The organization calls on the Russian authorities to eliminate the contradictions. RNA: Inheritance through generations

Last week, three important scientific papers were published almost simultaneously that have great implications for understanding the evolution of speech. As a unique human property, speech, and vocal communication in general, has long attracted the attention of scientists. Researchers are still a long way from a true neurobiological theory of language, so for now they are trying to get closer to it by studying dolphins, rats and patients with epilepsy.

Song and speech

Only humans have speech, but vocal communication, that is, the use of sounds to transmit signals, is used by many animals - from cicadas and grasshoppers to frogs and songbirds. Vocal communication differs from human speech not only in its structure and degree of complexity, but also in the fact that it passes from generation to generation: most of the sounds made by animals are instinctive, and the way they are produced is inherited.

Cases of learning new sounds are, of course, also well known - for example, in songbirds. And although such an ability does not at all make the parrot the owner of speech (even in its rudimentary state), nevertheless, one must understand that human language did not arise out of nowhere. The neurobiological mechanisms involved in speech production in our country were probably already present in one form or another in animals, so studying the operation of these mechanisms using their example can clarify the history of the emergence of human language.

However, the situation with animal models is not the most favorable for researchers of the evolution of speech. Songbirds are poorly suited for such studies: their brains are structured very differently from the brains of mammals, and highly specialized mechanisms are responsible for vocalization.

It is known, for example, that singing in birds is controlled by sex hormones, which stimulate the growth and division of new neurons. During the mating season, the areas of the brain responsible for the “production” of songs in male canaries greatly increase, and when the season ends, they return to their original state. This observation by Fernando Nottebohm, by the way, at one time allowed scientists to update neurons, which was previously considered impossible, and to establish its mechanism. But all this, unfortunately, has little to do with the evolution of human speech: nothing similar is observed in mammals.

Chimpanzees and other great apes, oddly enough, are also poorly suited for such research. Due to the peculiar structure of the larynx, they are not able to produce sufficiently complex sounds and cannot practice onomatopoeia. Chimpanzees communicate mainly using gestures, moreover, they can even speak an adapted language for the deaf and dumb. However, the sounds they produce do not go beyond the innate standard set.

Call sign "Willy"

Fortunately, the ability for onomatopoeia is possessed by other highly intelligent mammals, to which, by the will of evolution, sign language was inaccessible - dolphins.

Catalytically active RNA ligase (ribozyme), like circular ones, is a non-coding RNA.

Recently, biologists were able to discover RNA molecules in an unusual circular form in cells and determine exactly how they work. The exotic type of nucleic acids has already been nicknamed sponge molecules because of their ability to adsorb other regulatory RNAs and thus suppress their activity. Over the past fifteen years, the study of RNA has become a field of permanent revolution, but even against this background, the latest discovery looks like a landmark event.

In terms of their chemical structure, RNA units differ from the nucleotides of their better-known relative, DNA, by just one atom - additional oxygen. However, the roles of the two nucleic acids in the cell are significantly different. If DNA is the “master plan”, the “original” of the genome, then RNA acts only as a working copy, a temporary carrier that is destroyed after several cycles of use. At least, it was precisely this view, enshrined in the so-called “basic dogma of molecular biology,” that prevailed in the early years of the existence of this discipline. Today, scientists understand that in fact with RNA everything is much more complex and interesting.

It must be said that there was plenty of evidence from the very beginning that RNA can perform much broader functions than just being a “working copy of the genome.” It is worth mentioning at least the fact that the ribosomes themselves - the molecular machines in which the synthesis of polypeptides occurs - consist of RNA, with the nucleic acid occupying the central part in them. In addition, protein synthesis is impossible without the participation of transfer RNAs - special adapters, which on one side are attached to the RNA copy of the gene, and on the other side are connected to the desired amino acid. And telomerase, which lengthens the ends of chromosomes, also contains RNA.

In the few years since Watson and Crick discovered the double-stranded structure of DNA, biologists have succeeded in grafting the previously airborne tree of genetics onto the root of biochemistry. Scientists have shown exactly how mysterious genes can manifest themselves in external signs. This understanding was formalized in a concept that received the slightly pompous name “Fundamental Dogma of Molecular Biology.” It is usually formulated in the form of a DNA->RNA->Protein scheme, implying a unidirectional flow of information: DNA controls the RNA sequence, which is literally synthesized on its basis (this process is called transcription - rewriting). And the RNA sequence dictates to the ribosomes the sequence of the protein being synthesized. The discovery of RNA viruses has complicated this scheme slightly, but the general concept has proven surprisingly resilient.

As for non-coding RNAs, as we now understand them - small molecules with regulatory functions, they were first discovered in the late 1960s.

Dmitry Aleksandrovich Kramerov, head of the Laboratory of Eukaryotic Genome Evolution at the Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, spoke about how this happened.

“In 1968, current academician Harris Bush and his collaborators, on the one hand, and Robert Weinberg, together with Sheldon Tennon, on the other hand, discovered molecules only 90–300 nucleotides long that were not similar to either messenger or transfer RNA. The researchers simply separated in gels all the RNA they could isolate from mammalian cells and accidentally discovered these relatively short molecules. There were significantly fewer of them than the ribosomal and messenger RNAs known at that time, but still not so few.

And so, over the years, these researchers slowly and painfully determined the sequence of these molecules, one by one. At that time, they did not yet know what functions these strange short RNAs could perform. In a sense, scientists were working for the future. For the first time, any function in such RNAs was discovered only by studying splicing. This discovery belongs to a very strong woman scientist, Joan States.”

Splicing is the process by which messenger RNA, directly “rewritten” from DNA, is prepared to become the basis for protein synthesis. Excess sections - introns - are cut out of them. It turned out that

Small non-coding RNAs are involved in the process of excision of these inserts. Proteins also participate in this; together with RNA they form a large complex that carries out excision - the spliceosome (the structure of the spliceosome has only recently been established). But it is the RNAs - they are called U1, U2, U3 and so on - that do the main work here.

A large subunit of a ribosome, consisting of RNA (cream) and protein (blue). It can be seen that RNA is the basis of this translation machine, and protein is just an “appendage” that plays an auxiliary role. David S. Goodsell

The next small RNA whose function was identified turned out to be involved in a process that has nothing to do with splicing.

“Almost simultaneously, the first works appeared on the so-called 7S-RNAs, which are part of the complexes responsible for the export of proteins from the cell - SPR particles,” continues Kramerov. “These RNAs attach to the first amino acids of proteins that need to be exported and bind them with a special channel. This is necessary, for example, for the release of digestive enzymes or the production of blood proteins. For each of these “exported” proteins, the first amino acids represent a certain signal sequence, something like an “export permit.”

This 7S RNA binds to such a sequence and ensures export.”

Over time, it became clear that small non-coding RNAs are found in completely different areas of cellular activity: splicing, protein synthesis, protein export. Small nucleolar RNAs were discovered - molecules that are involved in the modification of ribosomal RNA nucleotides. The further, the greater the variety of such molecules became, but they were all quite specialized, and such studies did not attract widespread attention. “At first the work moved very slowly.

The discovery of the role of 7S RNA in protein export, for example, took about fifteen years. However, in the last few years, a new type of small RNA is discovered almost every year,” says the scientist.

Everything changed relatively recently, in 1998, when Andrew Fire and Craig Mellow discovered the phenomenon of RNA interference - a way of controlling the operation of genes, which is carried out through the so-called small interfering RNA, or siRNA. This work practically revolutionized molecular biology.

Firstly, a completely new, unknown mechanism of gene regulation was discovered.
And secondly, and importantly, the new mechanism could be immediately put into practice.
Perhaps this is why Fire and Mellow received the Nobel Prize in 2006 - just eight years after their discovery.

In general terms, the mechanism of RNA interference is as follows. As you know, in order to synthesize a protein, you must first remove a single-stranded RNA copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus. Mature messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are located. However, if we somehow introduce small fragments of ribonucleic acid into the cell that have exactly the complementary sequence of the specific messenger RNA we need, then they will attach to each other. The result will be a local dimer, and such dimers, double-stranded RNA, are very disliked by any cell.

The fact is that normally RNA-RNA dimers are never formed in cells; their only source is infection with certain viruses. Only viruses synthesize double-stranded RNA - cells do not need this, they do not even have enzymes for this. Therefore, the cell considers even a small piece of such a molecule as a signal of infection by a virus - and completely destroys it. During this process, not only the molecule that formed the dimer is destroyed, but also all other molecules with the same sequence. If the double-stranded RNA that we introduced into the cell matches the sequence of a gene, then all RNA copies taken from this gene are also destroyed.

Adult and embryo of Caenorhabditis elegans. Work on this worm (and in parallel on the Drosophila fly) began the discovery of the mechanism of RNA interference. Nathan Goehring/Goehring et al. (2011) J. Cell Biol. 193, 583–594.

Externally, the effect of RNA interference looks like “turning off” a gene, although the DNA where the sequence of this gene is recorded is intact. The efficiency of the process in some organisms is so great that the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, for example, can simply be dipped into a solution of the desired siRNA - and a certain gene will be completely turned off in all its cells.

In practical terms, the discovery of RNA interference gave scientists a real “control panel” for the genome, which allows them to turn off the necessary genes directly during the experiment, without selecting special mutants.

Over time, when the mechanism of RNA interference began to be studied, many processes were discovered that were not directly related to it, but seemed to be “around” it. First of all, in addition to the predominantly antiviral interference mechanism, a silencing mechanism was discovered that makes certain genes “silent.” The process itself is very similar to RNA interference; it involves very similar, but still slightly different small non-coding RNAs - microRNAs.

MicroRNAs are not related to viruses, but are encoded in the cell genome itself in the form of a larger precursor, which is cut into pieces of 22 nucleotides by special enzymes. These short molecules attach to their controlled messenger RNAs in the same way, but do not lead to their destruction, but “silence” them - preventing protein from being synthesized from them. Through the use of microRNAs, it is possible, for example, to accumulate many messenger RNAs that will be inactive until a certain point. Then they can all be turned on simultaneously by removing the microRNA and thus removing the inhibition.

With the discovery of circular RNAs (circRNAs), the situation has become one step more complicated. As the discoverers of sponge molecules found in their new work, microRNAs themselves can be subject to inhibition.

“Sponge molecules are directly related to microRNA,” comments Nikolai Andreevich Churikov, head of the Laboratory of Genome Organization at the Institute of Biomedicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences. “This is a case where we are dealing with an inhibitor of an inhibitor. As has been shown in new studies, circular RNAs contain microRNA landing sites and can take over some of these molecules. Thus, they relieve the effect of microRNA, which in the vast majority of cases is inhibitory. Interestingly, one circular sponge molecule is capable of carrying landing sites for different microRNAs specific to different genes,” said Churikov.

Generally speaking, the fact that ribonucleic acid can exist in a ring form has been known for a long time. Such rings are formed when introns are cut out in nuclear organisms - in the process of splicing, which was already discussed earlier. However, in the case of ordinary introns, the ring form is simply an intermediate compound and is quickly destroyed without serving any function. In this case, although the mechanism of ring formation is similar, cyclic molecules perform an important task - they activate genes inhibited by microRNAs. From the point of view of biology, not chemistry, circular RNAs are truly something completely new.

“In this case, two independent groups - both of their papers published in the same issue of Nature - were able to show that circular RNAs are not a misunderstanding, that they perform important functions. For example, both experimentally studied RNAs (analysis showed that there could potentially be thousands of such molecules) are involved in the formation of the brain, and in a wide variety of animals - from fish to mice. And this was demonstrated by fairly authoritative, famous scientists. One of these groups, by the way, is the laboratory of Raevsky Jr., his father, Klaus Raevsky, a very famous immunologist. It’s interesting that these are the descendants of the same Raevskys who are known as Pushkin’s friends. Remember, when Alexander Sergeevich was treated in the Caucasus, he met Alexander Nikolaevich Raevsky and he struck his imagination. They say that “The Demon” was written under this impression.”

Experiments on the zebrafish, beloved by biologists, have shown that artificial synthesis of a large number of circular RNAs leads to the same effect as the complete removal of those microRNAs whose landing sites are present on the circular molecule. In mice, circular RNAs are synthesized in certain areas of the brain - the neocortex and hippocampus, areas closely associated with memory formation.

It was possible to detect circular RNAs using deep sequencing technology - RNAseq. This recently emerged method makes it possible, through the use of modern powerful sequencers, to determine the sequences of not individual, specially isolated molecules, but in general the entire RNA in the cell - the entire transcriptome.

Interestingly, previously, when such technology did not exist, circular RNAs were practically inaccessible for observation. The fact is that to determine the sequence of nucleic acids, they are first copied many times during the polymerase chain reaction. Before this, special adapter oligonucleotides are usually attached to the ends of the molecules. Naturally, ring molecules have no ends, and there is nothing to attach adapters to. Therefore, such molecules simply “flew under the radar” of researchers for a long time.

In addition to whole-transcriptome sequencing technology, the search for circular molecules required a special bioinformatics analysis that can specifically look for circular molecules. And although at the moment it has been possible to demonstrate functionality only for two ring molecules, analysis suggests that there may be a lot of them.

The zebrafish embryo, a favorite subject of neuroscientists. It showed the importance of the functioning of circular RNAs for brain development. Annie Cavanagh/Wellcome Images.

One of the most unusual manifestations of RNA interference and RNA silencing is that they make possible something unheard of from the point of view of classical genetics - the inheritance of acquired characteristics. As mentioned above, interference and silencing do not change the sequence of genes in DNA, but can control how active certain genes are.

Indeed, it is easy to imagine that if regulatory RNAs enter the cells of the offspring from the egg, they will be able to bring with them a certain scheme, a pattern of gene activity. Moreover, as it turns out, this pattern can be inherited over several generations.

“A striking example of the inheritance of acquired characteristics in the form of a pattern of gene operation acquired throughout life is well demonstrated in rats,” says Churikov. - Stressful living conditions, leading to increased levels of the hormone cortisol, are transmitted from parents to children in rodents. What's more, signs that rats have been kept under stress can be tracked for up to four generations. I am sure that something similar happens among people. So this is something to keep in mind, especially for those who are planning to have children.”

Very similar intergenerational epigenetic effects have been demonstrated in animal behavior and fertility. Exactly the same mechanisms are found in plants, and even more widely than in animals.

Small RNAs can influence inheritance across generations not only on their own, but also indirectly. They can change the pattern of gene activation, affecting the location of active and passive zones in the chromosomes. Such zones, which in one case contain constantly working genes, and in another case - as if “archived” genes, are collected in chromosomes in blocks. And some types of non-coding RNAs are capable of turning on or off entire blocks of genes, attracting the corresponding regulatory proteins to their boundaries.

It is interesting that, despite the novelty of the mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance discovered in the last 10 years, it cannot be said that their external manifestations represent something completely new.

Trofim Lysenko in the Duncharris field/Wikipedia

“Last fall I was in Boston at a conference whose title roughly translated as “Inheritance through Generations,” can you imagine how that sounds to the Russian ear? - Churikov shares his impressions. - This sounds like something very reminiscent of the ideas of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko. By the way, they remembered him there and even showed him photographs. Such, you know, a monumental marble sculpture along with Stalin. Of course, Lysenko’s story, so tragic for Russian biology, is not about ideas, but about the relationship between science and government. The irony, however, is that we now understand what phenomenon, the epigenetic phenomenon, he saw and raised to the flag. It’s a pity, of course, that this understanding has only come now.”

Over the course of their lives, all people have forgotten many things, both significant and unimportant for them, when faced with a deterioration in the previous capabilities of their memory. Hermann Ebinghaus was one of the first to become experimentally familiar with the processes of forgetting by studying Fechner's works on psychophysics. After which he became interested in the problem of experimental study of psychological functions and built the first table of data on the reproduction of the material. It further turned out that he remembers the information that a person has forgotten a little later. It turns out that it is almost impossible to strictly determine how the process of forgetting occurs.

Definition of forgetting in psychology

There is a so-called generally accepted definition of this term in psychology:

Forgetting is the complete loss or disappearance of certain information, a kind of return to the past when the material disappears without a trace.

Forgetting is the inability to retrieve from memory at the moment what was possible to remember earlier. For example, at some point I could not remember the necessary information, which means I forgot it. The problem is that it is essentially impossible to prove that something is completely and irrevocably forgotten.

Basic theories of forgetting

Thus, various theories of forgetting begin to emerge, one of which is called the “decay theory.” It lies in the fact that memory decays passively over time, regardless of any events.

The second theory is the interference theory, which states that we forget certain data during the learning process, acquiring new skills and knowledge.

It is also impossible to separate these two theories, since over time we always acquire some new information, which means that memory deteriorates for one of the two reasons stated above.

As for the research that exists between 2010 and 2014, the most significant is the study of active forgetting, the purpose of which is to identify non-random memory lapses. The body does this deliberately; an adaptive and necessary process occurs.

In most cases, theories of forgetting are based on the fact that forgetting is a flaw or error that occurred in the brain's memory.

Active theories of forgetting characterize forgetting as a specific, separate process. Three lines of research have been carried out on mollusks, insects and mammals. An experiment was conducted on mollusks (the common pond snail) in which the body of a certain neuron in its brain was destroyed. Mollusks have fairly large nerve cells, without which the animal cannot function normally. There is also one nerve cell, without which the pond snail cannot learn a new skill. In addition, it became known that after learning this new skill, when the cell is intact, if it is destroyed, the mollusk will not be able to learn further, but it will also lose the opportunity to forget what it has learned up to this point.

The law (curve) of forgetting according to Ebbinghaus is as follows:

Mechanisms of forgetting

That is, for the process of forgetting, the presence of a nerve cell is necessary, and without it this operation will not occur. It turns out that in order to weaken, the preservation of brain structures is even necessary.

The experiment on rats followed the same structure. In this case, it is also shown that without a certain type of receptor, the forgetting process slows down.

All this information means that forgetting is a completely natural process for the body, associated with the consolidation of a decent amount of unnecessary information into memory. Violation of this process leads to a deterioration in the learning process.

The main reasons for the forgetting process:

When new experience is acquired, existing experience is reorganized as new, more recent information arrives. These changes provoke forgetting. It turns out that constant changes and modifications occur in the body associated with our learning. If this process is disrupted, forgetting will also worsen.

This question is also related to the fact that the specialization of nerve cells is irreversible and constant: when a nerve cell “remembers” something, it will never lose this data. Naturally, forgetting does not exist in a healthy organism, when during learning there is no restructuring, reorganization of experience and changes.

Factors influencing the forgetting mechanism:

The real loss of information occurs during the death of nerve cells, when disorders or injuries are detected. Only in this case does a loss of certain information from the brain’s memory occur, that is, the body still adapts to injury or to some pathological events. We recommend reading the patient's story on this topic.

In fact, the problem of forgetting necessary information worries a large number of people. The best minds of humanity are working to create modern methods of partially preventing this process. Today, the best solution is to use stimulating dietary supplements like Optimentis, which help improve memory, attention and activate all brain resources.

Russian neurophysiologists have already begun to actively conduct clinical research, so in the near future we can expect the appearance of scientific articles with results in leading scientific journals. In the meantime, we can only be content with the opinion of independent doctors, for example, the chief specialist of the Research Institute of Fundamental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Evgeniy Simanyuk. If you love science, read WikiScience!

The era (1) that began (2) after the discoveries of Galileo Galilei (3) and ended with the work of Isaac Newton (4) marked a new stage in the development of science and technology.

Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Stone paths (1) whose winding lines (2) (3) symbolize the flow of energy (4) acquire special significance in a Japanese garden.

115. Choose the answer option in which the punctuation marks are placed correctly:

· The goal of our power engineers is to provide the domestic market with heat and light as much as possible.

· Last winter, organizations and social facilities of the city worked uninterruptedly.

· Sales volumes, according to experts, will collapse by almost 50%.

116. Read the sentences. Which answer option contains the numbers of all sentences in which you need to put ONE comma:

1. In gouache painting, flat and round brushes have an advantage.

2. I took the heavy lists of the novel and rough notebooks out of the desk drawer and began to burn them.

3. The heart will suddenly tremble and beat, then it will drown irrevocably in memories.

4. You can love a spring or a path, a quiet lake or a dense forest, a blue night or a bright morning.

117. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence:

The pond (2) formed on the river (1) diagonally crossed the Abramtsevo estate (3) and was the natural boundary of the courtyard with outbuildings and the park (4) located to the southeast of the estate house.

· 2, 3, 4

118. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences:

The conclusion (1) based on the results of an independent anti-corruption examination (2) is advisory in nature and is subject to mandatory consideration by the body, organization or official to whom it was sent (3) within thirty days from the date of its receipt. Based on the results of the consideration (4), a motivated response (5) is sent to the citizen or organization that conducted the independent examination, except in cases (6) when the conclusion does not contain a proposal on a way to eliminate the identified (7) corruption factors.

· 3, 5, 6

· 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

119. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences:

The memory of how V.G. received his first book. Belinsky, stayed with F.M. Dostoevsky (1) apparently (2) forever. The writer always (3) exclusively (4) recalled with gratitude the enthusiastic recognition of his talent by a famous critic.

Next to us, shadows moved timidly (1) and it seemed to me (2) that people who once lived here timidly came here from the past (3) to warm themselves by the fire and talk about their lives.

· 1, 2, 4

Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

At the same time (1) our industry does not yet have access to technologies for creating intelligent systems (2) that interact with the environment (3) and can adapt (4) by changing their properties

122. Select the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

· In addition, the legislation regulating the payment of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation does not contain any exemptions in relation to citizens serving sentences in the form of correctional labor.

· If a civil servant has a personal interest that will or may lead to a conflict of interest, the civil servant is obliged to inform the employer’s representative about this in writing.

· Meanwhile, labor relations are ongoing in nature, therefore these restrictions apply both to persons already in labor relations and to those who apply to engage in teaching activities.

· A situation in which a civil servant receives or is about to receive a material benefit from an organization over an activity that he can influence through his actions and decisions is a typical example of a conflict of interest.

123. Choose the answer option in which the punctuation marks are placed correctly:

· If literature serves as an expression of people's life, then the first requirement that criticism may make of it is truthfulness.

· In his opinion, emigrant literature could only be saved by the miraculous appearance of a patron of the arts who would agree to spend very large sums of money without expecting to get them back.

· The baptism of the Russian people according to the Greek rite that soon followed determined not only what kind of literature would circulate in the vastness of Rus', but also what models the manuscripts would be decorated according to.

· The extensive literature devoted to this problem allows us to conclude that, despite the tempting applications, most of the proposed approaches based on general concepts are of theoretical interest.

124. Select the answer option that requires a comma:

· At the same time, many aspects of political life are subject to public criticism.

· However, for lease agreements of buildings and structures for a period of less than one year, state registration is not required.

· After a large-scale reconstruction of roads, it is necessary to properly organize traffic and call motorists to order.

· In my opinion, this is a question of the survival of our country in the modern world.

125. Indicate the sentence in which you need to put a comma:

· This job could be done by anyone.

· However, during the construction process the original technology was abandoned.

· Meanwhile, various residents of the house came and went to the manager’s office.

126. Select the answer option in which the word/expression in bold does not need to be separated by commas:

· However, the agreement has not passed state registration and therefore, on the basis of paragraph 3 of Article 433 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, cannot be considered concluded.

· In my opinion, this is a question of the survival of our country in the modern world.

· Secondly, the problem of equipping schools with modern equipment is urgent.

· This is how it was recently possible to discover in humans the area of the brain responsible for recognizing faces.

127. Select the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

· A civil servant who has received an order, aimed, in his opinion, at committing corrupt acts, must provide in writing a justification for the illegality of this order.

· A civil servant who has received an order aimed, in his opinion, at committing corrupt acts, must provide in writing a justification for the illegality of this order.

128. Choose the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

· The composition of the certification commission is formed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of conflicts of interest that could affect the decisions made by the certification commission.

129. Choose the answer option in which the colon is placed correctly:

· I believe that the whole country should know the best managers.

· We have the most important thing that the economy needs: professional personnel and a huge market.

· The arrival time of an ambulance depends on three factors: a unified dispatch service, the quality of the roads and the condition of the cars.

· Everyone likes modern and cozy streets: where you can walk, have lunch, meet friends, or just spend time.

130. Choose the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

· Civil servants, taking care of their reputation, must avoid any conflicts of interest.

· If the test period has expired, and the civil servant continues to hold a position in the civil service, then he is considered to have passed the test.

· In Russia, in recent years, professional standards have been developed, which are considered at the approval stage by both employers and trade unions.

· The certificate of income, property and property-related obligations shall indicate all real estate objects owned by a civil servant by right of ownership, regardless of when they were acquired, in which subject of the Russian Federation, or in which state they are registered.

131. Select the answer option in which the dash is placed correctly:

· It is known that an independent and fair court is the basis of a fair social order.

· Everyone understands perfectly why this is important.

· According to the estimates of the heads of energy enterprises, this year they will have to work in conditions of unprecedented growth in electricity consumption.

· The current situation still inspires optimism - the Russian language occupies its rightful place among the most widespread languages of the world.

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1. Select the answer option in which in all cases the letter A is written in the blank:

democratic...composed, anti...corruption, middle...opinion
look…., l…conical, ot….left, tr….jectory
grown, prov...cational, direction, pers...nal
assume...incite, par...doxal, inconsiderate...questioning

2. Select the answer option in which in all cases the letter I is written in the place of the gap:

anal….tical, selective, auction…on
c...gansky, privilege...legia, prohibit...
subordinate, periphery, combination
eq...valent, c...nichny, subscriber...ment

3. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

bandage...sew, spoiled...
finished, checked...
oblig..sh, move...my
bring...sh, fell...

4. In which row in both words is the letter O written in place of the gap?

sh...roh, sh...sweat
f...ngler, slum...ba
f...heart, sh...colada
seamless, calculated

5. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

dancing..sh, chasing...my
foresee...sh, chant...my
pulled out...sh, invisible...my
moving...my, re...changed

6. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

tolerant...sh, predisposed
ventilated, revised
say..sh, depict...my,
familiar... familiar, integral..my

7. Select the answer option in which in all cases the letter E is written in the blank:

pr…priority task, pr…advanced age, pr…sidium
pr…sident, maintain continuity, pr…approximately
claim for a position, unassailable authority, presentation
pr…natural phenomena, pr…judgment of innocence, pr…list

8. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

envious, caring
indignant...sh, sticking out...my
ramble, hang...my
look...heir...my

9. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place E is written in the sentence?

I do not (1) believe that there are places on our earth that are boring and do not (2) provide any food to the (3) eye or (4) ear.

1,2
1,3,4
1,2,3,4
3,4

10. In which word is the letter O written in place of the gap?

payment...m
hard...hard
security
g...lty

11. In which series of words is the letter O written in place of the gap?

w...ngler, slum...ba, w...gler
scream, comp….novate, g…fuzzy, exemplary
apr…bation, m….soddenization, assume….to, prevent….to
dis...n, admit, sh...vinism, inaccurate...

12. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

pronounce...sh, transform...my
relational, dissolute
looking...looking, noticing...
thrown...sh, broken...

13. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

thrown...sh, seen...
understand...independent...my
met...measured
supplied, oiled...

14. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place I is written?

The worse someone’s character, the more he shouts and grumbles at people: he (1) sees the good ones, where he (2) turns, and the first person he (3) gets along with is the one with whom he (4) gets along.
1, 2
2
2, 3
3, 4

15. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place the letter I is written?

No matter what (1) your partners promise you during the negotiation process, no (2) when and no (3) what and (4) agree with them right away.

3, 4
1, 2, 4
2, 3
1, 2, 3

16. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place I is written?

The disfigured earth will no longer (1) be able to breathe deeply, n(2) will be able to give a person drink of clean, cold water, n(3) will be able to attract him n(4) with its beauty, n(5) with its former fertility
4, 5
1, 2
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

17. Which answer option contains all the words where the letter I is missing?

A. Reportable B. Questioning C. Industry D. Offensive

A, B, G
A, B
B, C, D
V, G

18. In which word is a consonant letter written in place of the gap?

incident
agency
state
participate

19. In which series of words is the letter E/Ё written?

pr…natural phenomena, pr…priority task, pr…sidium
int...ligent, combination, persons...m, experience...r
enlightenment, competence, choice, w...sweat
substitution, sp...tsification, munic...palette, d...shevy

20. Select the answer option in which MM is written in all cases:

dile...a, co...entary, co...unification
gu...anism, a...bitsiya, program...a
problem...a, asi...etria, panora...a
and...itation, gr...otny, gr...atika

21. Select the answer option in which LL is written in all cases:

five-toed, crystal, ba...ans
ha...reya, privilege...egia, by...eten
level...down, app...ation, ba...otate
collective, para...el, co...egy

22. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N:

According to M.Yu. Lermontov, a brightly gifted (1) personality in a circle of nonentities is doomed (2) to misunderstanding and loneliness, and if he behaves in accordance with (3) the “norms” of this society, then to gradual (4) self-destruction.

1
2
3
4

23. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

The river is especially (1) beautiful in the morning (2) fog, when its crystal streams are transparent, like silver (3) threads, and are illuminated by the cold autumn sun.

1, 2, 3;
2, 4;
1, 3;
3, 4.

24. Choose the answer option in which the letter b is written in all three cases:

from...yaty, January...sky, close...thread
December, interv...th, seven...ten
June...skiy, pro...ba, powerful...
pavil...he, six...eleven, announced

25. In which row in both words is the letter b written in place of the gap?

jumble..., backhand...
burn..., swift...
strip..., bitter...
married..., bake...

26. In what row is Ъ written in all words?

December, interv...th, seven...ten
four...capacitive, inter..ethnic, integral...without..emergency
before...anniversary, mail...he, with...save, from...reveal
from...yaty, object...ekt, feld...jaeger, super...natural

27. Choose the answer option in which the letter b is written in the blank:

A civil servant has the right to terminate his service contract and resign from the civil service on his own initiative.
Payment of compensation for unused annual paid leave is made by a representative of the employer.
The second copy of the service contract is kept in the civil servant’s personal file.
The legislation on the civil service defines cases in which a competition for filling a civil service position is not held.

28. Which word does not need b?

three...language dictionary
pre...anniversary celebration
two...storey building
strange subject

29. Indicate the series in which all words are written with a double consonant:

discussion...ia, al...yuminium
skillful, op...onent
des...ert, producer...er
dilemma...ah, im...grant

30. Indicate the row in which all words are written with a double consonant:

im...itation, pes...isism
art...yours, gal...here
cal...discreet, co...legy
cor...upation, ok...upation

31. A double consonant is written in a word:

producer
mass...he
com…entary
dilemma

32. Choose the answer option in which all words have one letter H in place of the gap:

hard...ik, y...th talent, sentence formulated...o
internal audit, election, motivated refusal
obligation, oil... developments, traditional methods
for weeks the streets have not been cleaner from snow, the surface is gr...ed, by-law

33. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

Skillfully made (1) forged (2) beams (3) lattices of St. Petersburg are one of the decorations of the city.

1, 2
2
2, 3
1, 3

34. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

Aivazovsky had an exceptionally diverse (1) talent, which happily combined (2) qualities that were absolutely (3) necessary for a marine painter.

1,2
2
3
2, 3

35. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

In the self-portrait, the artist is depicted in an exquisite(1) cloak, his face is calm and confident(2), his mustache and beard are carefully combed(3).

1
2
3
1, 3

36. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

The topic of femininity (1) in the philosophical perception of Russia is quite traditional (2); it was expressed in the works of Slavophiles, and was developed in the concepts of the philosophers of the Silver (3rd) century: V. Solovyov, V. Rozanov, N. Berdyaev.

1,2
2
3
1,2,3

37. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

In the first paintings of I.N. Nikitin had some simplification: the figures are snatched (2) from the darkness of an indefinite space by a beam of bright light and exist without connection with the environment.

1
2
1, 2
1, 2, 3

38. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?

This valley is a glorious place: inaccessible mountains on all sides, reddish rocks, which are covered (1) with green ivy and crowned (2) with clumps of plane trees, yellow cliffs, streaked (3) with gullies, high, high - a golden fringe of clouds, and below - Aragva.

1
1, 2
3
1, 2, 3

39. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?

A long (1) row of unseen (2) paintings in old (3) frames, hanging (4) on the unpainted (5) walls, delighted the eye with a riot of colors.

1, 3, 4, 5
2, 5
2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4

40. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

The foggy (1) haze gradually (2) covered the wooden (3) buildings, the golden (4) domes of the church, the broken (5) lines of the old (6) streets.

1, 3, 4, 6
4, 5
3, 5, 6
1, 4, 5

41. Select the answer option in which NN is written in all words in the blank:

debt, centralized testing, cobblestone roads
Korean peoples, controversial issue, land works
unwritten rules, freshly baked bread, unsolved questions
guests, the deal is concluded, fully ensured

42. Choose the answer option in which I is written in the blank:

in an empty building
on the fallen snow
behind the flowering garden
to building a house

43. In which word is the letter E written in place of the gap?

irreconcilable
confidential
p...regulation
periphery

44. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words:

pr…increase, pr…overcome
without...freely, ra...encrypt
oh...distant, on...sawn
from...mother, mis...information

45. In which word is the letter I written in place of the gap:

key...howl
overcome
kra...shek
imitate

46. In which word is the letter E written in place of the gap:

roar...shh
sharp...sh
worried...worried
unthinkable...my

47. In which answer option is I written in place of the blank?

After the adoption of the relevant federal law, the laws of the city of Moscow and the resolutions of the Moscow City Duma are brought in accordance ... with the adopted federal law.
The service contract was terminated due to... violation of the mandatory rules for concluding a service contract, if this violation precludes the possibility of filling a civil service position.
In order to implement the Program, despite the results already achieved, in continuation… of the activities provided for in subparagraph 6 of the Program, it is necessary to organize a series of meetings with the heads of multifunctional centers.
In accordance... with paragraph 6 of part 1 of Article 16 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2004 No. 79-FZ “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, a citizen cannot be accepted into the civil service, and a civil servant cannot be in the civil service in the event renunciation of citizenship of the Russian Federation or acquisition of citizenship of another state.

48. In which answer option is E written in the blank?

The claim was filed in accordance with... the legislation on offenses against foreign citizens.
The organization calls on the Russian authorities to eliminate the contradictions in the decree and bring it into compliance... with the Constitution and federal laws.
Qualification requirements for civil service positions are established in accordance with... the categories and groups of civil service positions.
Subsequently... the court declared the elections invalid due to massive violations.

49. In which answer option is I written in place of the blank?

The collapse of part of the roof occurred due to... accumulation of snow.
At the conclusion of the meeting, the head of the republican registry offices spoke about the successes in the transition to electronic document management.
In conclusion... The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation provides an assessment of the financial consequences of making relevant decisions for budgets and extra-budgetary funds.
Additional professional education of a civil servant is carried out during... the entire period of his civil service.

50. In which row is the same letter missing in all words?

choose friends, choose a suit, choose a pattern
make a decision, kindle the firewood, choose an example
light touch, tangent line, terms of success
rise up, evening dawn, make an effort

51. In which row is the same letter written in place of the gap?

before...anniversary troubles, nightingale...another trill, strong hugs...
in...southern February, shrink...from the cold, nimble monkey...
s...eating a cutlet, cutting...the bread, laughing loudly...
protect yourself from colds, anoint yourself with oil, an elegant brooch...

52. Find a row in which all words are missing a letter:

ascertain, legal...consultation, precedent, incident
participate, institution, Dutch, intriguer
incident, compromise, in...guration, security...
conjuncture, commandant...skiy, agency...staff, amateurish...skiy

53. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words:

super...interesting, inter...institutional
with...play, take...mother
super...gra, rose...sk
mouse...yak, objective

54. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words:

no...noisy,...cheap
not...talkative; not... bendable
batal...he, subject...ect
mouse...yak, objective

55. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words:

...health, ...giving
with...play, take...mother
super...gra, rose...sk
mouse...yak, objective

56. In which row is the same letter missing in all cases?

excessive, ineffective
inaccuracy pr…exalt
inalienable, postal...he
utter, contact.. dream

57. In which row is the same letter missing in all three words?

load...capacity, from...reveal, in...south
re…dating, in…led, ra…discreet
pr...tear, pr...step the law, pr...image
damn... too much, un... pitiful, ra... interfere

58. In which row is the same letter missing in all three words?

respect...respect, oh...throw, on...lowercase
be...painful, be...focal, in...invigorate
pr...cut, unpretentious...unwillingly, pr...judgment
dis...integration, medical...institute, post...industrial

59. The correct abbreviation is used in the words:

20% fee
20% fee
20% fee
twenty-% fee

60. Indicate the antonym for the word DIFFERENCE:

similarity
difference
difference
recognition

61. In which word is a consonant letter written in place of the gap?

precedent
incident
escalator
exercise...thread

62. Identify the incorrectly spelled word:

state
light show
pedestal
angle

63. Indicate the misspelled word:

retraining
abstract
Union
thesis

64. Choose the answer option in which the word is used incorrectly:

fittest
more than five hundred rubles
a few grams
famous doctors of science

65. Indicate the correct form of the imperative mood of the verb PLACE:

lodge
put it down
lie
luggage

66. Choose the answer option in which all words are written with a hyphen:

(highly) productive, (causal) effectual
(delivery) acceptance, (criminal) legal
(south) western, (rail) road
(St. Petersburg, (military) duty

67. Choose the hyphenated answer?

(socially) significant
(socially) significant
(social) economic
(export) oriented

68. In which answer option are all words written with a hyphen?

some (who), quite (yet), all the same (yet);
(bright) red, (north) eastern, like (something);
(that) either, (by) a little, (by) summer warmth;
(some) what, (on) a new path, (blue) black.

69. In which answer option are all words written with a hyphen?

(south) west, (in) two, (bright) green
(from) beyond, (half) the ocean, (in) Latin
(two) days, go (abroad), (for) more
(directly) interested, (barely) barely, (as if)

70. Choose the answer option in which all the words are written together:

(work) capable, (right) implementer
(externally) commercial, (commercial) industrial
(Prime) Minister, (Financial) Economic
(generally) accessible, (sanatorium) resort

71. In which answer option is NOT written together with the word?

quotes (not) verified;
(not) a finished, but only a begun story;
(not) quotes verified by me;
(not) verified quotes.

72. Select the answer option with separate spelling:

(social) political problems
(socially) dangerous action
(difficult) requirements to be met
(social) demographic problems

73. Select the answer option with a hyphen:

(administrative) territorial unit
(administrative) punishable action
(socially) active youth
(temporarily) filled position

74. Which answer option uses uppercase and lowercase letters correctly?

government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
senior officials of the Subjects of the Russian Federation
Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation
leaders of factions in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation

75. Which answer option uses uppercase and lowercase letters correctly?

Moscow school, Moscow Kremlin
regional budget, Eastern Siberia
Volga Germans, Volga region
government agency, European countries

76. Choose the answer option in which there are no errors in writing lowercase and capital letters:

Accounting Commission of the State Duma, Budget Committee of the Federation Council, Scandinavian countries

conciliation commission on federal law, Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, European continent
Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, European Parliament, Civil Code of the Russian Federation

77. Choose the answer option in which there are no errors in writing lowercase and capital letters:

Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, European Parliament, Civil Code of the Russian Federation
Northwestern Federal District, State Prize of the Russian Federation, Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation
Accounting Commission of the State Duma, Budget Committee of the Federation Council, Scandinavian countries
Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, UN Commission on Human Rights, Far Eastern region

78. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written together with the word:

By this time, the HR department sent a replacement for the team (not) allowed on the flight.
The form with the photo was (not) filled out.
Not a single dog in the world (does) consider ordinary devotion to be something unusual.
A (not) strong, but very cold wind slanted the dry snowflakes.
Zakhar walked past, (not) turning his head in my direction.

79. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written together with the word:

Our horses were (not) exhausted.
All operational documents, (not) excluding combat logs, were destroyed
The sailors treated the passengers with (un)usual cordiality
The form with the photo was (not) filled out

80. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written together with the word:

This movie is (not) interesting at all
(Non-)stopping rains disrupted all our plans
Only a person who (not) thinks about the benefits of the forest can do this
Chintz is (not) expensive, but cheap

81. Choose the answer option in which in all cases NOT is written together with the word:

far (un)safe plans, (un)published manuscript, (not)loading the car
(not) to fall in love, (not) timely verified information, (not) far away
(not) good, (not) typos I noticed, (not) in my opinion
(not) to see the light, extremely (un)pleasant plans, (not) although

82. Choose the answer option in which in all cases NOT is written together with the word:

(un)needed details for the case, (un)needed information for anyone, (under)underestimate the possibilities
innocent people, facts (un)known to science, (not) complete the plan
far (un)safe plans, extremely (un)pleasant plans, (under)load the car
(not) to fall in love, (not) published manuscript, (not) far away

83. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written together with the word:

(Not) everyone is able to behave naturally in conversations with unfamiliar people
The (in)understandable behavior of the hero is explained by the author in the last chapter
It was necessary to move on (slowly)
Since the mid-19th century, Russian scientists (more than) times undertook expeditions to the volcanoes of Kamchatka

84. Identify a sentence in which both highlighted words are written separately:

I am not a rich man; my affairs are upset, and besides, I’m tired of wandering from place to place FOR a whole year.
From some little things, BECAUSE, for example, how both of them (IN) THE PLACE made coffee, I could conclude that they lived peacefully, prosperously and that they were glad to have a guest.
The expression on her face was as if she was ready to cry (THAT) HOUR, (NOT) DESPITE the fact that the news was very good.
(S)Soon Stepan will bring mail, and ALSO (SAME) groceries.

85. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written together

Oil workers (D) reduced prices for several weeks and did not raise them, even (NOT) LOOKING at the rise in world oil prices.
(SAME) representatives of the Russian embassy came to the meeting.
(B)SUBSEQUENTLY, the court declared the elections invalid (DUE to) massive violations.
There are SAME ideas (ON) ABOUT new areas of business.

86. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written separately with the word:

Scientists claim there is an (un)explored part of Antarctica
No one is immune from mistakes
The travelers had (no) place to stay overnight
You did a (not) bad job today

87. Identify a sentence in which NOT is written separately with the word:

(Not) why think about the bad: everything will be fine
A dying garden and (un)fulfilled love are two internally related themes of the play.
I was upset by a friend's (in)polite remark
The Gordeevs lived in a house with log walls that were not yet (not) plastered.

88. In which sentence are both highlighted words written together?

My friend, just like me, spent a long time choosing WHAT to read to him.
(ON) THIS road has not been traveled for a long time, (FROM) THAT the road is overgrown with thick grass.
I had to abandon (FROM) WHAT was planned, since the money (TO) my ACCOUNT did not arrive.
TO study the behavior of these animals, biologists had to observe them for a long time, FOR (THAT) the observation results turned out to be very interesting

89. In which sentence is NOT written separately with the word?

He was shouting something and waving his arms (incongruously).
Having (not) learned anything, the young man pondered his future fate.
The (not) loud speech was suddenly drowned out by the bass of the gentleman who entered the hall.
(Un)expectedly the gates swung open and a smart carriage flew into the yard.

90. Choose the option in which in all cases NOT with words is written separately:

(un)common occurrence, (non)legal nature, agreement to (not) attack
(not) movable property, (not) enough, on time (not) agreed
(not) finished the report, decree (not yet) signed, documents (not) corrected
land (not) privatized, (not) surmountable circumstances, (not) enforceable

91. Choose the option in which in all cases NOT with words is written separately:

a (un) fenced place, (not) justified action, (not) losing interest
(not) official but very relevant document, (not) timely execution, information (not) verified
(not) contractual obligations, (not) performance, (not) certified copy
decision (not) agreed, (not) less important, documents (not) signed

92. Choose the option with separate spelling in all cases:

(during) the meeting, (during) the month, credit (to) the deposit account
(to) avoid a fire, (to) because of illness, (to) the end of the week
claims (to) lost earnings, (to) continuation of the day, keep in mind
(c) a consequence of a flood, (c) as an exception, (at) time to take action

93. Choose the option with separate spelling in all cases:

deposit (into) a bank account; saw (c) the first; upon establishment (in) consequence of accurate information
(c) a consequence of bad weather; go (to) meet the traffic; (c) first rows;
(c) connection with the disease; (c) at the beginning we became friends; (not) regardless of the weather
but keep in mind; (to) the meeting veterans were invited to intervene (in) the investigation

94. Choose the option with continuous spelling in all cases:

a step (towards) democracy, (subsequently changed), ideas (for) new directions
hope (for) a meeting, receipt of funds (to) the account, punishment (in) the form of disqualification
(in) view of refusal, lecture (in) place of consultation, intervention (in) consequence
should be (in) mind, (in) the drought, take (to) a place of temporary stay

95. In which sentence are both highlighted words written together?

TO avoid getting lost, we took a map with us, as well as a compass.
The sailor peered intently (IN) THE DISTANCE of the sea, but (NO) ANYONE was visible on the horizon.
WHAT can I do to help you?
Stepan was given (the) SAME as the others: a rifle and a hand grenade, (THUS) he did not feel disadvantaged.

96. Select the answer option with continuous spelling:

Advertising space is also part of the appearance of the city.
At the same time, the land under the building remained under federal jurisdiction.
You and I are responsible for how the country's economy will develop in the future.
In exactly the same way, in a notification nature, today there is a change of registration of a citizen of the Russian Federation.

97. Select the answer option with separate spelling:

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes a system of taxes and fees, as well as general principles of taxation and fees.
For the patient, the form of ownership does not matter; in return, he receives the main thing - high quality of service.
Today, residents of our cities actually pay for dilapidated and therefore expensive public utility infrastructure.
Recourse to conciliation procedures suspends the running of the limitation period, regardless of how much time remains before the expiration of the limitation period.

98. Choose the answer option in which the highlighted word is used correctly?

making ADJUSTMENTS
making ADJUSTMENTS
went off the RAILS
five GEORGINS

99. In which answer option is the numeral used correctly?

out of eight hundred and fifty respondents
meeting with five hundred and sixty-seven voters
in two hundred thirty-five ballots
hand over passports to one hundred and fifteen residents

100. Indicate the correct form of the numeral - supported by 159 deputies:

one hundred fifty nine
one hundred fifty nine
one hundred fifty nine
one hundred fifty nine

101. In which answer option is the numeral used correctly?

send invitations to three hundred and seventy recipients
take care of two hundred and eighty passengers
hall with four hundred and fifty-seven delegates
choose from five hundred and sixty-eight tickets

102. Choose the answer option that requires a comma before WHAT:

A civil servant must be notified in writing of a change in the essential terms of a service contract by a representative of the employer no later than (?) two months before their introduction.
The federal law comes into force no earlier (?) than after one month from the date of its official publication.
The rate of change in the structure of the information technology market will increase, as a result of which the share of the software market and the services market in the innovative scenario will be higher (?) than in the conservative development scenario.

103. Select the answer option that requires a comma before HOW:

The lease agreement for a premises or part of a premises is registered (?) as an encumbrance on the rights of the lessor of the relevant premises.
The Law “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation” (?), as follows from its preamble, establishes the legal, organizational, financial and economic foundations of the civil service.
The provisions of the Law “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation” apply (?) to both federal civil servants and civil servants of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

104. Indicate the sentence in which you need to put a comma:

Last year, for the first time, I stayed in the village before the frost and snow.
Listening to these stories you will touch the rich origins of the Russian language.
A curly-haired boy, blue from the cold, was squatting on the shore of a pond and fishing.
The road to Vitebsk turns sharply north near Orsha and goes into sandy hills and swamps.

105. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Tree-like peonies (1) whose leaves (2) (3) fly away for the winter (4) over time turn into lushly flowering spreading bushes.

1
1, 2, 4
1, 3
1, 4

106. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

The singing bird (1) usually sits on the top of a tall tree (2) turning (3) towards the fading dawn.

1
2
1, 2
1, 2, 3

107. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

L.N. Tolstoy (1) later recalling the years (2) spent (3) in the Caucasus (4) said that he took the main ideas from there.

1, 2, 3
1, 2, 4
2, 4
1, 4

108. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

The road went through a huge field (1) sown with spring crops (2) and (3) turning to the right (4) went deeper into the forest.

3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
2, 3
1, 4

109. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Two rows of fir trees (1) closely planted (2) stood along the road (3) forming (4) a dark, beautiful alley.

1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 4
2, 3
1, 4

110. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

The artist Aivazovsky knew how to depict foam (1) suddenly scattering (2) along the bends of waves (3) and sea sand (4) shining through the foamy water.

1, 4
1, 2, 4
1, 3
1, 3, 4

111. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Baikal (1), the view of which (2) opened up to travelers (3), looked majestically calm.

1, 2
2
1, 3
2, 3

112. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Gross domestic product is the indicator (1) on the basis of (2) which divides countries (3) into developed and developing.

1, 2
1
1, 3
2, 3

113. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

The era (1) that began (2) after the discoveries of Galileo Galilei (3) and ended with the work of Isaac Newton (4) marked a new stage in the development of science and technology.
1
2, 4
1, 3
1, 4

114. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Stone paths (1) whose winding lines (2) (3) symbolize the flow of energy (4) acquire special significance in a Japanese garden.

1, 4
1, 2, 4
2, 3
1, 2, 3

115. Choose the answer option in which the punctuation marks are placed correctly:

The goal of our power engineers is to provide the domestic market with heat and light as much as possible.

Last winter, organizations and social facilities of the city worked uninterruptedly.
Sales volumes, according to experts, will collapse by almost 50%.

116. Read the sentences. Which answer option contains the numbers of all sentences in which you need to put ONE comma:

1. In gouache painting, flat and round brushes have an advantage.
2. I took the heavy lists of the novel and rough notebooks out of the desk drawer and began to burn them.
3. The heart will suddenly tremble and beat, then it will drown irrevocably in memories.
4. You can love a spring or a path, a quiet lake or a dense forest, a blue night or a bright morning.

1, 2, 3, 4
1, 3
2, 4
3

117. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence:

The pond (2) formed on the river (1) diagonally crossed the Abramtsevo estate (3) and was the natural boundary of the courtyard with outbuildings and the park (4) located to the southeast of the estate house.

2, 3, 4
1, 4
2, 3
1, 2, 3

118. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences:

3, 5, 6, 7
3, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 6
1, 2, 3, 7

119. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences:

The memory of how V.G. received his first book. Belinsky, stayed with F.M. Dostoevsky (1) apparently (2) forever. The writer always (3) exclusively (4) recalled with gratitude the enthusiastic recognition of his talent by a famous critic.

1, 2, 3, 4
3, 4
1, 2
2, 3

120. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences.

Next to us, shadows moved timidly (1) and it seemed to me (2) that people who once lived here timidly came here from the past (3) to warm themselves by the fire and talk about their lives.

1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 4
1, 2
3

121. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences.

At the same time (1) our industry does not yet have access to technologies for creating intelligent systems (2) that interact with the environment (3) and can adapt (4) by changing their properties

2, 4
1, 2, 4
2, 3, 4
2, 3

122. Select the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

In addition, the legislation regulating the payment of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation does not contain any exemptions in relation to citizens serving sentences in the form of correctional labor.
If a civil servant has a personal interest that will or may lead to a conflict of interest, the civil servant is obliged to inform the employer’s representative about this in writing.
Meanwhile, labor relations are ongoing in nature, therefore these restrictions apply both to persons already in labor relations and to those who apply to engage in teaching activities.
A situation in which a civil servant receives or intends to receive a material benefit from an organization over an activity that he can influence through his actions and decisions is a typical example of a conflict of interest.

123. Choose the answer option in which the punctuation marks are placed correctly:

If literature serves as an expression of people's life, then the first requirement that criticism may make of it is truthfulness.
In his opinion, emigrant literature could only be saved by the miraculous appearance of a patron of the arts who would agree to spend very large sums of money without expecting to get them back.
The baptism of the Russian people according to the Greek rite that soon followed determined not only what kind of literature would circulate in the vastness of Rus', but also what models the manuscripts would be decorated according to.
The extensive literature devoted to this problem allows us to conclude that, despite the tempting applications, most of the proposed approaches based on general concepts are of theoretical interest.

124. Select the answer option that requires a comma:

At the same time, many aspects of political life are subject to public criticism.
However, for lease agreements for buildings and structures for a period of less than one year, state registration is not required.
After a large-scale reconstruction of roads, it is necessary to properly organize traffic and call motorists to order.
In my opinion, this is a question of the survival of our country in the modern world.

125. Indicate the sentence in which you need to put a comma:

Anyone could do this job.
However, during the construction process the original technology was abandoned.
Of course, we need to calculate all the consequences of such a decision.
Meanwhile, various residents of the house came and went to the manager’s office.

126. Select the answer option in which the word/expression in bold does not need to be separated by commas:

However, the agreement has not passed state registration and THEREFORE, on the basis of paragraph 3 of Article 433 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, cannot be considered concluded.
IN MY CONVINCE, this is a question of the survival of our country in the modern world.
SECONDLY, the problem of equipping schools with modern equipment is urgent.
THIS is exactly how it was recently possible to discover in humans the area of the brain responsible for recognizing faces.

127. Select the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

A civil servant who has received an order, aimed, in his opinion, at committing corrupt acts, must provide in writing a justification for the illegality of this order.
A civil servant who has received an order, aimed, in his opinion, at committing corrupt acts, must provide in writing a justification for the illegality of this order.
A civil servant who has received an order aimed, in his opinion, at committing corrupt acts, must provide in writing a justification for the illegality of this order.
A civil servant who has received an order aimed, in his opinion, at committing corrupt acts, must provide in writing a justification for the illegality of this order.

128. Choose the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

The composition of the certification commission is formed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of conflicts of interest that could affect the decisions made by the certification commission.
The composition of the certification commission is formed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of conflicts of interest that could affect the decisions made by the certification commission.
The composition of the certification commission is formed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of conflicts of interest that could affect the decisions made by the certification commission.
The composition of the certification commission is formed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of conflicts of interest that could affect the decisions made by the certification commission.

129. Choose the answer option in which the colon is placed correctly:

I believe that the whole country should know the best managers.
We have the most important thing that the economy needs: professional personnel and a huge market.
The arrival time of an ambulance depends on three factors: a unified dispatch service, the quality of the roads and the condition of the cars.
Everyone likes modern and cozy streets: where you can walk, have lunch, meet friends, and just spend time.

130. Choose the answer option in which the commas are placed correctly:

Civil servants, taking care of their reputation, must avoid any conflicts of interest.
If the test period has expired, and the civil servant continues to hold a position in the civil service, then he is considered to have passed the test.
In Russia, in recent years, professional standards have been developed, which are considered at the approval stage by both employers and trade unions.
The certificate of income, property and liabilities of a property nature indicates all real estate objects owned by a civil servant by right of ownership, regardless of when they were acquired, in which subject of the Russian Federation, or in which state they are registered.

131. Select the answer option in which the dash is placed correctly:

It is known that an independent and fair court is the basis of a fair social order.
Everyone understands perfectly why this is important.
According to the estimates of the heads of energy enterprises, this year they will have to work in conditions of unprecedented growth in electricity consumption.
The current situation still inspires optimism - the Russian language occupies a worthy place among the most common languages in the world.

132. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Dasha ran (1) and (2) holding her breath (3) jumped from the pier into the water (4) scorching with the morning cool.

2, 3
1, 4
2, 3, 4
1, 3, 4

133. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences?

According to famous linguists (1), the very first human language consisted (2) probably (3) only of emotionally charged exclamations; the division of words into parts of speech (4) obviously (5) did not yet exist.

1, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3

134. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

The man (1) who was standing on the bridge (2) turned and went to the square (3) where there was a crowd of people (4) and (5) where it was easy to get lost among the townspeople.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
2, 3

135. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

The goals of labor legislation are to establish state guarantees of labor rights and freedoms of citizens (1) create favorable working conditions (2) protect the rights and interests of workers (3) and employers.

1
1, 2
1, 2, 3
2, 3

136. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Persons (1) who believe (2) that they have been discriminated against in the world of work (3) have the right to apply to the court for restoration of violated rights (4) compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
1, 2
2, 3, 4

137. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

A tax return is submitted by each taxpayer (1) for each tax (2) payable by this taxpayer (3) unless otherwise provided by the legislation on taxes and fees.

1,2,3
2,3
1,2
2

138. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Meanwhile (1) the time was approaching lunch (2) and then there (3) where the investigation was being conducted (4) a telephone call was heard.

1, 3, 4
2, 3, 4
3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4

139. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence

In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established (1), state support for family, motherhood (2) paternity and childhood is provided (3) for the disabled (4) and elderly citizens (5), a system of social services is developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.

1, 2, 3, 5
1, 3
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 5

140. Choose the answer option in which the sentence is constructed without errors:

Having considered the decision of the Labor Commission, the Duma decided...;
The claim was satisfied, obliging the defendant to enter into an agreement on the plaintiff’s terms;
Based on responsibility for the current state of affairs, construction was suspended;
The renovation work was completed ahead of schedule, recognizing the importance of the facility.

141. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas?

Errors (1) when using participial phrases can be easily corrected (2) by replacing sentences with participial phrases (3) with sentences with verbal nouns.

1
2
1, 2, 3
2, 3

142. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas?

Russian and foreign-language surnames (1) ending in a consonant (2) are declined (3) if they refer to men (4) and not declined (5) if they refer to women: student Safonchik - student Safonchik, Karl Zegers - Anna Zegers.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 5
2, 3, 4

143. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences?

Such a dry autumn (1) as they wrote in the newspapers (2) has not happened in Russia for seventy years. Indeed (3) beyond the Oka the sky stood high and bright for weeks. The old people said (4) that the newspapers (5) of course (6) were correct and that in their memory they had never seen such an autumn.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 5, 6
2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 5, 6

144. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas?

There are surnames (1) ending in a vowel (2) both Slavic and Russian (3) and of foreign origin (Mitta, Neruda, Bordyuzha, Skovoroda, Lepekha, Shandra) (4) which are usually inclined regardless of who (5) belongs to the man or a woman: Vasily Bordyuzha, Olga Lepekha.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
2, 4

145. Place punctuation marks. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence:

Word order in the Russian language is free (1), however (2) word order (3) should be avoided, which becomes the reason (4) for variable understanding of what is written.

1, 2
1, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 4

146. Indicate in which sentence a dash is placed at the blank space:

Netsuke __ Japanese miniature sculpture
The old man's face thin, elongated, wrinkled
Igor _ is not an art collector, but only an assistant
Pond ____ like shiny steel

147. Indicate a number of words in which the emphasis is correctly placed:

cakes, turn on, blinds
Calling, expert, means
catalog, quarter, contract
PartEr, dancer, wholesale

148. Indicate a number of words in which the emphasis is correctly placed:

beautiful, deepen, intercede
provision, bonus, obituary
contract, airports, pamper
CATALOG, INTENTION, LEISURE

149. In which word does the stress fall on the first syllable?

wholesale
calls
expert
facilities

150. In which word does the stress fall on the second syllable?

kilometer
petition
bonuses
document

151. In which word the stress falls on the last syllable:

owners
will call
scarves
hundredweight

152. In which sentence, instead of the word PRESENT, should we use PROVIDE?

The book IS a practical guide for specialists working in the field of jurisprudence and law.
A new mayoral candidate was PRESENTED to journalists.
Citizens are GIVEN the right to choose the form for submitting documents.
The lawyer will REPRESENT your interests in court.

153. Indicate the option in which an error was made in the use of the surname: Application submitted

from Alexander Korolenko
from Olga Serdyuk
from Mikhail Tkachuk
from Tatyana Ploskikh

154. Choose the wrong option:

from an employee of Vasily Mitskevich
from employee Vasily Mitskevich
from employee Alina Mitskevich
conversation with Ivan Sedykh

155. Choose the wrong option:

conversation with Ivan Sedykh
from employee Alexey Savka
from employee Anna Golovnya
from employee Vasily Golovnya

156. Find the correct option:

Implementation of the plan will begin in January
Consider at a commission meeting
Implementation work
Open vacancy

157. Choose the answer option in which there is no semantic redundancy:

cash financing
promote progress
joint cooperation
import from abroad

158. Which answer option uses all the words correctly?

unsolvable deadlock
be of benefit
sum up the results of the meeting
take note of

159. Which answer option uses all the words correctly?

make efforts
give deep meaning
with our complicity
argue an opinion

160. Choose the answer option that does not contain speech errors:

Upon closer inspection, a crisis is evident.
No one is stopping us from exceeding our laws.
We apologize for the inconvenience caused.
A decision was made to provide the first floors of new residential buildings for housing service organizations.

161. Choose the answer option that does not contain speech errors:

explanations of mistakes made
operate with accurate data
emphasize the need for construction
deliver on time thanks to precise work

162. Indicate phrases in which the norms of word compatibility are violated:

We look forward to cooperation
give serious importance
say kind words
provide an opportunity

163. Choose the answer option that does not contain speech errors:

What kind of income do they earn?
Thanks to the hurricane, many houses were damaged.
The event played a big role in her life
Thanks to the vigilance of the locomotive crew of the fast train, a major accident was averted.

164. Indicate a sentence in which the rules of word combinations are violated:

A copy of the document is certified by a notary upon presentation of a passport
The plan was presented to management on time
The company's personnel were sent on leave
The trust was denied the allocation of additional funds

165. In which answer option was there an error in the use of highlighted words:

AFTER COMPLETING the Russian language course, I received a certificate.
UPON ARRIVAL in Arkhangelsk he felt well.
UPON ARRIVAL in Vienna, I met some friends.
UPON ARRIVAL in Moscow, I visited Red Square.

166. In which answer option was there an error in the use of the preposition:

come against your will
act according to decree

167. In which answer option was there an error in the use of the preposition:

win thanks to advice
act as directed
come against your will
act according to decree

168. In which answer option was there an error in the use of the preposition:

win thanks to advice
act according to instructions
come against your will
visit upon arrival in Moscow

169. In which answer option was there an error in the use of the preposition:

win thanks to advice
upon completion of the course receive a certificate
come against your will
act according to decree

170. In which answer option was there an error in the use of the preposition:

win thanks to advice
act according to instructions
come against your will
upon completion of construction

171. In which answer option was there an error in the use of the preposition:

win thanks to advice
act according to instructions
come against your will
act according to decree

172. In which answer option was there an error in the construction of the phrase:

pay for travel
pay the fare
get off the bus
get off the bus

173. In which answer option was there an error in the construction of the phrase:

confidence in success
confirmation of facts
review of work
point out shortcomings

174. In which answer option was there an error:

get a haircut
slip
mock
cross out

175. In which answer option was there an error:

he was drying
he's frozen
he got stronger
he's wet

176. In which answer option was there an error:

wash your hair with imported shampoo
It was my birthday in April
tear your left sneaker
step on a sore spot

177. In which answer option was there an error:

be sad for you
reproach for unjustified callousness
establish the causes of the accident
confess everything

178. In which answer option was there an error:

marvel at patience
pay attention to studying
confess everything
it was his birthday

179. Indicate the correct form of the numeral: replenish the budget with 684,275 rubles

six hundred eighty-four thousand two hundred seventy-five
six hundred eighty-four thousand two hundred seventy-five
six hundred eighty-four thousand two hundred seventy-five
six hundred eighty-four thousand two hundred seventy-five

180. In which answer option is the numeral used correctly?

majority of five thousand nine hundred and forty-five respondents
send invitations to ninety-six recipients
conduct an admissions campaign at five hundred thirty-four universities
provide financial support to four hundred forty-five small and medium-sized businesses

181. In which answer option is the numeral used correctly?

improved living conditions for three hundred and ninety-three families
have seven hundred and forty-six sets of medical equipment
repair of five hundred sixty-eight courtyard areas
construction work has been completed on three hundred and fourteen facilities

182. In which answer option is the numeral used correctly?

More than one hundred eighty-nine kilometers of dilapidated heating networks have been replaced.
Certificates were issued to one thousand two hundred and fifty-six families.
The decision was approved by four hundred and fifty-seven deputies.
Materials worth over three hundred and forty-two thousand nine hundred and thirty rubles were received.

183. Which answer option does not contain errors in the use of prepositions?

thanks to the assistance
report upon arrival
according to the contract
contrary to forecast

184. Which answer option does not contain errors in the use of prepositions?

thanks to hard work
according to the order
upon arrival at the place
contrary to established requirements

185. Indicate which preposition should be used at the beginning of the sentence:

... tax period, the taxpayer must adjust the amount of the reserve

at the expiration of
after
upon expiration
except

186. Which answer option must be chosen for the resulting sentence to be correct?

Walking along the embankment...

...we wanted to buy some ice cream
… beautiful dreams never left us
... we admired the magnificent panorama of the Volga
... the sun lit our way

187. Determine in which answer option there was an error in the formation of the word form?

four hundred rubles
rinsing clothes
a lot of cherries
more higher

188. Indicate the answer option in which only official-business stable combinations are presented:

yellow press, give your word, bear responsibility
outgoing papers, confrontation, make a proposal
yellow card, play a role, silence zone
aqua regia, dead center, balance beam

189. Indicate the answer option in which everything is correct both from the point of view of writing and from the point of view of the use of prepositions:

according to the decree, due to repairs
thanks to assistance, due to staff reduction
throughout the academic year, throughout the entire period
according to the order, due to dishonesty

190. Choose the answer option in which all phrases are constructed correctly:

fare, pay fare

fare, pay for travel
distinguish old from new, distinguish old from new

191. Choose the answer option in which all phrases are constructed correctly:

review of work, criticism of inaction
distinguish between old and new, distinguish old from new
feedback on work, criticism of inaction
distinguish old from new, distinguish old and new

192. Which answer option does not contain errors in the construction of the phrase?

be attentive to subordinates
pay attention to the little things
be allowed to participate in the competition
inventory of products

193. Which answer option does not contain errors in the construction of the phrase?

be honest with a colleague
base on facts
explanations of mistakes made
need for activity

194. Which answer option does not contain errors in the construction of the sentence?

We discussed it and decided to accept.
They immediately began to reproach him for wasting public funds.
This shows that we tolerate shortcomings.
We need to pay more attention to art

195. Choose the answer option in which the sentence is constructed without errors:

The implementation of the federal program affects both the interests of Rosstat and other ministries and departments.
State bodies authorized by the mayor independently form extra-budgetary funds and manage them.
Residents demanded troubleshooting and repairs.
The head of the local administration distributes and manages property and finances.
Training of hunters for the extermination of wolves and those responsible for carrying out this event.

196. What word or expression is inappropriate in business writing?

provide assistance
notorious
assign responsibility
in order to ensure safety

197. Indicate a sentence with a speech error caused by inappropriate use of words:

Please pay my travel expenses.
Bank payments began to be delayed for up to three months.
Economic policy today should increasingly focus on such goals.
This problem is widely discussed in the media

198. Choose the answer option in which the sentence is constructed without errors:

Being a nuclear power, we have sufficient arguments to establish good neighborly relations with near and far abroad.
The trading floor was cleared of people for fear that the ceiling would collapse.
While preserving traditions and the rich classical heritage of our culture, the state must also take care of those who are looking for new paths in artistic creativity.
Looking at what is happening today, my hands are free.

199. Select the answer option in which there was an error in the use of the highlighted words:

In place of the WATER surface, a dirty swamp often appears, which is gradually overgrown with forest.
Over time, the WATER surface of the lake becomes greenish or reddish: myriads of microalgae cells settle in it.
A stranger gave me a bouquet of purple flowers with WATER stems.
WATER stadium is the pride of the area and a favorite place for citizens, where they come with their families on weekends.

200. What word or expression is inappropriate in business writing?

behind-the-scenes struggle
difficulties encountered
intercede
we hereby notify

201. Which answer option does not contain speech errors?

Protesters gathered outside the embassy building with banners and microphones in Russian and English.
The speaker, taking the opportunity, called on financiers to spend their expenses more economically.
Linguists are confident that positive changes in the life of any community depend on a positive attitude towards the state language.
Here's something else we all need to keep in mind: practical interest in the Russian language is growing all over the world.

202. Choose the answer option in which the sentence is constructed without errors:

Situated on an earthen embankment, the games took place amid the approving or indignant cries of the spectators.
Studying the problems of urban transport, scientists have obtained interesting results.
Not only schools and hospitals, but also a drama theater were built in the city.
This information is obtained from both official and unofficial sources.

203. Which answer option does not contain speech errors?

The employees went along with any assignment.
Let's compare the results of the first crisis with the second.
The legal status of a citizen is determined at the legislative level.
The citizen submits documents on relevant education and (or) professional qualifications, academic degrees and academic titles, as well as documents related to the completion of training.

204. Which answer option does not contain speech errors?

Job responsibilities include recruiting and managing staff.
The request was addressed not to the prosecutor's office, but to the city Council of Deputies.
In the previous months, we paid a lot of attention to supporting the financial system.
Contrary to the current situation that has developed now.

205. Choose the answer option that does not contain speech errors:

A civil servant is obliged to take measures to prevent conflicts of interest.
The law lists general justifications for termination of a service contract.
The service contract with a civil servant was terminated on his initiative, having notified the employer's representative in writing two weeks in advance.
Everyone is equal before the law and the court.

206. Indicate the preferred option for indicating quantity in business writing:

with a weight of up to 5 kg
with a weight of up to five kg
with mass< 5 килограммов
with a weight of up to 5 kilograms

207. Read the text of the order and complete the task:

In order to implement the Federal Law of May 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ “On the procedure for considering appeals from citizens of the Russian Federation”, the Law of the Krasnodar Territory of June 28, 2007 No. 1270-KZ “On additional guarantees for the implementation of the right to appeal in the Krasnodar Territory” I order:
1. Approve the attached Procedure for handling citizens’ appeals in the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Krasnodar Territory (hereinafter referred to as the Procedure).
2. The Department of Economic, Legal Activities and State Register of the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Krasnodar Territory (hereinafter referred to as the Department) shall provide:
a) official publication of this order;
b) posting the text on the official website of the Office;
c) familiarization of civil servants of the Department with this order.
3. The order comes into force 10 days after the day of its official publication.
4. I reserve control over the execution of this order.

Determine which of the proposed headings corresponds to the content of the document:

On measures to implement Federal Law No. 59-FZ of May 2, 2006 “On the procedure for considering appeals from citizens of the Russian Federation”, Law of the Krasnodar Territory No. 1270-KZ of June 28, 2007 “On additional guarantees for the implementation of the right to appeal in the Krasnodar Territory”
On the Procedure for handling citizens’ appeals in the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Krasnodar Territory
On approval of the Procedure for handling citizens’ appeals in the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Krasnodar Territory

208. Read the document. Indicate the prepositions that should be used in place of gaps? Eh? and?B?.

Dear founders of educational institutions!
…?A? pp. 43, 44 of the Regulations on licensing of educational activities, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2009 No. 277, the State Inspectorate for Supervision and Control in the Sphere of Education of the Perm Territory maintains a register of licensed educational institutions and places it on the website.
...?B? submission of reliable and timely information in the specified register, we draw your attention to the need to promptly inform the Inspectorate about all changes in the network of educational institutions (exclusion from the register of legal entities, change of status, carrying out the reorganization process in the form of merger or accession, suspension of activities).

?A? – “In connection with...”; ?B? - "For …"
?A? - "In accordance with …"; ?B? - "In order to …"
?A? - "According to …"; ?B? - “In view of...”
?A? – “In pursuance of...”; ?B? - “As a result of...”

209. Read the text and complete the task:

Currently, the business world has recognized the importance of solving the problem of protecting computer data. High-profile processes associated with the penetration of corporate computer systems by attackers have attracted the close attention of not only specialists in the field of computer data processing, but also company directors. (...) company managers realized that with the launch of each new computer system that has access to the global computer network Internet, they risk opening a window to various attackers through which they can freely penetrate the company’s secret materials and cause significant material damage

Which of the following sentences correctly defines the main idea of the text?

The importance of solving the problem of protecting computer data is recognized by all specialists in the field of computer data processing
high-profile processes involving hackers infiltrating corporate computer systems amazed company directors and forced them to act
company directors realized that every new computer system connected to the Internet must be protected from intruders in order to avoid information and material damage
According to experts in the field of computer data processing, attackers cause significant material damage to various companies that have access to the global computer network Internet

The organization calls on the Russian authorities to eliminate the contradictions. RNA: Inheritance through generations

Definition of forgetting in psychology

Basic theories of forgetting

Mechanisms of forgetting

Navigation (job numbers only)

Information

results

Buy all answers

1. Select the answer option in which in all cases the letter A is written in the blank:

democratic...composed, anti...corruption, middle...opinion look…., l…conical, ot….left, tr….jectory grown, prov...cational, direction, pers...nal assume...incite, par...doxal, inconsiderate...questioning

2. Select the answer option in which in all cases the letter I is written in the place of the gap:

anal….tical, selective, auction…on c...gansky, privilege...legia, prohibit... subordinate, periphery, combination eq...valent, c...nichny, subscriber...ment

3. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

bandage...sew, spoiled... finished, checked... oblig..sh, move...my bring...sh, fell...

4. In which row in both words is the letter O written in place of the gap?

sh...roh, sh...sweat f...ngler, slum...ba f...heart, sh...colada seamless, calculated

5. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

dancing..sh, chasing...my foresee...sh, chant...my pulled out...sh, invisible...my moving...my, re...changed

6. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

tolerant...sh, predisposed ventilated, revised say..sh, depict...my, familiar... familiar, integral..my

7. Select the answer option in which in all cases the letter E is written in the blank:

pr…priority task, pr…advanced age, pr…sidium pr…sident, maintain continuity, pr…approximately claim for a position, unassailable authority, presentation pr…natural phenomena, pr…judgment of innocence, pr…list

8. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

envious, caring indignant...sh, sticking out...my ramble, hang...my look...heir...my

9. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place E is written in the sentence?

I do not (1) believe that there are places on our earth that are boring and do not (2) provide any food to the (3) eye or (4) ear.

1,2 1,3,4 1,2,3,4 3,4

10. In which word is the letter O written in place of the gap?

payment...m hard...hard security g...lty

11. In which series of words is the letter O written in place of the gap?

w...ngler, slum...ba, w...gler scream, comp….novate, g…fuzzy, exemplary apr…bation, m….soddenization, assume….to, prevent….to dis...n, admit, sh...vinism, inaccurate...

12. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

pronounce...sh, transform...my relational, dissolute looking...looking, noticing... thrown...sh, broken...

13. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

thrown...sh, seen... understand...independent...my met...measured supplied, oiled...

14. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place I is written?

The worse someone’s character, the more he shouts and grumbles at people: he (1) sees the good ones, where he (2) turns, and the first person he (3) gets along with is the one with whom he (4) gets along. 1, 2 2 2, 3 3, 4

15. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place the letter I is written?

No matter what (1) your partners promise you during the negotiation process, no (2) when and no (3) what and (4) agree with them right away.

3, 4 1, 2, 4 2, 3 1, 2, 3

16. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place I is written?

The disfigured earth will no longer (1) be able to breathe deeply, n(2) will be able to give a person drink of clean, cold water, n(3) will be able to attract him n(4) with its beauty, n(5) with its former fertility 4, 5 1, 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

17. Which answer option contains all the words where the letter I is missing?

A. Reportable B. Questioning C. Industry D. Offensive

A, B, G A, B B, C, D V, G

18. In which word is a consonant letter written in place of the gap?

incident agency state participate

19. In which series of words is the letter E/Ё written?

pr…natural phenomena, pr…priority task, pr…sidium int...ligent, combination, persons...m, experience...r enlightenment, competence, choice, w...sweat substitution, sp...tsification, munic...palette, d...shevy

20. Select the answer option in which MM is written in all cases:

dile...a, co...entary, co...unification gu...anism, a...bitsiya, program...a problem...a, asi...etria, panora...a and...itation, gr...otny, gr...atika

21. Select the answer option in which LL is written in all cases:

five-toed, crystal, ba...ans ha...reya, privilege...egia, by...eten level...down, app...ation, ba...otate collective, para...el, co...egy

22. Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N:

According to M.Yu. Lermontov, a brightly gifted (1) personality in a circle of nonentities is doomed (2) to misunderstanding and loneliness, and if he behaves in accordance with (3) the “norms” of this society, then to gradual (4) self-destruction.

1 2 3 4

23. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

The river is especially (1) beautiful in the morning (2) fog, when its crystal streams are transparent, like silver (3) threads, and are illuminated by the cold autumn sun.

1, 2, 3; 2, 4; 1, 3; 3, 4.

24. Choose the answer option in which the letter b is written in all three cases:

from...yaty, January...sky, close...thread December, interv...th, seven...ten June...skiy, pro...ba, powerful... pavil...he, six...eleven, announced

25. In which row in both words is the letter b written in place of the gap?

jumble..., backhand... burn..., swift... strip..., bitter... married..., bake...

26. In what row is Ъ written in all words?

December, interv...th, seven...ten four...capacitive, inter..ethnic, integral...without..emergency before...anniversary, mail...he, with...save, from...reveal from...yaty, object...ekt, feld...jaeger, super...natural

27. Choose the answer option in which the letter b is written in the blank:

28. Which word does not need b?

three...language dictionary pre...anniversary celebration two...storey building strange subject

29. Indicate the series in which all words are written with a double consonant:

discussion...ia, al...yuminium skillful, op...onent des...ert, producer...er dilemma...ah, im...grant

30. Indicate the row in which all words are written with a double consonant:

im...itation, pes...isism art...yours, gal...here cal...discreet, co...legy cor...upation, ok...upation

31. A double consonant is written in a word:

producer mass...he com…entary dilemma

32. Choose the answer option in which all words have one letter H in place of the gap:

hard...ik, y...th talent, sentence formulated...o internal audit, election, motivated refusal obligation, oil... developments, traditional methods for weeks the streets have not been cleaner from snow, the surface is gr...ed, by-law

33. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

Skillfully made (1) forged (2) beams (3) lattices of St. Petersburg are one of the decorations of the city.

1, 2 2 2, 3 1, 3

34. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers, in the place of which one letter N is written?

democratic...composed, anti...corruption, middle...opinion
look…., l…conical, ot….left, tr….jectory
grown, prov...cational, direction, pers...nal
assume...incite, par...doxal, inconsiderate...questioning

anal….tical, selective, auction…on
c...gansky, privilege...legia, prohibit...
subordinate, periphery, combination
eq...valent, c...nichny, subscriber...ment

bandage...sew, spoiled...
finished, checked...
oblig..sh, move...my
bring...sh, fell...

sh...roh, sh...sweat
f...ngler, slum...ba
f...heart, sh...colada
seamless, calculated

dancing..sh, chasing...my
foresee...sh, chant...my
pulled out...sh, invisible...my
moving...my, re...changed

tolerant...sh, predisposed
ventilated, revised
say..sh, depict...my,
familiar... familiar, integral..my

pr…priority task, pr…advanced age, pr…sidium
pr…sident, maintain continuity, pr…approximately
claim for a position, unassailable authority, presentation
pr…natural phenomena, pr…judgment of innocence, pr…list

envious, caring
indignant...sh, sticking out...my
ramble, hang...my
look...heir...my

1,2
1,3,4
1,2,3,4
3,4

payment...m
hard...hard
security
g...lty

w...ngler, slum...ba, w...gler
scream, comp….novate, g…fuzzy, exemplary
apr…bation, m….soddenization, assume….to, prevent….to
dis...n, admit, sh...vinism, inaccurate...

pronounce...sh, transform...my
relational, dissolute
looking...looking, noticing...
thrown...sh, broken...

thrown...sh, seen...
understand...independent...my
met...measured
supplied, oiled...

The worse someone’s character, the more he shouts and grumbles at people: he (1) sees the good ones, where he (2) turns, and the first person he (3) gets along with is the one with whom he (4) gets along.
1, 2
2
2, 3
3, 4

3, 4
1, 2, 4
2, 3
1, 2, 3

The disfigured earth will no longer (1) be able to breathe deeply, n(2) will be able to give a person drink of clean, cold water, n(3) will be able to attract him n(4) with its beauty, n(5) with its former fertility
4, 5
1, 2
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

A, B, G
A, B
B, C, D
V, G

incident
agency
state
participate

pr…natural phenomena, pr…priority task, pr…sidium
int...ligent, combination, persons...m, experience...r
enlightenment, competence, choice, w...sweat
substitution, sp...tsification, munic...palette, d...shevy

dile...a, co...entary, co...unification
gu...anism, a...bitsiya, program...a
problem...a, asi...etria, panora...a
and...itation, gr...otny, gr...atika

five-toed, crystal, ba...ans
ha...reya, privilege...egia, by...eten
level...down, app...ation, ba...otate
collective, para...el, co...egy

1
2
3
4

1, 2, 3;
2, 4;
1, 3;
3, 4.

from...yaty, January...sky, close...thread
December, interv...th, seven...ten
June...skiy, pro...ba, powerful...
pavil...he, six...eleven, announced

jumble..., backhand...
burn..., swift...
strip..., bitter...
married..., bake...

December, interv...th, seven...ten
four...capacitive, inter..ethnic, integral...without..emergency
before...anniversary, mail...he, with...save, from...reveal
from...yaty, object...ekt, feld...jaeger, super...natural

three...language dictionary
pre...anniversary celebration
two...storey building
strange subject

discussion...ia, al...yuminium
skillful, op...onent
des...ert, producer...er
dilemma...ah, im...grant

im...itation, pes...isism
art...yours, gal...here
cal...discreet, co...legy
cor...upation, ok...upation

producer
mass...he
com…entary
dilemma

hard...ik, y...th talent, sentence formulated...o
internal audit, election, motivated refusal
obligation, oil... developments, traditional methods
for weeks the streets have not been cleaner from snow, the surface is gr...ed, by-law

1, 2
2
2, 3
1, 3

1,2
2
3
2, 3

1
2
3
1, 3

1,2
2
3
1,2,3

1
2
1, 2
1, 2, 3

1
1, 2
3
1, 2, 3

1, 3, 4, 5
2, 5
2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4

1, 3, 4, 6
4, 5
3, 5, 6
1, 4, 5

debt, centralized testing, cobblestone roads
Korean peoples, controversial issue, land works
unwritten rules, freshly baked bread, unsolved questions
guests, the deal is concluded, fully ensured

in an empty building
on the fallen snow
behind the flowering garden
to building a house

irreconcilable
confidential
p...regulation
periphery

pr…increase, pr…overcome
without...freely, ra...encrypt
oh...distant, on...sawn
from...mother, mis...information

key...howl
overcome
kra...shek
imitate

46. In which word is the letter E written in place of the gap:

roar...shh
sharp...sh
worried...worried
unthinkable...my

choose friends, choose a suit, choose a pattern
make a decision, kindle the firewood, choose an example
light touch, tangent line, terms of success
rise up, evening dawn, make an effort

before...anniversary troubles, nightingale...another trill, strong hugs...
in...southern February, shrink...from the cold, nimble monkey...
s...eating a cutlet, cutting...the bread, laughing loudly...
protect yourself from colds, anoint yourself with oil, an elegant brooch...

ascertain, legal...consultation, precedent, incident
participate, institution, Dutch, intriguer
incident, compromise, in...guration, security...
conjuncture, commandant...skiy, agency...staff, amateurish...skiy

super...interesting, inter...institutional
with...play, take...mother
super...gra, rose...sk
mouse...yak, objective

no...noisy,...cheap
not...talkative; not... bendable
batal...he, subject...ect
mouse...yak, objective

...health, ...giving
with...play, take...mother
super...gra, rose...sk
mouse...yak, objective

excessive, ineffective
inaccuracy pr…exalt
inalienable, postal...he
utter, contact.. dream

load...capacity, from...reveal, in...south
re…dating, in…led, ra…discreet
pr...tear, pr...step the law, pr...image
damn... too much, un... pitiful, ra... interfere

respect...respect, oh...throw, on...lowercase
be...painful, be...focal, in...invigorate
pr...cut, unpretentious...unwillingly, pr...judgment
dis...integration, medical...institute, post...industrial

20% fee
20% fee
20% fee
twenty-% fee

similarity
difference
difference
recognition

precedent
incident
escalator
exercise...thread

state
light show
pedestal
angle

retraining
abstract
Union
thesis

fittest
more than five hundred rubles
a few grams
famous doctors of science

lodge
put it down
lie
luggage

(highly) productive, (causal) effectual
(delivery) acceptance, (criminal) legal
(south) western, (rail) road
(St. Petersburg, (military) duty