called a kobzar. Even Taras Shevchenko himself, after some of his stories, began to sign “Kobzar Darmograi”.

He died in St. Petersburg on February 26 (March 10), 1861 from dropsy, caused, according to the historian N.I. Kostomarov, by “immoderate consumption of drinks.”

He was buried first at the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery in St. Petersburg, and after 58 days the coffin with the ashes of T. G. Shevchenko, in accordance with his will, was transported to Ukraine and buried on Chernechya Mountain near Kanev.

Yuri Gagarin was born

On March 9, 1934, Yuri Alekseevich GAGARIN, the first cosmonaut of the Earth, Hero of the Soviet Union, was born. He spent his childhood in Gzhatsk (now Gagarin). On October 27, 1955, Gagarin was drafted into the Soviet army and sent to Chkalov (now Orenburg), to the 1st Military Aviation School named after K. E. Voroshilov.

Yuri Gagarin was born

On March 9, 1934, Yuri Alekseevich GAGARIN, the first cosmonaut of the Earth, Hero of the Soviet Union, was born. He spent his childhood in Gzhatsk (now Gagarin). On October 27, 1955, Gagarin was drafted into the Soviet army and sent to Chkalov (now Orenburg), to the 1st Military Aviation School named after K. E. Voroshilov.

After graduation, he served for two years near Severomorsk in the 169th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 122nd Fighter Aviation Division of the Northern Fleet, flying MiG-15bis aircraft. By October 1959, he had flown a total of 265 hours.

On December 9, 1959, Gagarin wrote a report asking to be included in the group of cosmonaut candidates. The selection of cosmonaut candidates was carried out by a special group of specialists from the Central Military Research Aviation Hospital. Psychologists drew attention to the following features of Gagarin’s character:

“He loves spectacles with active action, where heroism, the will to win, and the spirit of competition prevail. In sports games, he takes the place of the initiator, leader, and captain of the team. As a rule, his will to win, endurance, determination, and sense of team play a role here. Favorite word - “to work”. At meetings, makes sensible proposals. Constantly confident in himself and in his abilities. Handles training easily, works effectively. Developed very harmoniously. Sincere. Pure in soul and body. Polite, tactful, careful to the point of punctuality. Intellectual development in Yura high. Excellent memory. Stands out among his comrades for his wide range of active attention, intelligence, quick reaction. Assiduous. Does not hesitate to defend the point of view that he considers correct."

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was selected not only among the top twenty candidates for the flight, but subsequently as the first cosmonaut. The choice turned out to be brilliant. Gagarin not only coped with the tasks of the first space flight in the history of mankind, but also did not suffer from “star fever” after it.

On March 27, 1968, Gagarin died in a plane crash while performing a training flight on a MiG-15UTI aircraft under the guidance of experienced instructor V.S. Seryogin, near the village of Novoselovo, Kirzhach district, Vladimir region.

On March 9, 1944, Nikolai Ivanovich KUZNETSOV, a Soviet intelligence officer and partisan, died. He personally liquidated 11 generals and high-ranking officials of the occupation administration of Nazi Germany.

Two murders of intelligence officer Kuznetsov

On March 9, 1944, Nikolai Ivanovich KUZNETSOV, a Soviet intelligence officer and partisan, died. He personally liquidated 11 generals and high-ranking officials of the occupation administration of Nazi Germany.

On March 9, 1944, while crossing the front line, Kuznetsov’s reconnaissance group came across UPA fighters (whose descendants are now in charge in Ukraine). This happened in the village of Boratin, Brody district. During the shootout, Nikolai Kuznetsov and his companions Yan Kaminsky and Ivan Belov were killed.

The burial of Kuznetsov’s group was discovered on September 17, 1959 in the Kutyki tract thanks to the search work of his comrade Nikolai Strutinsky. Strutinsky achieved the reburial of the alleged remains of Kuznetsov in Lviv on the Hill of Glory on July 27, 1960. Monuments to Kuznetsov in Lviv and Rivne were dismantled in 1992 Western Ukrainian fascist successors.

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75 years ago, on November 18, 1941, Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov, commander of the 316th Infantry Division, died in a battle near the village of Gusenevo. The day after Panfilov’s death, his division “for the exemplary performance of command tasks” will become the 8th Guards. Ivan Vasilyevich himself, unfortunately, left neither memoirs nor instructions. However, the documents he signed remained - orders and reports. The soldiers and commanders who were trained by Panfilov were also able to tell something about the division commander.

"Inexperienced" General

Panfilov himself, according to the description of his assistant and friend Markov, spoke about himself like this:

“I, Vitaly Ivanovich, am an inexperienced general. I am fighting with the rank of general for the first time, but I am an experienced private, corporal, junior non-commissioned officer, sergeant major of the first imperialist war, I am an experienced platoon and company commander of the civil war. No matter who I fought against! Belopolak, Denikin, Wrangel, Kolchak, Basmachi.”

“The general turned around. There was no gray visible in his mustache, trimmed in two squares. The cheekbones stood out noticeably. The narrowed, narrow eyes were slit in a Mongolian style, slightly askew. I thought: Tatar.”
Portrait of Ivan Vasilievich Panfilov

And indeed, Panfilov, born on January 1, 1893 (new style), had been fighting since 1915. First - against the Germans on the Southwestern Front of the First World War. He became a junior non-commissioned officer, then a sergeant major. During the civil war, in Chapaev's division, Panfilov rose through the ranks from platoon commander to battalion commander. During his service in the Red Army before the start of the Great Patriotic War, he earned two Orders of the Red Banner, which was the country's highest military award before the introduction of the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union.

Panfilov's division did not have the chance to participate in the first battles of the Great Patriotic War. It was formed only on July 14, 1941 in Kazakhstan and trained in the Alma-Ata area until August 15. The fighters who died thousands of kilometers to the west paid with their blood for the opportunity to train those who would replace them - and win. But victory was still very far away. The division loaded into echelons and departed for the North-Western Front. By August 31, after completing a hundred-kilometer march, the division crossed the Msta River in the Novgorod region and concentrated in the original area.

Victory is forged before the battle

Even before the start of the fighting, Panfilov pays special attention to the work of the rear of his formation. They identified the railway stations from which supplies will be made. The boundaries of the rear area are clearly indicated, both for the division itself and for its regiments. Supply routes for each regiment are prescribed. If necessary, the units will easily understand where they can get bread from, where they can get livestock, and where they can get other supplies. Panfilov also takes care in advance of the evacuation of wounded people, as well as sick and wounded horses. It would seem that all of this is quite ordinary organizational measures that are included in the responsibilities of any division commander. However, alas, the precise work of the divisional rear organized by Panfilov presented a striking contrast with many other formations of the Red Army in the first period of the war.

It should be noted that the 316th Rifle Division was not particularly rich in vehicles, which can be easily seen from the story “Volokolamsk Highway” by Alexander Bek.

The training of the formation's personnel continued, fortunately, the division was still 30–40 km from the front edge of the North-Western Front. Training firings were also carried out. An unusual move - to train sergeants, Panfilov ordered the creation of a special training battalion, not provided for by any states. In his opinion (as his words were later reported),

“Red Army soldiers, junior commanders, platoon and company commanders are, I would say, real “production workers”, workers on the battlefield. After all, it is they who create victory in close combat in a worker’s, peasant’s way.”

In October 1941, after the collapse of the front at Vyazma, Panfilov’s division fell to defend the Volokolamsk-Moscow highway, the only highway to Moscow in this direction. There was no more important sector on the entire front of Rokossovsky’s 16th Army. The division, stretched out in companies in one line, had to defend a sector with a front width of more than 40 km - from the Moscow Sea to the Bolychevo state farm. As a result, regimental commanders themselves could do almost nothing to strengthen the defense, and in a crisis situation they had to immediately use the division's reserves. However, even those were very small, so the army commander allocated to the 316th division most of the forces and reinforcements he had.

According to the state, three rifle regiments and the 857th artillery regiment of the 316th division had a total of 54 guns. This is not so much (a little more than one gun per kilometer of front), and more than half of these guns are anti-tank “forty-five” (16 guns) and 76-mm “regimental guns” (14 guns). There were only eight 122 mm howitzers.

But the peculiarities of the organizational structure of the Red Army made it possible to “pump up” the troops located in the most important directions with attached units. The division received four artillery regiments of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK) and three anti-tank regiments. In addition, artillery from other units operated in the division’s defense zone. As a result, the advancing Germans were to be met by over two hundred guns, 30 of which were 152 mm guns, 32–122 mm guns and howitzers. Also in the division's defense zone there were 16 85-mm anti-aircraft guns.

On October 12, the entire division was concentrated in the Volokolamsk area. It should be noted that Panfilov prudently sent a task force, which arrived at the site on October 5 and managed to get acquainted with the state of defense and the terrain in advance. The division commander himself arrived the next day. As soon as the next regiment or battalion of the formation arrived at Volokolamsk, its commander received personally from Panfilov a map with the indicated defense area, neighbors and time of occupation of positions. Panfilov also managed to think about the eviction of the local population from the area of ​​the upcoming battles.

When organizing the defense, Panfilov’s subordinates skillfully used the nature of the terrain. To hinder the actions of German tanks, the division managed to dig 16 km of anti-tank ditches and lay more than 12,000 anti-tank mines. But the main emphasis in the fight against tanks was on artillery. She reported not to the infantry, as was often the case, but to the artillery commanders, and they reported directly to the division artillery commander. “And in this particular situation this was the only correct decision” - this will be said in the press in November 1941. The infantry only covered the artillery positions from possible enemy infiltration.

Areas of massive fire were identified in advance. Special attention was paid to organizing air defense. The division's positions had to be protected from air strikes by everything that was at hand - from light machine guns to two regiments of anti-aircraft guns.

One of the division's regiments, the 1077th Infantry, received a company of tanks from the 21st Tank Brigade. In addition, since October 19, the 22nd Tank Brigade, subordinate to him, has been interacting with Panfilov’s formation.

Baptism by fire

Readers of the Volokolamsk Highway will remember that the division did not passively wait for the Germans, but itself sent out special detachments that attacked the enemy even on the approaches to its battle formations. Judging by the documents, the idea of ​​​​creating such detachments belongs to Senior Lieutenant Momyshuly (and not Panfilov, as in the story).

On the night of October 15-16, a hundred soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Rakhimov and political instructor Bozzhanov attacked Germans resting in the village of Sereda, blew up five cars, captured trophies and an ordinary soldier. The prisoner indicated that the enemy attack would begin in the morning.

Commander of the 316th Infantry Division, Major General I.V. Panfilov (left), chief of staff I.I. Serebryakov and senior battalion commissar S.A. Egorov discuss the plan for combat operations on the front line
waralbum.ru

Panfilov’s troops met the advancing German tanks and infantry over and over again with cannon fire, rifle volleys at close range, and machine gun fire. The Germans were not discouraged by the first setbacks; they continued to rush to such close Moscow. But first they had to take Volokolamsk.

Even when surrounded, the Soviet infantry continued to defend itself staunchly and skillfully. Only when there were literally 3-5 rounds of ammunition left per soldier did the Red Army soldiers break through to their own. In a similar situation, Lieutenant Momyshuly’s battalion even managed to remove five guns left by a neighboring unit.

On October 18, to transfer tiny reserves (allocated to company regiments), Panfilov uses an unexpected “bonus” - the trucks of the barrier detachment. The division commander creates new anti-tank areas, personally assigns tasks to the Katyusha MLRS divisions - M-8 and M-13. The importance of the fighting in this direction can be judged at least by the fact that Stalin personally demands that Volokolamsk be held. On October 20, Katukov’s 4th Tank Brigade was deployed to help Panfilov’s division, occupying the front section between it and its neighbors.

Veterans of the Panfilov Division with soldiers and junior commanders of the Soviet Army. Alma-Ata, August 1981. http://www.foto.kg/

On October 20, the 316th Infantry Division reported five destroyed tanks, and another one was blown up by sappers. Communication with the neighbor on the left, the 133rd Division, had by this time been broken. On October 25, the 1077th regiment of Panfilov’s formation consisted of up to 2,000 people, the 1073rd - 800 people, and the 1075th - only 700 soldiers. The assigned artillery regiments had 6–8 guns left. The anti-tankers fought, retreating from line to line.

On October 26, the 1077th regiment withdrew; the counterattacking 1073rd regiment suffered heavy losses. On October 27, Volokolamsk fell. However, the Soviet troops were not defeated, but continued to resist on the eastern bank of the Lama River.

Despite the difficult situation, on October 27, Panfilov demanded efficient work of the headquarters and reports from them every two hours. A division commander cannot fight without knowing what is happening on the battlefield. Therefore, on October 31, Panfilov recalled the personal responsibility of the chiefs of staff and battalion adjutants for providing reports on time. Otherwise, there may be a tribunal. It is curious that the division commander separately requires information about the work of anti-tank rifle platoons - a new product that was just then undergoing its baptism of fire (the anti-tank rifles of early and foreign models themselves had been used before).

Over 12 days of fighting, the 1073rd Regiment lost 198 people killed, 175 wounded and 1068 missing. In the 1075th regiment the situation was even more difficult: it lost 535 killed, 275 wounded and 1,730 missing. It was for these battles that the division would receive the title of Guards.

Hot on the heels, the documents specifically noted the actions of the anti-tank artillery, which were called brilliant. Although there was not enough infantry even to cover the anti-tank forces, the artillery regiments fought literally to the last, turning out to be the “backbone” of the defense.

Already on November 7, seven soldiers and commanders of the 316th division, as well as two battery commanders of the 289th anti-tank artillery regiment were awarded the Order of Lenin.

Soon the turn of new battles came. Panfilov's men are fighting alongside Katukov's tank brigade, renamed the 1st Guards brigade on November 11, and Dovator's cavalrymen. To the south, in the sector of the 18th Infantry Division, the tankers managed to eliminate the dangerous bridgehead at Skirmanovo, from which the Germans could threaten to encircle several Soviet units at once. After this success, on November 15, Panfilov, in accordance with Rokossovsky’s instructions, is preparing to recapture Volokolamsk with a blow from the south. But on November 16, the Germans went on the offensive again.

On November 18, Ivan Vasilyevich’s life was cut short. The posthumous award sheet noted that General Panfilov’s division, during a month of continuous fierce fighting on the outskirts of Moscow, destroyed “9,000 German soldiers and officers, more than 80 tanks and many guns, mortars and other weapons.”

Before his death, Panfilov managed to thank the deputy chief of artillery of the division, Markov, who “himself was the last to leave the battle and withdraw the material unit,” for which he was nominated for the Order of the Red Banner.

Panfilov's men

When talking about General Panfilov, it would not be amiss to recall at least a few words about some of his comrades-in-arms.

Desperate times sometimes called for desperate measures. One of the most powerful parts of the book “Volokolamsk Highway” is the shooting of a coward:

Bauyrzhan Momyshuly was a sniper, a career officer with pre-war experience, who fought as a battery commander at Lake Khasan. He honestly spoke about his actions not only to the visiting writer, but also to his superiors. On November 28, in the battle for the village of Sokolovo, Momyshuly shot platoon commander Lieutenant Bychkov and deputy political instructor Yubishev (Yutishev?) in front of the battalion formation for showing cowardice, removing himself from the leadership of the unit, threatening Commissar Shirokov with a weapon, and failing to provide assistance to the wounded commander. Moreover, formally Momyshuly, not being a division commander, did not have the right to be shot and took a great risk. However, he took a risk.

The same honesty was characteristic of Momyshuly when describing other episodes. Thus, in a report dated November 20, he admits that “the battle was fierce, both sides suffered heavy losses.” Trophies after a successful counterattack: a passenger car with documents, a tractor and a 75 mm gun with 70 shells. In another battle, according to his report, three tanks were knocked out. There were no dozens of burned tanks or downed planes, which one would expect from a unit commander when describing a stubborn defense. It is not surprising that Bek was so impressed by Momyshuly when writing “Volokolamsk Highway”.

Beck's short story about Panfilov's defenders of Moscow became popular not only in the USSR, but also in many other countries of the world. Perhaps, Beck’s other stories about Panfilov’s men who continued the traditions of the deceased commander now deserve no less attention and respect. For example, “Get started!” - display of almost standard work of the regiment commander. During the entire battle, which lasted about two and a half hours, the hero of the Volokolamsk Highway, now the commander of the Momyshuly regiment, uttered... only one word. Why?

“Victory is forged before the battle. Guard Captain Momysh-Uly loves this aphorism.”

And this was not just a nice phrase. The soldiers of his regiment, despite the “pushing” from their superiors over the phone, did not advance until the reconnaissance of the enemy’s firing points was completed. There was no artillery preparation. But the guns were sighted in advance before the battle - and at the beginning of the battle they opened fire on precisely identified dugouts and proven firing points. Moreover, forty-six shells were enough to break through the German defense. Few other works of art can compete in detailed accuracy with documents, while colorfully showing all the complex “kitchen” of the work of the regimental headquarters.

It would seem that you never know what a writer can invent, paper will endure anything. However, the battle on February 6, 1942 (coinciding in time with that described in the story) remained recorded in documents. In one day, the 1075th regiment under the command of Momyshuly was able to first defeat the Germans in the most fortified village of Troshkovo, and then liberate twelve more (!) villages. Since these villages were located near important roads, the Germans desperately tried to recapture them. But three enemy attacks, one after another, remained unsuccessful. The regiment's trophies included three tanks, 65 vehicles, 7 motorcycles, two long-range and three field guns, ammunition and food.

It should be added that he commanded Momyshuly’s regiment due to the sudden illness of the former commander, Kaprov, which occurred just before the offensive. Despite the suddenness of the promotion and the most difficult task, the results of the battle spoke for themselves. The new regiment commander was presented with the Order of the Red Banner. Panfilov managed to prepare worthy commanders.

Commanders of the Panfilov division. From left to right: guard senior lieutenant, commander of the artillery division Dmitry Potseluev (Snegin), guard senior lieutenant, assistant chief of the division's operational department Evgeniy Kolokolnikov, guard captain commander of the Talgar regiment Bauyrzhan Momysh-uly, as well as serviceman Sukhov. Kalinin Front, 1942. np.kz

Assistant Chief of the Operations Department of the 316th Division in 1941, Evgeniy Mikhailovich Kolokolnikov was one of the best Soviet climbers of the pre-war years. In 1936, he conquered the Khan Tengri peak, over 7 km high. In 1942, Kolokolnikov trained mountain riflemen in the Caucasus. According to the award sheet, Evgeniy Mikhailovich “carried out exceptionally great work in the troops on technology and tactics of operations in the mountains, on the creation and practical use of various mountain equipment.” As a topographer, he taught military personnel how to use maps and navigate in the mountains. Kolokolnikov wrote over 20 articles in the front-line newspaper. And in 1982, he took part in the preparation of the first Soviet expedition to Everest.

In 1941, Dmitry Fedorovich Potseluev was the commander of an artillery division. In 1944, he already commanded the 27th artillery regiment of the Panfilov Division, and in this position “showed examples of skillful leadership of the regiment in battle and fire control.” Its guns relentlessly followed in the battle formations of the advancing infantry, paving the way for them, and destroyed German firing points and convoys. And after the war, Dmitry Fedorovich, under the pseudonym Snegin, wrote several stories about the battles of his native division. These instructive tales and stories are one of the best monuments to General Panfilov and his soldiers.

Sources and literature:

• Materials from the site “Memory of the People”
• Materials from the site “Feat of the People”
• Combat operations of the rifle division. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1958.
• Beck A. Collected Works. In 4 volumes. Volume 2. Volokolamsk highway. War stories and essays. - Moscow: Publishing House “Khudozhestvennaya Literatura”, 1974.
• Galkina Galya. Bauyrzhan. New generation, 2010 http://www.np.kz/
• Momysh-uly B. Moscow is behind us. Notes from an officer. - Alma-Ata: Kazgoslitizdat, 1962.
• Radzievsky A.I. Tactics in combat examples - M.: Voenizdat, 1974.
• Stavsky Vl. Military medal-bearing. True, November 19, 1941.

Brazil is considered to be the birthplace of cashews. There this tree still grows wild, and wild cashew nuts are also found in the islands of the Caribbean. It was first cultivated in Brazil, and today more than 30 countries are the main suppliers of raw materials to the world market. It is exported to countries with warm climates such as India, Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, etc. This type of nut does not grow in Russia, and from the countries of the former USSR it is grown only in the south of Azerbaijan.

The cashew nut shell contains a caustic balm containing toxic substances (kardol), which causes skin irritation.

The cutting of nuts is done manually, and this process is very dangerous: even among experienced “nut cutters”, cases of burns with cardol are often observed. Because of this, nuts are collected with gloves and boiled in a special liquid before consumption, after which the shell is made harmless and fragile.

If you go to some tropical country and have the opportunity to peel cashews yourself, don't even try, as it is very unhealthy!

Benefits of cashew nuts

Consistent consumption of these nuts improves brain activity, increases memory and concentration.

Cashews are particularly beneficial for people with high cholesterol, as well as those suffering from atherosclerosis and poor vascular condition (the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, blood clots and heart disease).

The nut is very healthy and has an anti-sclerotic effect. It effectively affects the functioning of the cardiovascular system: it strengthens the walls of blood vessels, makes them elastic, and also improves blood circulation. The high content of potassium has a healing effect on cardiac activity: the production of hemoglobin is normalized and the composition of the blood improves.

Frequent consumption of cashew fruit strengthens the immune system, and also helps with bronchitis, anemia (anemia), etc.

Cashews in moderation can normalize blood sugar levels.

Among all the beneficial properties of the nut, its anti-cancer effect is especially valued. Eating several nucleoli daily reduces the division of cancer cells. This product is recommended for preventive purposes in the early stages of cancer.

Cashew nuts also have a beneficial effect on men's health. It enhances potency and libido. Tocopherol, which is part of nut fruits, improves sperm production and increases a man's stamina.

Women benefit from nuts during menstruation. Nutrients from the fruit replenish blood loss during menstruation, increase reproductive function and improve hormonal levels. Systematic intake of nuts improves skin condition, evens out tone and gives it a healthy glow.

Nuts are also beneficial during pregnancy. Consuming the daily norm replenishes the required amount of vitamins that the expectant mother needs. Cashews reduce the risk of dystrophy in the baby and also increase the immunity of the pregnant woman. Most doctors recommend eating 2-3 cashew nuts during lactation to enhance milk production. But still, before eating this product, it is better to consult your doctor.

How much can you eat per day

The maximum intake of cashew nuts per day should not exceed 30 grams.

Nuts are very high in calories and fill the body very quickly.

For people who are obese, cashews are ideal for dieting instead of a filling and healthy snack. Any healthy diet involves eliminating unhealthy trans fats from the diet and consuming only healthy fatty acids like Omega 3,6,9.

For effective weight loss, it is recommended to consume 20-30 grams of cashews during a snack in order to enrich the body with nutrients and to create a feeling of satisfying hunger.

Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov, Guard Major General, commander of the 8th Guards Rifle Red Banner (formerly 316th) Division, was born on January 1, 1893 in the city of Petrovsk, Saratov Region. Russian. Member of the CPSU since 1920.

From the age of 12 he worked for hire, and in 1915 he was drafted into the tsarist army. In the same year he was sent to the Russian-German front. He joined the Red Army voluntarily in 1918. He was enlisted in the 1st Saratov Infantry Regiment of the 25th Chapaev Division. He took part in the civil war, fought against Dutov, Kolchak, Denikin and the White Poles. After the war, he graduated from the two-year Kyiv United Infantry School and was assigned to the Central Asian Military District. He took part in the fight against the Basmachi.

The Great Patriotic War found Major General Panfilov at the post of military commissar of the Kyrgyz Republic. Having formed the 316th Infantry Division, he went to the front with it and fought near Moscow in October - November 1941. For military distinctions he was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner (1921, 1929) and the medal "XX Years of the Red Army".

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded posthumously to Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov on April 12, 1942 for his skillful leadership of division units in battles on the outskirts of Moscow and his personal courage and heroism.

Major General I.V. Panfilov died on the battlefield on November 18, 1941 near Volokolamsk. He was buried with military honors at the Novo-Devichye cemetery in Moscow. The city of Dzharkent and one of the villages in Kazakhstan, the village of Staro-Nikolaevka in Kyrgyzstan, the streets of many cities and villages, ships, factories, factories, collective farms, as well as the Guards Motorized Rifle Division, which he commanded, are named after him.

In the first half of October 1941, the 316th Division arrived as part of the 16th Army and took up defense on a wide front on the outskirts of Volokolamsk. General Panfilov was the first to widely use a system of deeply layered artillery anti-tank defense, created and skillfully used mobile barrage detachments in battle. Thanks to this, the resilience of our troops increased significantly, and all attempts of the 5th German Army Corps to break through the defenses were unsuccessful. For seven days, the division, together with the cadet regiment S.I. Mladentseva and the attached anti-tank artillery units successfully repelled enemy attacks.

Attaching great importance to the capture of Volokolamsk, the Nazi command sent another motorized corps to this area. Only under pressure from superior enemy forces were units of the division forced to leave Volokolamsk at the end of October and take up defense east of the city.

On November 16, fascist troops launched a second “general” attack on Moscow. A fierce battle began again near Volokolamsk. On this day, at the Dubosekovo crossing, there were 28 Panfilov soldiers under the command of political instructor V.G. Klochkov repelled the attack of enemy tanks and held the occupied line. Enemy tanks were also unable to penetrate in the direction of the villages of Mykanino and Strokovo. General Panfilov's division firmly held its positions, its soldiers fought to the death.

“Under the most difficult conditions of the combat situation,” Army General G.K. Zhukov, commander of the Western Front, wrote to the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, “Comrade Panfilov always retained leadership and control of the units. In continuous month-long battles on the approaches to Moscow, units of the division not only retained their positions, but also with rapid counterattacks they defeated the 2nd Tank, 29th Motorized, 11th and 110th Infantry Divisions, destroying 9,000 enemy soldiers and officers, more than 80 tanks, many guns, mortars and other weapons."

For the exemplary performance of combat missions of the command and the massive heroism of its personnel, the 316th Division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on November 17, 1941, and the next day it was reorganized into the 8th Guards Rifle Division.

In May 1945, when the last volleys of the war died down, among the inscriptions left on the Reichstag, this one appeared: “We are Panfilov’s people. Thank you, Dad, for the felt boots.”

Division General Panfilov completed hostilities far from Berlin, but the warpaths of some of its fighters led to the enemy’s lair. The legendary commander did not live to see the Victory, but his soldiers always remembered “Bata”.

In the Soviet Army throughout its history there were only two units named after commanders - the 25th Guards Rifle Division named after Vasily Chapaeva and the 8th Guards Rifle Division named after Ivan Panfilov. This fact alone speaks volumes about the attitude towards the personality of the general, whose soldiers fought to the death in the defense of Moscow.

Ataman "panfilyat"

If the residents of the city of Petrovsk, where Vanya Panfilov was born and spent his childhood, were asked the question of what this boy would become when he grew up, they would most likely answer: “A convict.” A black-haired, dark-skinned boy who looked like a gypsy was the leader of his peers. The adults called this company “panfilates.” They appeared wherever some kind of emergency occurred - be it a fire or a workers' strike.

The son of an employee, Vanya Panfilov, lost his mother early, then his father was fired for participating in a strike. At the age of 12, without even finishing four grades, the boy was forced to leave school to earn a living.

From a young age, Ivan had the right character - he did not allow anyone to mock him. Therefore, he had to change jobs several times, leaving his owners who did not consider him a human being.

Scout Chapaeva

And in 1915 he was drafted into the army. During World War I, Panfilov took part in the Brusilov breakthrough and rose to the rank of sergeant major. At the beginning of 1918, he returned home, but not for long - he soon voluntarily became a fighter in the Red Army.

And here the paths of two Soviet legends intersect - Ivan Panfilov served in the 25th Infantry Division under the command of Vasily Chapaev. The former ataman of the “panfilat” became Chapaev’s dashing reconnaissance squadron, who obtained the most important information during raids behind the White Guards. “I like his calmness and restraint in such a dangerous matter. “Careful, but brave,” Chapaev himself said about Panfilov. This Chapaev characteristic accurately describes Panfilov's style as a commander. He never took meaningless risks, but at the same time he knew how to competently solve the problem.

East is a delicate matter

After the Civil War, Panfilov graduated from the Kyiv United Infantry School and was assigned to the Central Asian Military District.

He became a real threat to the Basmachi, who, at the same time, respected him as an enemy. Panfilov did not resort to meanness, did not take revenge on the relatives of the bandits, and tried not only to eliminate his enemies, but also to establish a new life even in the most remote settlements.

In 1938, when the fighting in Central Asia died down, Panfilov was appointed to the post of military commissar of the Kirghiz SSR. This is not the highest position for a talented 45-year-old commander, but Panfilov did not try to look for something else. Having lived in the East for many years, becoming the head of a large family, he did not want to leave these places. He plunged headlong into organizational issues, building the work of military commissariats from the very grassroots level.

Learned to fight tanks on tractors

In June 1941, Panfilov and his family were on vacation in Sochi. An urgent telegram calling him to Moscow interrupted the family idyll.

With the outbreak of the war, General Panfilov received orders to start forming a new rifle division in Alma-Ata.

The general approached the task extremely responsibly. I personally recruited commanders, starting from the platoon commander level. The combat training of the soldiers was at the highest level. At the shooting range, Panfilov himself often showed fighters how to handle weapons. To train against tanks, by order of the general, tracked tractors were used. The soldiers had to learn to calmly let armored vehicles pass over them, and then hit them with grenades and petrol bombs. As a result, the soldiers of Panfilov’s division demonstrated calm and self-confidence in the fight against Nazi tanks. The sight of German tank armadas marching forward did not unsettle them.

There are no trifles, or How a general knocked out stockings

There were no trifles in preparing the division for Panfilov. He talked with the soldiers, learned about problems, and immediately took measures to solve them. The general ensured that his soldiers had no problems with winter uniforms. The soldiers thanked their commander on the Reichstag wall in 1945 for the felt boots that kept them warm in the trenches near Moscow.

Through the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Panfilov achieved the issuance of lingerie, stockings and skirts for women from the division. Women's uniforms in Almaty were sewn to special order.

For this concern for people, the soldiers nicknamed General Panfilov “Batey”.

Reproduction of the painting “Portrait of General Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov” by the artist Vasily Nikolaevich Yakovlev. Photo: RIA Novosti / Skleznev

“We need you to stay alive!”

The newly formed 316th Rifle Division was transferred to Novgorod in August 1941, where it took up positions in the second echelon of the army.

Panfilov’s fighters prepared the defense line for more than a month, but at the beginning of October they were urgently loaded into trains and sent near Moscow.

After the encirclement of Soviet troops near Vyazma, the road to the capital was completely open. To plug the gap at the front, units were collected wherever possible. Panfilov’s arriving division was included in the 16th Army of General Rokossovsky, assigning it a defense sector with a length of 41 kilometers from the village of Lvovo to the Bolychevo state farm in the Volokolamsk direction.

There was little time to prepare defensive positions, and the enemy’s 35th Infantry Division, 2nd, 5th and 11th Tank Divisions were advancing in this sector.

The superior forces of the Nazis rushed to Moscow, but General Panfilov’s fighters inflicted heavy damage on the enemy. At the same time, the division commander himself told his subordinates: “I don’t need you to die heroically, I need you to stay alive!”

The Germans have no further choice

Wanting to save the division from complete destruction, Panfilov on October 27, 1941 ordered the abandonment of Volokolamsk, occupying a new line of defense. The general's decision outraged Zhukova And Stalin, but commander-16 Konstantin Rokossovsky said: “I trust Panfilov. If he left Volokolamsk, then that means it was necessary!”

Panfilov turned out to be right. The soldiers he saved faced their death on the Volokolamsk Highway when, on November 16, 1941, the enemy launched the second and final attempt to attack Moscow.

Two tank and one infantry divisions of the Wehrmacht ran into a wall, which Panfilov’s division became for them.

The general concentrated his main forces in the places where the enemy would most likely strike, anticipating his actions. As a result, the Germans suffered heavy losses, but could not make significant progress.

At the height of the fighting near Moscow, the 316th Rifle Division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and on November 18 it was reorganized into the 8th Guards Rifle Division.

Major General Ivan Panfilov, Chief of Staff, Colonel Ivan Serebryakov, Senior Battalion Commissar Sergei Egorov. The photo was taken on the day of I. Panfilov’s death. Photo: RIA Novosti

“Major General Panfilov died the death of a hero”

On the day when the transformation of the division into a guards division was officially announced, a correspondent from the newspaper Pravda arrived at the division headquarters. Mikhail Kalashnikov. He was supposed to make material about the heroes of the defense of Moscow. Kalashnikov also took a photo of the division commander with his subordinates. This photograph was the last in the general’s life. Just a few minutes later, a fragment of a German mortar shell ended his life.

Despite the fact that the fighting near Moscow continued, General Panfilov was given the highest military honors. The farewell ceremony for him took place in the Great Hall of the Central House of the Red Army. The material dedicated to the death of the general, published in the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, was signed by Zhukov, Rokossovsky and other prominent military leaders. It said: “Major General Panfilov died the death of a hero. The Guards Division lost its glorious commander. The Red Army has lost an experienced and brave military leader. In battles with the German occupiers, his military talent rendered considerable service to the Fatherland.”

Ivan Panfilov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

On November 23, 1941, the 8th Guards Rifle Division was named after General Panfilov.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 12, 1942, for the skillful leadership of units of the division in battles on the outskirts of the city of Moscow and the personal courage and heroism displayed, Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).

The graves of the heroes of the defense of Moscow in 1941 - Lev Dovator, Viktor Talalikhin and Ivan Panfilov at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Photo: RIA Novosti / B. Elin