Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases in calves based on clinical and pathological characteristics. Differential diagnosis of diseases in young pigs

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Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus

Vitebsk Order of the Badge of Honor

State Academy of Veterinary Medicine

COURSE WORK

on the topic: “Pathological anatomy and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases of calves and piglets occurring with diarrheal and respiratory syndromes”

Vitebsk 2011

Introduction

1. Infectious diseases of calves occurring with diarrhea syndrome

1.1 Rotavirus infection of calves

1.2 Coronavirus infection in calves

1.3 Bovine viral diarrhea

1.4 Neonatal form of RTI in calves

2. Infectious diseases of calves occurring with respiratory syndrome

2.1 Adenovirus pneumonia of calves

2.2 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

2.3 Bovine parainfluenza

2.4 Respiratory syncytial infection of cattle

2.5 Chlamydia

3. Infectious diseases of piglets occurring with diarrhea syndrome

3.1 Rotavirus diarrhea in piglets

3.2 Coronavirus gastroenteritis of piglets

3.3 Enteroviral gastroenteritis of piglets

4. Infectious diseases of piglets occurring with respiratory syndrome

4.1 Piglet influenza

4.2 Infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs

4.3 Enzootic (mycoplasmosis) bronchopneumonia of pigs

Introduction

Scientific and technological progress in livestock farming is carried out by the transfer of farms to industrial technology, the emergence of large industrial livestock and pig breeding complexes with mechanization and automation of a significant part of production operations.

Intensive livestock and pig farming with the concentration of a large number of animals in large complexes leads to a deterioration in the living conditions of animals as a result of physical inactivity, unbalanced feeding, poor hygiene, technological stress, environmental pollution by noise, toxic and chemical substances, electromagnetic fields, and the lack of modern antibacterial and antiviral biological products etc.

As a result of the impact of the above factors on animals, the function of the immune system weakens, as a result of which immunodeficiency develops; against this background, there is intense circulation of opportunistic microorganisms in the herd (their passage), their transformation into pathogenic forms (E. coli, salmonella, hemophila, pneumococci, staphylococci, etc.). Mixed (associated) infectious and non-infectious diseases arise, with the most severe course, with high mortality.

Diseases that occur with diarrheal or respiratory syndromes are caused by various microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydia, protozoa, fungi.

Diarrheal syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms.

1. The main symptom is diarrhea (diarrhea) - frequent release of liquid feces. Feces contaminate the skin and fur of the hips and tail. The color of feces is yellow-green, dark yellow, sometimes white, with an admixture of mucus, hemorrhagic exudate, blood clots, and a foul odor.

2. Lack or perversion of appetite, in piglets - vomiting, thirst. Sick animals drink slurry.

3. Exicosis (dehydration, dehydration of the body) is caused by the loss of a large amount of water. As a result, the blood becomes thickened and its viscosity increases. There is dryness of the mucous membranes and skin.

4. Depression (oppression) - low mobility of sick animals, with a long course of the disease - exhaustion.

5. Immunodeficiency (immunosuppression) develops as a result of weakened function of the immune system due to the immunosuppressive effect of microorganisms. It is determined by laboratory blood tests (immune analysis).

Respiratory syndrome is accompanied by the following symptoms.

1. Cough is the earliest symptom, developing as a defensive reaction when mucus and other exudates accumulate in the larynx, trachea and bronchi. When the nasal mucosa is irritated, sneezing and snorting occur. Nasal discharge - serous, mucous (catarrhal), purulent, hemorrhagic, fibrinous. Breathing is wheezing, labored.

2. With complications, bronchopneumonia develops. The cough is pulmonary, shortness of breath, foci of dullness - percussion daw, alveolar crepitus, dry and moist rales, discharge of various exudates from the nasal openings appear.

3. Feverish syndrome consists of the following symptoms: hyperthermia (high body temperature), chills, skin reaction (coldness, pallor, tousled hair), rapid breathing.

4. Depression (depression, lethargy), loss of appetite, exhaustion with a long course of the disease.

5. Immunodeficiency due to weakened immune system function due to the immunosuppressive effect of viruses and bacteria. Determined by immune assessment of blood during laboratory testing.

The description of infectious diseases is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Definition of disease

2. Etiology, pathogenesis and clinical and epizootological features

3. Pathanatomy: macro- and microscopic changes

4. Pathological diagnosis

5. Diagnosis: nosological and differential.

The manual provides tables for differential pathomorphological diagnosis of infectious diseases of calves and piglets with diarrheal and respiratory syndromes.

Materials for the lesson: museum and histological preparations, drawings, slides, tables.

1. Infectious diseases of calves occurring with diarrhea syndrome

1.1 Rotavirus infection in calves

Pathogenesis. Once in the body, the virus multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, causing its necrosis. Immunodeficiency develops. Secondary microflora penetrates through the damaged epithelium, aggravating the course of the disease, which usually lasts 3-4 days.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Calves under 10 days of age are most sensitive to the disease. The source of infection is sick, recovered and latently infected animals. The virus is released into the external environment with feces; infection most often occurs through the nutritional route. Morbidity rate is up to 100%. Mortality - 50%. Clinically, the disease manifests itself as diarrhea syndrome.

Pathological changes are localized mainly in the small intestine, serous, catarrhal, hemorrhagic, alterative inflammation is noted in it.

1. Acute catarrhal, sometimes catarrhal-hemorrhagic, necrotizing abomasitis and enteritis.

2. Serous inflammation of the mesenteric, gastric and portal lymph nodes.

5. The spleen is normal or atrophied.

It is necessary to differentiate from colibacillosis (in its septic form there are morphological signs of sepsis, but in other forms morphological differences are not detected), coronavirus infection of calves (with it ulcerative-necrotic inflammation is found except abomasum in the oral cavity and esophagus), dyspepsia (no hemorrhagic and necrotic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the abomasum and small intestine), chlamydia (it reveals swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, multiple hemorrhages, fibrinous polyarthritis, interstitial nephritis).

infectious disease diarrhea respiratory syndrome calf

1.2 KoronaviRussian infection of calves

Etiology. RNA virus, genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae.

Pathogenesis. The virus multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, where mucous degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium, inflammation of the mucous membrane, and immunodeficiency develop.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Calves get sick at the age of 1-3 weeks, less often - up to 6 months. The source of infection is sick, recovered and latently infected animals. Infection is carried out through nutrition. Morbidity - 40-100%, mortality 2-15%. It is more often diagnosed during the winter-spring stall period. It often occurs in association with other viral and bacterial diseases. Clinically manifested by diarrhea syndrome, ulceration of the oral mucosa. The duration of the disease is 2-9 weeks.

Pathological changes. At autopsy, erosions and ulcers are found in the mucous membrane of the mouth, esophagus and abomasum, sometimes in the duodenum, colon and rectum, hemorrhages in the mucous membranes of the intestines. Histologically, atrophic and necrotic processes are revealed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and other parts of the digestive tract.

1. Acute catarrhal, ulcerative necrotizing stomatitis, esophagitis, abomasitis, sometimes enterocolitis.

2. Serous inflammation of the submandibular, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Z. Exicosis, general anemia and exhaustion.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnestic, clinical and epizootic data, autopsy results, virological and electron microscopic studies.

They differentiate from rotavirus infection of calves (with it there are no ulcers in the oral cavity and esophagus), colibacillosis (in the septic form there are morphological signs of sepsis, and in other forms of colibacillosis morphological differences are not detected), salmonellosis (accompanied by sepsis, hyperplastic lymphadenitis of the mesenteric lymph nodes, in the liver Salmonella nodules), chlamydia (with swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, multiple hemorrhages, fibrinous polyarthritis, interstitial nephritis).

1.3 Bovine viral diarrhea

Etiology. RNA virus, genus Restivirus, family Flaviviridae.

Pathogenesis. The virus, having entered the body through the alimentary route, multiplies in the epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, causing erosive and ulcerative abomasitis and enteritis, stomatitis, and abortion in cows.

Clinical and epidemiological features. The source of infection is patients and virus carriers who excrete the virus in feces, urine, saliva, etc. Animals aged from 3 to 5-6 months often get sick. Clinically, the disease manifests itself as diarrhea syndrome, ulceration of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, vagina, and nasal cavity. The incidence is 80-100%. Mortality ranges from 10 to 100%.

Pathological changes are characterized by the presence of erosions and ulcers in the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory organs.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Erosive-ulcerative, necrotic stomatitis.

2. Erosive-ulcerative esophagitis, abomasitis.

3. Catarrhal-hemorrhagic enteritis.

4. Erosive-ulcerative, necrotizing enterocolitis.

5. Erosive-ulcerative rhinitis.

6. Serous inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes.

7. Erosive-ulcerative dermatitis in the interhoof gap.

8. Catarrhal-.

9. Hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the abomasum, book, subcutaneous tissue, epi- and endocardium.

10. Granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys and myocardium.

11. Exhaustion, dehydration (exicosis).

The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnestic, epizootic, and clinical data, autopsy results and virological studies.

Differentiated from plague (with hemorrhagic diathesis, infectious rash in the skin, lobar-hemorrhagic, necrotic stomatitis, abomasitis and enteritis, hematuria), malignant catarrhal fever (with necrotizing stomatitis, purulent-fibrinous rhinitis, laryngitis and tracheitis, non-purulent lymphocytic encephalitis), foot and mouth disease (it is characterized by aphthous stomatitis and dermatitis).

1.4 Neonatal form of infectious rAndnotracheitis (IRT) calves

Etiology. The causative agent is a DNA virus of the genus Varicellovirus, family Herpesviridae. Pathogenesis. The virus is epitheliotropic and reproduces in the epithelium of the digestive tract. Clinical and epidemiological features. Calves are sick up to 14 days of age, the duration of the disease is 3-4 days. The incidence is 30-90%. Mortality -1-20%. The source of the virus is sick and recovered animals. Infection occurs through the nutritional route. Clinically, the disease manifests itself as diarrhea syndrome.

Pathoanatomical changes,

In the neonatal form, hyperemia, necrosis and erosion in the skin of the nasal mirror (red nose) and rhinitis are noted.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Erosive-ulcerative stomatitis.

3. Acute catarrhal enteritis.

4. Erosive-ulcerative rhinitis.

5. Hyperemia, necrosis and erosion in the skin of the nasal mirror (red nose).

6. Exhaustion, general anemia, exicosis.

The diagnosis is made taking into account anamnestic, clinical and epidemiological data, autopsy results, serological and virological studies. Differentiated from: rotavirus infection (with no erosions and ulcers in the mucous membrane of the nasal and oral cavities, no hyperemia, necrosis and erosions of the nasal mucosa), from coronavirus infection (with no erosions and ulcers in the nasal cavity, no hyperemia, necrosis and erosions) nasal speculum).

2. Infectious diseases of calves occurring with respiratory syndrome

2.1 Adenoviral pneumonia of calves

Etiology, Causative agent: DNA virus, genus Mastadenovirus of the Adenoviridae family.

Pathogenesis. Reproduction of the virus occurs in the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium, catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent inflammation develops in them. When complicated by bacterial microflora - catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia.

Clinical and epizootological features,

Calves aged from 7 days to 4 months are affected: morbidity 70-80%, mortality 60%. The main source of the causative agent of the disease is sick animals that release the virus into the external environment, mainly through nasal discharge and feces. Infection of animals occurs through aerogenic and nutritional routes, as well as through the conjunctiva. Transmission of the virus is possible through feed, bedding, and manure contaminated with secretions of sick animals. It is more common in the cold season in the form of an enzootic. Duration of illness is 1-3 days, if complicated by bronchopneumonia - 2-5 weeks,

Sick animals have a respiratory syndrome: fever (increase in body temperature up to +41.5 ° C), lacrimation, mucous and mucopurulent discharge from the nose, difficulty breathing, cough. And also diarrhea, loss of appetite, refusal to feed, exhaustion, stunting. Often the disease occurs in association with parainfluenza 3, IRG and viral diarrhea.

Pathoanatomical changes: acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, conjunctiva, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia,

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis.

2. Catarrhal or catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication).

3. Serous-purulent conjunctivitis.

4. Catarrhal-hemorrhagic abomasitis and enteritis.

5. Serous-hyperplastic lymphadenitis of bronchial, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes.

6. Exhaustion, general anemia.

Diagnosis: made taking into account anamnestic, clinical, epizootological and pathological data, the results of serological and virological studies.

It is necessary to differentiate from respiratory syncytial infection (during histological examination of the lungs, symplasts of epithelial cells are found in the bronchioles during this infection), infectious rhinotracheitis (with hyperemia, necrosis and erosion in the skin of the nasal ulum, keratitis), parainfluenza (pathomorphological changes are similar).

2.2 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(IRT)

A viral disease characterized in calves primarily by inflammation of the respiratory tract and lungs. In adult animals it occurs in the form of pustular vulvovaginitis in cows and balanoposthitis in bulls.

Etiology. The causative agent is a DNA virus of the genus Varicellovirus, family Herpesviridae.

Pathogenesis. The virus is epitheliotropic, reproduces in the epithelium of the respiratory tract, vagina, and digestive tract.

Clinical and epizootological features: Calves 2-6 months of age are most often affected, morbidity is 100%, mortality is up to 20%. Infection occurs aerogenously, through nutrition and during mating. The duration of the disease is 7-10 days.

The source of the virus is sick and recovered animals. Sire bulls who have had the genital form and contain the virus in their semen for a long time are very dangerous. The main forms of the disease: respiratory (in calves 2-6 months old), genital (in cows and bulls), neonatal (in newborn calves).

The respiratory form is accompanied by an increase in body temperature to +41 - +42 ° C, hyperemia of the nasal ulum, serous-mucous discharge from the nose, as the disease progresses, the mucus becomes thick, mucus plugs form, shortness of breath, dry painful cough, conjunctivitis. Pregnant cows have abortions and endometritis.

The genital form is observed in females. They develop an infectious rash: vesicles, pustules, erosions and ulcers, swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the vulva and vagina. In males - in the mucous membrane of the prepuce - hyperemia and infectious rash: vesicles, pustules, erosions and ulcers, -

The neonatal form in newborn calves occurs with diarrhea syndrome (Description see 1.4.).

Pathological changes. In the respiratory form, the following are noted: serous-catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent, ulcerative-necrotic rhinitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis. In the genital form - pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Acute catarrhal-purulent, fibrinous, ulcerative-necrotic rhinitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis.

2. Acute catarrhal or catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication).

3. Serous lymphadenitis of the submandibular, retropharyngeal, bronchial,

mediastinal lymph nodes.

4. Purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis.

5. Slight enlargement of the spleen.

7. Hyperemia of the skin of the nasal planum.

8. Pustular vulvovaginitis in cows and balanoposthitis in bulls (in the genital form).

Diagnosis: made taking into account anamnestic, clinical and epidemiological data, autopsy results, serological and virological studies.

Differentiated from parainfluenza 3 (with it there is no red nose and infectious rash in the mucous membranes of the genital organs), adenoviral pneumonia (with it there is no red nose and infectious rash in the mucous membranes of the genital organs), respiratory syncytial infection (during histopathological examination of the lungs, symplasts are found in this disease epithelium in the bronchioles, no red nose and infectious rash in the mucous membranes of the genital organs).

2.3 Parainfluenza - 3 cattle

Etiology. The causative agent is an RNA virus of the genus Paramyxovirus, family Paramyxoviridae.

Pathogenesis. Animals become infected aerogenously. Reproduction of the virus occurs in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, causing inflammatory processes in them, and if complicated, bronchopneumonia.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Morbidity 70%, mortality 2-20%, duration of illness - 6-14 days.

The course of the disease is acute, subacute and chronic. Sick animals have a respiratory syndrome: fever, shortness of breath, cough, lacrimation, serous or mucopurulent discharge from the nasal cavity.

Pathological changes. Serous, catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, catarrhal or catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication).

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Serous-catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis.

2. Catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication).

4. Serous lymphadenitis of the retropharyngeal, cervical, mediastinal, bronchial lymph nodes and necrosis in them.

5. Dot and spotty hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.

Diagnosis: made taking into account anamnestic, clinical and epidemiological data, autopsy results, serological and virological studies. In the epithelial cells of the alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi, histopathological examination reveals acidophilic cytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies.

It is necessary to differentiate from respiratory syncytial infection (during histological examination of the lungs, symplasts of epithelial cells are found in the bronchioles), adenoviral pneumonia (morphological changes are similar), infectious rhinotracheitis (in cows - pustular vulvovaginitis, in calves - hyperemia of the skin of the nasal planum), pasteurellosis (morphological signs of sepsis, but the spleen is not changed, lobar pneumonia), salmonellosis (morphological signs of sepsis, serous-hyperplastic inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes, salmonella nodules in the liver), streptococcosis (diplococcosis - morphological signs of sepsis, rubbery spleen), chlamydial pneumonia (catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia, serous-fibrinous polyarthritis).

2.4 Respiratory syncytial infection of cattle

Etiology. The causative agent is an RNA virus of the genus Pneumoviirus, family Paramyxoviridae.

Pathogenesis. The virus multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, trachea, nasal cavity, in the alveolar epithelium, causes lobular inflammation of the lungs and the formation of symplasts of epithelial cells in the bronchioles. When associated with other viruses and bacteria, it causes lobar bronchopneumonia.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Calves 1-8 months of age are affected. The duration of the disease is 3-5 days. Infection is aerogenic. Morbidity is up to 90%, mortality is low. Sick calves show signs of respiratory syndrome - depression, shortness of breath, cough, conjunctivitis, serous discharge from the nasal openings.

Pathological changes. Serous-catarrhal conjunctivitis, rhinitis, bronchitis, lobular catarrhal bronchopneumonia. Histo - in the bronchioles there are symplasts of epithelial cells as a result of their proliferation. In case of complication - lobar catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Serous, serous-catarrhal conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis.

2. Lobular catarrhal bronchopneumonia (histo - symplasts of the epithelium in the bronchioles, eosinophilic cytoplasmic bodies - inclusions in the epithelium, lymphocytic peribronchitis and perivasculitis).

3. Lobar catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication).

4. Serous inflammation of the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes.

The diagnosis is made taking into account anamnestic, clinical and epidemiological data, autopsy results, serological and virological studies, histological examination of the lungs to identify epithelial symplasts with eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.

It is necessary to differentiate from parainfluenza 3 (no symplasts of epithelial cells in the bronchioles), adenoviral pneumonia (no symplasts of epithelial cells in the bronchioles), infectious rhinotracheitis (with it, hyperemia of the nasal planum is found, there are no symplasts of the epithelium in the lungs).

2. 5 Chlamydia infection

This is a disease of young cattle, occurring with symptoms of inflammation of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In cows, chlamydia causes abortion and infertility.

Etiology. Chlamydia (family Chlamydiaceae) belongs to two serotypes. The first type includes a strain of the pathogen that causes abortion, inflammation of the genital organs and intestines in sheep and cattle (Chlamydia psittaci), the second type includes a strain that causes encephalomyelitis, polyarthritis and conjunctivitis in these animals (Chlamydia pecorum).

Pathogenesis. Chlamydia is polytropic. They multiply in the epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, airways and lungs, genitourinary organs, in hepatocytes, in the conjunctiva, synovial membranes of the joint capsule, in the epithelial cells of the chorion. Penetrating into the body aerogenously, chlamydia penetrates the respiratory system.

By multiplying in the lungs, the pathogen causes the formation of foci of inflammation in the apical and less commonly in the cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes. From the lungs, through a hematogenous route, they enter the liver, kidneys, joints, and intestines and, actively multiplying, cause dystrophic and inflammatory changes in them.

Clinical and epizootic features.

Chlamydia infection in the form of bronchopneumonia is recorded mainly in calves up to 6 months of age. The disease usually occurs enzootically and in a latent form in different seasons of the year. Animals become infected through the nutritional, aerogenic and sexual routes. The duration of the disease is 7-10 days. Morbidity - up to 20%, mortality - 20-30%. There are respiratory, articular, diarrheal and genital forms of the disease.

In the respiratory form of the disease, animals experience a depressed state, appetite decreases, body temperature rises to +40-+40.5°C, and sometimes diarrhea is observed. Then a cough appears, the body temperature rises to +41°C, stiffness of movements, wide stance of the limbs and weakened breathing are noted. Serous and serous-mucous discharges are released from the nasal cavity and eyes. Breathing is initially rapid and shallow, then becomes heavy and wheezing. The pulse is increased, and the body temperature is in remission. After a few days, these signs disappear, but diarrhea may still persist. Keratoconjunctivitis is quite common. At the same time, discharge appears from the diseased eye, the eyelids swell, and severe photophobia occurs.

In the articular form, animal movements become uncoordinated due to weakness of the limbs in the fetlock joints, which involuntarily bend. The joints of the limbs are sometimes swollen, soft and painful. Some animals have a distinct lameness, an unsteady gait, they often stumble, walk in circles, fall and make swimming movements. Some sick calves often lie down and get up reluctantly and with difficulty. Ultimately, paralysis develops.

Pathological changes.

In the respiratory form of the disease, interstitial pneumonia is more often observed. In this case, the following are noted: peribronchitis and peribronchiolitis, interstitial bronchopneumonia. In addition, when complicated by a bacterial infection, lobular or lobar foci of catarrhal-purulent inflammation of the anterior and middle lobes of the lung were noted.

Changes are often found in the nasal septum, larynx and trachea. They are characterized by swelling, inflammatory hyperemia and diffuse hemorrhages, accumulation of mucous or mucopurulent exudate in the lumen. Lymph nodes: mediastinal, bronchial, mesenteric in a state of serous inflammation. In the abomasum there is acute catarrhal inflammation, erosions and ulcers. The same changes are observed in the small intestine. Fatty liver is often detected. The spleen is usually unchanged or slightly increased in volume. Interstitial inflammation is observed in the kidneys.

In the diarrheal form, acute catarrhal, ulcerative abomasitis and enteritis are noted. Mesenteric lymph nodes in a state of serous inflammation. There are also signs of exicosis (dehydration).

In the genital form, catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent endometritis, cervicitis and vaginitis with multiple hemorrhages in the mucous membrane are found in females. The placenta is dark red in color, hard in consistency, and covered with mucus. Its inflamed areas are thickened and covered with a gray-yellow coating (necrosis).

Aborted fetuses have swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the navel, head (dorsum of the nose and back of the head). The serous cavities of the body contain transudate, sometimes mixed with blood. Hemorrhages are detected in the mucous membranes of the larynx, trachea, eyes, tongue, abomasum, in the costal and pulmonary pleura, endocardium and epicardium. Foci of pneumonia are noted.

PAD of chlamydial pneumonia in calves.

1. Catarrhal-purulent rhinitis.

2. Interstitial pneumonia, with complications of catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia.

3. Fibrinous pleurisy.

4. Catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis, keratitis.

5. Catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative abomasitis and enteritis.

6. Serous-fibrinous polyarthritis.

7. Interstitial nephritis.

8. Serous lymphadenitis of bronchial, mediastinal and mesenteric nodes.

PAD in an aborted cow.

1. Catarrhal-purulent or ichorous endometritis, cervicitis and vaginitis. Abortion.

2. Hemorrhages and focal necrosis in the placenta.

3. Serous lymphadenitis of the medial iliac and pelvic nodes.

PAD in an aborted fetus.

1. Serous edema of subcutaneous and intermuscular tissue

2. Ascites and hydrothorax

3. Hemorrhagic diathesis

4. Systemic serous lymphadenitis

5. Granular or fatty degeneration of the liver with foci of necrosis in it.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical symptoms, epizootic and pathological data, results of serological and bacteriological studies.

Differential diagnosis,

Salmonellosis is excluded (with morphological signs of sepsis, salmonella nodules in the liver, hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph nodes), campylobacteriosis (catarrhal vaginitis, catarrhal-purulent erosive endometritis, abortion), brucellosis (purulent-necrotic and fibrinous inflammation of the maternal and child placentas, retained placenta, abortions), listeriosis (purulent encephalitis, miliary necrosis in the spleen and liver), viral diarrhea (erosive-ulcerative stomatitis and esophagitis), RTI (pustular vulvovaginitis, hyperemia of the skin of the nasal ulum are taken into account), adenoviral pneumonia (catarrhal rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, no keratitis, interstitial pneumonia).

3. Infectious diseases of piglets occurring with diarrhea syndrome

3.1 Rotavirus infection in piglets

Etiology: RNA virus, genus Rotavirus, family Reoviridae.

Pathogenesis. Having entered the body through the alimentary route, the virus multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, causing necrosis and inflammation. Secondary microflora penetrates through the damaged epithelium, aggravating the course of the disease, which usually lasts 3-4 days.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Calves and piglets under 10 days of age are most sensitive to the disease. The source of infection is sick, recovered and latently infected animals. The virus is released into the external environment with feces; infection most often occurs through the nutritional route. Morbidity rate is up to 100%. Mortality - 50-100%. Clinically, the disease manifests itself as diarrhea syndrome.

Pathological changes

Serous, catarrhal, hemorrhagic, alterative (necrotic) inflammation is detected in the small intestine.

Pathological diagnosis;

1. Acute catarrhal, sometimes catarrhal-hemorrhagic, necrotizing gastroenteritis and colitis.

2. Serous inflammation of the mesenteric and gastric lymph nodes.

3. Acute venous hyperemia and pulmonary edema.

4. Acute venous hyperemia and granular degeneration of the liver and kidneys.

5. The spleen is normal or atrophied.

6. General anemia, dehydration (exicosis).

Diagnosis. Anamnestic, clinical and epizootological data, autopsy results, virological and electron microscopic studies are taken into account.

It is necessary to differentiate from colibacillosis (in the septic form there are morphological signs of sepsis, but in other forms of colibacillosis morphological differences are not detected), coronavirus gastroenteritis of piglets (morphological signs are similar).

3.2 Coronavirus (transmissible) gastroenteritis of piglets

Etiology. RNA is a virus of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae.

Pathogenesis. Animals become infected through nutritional and aerogenic routes. The virus multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, causing inflammation, diarrhea, and exicosis.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Morbidity - 100%, mortality - up to 100%. Newborn piglets up to 14 days of age are affected. The duration of the disease is 5-7 days.

Pathological changes. In the small intestine, serous, catarrhal, hemorrhagic, alterative (necrotic) inflammation develops with ulceration of the mucous membrane.

Pathological diagnosis:

2. Acute catarrhal colitis.

4. Granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys and heart.

5. Exicosis.

6. Exhaustion, general anemia.

The diagnosis is made taking into account age, anamnestic, clinical and epizootological data, the results of pathoanatomical, virological and electron microscopic studies.

It is necessary to differentiate from rotavirus infection (the morphological signs are similar), balantidiasis and dysentery (they mainly affect the large intestine, hemorrhagic inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membrane are noted in it), colibacillosis (sepsis), swine fever (a picture of sepsis, hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, heart attacks is observed spleen).

Z.ZEnteroviral gastroenteritis of pigs

Etiology. RNA virus, genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae.

Pathogenesis. The virus multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, where dystrophy, necrosis of the epithelium, and inflammation (serous, catarrhal, hemorrhagic, necrotic) develop.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Sick piglets (over 3 weeks of age) and weaned piglets are most often affected. Morbidity - 60%, mortality -15%. The duration of the disease is 15-20 days.

Pathological changes. In the small intestine, serous, catarrhal, hemorrhagic, alterative (necrotic) inflammation with ulceration of the mucous membrane is noted.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Acute catarrhal or catarrhal-hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with necrosis and ulceration of the mucous membrane.

2. Acute catarrhal colitis.

3. Serous inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes.

4. Granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys and heart.

5. Exicosis.

6. Exhaustion, general anemia.

The diagnosis is made taking into account age, anamnestic, clinical and epidemiological data, the results of pathomorphological and virological studies.

It is necessary to differentiate from salmonellosis (with morphological signs of sepsis, hyperplastic inflammation in the mesenteric lymph nodes, salmonella nodules in the liver), edematous disease (serous swelling of the stomach wall, mesentery of the large intestine, subcutaneous tissue), swine fever (a picture of sepsis, hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, splenic infarction), dysentery, balantidiosis (necrosis and hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine), non-contagious gastroenteritis (acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine).

4. Infectious diseases of piglets occurring with respiratory syndrome

4.1 Influenza A in piglets

Etiology. The causative agent is an RNA virus, genus Influenzavirus-A, family Orthomyxoviridae.

Pathogenesis. The virus is epitheliotropic, multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, causes inflammation, inhibits the immune mechanisms of the defense, against the background of which opportunistic bacterial microflora multiplies intensively. Complicated by bronchopneumonia.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Infection is aerogenic. Piglets up to 2 months of age are most often affected. The course of the disease is acute and chronic. Sick piglets have a respiratory syndrome: the animals are depressed, there is fever (increase in body temperature to +41-+42°C), serous-mucous discharge from the nose, coughing, sneezing, labored, wheezing breathing. The duration of the disease is 4-10 days in acute cases, 30 or more days in chronic cases. Morbidity rate - 100%. Mortality - from 10 to 100%.

Pathological changes. In the acute course of the disease, pathomorphological changes are detected mainly in the inhalation tract. The mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are in a state of serous-catarrhal inflammation, it is swollen, edematous, eroded, dotted with pinpoint hemorrhages. Serous conjunctivitis is noted. Histo: dystrophy, necrosis and desquamation of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, lymphocytic-macrophage and plasmacytic infiltrates in the own layer of the mucous membrane. When complicated by opportunistic microflora, lobular and lobar catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia develops.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Serous-catarrhal conjunctivitis, rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis.

2. Acute or chronic catarrhal-purulent, necrotizing bronchopneumonia (complications).

3. Serous-fibrinous pleurisy and pericarditis (complication).

4. Serous-hyperplastic inflammation of the mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes.

5. Subacute or chronic catarrhal typhlitis and colitis.

6. Smallpox-like crusty rash in the skin with a chronic course.

7. Postnatal malnutrition: retarded growth and development, wasting (starving piglets).

Diagnosis: made taking into account clinical, epidemiological and pathological-anatomical data, the results of virological and bacteriological studies.

It is necessary to differentiate from enzootic (mycoplasma) pneumonia (with lobular pneumonia), pasteurellosis (lobar pneumonia), salmonellosis (with morphological signs of sepsis, hyperplastic inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes, salmonella nodules in the liver), classical plague complicated by salmonellosis (with It is characterized by focal diphtheritic colitis, general anemia, infarctions in the spleen), infectious atrophic rhinitis (with it there is deformation of the bones of the facial part of the skull).

4.2 Infectious atrophic rhinitis (IAR) of pigs

IAR is an infectious disease mainly of suckling and weaned piglets, characterized by atrophy of the nasal turbinates, serous-purulent rhinitis, and deformation of the bones of the facial part of the head.

Etiology. The causative agent is the bacterium Bordetella brohchiseptica (in association with other viruses and bacteria).

Pathogenesis. Infection is aerogenic. The pathogen causes serous, catarrhal-purulent inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, atrophy of the nasal turbinates, and deformation of the bones of the facial part of the skull.

Clinical and epidemiological features. Suckling piglets up to 2-3 weeks of age get sick. The course of the disease is subacute and chronic. Morbidity 80%, mortality 3-5% - from complications. Sick piglets have a respiratory syndrome: they sneeze, serous or catarrhal-purulent discharge is discharged from the nose, and conjunctivitis is noted. By 3-4 months, crooked snouts develop, the bite of the dental arcades is disrupted, and pug-like appearance. As well as emaciation, stunted growth (postnatal malnutrition). Complications of bronchopneumonia and otitis may develop.

Pathological changes. Chronic catarrhal and purulent rhinitis, atrophy of the nasal turbinates, deviated nasal septum, pug-like appearance, malocclusion of the dental arcades, crooked snout. In case of complications - catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia, purulent otitis media, growth retardation (hypotrophy).

Pathological diagnosis;

1. Chronic catarrhal or catarrhal-purulent rhinitis.

2. Atrophy of the bone base of the nasal turbinates.

3. Thinning and deformation of the nasal septum and hard palate.

4. Crooked snout, pug-like appearance, impaired closure of the dental arcades (bite).

5. Chronic catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication).

6. Purulent otitis media (complication).

7. Postnatal malnutrition: retarded growth and development, exhaustion.

Diagnosis: take into account the medical history, clinical and epizootological features, and the results of the pathological autopsy. If necessary, forced slaughter is carried out with a cross cut of the front part of the skull. Bacteriological examination is used.

It is necessary to differentiate from influenza A (with it there is no deformation of the bones of the facial part of the skull), necrobacterial stomatitis and rhinitis (there is no deformation of the bones of the facial part of the skull, there is deep purulent-necrotic inflammation).

4.3 Enzootic (mycoplasma) bronchopneumonia of pigs

Etiology. The causative agent is Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (may be associated with Pasteurella and other bacteria).

Pathogenesis. The pathogen has a tropism for lung tissue. Infection occurs aerogenously. Mycoplasma multiplies in the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the bronchi and in the lungs, causing serous-catarrhal lobular bronchopneumonia (along the sharp edges of the lobes of the lungs). With a mixed infection, lobar catarrhal-purulent, necrotizing bronchopneumonia develops.

Clinical and epidemiological features: suckling piglets, weanlings and gilts up to 6 months of age are affected. The course of the disease is chronic. Respiratory syndrome is noted: sneezing, rare cough, later the cough intensifies, rapid, heavy breathing, remitting type of fever. Eczema, catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis, and emaciation are also observed. Morbidity is 30-80%, mortality is up to 20%.

Pathological changes. In the initial stage of the disease - lobular catarrhal bronchopneumonia with localization along the sharp edges of the lungs. With complications, lobar catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy and pericarditis, emaciation, and growth retardation (postnatal malnutrition) develop.

Pathological diagnosis:

1. Lobular acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia with localization along the sharp edges of the anterior and middle lobes of the lungs.

2. Serous-hyperplastic lymphadenitis (bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes).

3. Granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys and myocardium.

4. Catarrhal-purulent, abscessing, necrotizing bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy and pericarditis (complications).

5. Postnatal malnutrition: retarded growth and development, wasting (starving piglets).

6. General anemia.

Diagnosis: made on the basis of anamnestic, epizootic, clinical and pathological data, and the results of bacteriological examination.

It is necessary to differentiate from salmonellosis (with morphological signs of sepsis, hyperplastic inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes, salmonella nodules in the liver), pasteurellosis (lobar pneumonia, there are signs of sepsis, but the spleen is not changed), influenza A (rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis are noted) , hemophilus pleuropneumonia (fibrinous-hemorrhagic pneumonia with necrosis, organizational processes and cavities) and hemophilus polyserositis (fibrinous inflammation of all serous membranes).

Table 1. Differential pathomorphological diagnosis of infectious diseases of cattle occurring with diarrhea syndrome

Name		Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus		Intestines	Other organs
Rotavirus infection	up to 10 days		Acute catarrhal, necrotic abomasitis, casein convolutions	Acute catarrhal, necrotic enteritis with intestinal flatulence and thinning of the walls (sometimes)	The spleen is not changed or partially atrophied,
Coronavirus infection	1-3 weeks Up to 6 months 2-9 weeks	Ulcerative-necrotizing stomatitis and esophagitis	Acute catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative, necrotic abomasitis	Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-hemorrhagic, ulcerative-necrotic enteritis
Viral diarrhea	usually 5-6 months. newborn-2 years 1-4 weeks	Erosive-ulcerative stomatitis, pharyngitis, esophagitis	Acute catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative abomasitis	Acute catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative, necrotic enteritis and typhlitis	Exicosis, general anemia, exhaustion; erosive and ulcerative rhinitis and dermatitis (in the interhoof cleft); vulvovaginitis, catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis; cows have abortions
Infectious rhinotracheitis in calves (neonatal form)	up to 14 days	Erosive-ulcerative stomatitis and rhinitis	Acute catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative abomasitis	Acute catarrhal enteritis	Exicosis, general anemia, exhaustion: hyperemia, necrosis and erosions in the skin of the nasal mirror (red nose)
Colibacillosis - enteritic form	up to 10 days		Serous-catarrhal abomasitis	Serous-catarrhal or catarrhal-hemorrhagic enteritis	Exicosis, general anemia, exhaustion
Septic form			Acute catarrhal (hemorrhagic) abomasitis	Acute catarrhal (hemorrhagic) enteritis	Septic complex: hemorrhagic diathesis, serous lymphadenitis, septic spleen, granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys, myocardium
Salmonellosis (acute course)			Acute catarrhal abomasitis	Acute catarrhal enteritis and proctitis	Septic complex: hemorrhagic diathesis, hyperplasia (cerebral swelling) of mesenteric lymph nodes, septic spleen, granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys and myocardium; miliary nodules (granulomas and necrosis) in the liver
Chlamydia (enteritic form)	from the first days - up to 6 months		Acute catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative abomasitis	Acute catarrhal, erosive and ulcerative enteritis; catarrhal-hemorrhagic colitis	Exicosis, general anemia, exhaustion; conjunctivitis, fibrinous peritonitis, pericarditis, pleurisy; serous fibrinous arthritis
Toxic dyspepsia			Acute catarrhal abomazitis; casein convolutions in rennet	Acute catarrhal enteritis	Exicosis, general anemia, exhaustion
Streptococcosis (diplococcosis)	from 2 weeks to 6 months		Acute catarrhal abomasitis	Acute catarrhal enteritis
Non-contagious gastroenteritis	older than 15 days		Acute catarrhal, hemorrhagic abomasitis	Acute catarrhal, hemorrhagic, fibrinous enteritis	Exicosis, general anemia, exhaustion

Table 2. Differential pathomorphological diagnosis of infectious diseases of cattle occurring with respiratory syndrome

Name of the disease	Age, disease duration, morbidity, mortality	Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea			Digestive tract	Other organs
Adenoviral pneumonia	7 days - 4 months	Acute catarrhal-purulent rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis	Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia	Purulent conjunctivitis	Catarrhal-hemorrhagic abomasitis and enteritis
Infectious rhinotracheitis Respiratory form in calves	2-6 months	Red nose: inflammatory hyperemia, necrosis and erosion in the skin of the nasal planum; acute catarrhal-purulent, fibrinous, ulcerative-necrotic rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis	Acute catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia (complication)	Purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis
Genital form in cows and bulls	adult animals 2-3 weeks			Purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis		Pregnant cows have abortions, catarrhal endometritis, pustular vulvovaginitis; In bulls - pustular balanoposthitis, nodules (vesicles, pustules, erosions).
Neonatal form in calves (with diarrheal and respiratory syndrome)	up to 14 days	Red nose: inflammatory hyperemia, necrosis and erosion in the skin of the nasal planum			Erosive-ulcerative stomatitis and abomasitis, acute catarrhal enteritis	Exicosis, general anemia
Respiratory syncytial infection	1-8 months	Serous, serous-catarrhal rhinitis, tracheitis	Lobular catarrhal bronchopneumonia (histo: epithelial symplasts in bronchioles)	Serous-catarrhal conjunctivitis
Parainfluenza -3	from 10 days to 1 year	Serous, serous-catarrhal, purulent rhinitis, tracheitis	Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia; serous-fibrinous pleurisy (complication)	Serous, catarrhal conjunctivitis
Pasteurellosis - edematous form	young and adult animals 10-30 hours				catarrhal-hemorrhagic abomasitis and enteritis	Serous swelling of the subcutaneous tissue in the head, neck and chest area.
Chest shape	young and adult animals		Lobar lobar pneumonia, serous-fibrinous pleurisy and pericarditis		Acute catarrhal abomasitis and enteritis	Septic complex: hemorrhagic diathesis, serous lymphadenitis, granular degeneration of the liver, kidneys and myocardium (reactive spleen)
Respiratory mycoplasmosis	10 days - 6 months 4-6 weeks	Catarrhal-purulent, necrotizing rhinitis, frontal sinusitis, atrophy of the nasal turbinates	Acute catarrhal catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia	Catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis		Purulent otitis, interstitial nephritis, fibrinous-purulent arthritis
Chlamydia in calves (respiratory form)		Acute catarrhal-purulent rhinitis	Interstitial, catarrhal-purulent (abscess) bronchopneumonia (complication), fibrinous pleurisy	Catarrhal-purulent conjunctivitis and keratitis	Catarrhal, erosive-ulcerative abomasitis	Serous-fibrinous polyarthritis, interstitial nephritis
Streptococcosis (diplococcosis)	from 2 weeks to 6 months	Serous-catarrhal	Serous-hemorrhagic or lobar pneumonia, serous-fibrinous pleurisy and pericarditis	Acute catarrhal conjunctivitis	Acute catarrhal abomasitis and enteritis	Septic complex hemorrhagic diathesis, serous lymphadenitis, granular degeneration of the liver, kidneys and myocardium, septic spleen (rubber-like); in chronic cases - serous-fibrinous or purulent arthritis

Table 3. Differential pathomorphological diagnosis of infectious diseases of pigs occurring with diarrhea syndrome

Name of the disease	Age, duration of illness, morbidity, mortality		Intestines	Other organs
Rotavirus infection (diarrhea)	up to 10 days	Acute catarrhal, necrotic gastritis; flatulence of the stomach (sometimes) and thinning of the walls	Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-hemorrhagic, necrotic enteritis with intestinal flatulence and thinning of the walls
Coronavirus gastroenteritis	up to 14 days			The spleen is not changed or partially atrophied, exicosis, exhaustion
Enteroviral gastroenteritis	over 2 weeks - weanlings	Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-hemorrhagic, ulcerative-necrotic gastritis	Acute catarrhal, catarrhal-hemorrhagic, ulcerative-necrotic enteritis and colitis	The spleen is not changed or partially atrophied, exicosis, exhaustion

Diseases of farm animals

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Fighting bedbugs
Bedbugs belong to the hemiptera (Hecmiptera), bloodsuckers. About 40 thousand species have been described. The most common representative is the bedbug (Cinex lectularius), which nests alive

Measures to combat cockroaches
Cockroaches are synanthropic and zootropic insects. They can also inhabit livestock premises - feed kitchens, storage areas. They belong to the order Blattoptera. Most common

Modern requirements for milk quality
Milk is one of the most valuable food products. It contains more than 100 components vital for humans and young animals. The main ones are proteins, fats, carbohydrates

Organoleptic indicators
Organoleptic indicators (color, smell, taste, consistency) are of great importance when assessing the sanitary quality of milk. They can change under the influence of various factors, resulting in

Milk acidity
Acidity characterizes the freshness of milk. It is expressed in conventional Turner degrees (°T). On average, the titratable acidity of fresh milk from a healthy animal is 16-18 °T.. During storage

Density of milk
Density is the main criterion for the naturalness of milk. For all types of milk it should be no lower than 1.027 g/cm3, or 27°A. In natural cow's milk, the density indicator may fluctuate

Bacterial contamination
Bacterial contamination is the main indicator characterizing the sanitary quality of milk. The grade of milk is most often reduced due to the increased content of bacteria. Degree of contamination

Relationship between somatic cell count and decreased milk production
Number of somatic cells, thousand/cm3 Decrease in milk production, goal/year USA Belgium

The sanitary quality of milk and its technological suitability for the production of dairy products largely depend on the presence of microflora in it. Contamination of milk during milking occurs due to

Changes in the amount of microflora during milk storage
The type and degree of bacterial contamination of milk depends not only on the degree of its primary contamination, but also on the temperature and time of its primary contamination. At the same time, the development of microflora in the pier

The influence of mastitis on milk quality
Mastitis is one of the main factors that reduces the quality of milk and, consequently, dairy products. During inflammatory processes in the mammary gland, the chemical composition of milk changes, eg

Methods and means for sanitizing the udder of cows to reduce bacterial contamination of milk
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the sanitary treatment of the udder, which has a significant impact on reducing bacterial contamination of milk and contributes significantly

Methods of technical quality control of milk and dairy products
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The relationship between the content of somatic cells in collected milk and the incidence of subclinical mastitis in cows of the herd
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Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of January 3, 2001
“Regulations on the procedure for issuing permits for the import into the customs territory of the Republic of Belarus for veterinary purposes of medicines, pharmaceutical substances and other veterinary products

Position
on the procedure for issuing permits for the import into the customs territory of the Republic of Belarus for veterinary purposes of medicines, pharmaceutical substances and other veterinary products

General preventive requirements
1. Pig farms for the reproduction and raising of pigs must operate as closed enterprises. Entry and exit from the production area of the enterprise is carried out

Veterinary requirements for completing industrial complexes
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Diagnostic studies and therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of pigs during the quarantine period
No. Age Name of events Note

Norms for the biochemical and hematological status of the pig body
Biochemical parameters Units. change Sows Piglets Newborns before feeding 4-6 days of life

Optimal microclimate parameters for pigs
No. Microclimate parameters Sows of the first period of pregnancy and single sows of the second period of pregnancy

Ollulanosis
An intravital diagnosis is made by microscopy of the vomit of a sick animal, and posthumously by examining scrapings from the gastric mucosa in the area of the fuldal glands. Nipple examination

Cryptosporidiosis
The diagnosis is made based on the detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in feces (by native smear and flotation methods). Oocysts are detected in smears after Ziehl-Neelsen staining with additional staining

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Incidence of respiratory diseases in cattle
Analyzed years Total livestock Calves received (heads) Animals sick with damage to the respiratory organs

Incidence of gastrointestinal diseases in cattle
Analyzed years Total livestock Calves received (heads) Animals sick with damage to the gastrointestinal tract

Cattle mortality data
Analyzed years Total animals in circulation (heads) Calves received (heads) Total sickness (heads) Cattle killed

Data on forced slaughter of cattle
Analyzed years Total animals in circulation (heads) Calves received (heads) Total sickness (heads) Forced

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Data on unproductive disposal of calves due to respiratory diseases
Years Calves received (heads) Total calves sick (heads) Calves died and were forced to be killed due to respiratory diseases

Data on unproductive disposal of calves from gastrointestinal diseases
Years Calves received (heads) Total calves sick (heads) Calves died and were forced to be killed due to gastrointestinal tract

Data on the incidence of cow mastitis
Years Total animals in circulation (heads) Total cows (heads) Total first-calf heifers (heads) Suffered from mastitis

Data on the incidence of cows with lesions of the reproductive organs
Years Total animals in circulation (heads) Total cows (heads) Total first-calf heifers (heads) Diseased cows and first-calf heifers

Livestock enterprise
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Characteristics of the epizootic situation at the enterprise
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Carrying out anti-epizootic and preventive measures
3.1. Initial diagnosis ___________________, final _________________ Methods and date of diagnosis __________________________________________ 3.2. Diagnosis confirmed

Dyspepsia(diarrhea) is an acute disease of newborn young animals, characterized by indigestion, metabolic disorders, dehydration and intoxication of the body.
Calves and piglets get sick more often, lambs and foals are less likely to get sick.
The highest incidence of dyspepsia is recorded in the winter-spring period.
According to the severity of the disease, simple and toxic dyspepsia are distinguished.
Insufficient and inadequate feeding of females during the fruiting period, especially in its last third, leads to underdevelopment of the fetus, as well as to changes in the composition and quality of colostrum. Lack of exercise in pregnant animals adversely affects the development of the fetus and the resistance of newborns to gastrointestinal diseases.
The immediate causes of acute gastrointestinal disorders are violations in the technology of obtaining and raising newborns in the first period of life (colostrum period). These include the belated first feeding of colostrum (more than an hour after birth), violation of the feeding regimen (frequency), feeding of contaminated and cold colostrum, as well as colostrum obtained from cows with mastitis, and unsanitary condition of the premises.
A characteristic sign of dyspepsia is frequent, at least 4-6 times a day, bowel movements. The feces are mushy, liquid or watery, yellow in color, often with a mucous consistency, and a putrid odor. The fur is disheveled, the areas of the anus, perineum and tail are stained with liquid feces. With prolonged diarrhea and lying down, the hair in these places and on the thighs falls out.
In weak calves at birth or with late treatment, the body becomes severely dehydrated, and severe symptoms dissipate: depression, refusal to feed, weak or imperceptible pulse, weakening of the heartbeat and tones, decreased body temperature, sunken eyeballs.
Sick animals are given better living conditions, provided with ample bedding, protected from sudden temperature fluctuations, and warmed with special lamps. At the first manifestation of dyspepsia, reduce the amount of colostrum or completely stop giving it for one or two feedings. Instead of colostrum, they give a warm 1% solution of table salt, a decoction of flaxseed, an infusion of medicinal herbs, good hay, etc. Subsequently, over the course of 3-4 days, the amount of colostrum fed is gradually increased to normal. Sick animals need to be fed little by little, but often.
If maternal colostrum is of poor quality, then calves are given colostrum from healthy mothers or artificial colostrum, and piglets and lambs are placed with healthy, just farrowed sows and lambed ewes.
To improve digestion, before taking colostrum, drink natural and artificial gastric juice; calves 30-50 ml, piglets and lambs 10-15 ml.
As a dietary agent, lactolisate is used in a dose of 5-7 ml per 1 kg of animal weight daily until recovery.
In order to normalize digestion, metabolism and increase resistance, patients are given an extract of the duodenum of pigs 2-3 times a day in a dose of 2-4 ml per 1 kg of animal weight until recovery. A similar effect is obtained by consuming powder from the cuticle of the muscular stomach of birds. Cuticle preparations serve as good adsorbents of toxins and bacteria.
To populate the gastrointestinal tract with beneficial microflora and suppress putrefactive processes, acidophilus milk, acidophilus cultures, and bifidumbacteria are widely used. These products are taken before feeding or together with colostrum (milk) in the doses indicated on the bottle labels or in the instructions. To combat Dehydration in mild cases of the disease, isotonic solutions of electrolytes with the addition of glucose are used, which are given orally with colostrum, milk or separately. In case of severe dyspepsia and severe dehydration, sterile saline solutions and other active substances are administered subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and intravenously. For subcutaneous and intra-abdominal administration, take an isotonic and polyisotonic solution with the addition of 3-5% glucose and 0.1% ascorbic acid. To prevent the development of dysbiosis and suppress opportunistic microflora in severe dyspepsia, antibiotics, sulfonamides, and nitrofurans are prescribed, to which the intestinal microflora of animals with dyspepsia is sensitive. To determine the sensitivity of the intestinal microflora to the drugs used, stool samples from the rectum are sent to the laboratory. Among the antibiotics, tetracyclines, syntomycin, chloramphenicol, monomycin, mycerin, polymycin, polymyxin, neomycin, gentamicin are often used, 10-20 mg per 1 kg of animal weight 3 times a day until recovery. Sulfonamides - sulgin, phthalazole, etazol, sulfadimezin, sulfadimethoxine - 20-30 mg each; nitrofurans - furatsilin, furazolidol, furadonin - 3-7 mg per 1 kg of animal weight 2-3 times a day for 3-5 days. Several antimicrobial drugs can be used at the same time. When administering antimicrobial drugs in combination, their compatibility must be taken into account.
In the treatment of acute gastrointestinal diseases, iodinol - 1.5-2 ml, enteroseptol - 30-40 mg, ethanium -10 mg in the form of a 0.1% solution, LERS - 0.5 g in the form of a 5% solution are also effective. solution, water-alcohol emulsion of propolis - 2 ml per 1 kg of animal weight, which is given 2-3 times before the next feeding until recovery.
Tannin, tanolbin (2-3 g per calf and 0.3-0.5 g per pig), decoctions of oak bark, bergenia and other plants are used as astringents with anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects.
After completing a course of antimicrobial therapy, ABA, PABA and other cultures of lactic acid bacteria must be given to restore beneficial microflora and normalize digestion.
To stimulate the general resistance of calves, piglets and lambs with dyspepsia, at the onset of the disease, you can use nitrated horse blood, which is administered intramuscularly at the rate of 1-2 ml per 1 kg of animal weight twice with an interval of 2-3 days. When using blood products, it is necessary to check them for the presence of autoantibodies to the digestive organs.
To increase natural resistance, immune activity, normalize hematopoiesis, and enhance the regeneration of damaged digestive organs, vitamins A, E, C and B12 are used.
If necessary, symptomatic treatment is prescribed. To normalize the activity of the cardiovascular system, cordiamine and camphor oil are administered subcutaneously to calves, 2 ml 2 times a day.
In case of severe dyspepsia, washing the rennet, warm cleansing enemas, and giving adsorbents of toxins and bacteria (activated carbon and lignin) are indicated.
General prevention of gastrointestinal diseases of newborn animals includes: organizing biologically complete feeding of breeding stock, taking into account their physiological state; providing them with active exercise; maintaining good sanitary order and normalizing the microclimate in maternity wards and dispensaries. Timely intake of colostrum by newborns.
Gastroenteritis- one of the most common diseases of the digestive system in young animals, characterized by inflammation of the stomach and intestines, accompanied by indigestion, intoxication and dehydration.
The causes of gastroenteritis are varied. The leading place among them belongs to nutritional factors, which include the provision of poor-quality feed and food that does not correspond to the age characteristics of the group of animals; the presence of residual amounts of toxic substances in the feed or their appearance during the preparation process; violation of feeding and watering regime; a sharp transition from the main type of feeding to another, etc.
The occurrence of this disease is facilitated by insufficient intake of carotene and vitamin A into the body. Of no small importance in the development of gastroenteritis are allergenic factors, immune deficiency of the gastrointestinal tract and high microbial contamination of feed and livestock buildings.
Signs. Frequent bowel movements (diarrhea), mushy, liquid or watery feces. Sometimes feces are represented by mucus alone, and may contain bloody inclusions. Animals lie down a lot, get up with difficulty, and have an unsteady gait. Pulse and breathing are rapid. Possible vomiting.
With a long course of the disease, dehydration occurs, which is accompanied by a decrease in body temperature, weakening of the heartbeat and dullness of tones, thread-like pulse and sunken eyes.
Giving help. Sick animals are isolated if necessary. Eliminate the cause of the disease. If gastroenteritis is caused by feed toxicosis, poisoning with mineral poisons, to remove the ingested food from the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach is washed with a warm isotonic sodium chloride solution, 1-2% sodium bicarbonate solution, and saline laxatives and vegetable oils are prescribed in the prescribed doses. Patients are kept on a fasting or semi-starvation regime for 8-12 hours; watering is not limited.
Afterwards, dietary feeding and supportive therapy are prescribed. When prescribing a diet, it is necessary to take into account that for the first 3-4 weeks of life, young animals have no sucrose activity, and calves have poor absorption of plant proteins. Patients are given clean cool water, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, as well as complex electrolyte solutions with the addition of a 5% glucose solution and 1% ascorbic acid. Isotonic solutions of electrolytes are administered subcutaneously and intramuscularly, and hypertonic solutions are administered intravenously. In case of severe dehydration, semi-isotonic solutions are prescribed (orally and subcutaneously). Internally, mucous decoctions of flax seed, rice, barley and oatmeal, infusion of medicinal herbs and good hay are given.
To weaken toxicosis and stop diarrhea, adsorbents (aluminum hydrate, activated carbon, white clay, lignin, cuticle powder of the muscular stomach of birds, etc.) and astringents (decoctions of oak bark, preparations, tannin, bismuth) are used in prescribed doses.
To relieve pain, no-shpa, belladonna (belladonna), atropine, anesthesin, analgin, etc. are used. Antibiotics, sulfonamides and nitrofurans are used, to which the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of animals on this farm is sensitive. Their combined use is more effective. Enteroseptol (30-40 mg), intestopan (5-10 mg), iodinol (1-2 ml), etonium (10 mg), LERS (0.5 g in the form of a 5% solution) per 1 kg of body weight work well animal, which are given 2-3 times a day until the animal recovers.
After completion of antimicrobial therapy, to restore the beneficial microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, ABA (2-3 ml), PABA (40-50 mcg per 1 kg of animal weight) and other preparations containing beneficial microflora are given orally for 3 days.
Prevention is based on preventing the feeding of low-quality feed to young animals; compliance with the feeding regime; gradual transition from one type of diet to another; use of feed only for physiological purposes; strict adherence to housing conditions, microclimate parameters and technology for weaning young animals. You should constantly monitor the cleanliness of dishes, drinkers and feeders, and also monitor the condition of the mother’s udder. Providing animals with vitamins A, E and C is of no small importance. Early administration of these vitamins to young animals at a dose of 3-5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight per day has a pronounced preventive effect, increases general and local immune defense and enhances the regenerative capabilities of intestinal epithelial tissue.
Bezoar disease- a disease of lambs and, less commonly, calves, characterized by the presence in the abomasum of lumps and balls of wool (trichobezoars), hair (pylobezoars), plant feed (phytobezoars) and milk casein (lactobezoars). If young animals are raised improperly, the disease can become widespread in winter and spring and cause great economic damage.
Due to insufficient nutrition, lambs and calves eat wool, hair, rags, any roughage, etc. As a result of contractions of the abomasum, wool and other fibers roll into lumps, which form the basis for the formation and growth of bezoars. In young animals of the colostrum-milk period, when rennet digestion is disrupted, bezoars are formed from casein. The resulting bezoars irritate and damage the mucous membrane, which subsequently leads to the development of inflammation. Bezoars often wedge into the pyloric part of the abomasum and into the duodenum, causing its blockage, which leads to the development of spasmodic pain, periodic tympany and intoxication. Death occurs from asphyxia or intoxication.
Lambs and calves with signs of lichen are isolated and provided with a complete diet with a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals. An alcohol solution of iodine is added to the milk within 3-5 days: 5-10 drops for lambs, 15-30 drops for calves. Apomorphine is administered subcutaneously: lambs 0.001-0.003 g; calves 0.005-0.01 g in the form of a 1% solution. Sick lambs are allowed near their mothers only for feeding. When gastroenteritis or periodic tympani occurs, laxatives, mucous decoctions, disinfectants and other agents are prescribed. In case of spastic pain with gastrointestinal colic syndrome, antispasmodic and analgesic drugs are used.
Organize biologically complete feeding of breeding stock and young animals, monitor compliance with the rules for raising lambs and calves, provide breeding stock and young stock with sufficient amounts of protein and carbohydrates, essential acids and vitamins, micro- and macroelements, provide free access to drinking water, maintain sanitary order and microclimate in the premises, take animals out for walks.
In case of insufficiency of rennet digestion, in order to prevent caseinobezoars in hypotrophic patients, a gentle diet is prescribed. Natural or artificial gastric juice is prescribed: calves 30-50 ml, lambs 10-15 ml, pensions or abomin at a dose of 300-500 units/kg body weight. Lactolisate is used as a dietary supplement at a dose of 5-7 ml/kg daily for a week.
Toxic liver dystrophy- a disease characterized by pronounced dystrophic and necrotic processes in the liver. Piglets are most often affected, and calves less often.
The disease occurs when animals are fed spoiled feed, contaminated with pathogenic fungi or containing alkaloids, saponins, or mineral poisons. In pigs, a common cause of the disease is eating rancid fish and meat and bone meal, feed yeast, moldy concentrated feed and kitchen waste. The development of toxic liver dystrophy in young animals is caused by poisoning with poisonous plants, various chemicals and medications, as well as giving animals spoiled bread, potato stillage, and sprouted potatoes. Secondary toxic liver dystrophy develops with gastroenteritis of varying degrees, salmonellosis, leptospirosis and other infectious diseases.
Toxic liver dystrophy often develops in fetuses when pregnant animals receive spoiled feed infected with fungi. Aflotoxins pose the greatest danger. They are able to penetrate the placenta and are also excreted in milk, which in turn can cause liver damage in young animals during the milk period.
Piglets experience lack of appetite, stupor, loss of strength (depression), vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, short-term convulsions, during which the death of the animal can occur. The abdomen is enlarged, stool is tarry. The yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes is variable.
In acute cases of the disease, the stomach and intestines are washed with warm water or a 0.001% solution of potassium permanganate using a probe or enema. Oily laxatives are administered orally, the animals are kept on a starvation diet for 12-24 hours, and water is given in sufficient quantities. Then sick animals are prescribed dietary feeding, mainly easily digestible carbohydrate feed, milk, skim milk, yogurt, PABA 2 times a day for 5-7 days.
At the onset of the disease, vitamin E or trivitamin and vitamin A are injected subcutaneously in the prescribed doses, a 0.1% aqueous solution of sodium selenite in a dose of 0.1-0.2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight, choline chloride and methionine are given orally at 30 -60 mg per 1 kg of animal weight.
Antibiotics and sulfonamides are used to suppress opportunistic microflora.
Prevention includes monitoring the quality of feed, diet and adequacy of diets. It is necessary to strictly observe zoohygienic microclimate standards in livestock buildings.
In disadvantaged farms, piglets and calves are given a 0.1% solution of sodium selenite subcutaneously or intramuscularly for preventive purposes in a dose of 0.1-0.2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight, tocopherol is prescribed and methionine is included in the diet.
Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous and submucosal bronchial tubes. According to the course, acute and chronic bronchitis are distinguished.
At the onset of the disease, the temperature rises briefly. The most characteristic symptom of the disease is cough. At first it is dry, painful, and after the formation and liquefaction of the exudate it becomes moist and soft. With the appearance of such a cough, mucous or mucopurulent nasal discharge begins.
At the onset of the disease, promedol, codeine, and dionine are used to relieve a painful cough. Codeine is given orally to calves and foals at 0.5 g, lambs and piglets at 0.1 g. To remove inflammatory exudate from the bronchi, inhalations with turpentine, menthol, and creolin are prescribed. Expectorants are used: ammonium chloride 0.02-0.03, sodium bicarbonate 0.1-0.2 g per 1 kg of animal weight. The drugs are given orally 2-3 times a day daily until recovery. Complex treatment includes antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs. Among the antibiotics used are benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline: lin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, kanamycin, lincomycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, rondomycin, polymyxin. These drugs are prescribed on average 7-10 thousand units/kg per injection; 2-3 injections daily must be combined with such sulfonamide drugs. such as norsulfazole (0.05 g kg orally 3 times a day), sulfadimezin (0.05 g kg orally 1-2 times a day), sulfamonomethoxine and sulfadimethoxine (50-100 mg kg orally 1 time a day for 4-5 days).
Prevention is aimed at observing zoohygienic standards for keeping and feeding animals. Creating an optimal indoor microclimate is essential. For calves in the maternity ward and dispensary, the air temperature is maintained at 15-18 ° C, relative humidity within 75%. For young animals 2-4 months of age, the indoor temperature in winter should be within 14-16 °C, relative humidity 50-70%.
For suckling piglets, heating of the den should be provided, the area of which should be 0.5-1.5 m2 per pen, air temperature up to 30 °C.
For preventive purposes, it is necessary to expose animals to ultraviolet irradiation and negatively ionized air.
Bronchopneumonia- a disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and lung parenchyma, circulatory and gas exchange disorders with increasing respiratory failure and intoxication of the body. Young animals of all types of animals are affected, mainly aged from 20 days to 3 months. The disease is predominantly seasonal - in early spring and late autumn.
Nonspecific bronchopneumonia of young animals is a disease of a polyetiological nature. Of significant importance in its formation are such nonspecific factors as increased air humidity in livestock buildings, high concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide, unsatisfactory electric air conditions with a high content of positive air ions, severe microbial air pollution, the presence of drafts, hypothermia and overheating of the body, stressful exposure during transportation and other situations.
Inadequate and unbalanced feeding of young animals plays a significant role in the development of the disease. It is especially important to provide animals with carotene and vitamin A, with a deficiency of which the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract is replaced by flat multilayered epithelium.
Great importance in the etiology of the disease is attached to the level of physiological protection of newborn young animals, which depends on that of pregnant animals. A violation in the feeding of the latter, manifested in a deficiency of nutrients, vitamins and microelements, leads to the birth of young animals with a low level of natural resistance, which is predominantly affected by gastrointestinal, and subsequently respiratory diseases.
The first signs of the disease are an increase in general body temperature, depression, and increased breathing. Later they are joined by a cough and nasal mucosa, and subsequently purulent discharge from the nasal passages, and crepitating wheezing appears. If the disease was preceded by bronchitis, then a cough appears first, and then signs develop that indicate pneumonia.
Treatment. It is most effective in the initial stages of the disease, when the process is serous-catarrhal in nature. Treatment measures begin with the elimination of etiological factors. Animals are placed in isolated pens and provided with ample bedding. Patients are fed easily digestible food, and the amount of vitamins in the diet is increased by 2-3 times. The treatment complex includes means of etiotropic, replacement and pathogenetic therapy. Antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are used as antimicrobial agents.
Antibiotics prescribed include benzylpenicillin (3-5 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight), streptomycin (10-20 thousand units), oxytetracycline (5-7 thousand units), tetracycline (10-20 mg), morphocycline (10 thousand . units), neomycin (5 thousand units), etc. Antibiotics are administered intramuscularly 2-4 times a day.
Among the sulfonamide drugs used are norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, sulfambnomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine. The first 2 drugs are given orally 3-4 times a day, 5-7 dienes in a row at the rate of 0.02-0.03 g kg. Sulfamonomethoxine is used at a dose of 50-100 mg/kg, and sulfadimethoxine is used for calves - 50-60, for piglets and lambs - 50-100 mg/kg. The drugs are prescribed orally 1 time per day for 4-6 days. Norsulfazole can also be used intravenously in the form of a 10% solution at a dose of 10-20 mg/kg.
Aerosols of sodium chloride (9 g), sodium bicarbonate (11 g), ammonium chloride (11 g), enzyme preparations of trypsin, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease (25 mg per 1 m3) can be prescribed as expectorants and enhance the resorption of exudate. Bronchodilators include aminophylline (0.8 g), adrenaline (0.008 g), ephedrine (0.3 g), and atropine (0.015 per cubic meter). These enzyme preparations can also be used for intramuscular administration of 10 mg daily until recovery. Physiological solution heated to 35-37 °C is used as a solvent.
Among the symptomatic remedies, cardiac drugs are used (camphor oil, cordiamine, etc.). To prevent bronchopneumonia, ultraviolet irradiation and aeronization are used.
Retinol deficiency(A-hypovitaminosis) is a disease that causes a slowdown in the growth of the body and a weakening of its resistance.
It is recorded quite often in all types of animals, but especially in calves, piglets, and less often in lambs and foals. Vitamin A in the animal body performs a variety of vital functions - it regulates the growth of young animals, helps to increase the body's resistance and fertility.
A-hypovitaminosis develops as a result of insufficient provision of carotene to pregnant mothers who give birth to young animals with an insignificant content of vitamin A in the liver and internal fat. Low retinol content in colostrum and milk also contributes to the development of the disease.
Signs of the disease in animals are observed when they are kept on diets low in carotene. A-hypovitaminosis can also occur as a result of animal disease with diarrhea, bronchopneumonia, when retinol metabolism changes.
Vitamin A deficiency in calves is expressed primarily by weakened visual acuity and the occurrence of “night blindness” (sometimes complete blindness occurs). Later, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the cornea (Fig. 97), and xerophthalmia are recorded. coarsening of the coat, weakness, lack of appetite, diarrhea, stunting. An increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure can lead to disorders of the central nervous system, which is manifested by movement disorders, increased excitability, and convulsions.

In piglets with A-hypovitaminosis, growth retardation, uncoordinated movements (animals hold their heads askew and make manege movements), paralysis of the limbs, blurred vision, decreased appetite, dull hair, diarrhea, and convulsions are detected. Often, fattening animals develop inflammation of the middle and inner ear.
When sows are deficient in vitamin A, piglets are born blind and with various deformities. Vitamin A deficiency in ewes contributes to the birth of dead and nonviable lambs. Sick newborns are stunted in growth, they experience night blindness, nervous convulsions, and diarrhea.
Giving help. They use grass flour containing a large amount of carotene, fish oil and other preparations containing vitamin A.
Fish oil (natural) - one gram contains 350 IU of vitamin A and 30 IU of vitamin D2 and D3.
Vitaminized fish oil - 1 g contains 1000 IU of vitamin A and 100 IU of vitamin D2 and D3. The drugs are prescribed orally or intramuscularly in doses: for suckling piglets 1-2 ml, for dairy calves 5-10 ml for each patient.
Feed vitamin A (microvit A) includes vitamin A (IU/g) to 250 thousand (microvit A-250), 325 thousand (microvit A-325), 400 thousand (microvit A-400), as well as milk sugar , skim milk, scumpia extract, santoquin, molasses. Prescribed: to piglets up to H weeks. age - 4.5 thousand 1IU, weaned piglets - 2.250 thousand, fattening piglets - 1.8 thousand, calves - 6 thousand, lambs - 3.750 thousand IU per 1 kg of dry feed.
Retinol acetate or retinol palmitine (the first contains acetic acid, the second - palmitic acid) in oil - 1 ml of preparations contains 25-50 thousand, and 100 thousand IU of vitamin A. Used in doses: calves 1-3 months old. age - 45-200, calves 3-6 months old. age -120-350 thousand ME, over 6 months - 200-500, lambs - 7.5-50, suckling and weaned piglets - 7.5-20, young pigs - 12-30 thousand ME per animal per day . The drugs are prescribed for 3-5 weeks, enriched with feed or given injections.
Travit - 1 ml contains 30 thousand IU of vitamin A. 400 thousand IU of vitamin B, and 20 mg of vitamin E. Administered intramuscularly once a week: calves and foals - 1.5 ml, piglets - 0.5: orally: daily with food for 3-4 weeks for piglets and lambs - 1 ml, for calves and foals - 2 ml.
Tetravit - 1 ml contains 50 thousand IU of vitamin A. 50 thousand IU of vitamin B2, 20 ml of vitamin E and 5 mg of vitamin P. The drug is administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously 1 time every 7-10 days at a dose of: calves and foals-2- 3 ml. lambs - 1, newborn piglets - 0.5, suckling piglets - 1, weaned piglets - 1.5 ml per animal. The drug is also administered orally daily for 2-3 months in doses: calves and foals - 4 drops, lambs - 1, newborn piglets - 1, suckling piglets - 1, weaned piglets - 2 drops,
Prevention. Of primary importance is to provide pregnant animals with a sufficient amount of vitamins, taking into account the norm of need.
Calciferol deficiency(B-hypovitaminosis) is a disease accompanied by impaired bone formation in the animal’s body.
In the development of the disease, a significant role is played by insufficient vitamin D feeding of animals and lack of exercise.
It is known that there is a close functional connection between B vitamins and the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, so the occurrence of the disease is facilitated by the lack and incorrect ratio of these macroelements in the diet (the optimal ratio of calcium and phosphorus is 1.35:1), and changes in their balance in the body.
Diseases suffered by animals also contribute to the development of B-hypovitaminosis. A disorder associated with a lack of vitamin B occurs in animals during the period of their active growth.
Calves mostly lie down, rise with difficulty, they have incorrect positioning of the limbs, deformation, thickening of the joints (Fig. 98-99), deterioration in general condition, decreased appetite, and often detachment of the Achilles tendon from the calcaneal tuber occurs; As a result of concomitant vitamin A deficiency, vision is impaired.

Piglets move little, eat little, they develop a stiff gait, pain when moving, thickening of the joints, often observed loss of appetite, loose teeth, nervous phenomena, swelling in the head and eyes, and enlarged liver.
Animals are given walks, prescribed ultraviolet irradiation, given easily digestible food rich in minerals, in particular phosphorus and calcium, polysalts of microelements, fortified fish oil, as well as vitamin B preparations
Vitamin D3, in oil - 1 g contains 50 thousand IU of vitamin D3. Doses: for young cattle 2.5-10, for piglets - 1-5 IU per 1 ton of feed.
Videin is a bulk form of vitamin D 3, 1 g contains 200 thousand ME D3 Doses: for young cattle 2.5-10, for piglets - 1-5 million ME per 1 ton of feed.
Granuvit B3 is a dry, stabilized form of the drug containing cholecalciferol, sodium methylcellulose carboxylate, milk sugar, stearic acid ethyl ester, butyloxytoluene, aerosil, emulsifier T-2. 1 g contains 200 thousand ME of vitamin D3. Dose: for weaned piglets from 1-2.5 million ME. calves 3-7 million, lambs - 2.5-5 million ME per 1 ton of feed.
Alcohol solution of vitamin B - 1 ml contains 200-300 thousand IU of vitamin D3. Oral dose: calves 50-100, suckling piglets - 5-10 thousand IU per animal.
Sick animals are also prescribed combination vitamin preparations: trivit, trivitamin, tetravit.
To prevent vitamin B deficiency, pregnant animals and young animals must be provided with a complete diet, balanced in phosphorus and calcium, and regular exercise. When keeping animals indoors for a long time, ultraviolet irradiation, fish oil, and irradiated feed yeast are recommended.
Anemia(anemia) is a disease characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in the hemoglobin content in them. Mostly suckling piglets are affected. Lack of iron in the body plays a significant role in the occurrence of the disease.
As a component of hemoglobin, iron takes part in providing the body with O2.
Iron deficiency in newborn piglets occurs as a result of a lack of this element during fetal development, feeding with whole milk, skim milk or a substitute with low iron content, lack or insufficient consumption of roughage or concentrated feed.
With optimal feeding of the sow, the liver of a newborn piglet contains approximately 1000 mg/kg of iron (7-8 mg per body). 12-15 days after birth, the concentration of iron in the liver decreases by 10-15 times, which indicates complete depletion of the iron depot in the piglet’s body.
The daily requirement for iron in the first weeks of a piglet’s life is 7-10 mg, while with mother’s milk he can receive 1 mg per day, or only 21 mg of iron. For suckling piglets that do not use paddocks with natural soil cover, the iron received from their mother's milk is only enough for a few days.
The limited supply of iron in the body of a newborn piglet (approximately 40-47 g) and its low content in breast milk (2 mg per 100 g) lead to the development of anemia. This is also facilitated by the physiological characteristics of piglets, in particular intensive growth.
The animal begins to receive supplementary feeding, which supplies the piglets with the required amount of iron, from 2-3 weeks of age. This circumstance, as well as the lack of another source of iron, makes it difficult to replenish iron deficiency in the body, and anemia develops in piglets on the 5-7th day of life. Sick piglets have pale skin, especially on the ears and visible mucous membranes. They move little, are reluctant to suckle milk, and shortness of breath occurs. The piglets become weak, lethargic, retarded in growth and development, their skin is wrinkled, the bristles are rough and brittle. Diarrhea appears.
Under unfavorable living conditions and lack of treatment, anemia progresses, and animals die within 2-3 weeks or turn into stunts, whose weight does not exceed 10 kg by the 60th day.
Treatment. Polysaccharide iron complexes are used. Of these, the most commonly used is ferroglucin-75, which is a red-brown colloidal liquid, 1 ml of which contains 75 mg of ferric iron. Ferroglucin-75 is prescribed intramuscularly at the rate of 50-100 mg of iron per 1 kg of piglet body weight.
Good results are obtained when using microanemin, the composition of which, in addition to iron dextran, includes cobalt and copper. Piglets are administered the drug in a dose of 3 ml (150 mg of iron); if necessary, the injections are repeated after 10-15 days at the same dose.
Iron glycerophosphate (iron oxide salt, glycerophosphoric acid), containing 18% ferrous iron in the form of powder, suspension, paste or as part of a special feed, is also widely used. The drug is prescribed in a dose of 1-1.5 g per animal for 6-10 days.
Iron-containing supplement (a mixture of ferrous sulfate, sodium bentonite and sugar) is given to suckling piglets from 3 days of age for 10 days at a daily dose of 5 g per animal.
Prevention. The use of iron-containing preparations in pregnant pigs does not affect the level of iron in fetal tissues and does not increase its concentration in milk. Providing pregnant sows with iron only promotes the birth of healthy piglets. Piglets can be protected from iron deficiency by introducing it directly into the animal’s body.
To prevent anemia, 2-3-day-old piglets are given a single intramuscular injection of iron-dextran preparations in a dose of 2-3 ml (150-225 mg of iron). They can be administered orally in the same doses for 8-12 hours after birth.
Iron glycerophosphate is used for piglets from 5-7 days of age, 0.5 g once a day for 5-7 days, as well as iron-containing supplements in therapeutic doses.

LESSON PLAN for PM.01. Implementation of zoohygienic, preventive and veterinary sanitary measures.

Subject:

Type of lesson: practical lesson.

Type of lesson: formation of knowledge, skills, abilities.

Lesson objectives:

Didactic:

Developmental: Develop the ability to independently study and analyze educational material, develop skills in working with literature, and correctly interpret the results obtained.

Educational: cultivate a love for the future profession; instill responsibility for decisions made in diagnosing animal diseases.

Generated general competencies:

OK 1. Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show sustained interest in it.

OK 2 . Organize your own activities, determine methods and means of performing professional tasks, evaluate efficiency and quality.

OK 3 . Solve problems, assess risks and make decisions in non-standard situations.

OK 4 . Search, analyze and evaluate information necessary for setting and solving professional problems and professional personal development.

OK 5 . Use information and communication technologies to improve professional activities.

OK 6 . Work in a team and team, ensure its cohesion, communicate effectively with colleagues.

OK 7 . Set goals, motivate the activities of subordinates, organize and control their work, taking responsibility for the results of completing tasks.

Formed professional competencies:

PC 1.3. Organize and carry out veterinary prevention of infectious and invasive diseases of farm animals.

Teaching methods : independent work, demonstration, research analysis.

Forms of conducting : individual, group (unit), frontal.

The student must know:

The procedure (scheme) for examining pathological material;

Methodology for bacterial diagnosis of pathological material.

The student must be able to :

Perform diagnostic procedures using laboratory equipment and instruments;

Interdisciplinary connections.

Providing:

Fundamentals of microbiology.

Subject: Basics of classification and morphology of microorganisms.

Laboratory work: Production, staining and microscopy of finished smears from microbial cultures and smears - fingerprints; staining smears in different ways.

Provided:

PM.01. Implementation of zoohygienic, preventive and veterinary sanitary measures.

Subject: Infectious diseases of young animals.

Subject: Anti-epizootic measures.

Occupation availability: computer, multimedia installation, slides, microbial cultures, set of paints for Gram staining, laboratory glassware.

Location: audience number 29.

Standard time: 90 minutes.

Literature: Batchaev, R. I. Diseases of young animals: guidelines for practical training in the discipline for students of specialty 11801.65 Veterinary Medicine / R. I. Batchaev Kh. N. Gochiyaev. – Cherkessk: BIC SevKavGGTA, 2014. – 40 p.

LESSON CONTENT

Reporting the topic of the lesson, setting the goal and objectives of the lesson : indicated on the slide.

SUBJECT:Diagnosis of infectious diseases of young cattle with digestive disorders and a system of measures to prevent these diseases.

Target: To master diagnostic techniques and methods of complex therapy of infectious diseases with digestive disorders in young animals.

Lesson objectives:

To master the methodology for differentiating infectious diseases of young animals with digestive disorders using clinical, epizootological, and pathological studies.

Learn how to properly take samples for laboratory diagnostics.

Master laboratory research techniques

To develop treatment for infectious diseases of young animals with digestive disorders.

2 minutes

Updating knowledge (restore previously studied material in students’ memory through a frontal survey).

10 minutes

During the classes. Completing tasks.

Differential diagnosis of infectious diseases of young cattle based on clinical, epizootological and pathological studies.

Physical education minute

Treatment of infectious diseases of young animals.

45 minutes

2 minutes

12 minutes

13 minutes

Summing up the lesson: discussion of the obtained assessments on the presented material.

1-2 minutes

Homework:

Appendix 7.

2 minutes

LESSON CONTENTS.

Organizing time:

Order in the office;

Absent.

Updating basic knowledge. Checking students' readiness for classes using the frontal survey method.

Student motivation and purpose

work being carried out:

Announces the topic of the lesson: “Diagnostics of infectious diseases of young cattle with digestive disorders and a system of measures to prevent these diseases”

The teacher restores previously studied material to students’ memory through test questions.

Control questions:

The teacher, together with the students, formulates the didactic goal of the lesson and its objectives.

Students greet the teacher and guests of the lesson. They sit down at their jobs.

Students answer test questions

(frontal survey).

Formulate the purpose and objectives of the lesson. Write down the topic and purpose of the lesson in a notebook.

During the classes:

1. Differential diagnosis of infectious diseases of young cattle based on clinical, epizootological, pathological studies.

1.1. Drawing up a table of differential diagnosis of infectious diseases with digestive disorders in young cattle. Checking homework.

1.2. Laboratory research.

1.3. Rules for selecting pathological material and sending it to the veterinary laboratory. Filling out the accompanying document for sending pathological material.

2. Treatment of infectious diseases of young animals.

Prevention of infectious diseases of young animals.

The diagnosis of infectious diseases with digestive disorders in young animals is made comprehensively on the basis of epizootic, clinical, pathological and laboratory studies.Let's check how you filled out the table based on the previous material you studied.

The teacher explains how to fill out the table “Differential diagnosis of infectious diseases with digestive disorders in young cattle.”

Task No. 1. Fill the table. Appendix No. 1.

Task No. 2. Write down the laboratory research diagram in your workbook.

Task No. 3. Fill out the accompanying document for sending pathological material for laboratory research.”

Appendix No. 2.(Take data to fill out accompanying task from situational task No. 1 Appendix No. 5).

Task No. 4. Make a smear from the culture and stain the smear using the Gram method. Identify the pathogen and sketch it in your notebook.

( Previously, the teacher gave a safety briefing on “safety work in the laboratory”).

Task No. 5. Write down the memo “Rules for the treatment of infectious diseases” in your notebook. Appendix No. 3.

Based on these rules, try to develop a treatment for calves with infectious diseases with digestive disorders.

Scheme of treatment of animals at the livestock complex of the State Unitary Enterprise NJSC "NAK". Appendix 4.

The teacher reads out problem (situational) task No. 1. Appendix 5.

Students listen carefully to the teacher and ask questions if something is not clear.

Students begin to check the completed table in their notebooks together with the teacher.

Write down the laboratory diagnostic diagram in a notebook.

Students fill out an accompanying document for sending the patent material.

Students prepare smears from the culture and stain them using the Gram method.

The pathogen is identified and sketched in a notebook.

Write down the memo in a notebook and develop a treatment.

Students collectively give a consistent solution to the problem.

(story, conversation, demonstration).

Dialogical problem method, problem solving

Summing up the lesson and assessing the students’ work .

Based on the research conducted, the topic of the lesson has been learned. You not only received knowledge, you mastered the methodology of educational research, learned to obtain knowledge, apply it in practice, and work in a team.

Let's sum up the results and give grades for the work in the lesson.

Analysis of the set goal.

The teacher provides grades in the educational journal.

Homework – 5 minutes

Answer security questions.

Questions for homework.

What is the purpose of bacterial diagnostics?

What types of laboratory animals are used for bioassays for colibacillosis?

What is the purpose of infecting experimental animals with colibacillosis?

When is a bacteriological diagnosis of colibacillosis considered established?

Biochemical properties of Escherichia coli.

Finish the lesson in an organized manner.

Ilyich's Path LLC, which has different types of animals: pigs, cattle, birds and horses, has noted cases of disease in calves in the last 3 years. In the winter of this year, a disease occurred among dairy calves (on December 17, 2015, 5 animals died). Vomiting and profuse diarrhea were clinically recorded. Intestinal discharge is yellow in color with an unpleasant odor and pieces of curdled milk. Due to frequent bowel movements, dehydration of the body develops - the outlines of the joints are clearly visible, the eyes fall into their sockets, and the skin is dry.

At autopsy, the gastric mucosa is inflamed, with hemorrhages, the contents of the upper part of the small intestine are watery, greenish-yellow in color with pieces of undigested milk. There are hemorrhages under the kidney capsule. The lymph nodes of the mesentery are enlarged and reddened. Pathological material was sent to the laboratory located at Zapolyarnaya 8 on December 18, 2015.

What presumptive diagnosis can be made?

On what basis can a diagnosis be made, what pathological material is sent for examination?

What diseases can be suspected in this case?

What measures need to be taken for prevention and in the event of a disease?

LECTURE: “Diseases of young animals”
Lecture outline:

1.2.Diagnostics of respiratory diseases of young animals.

1.3.1.1. Catarrhal bronchopneumonia.

1.3.1.2. Catarrhal-abscessing bronchopneumonia.

1.3.1.3. Purulent-necrotic bronchopneumonia.

1.3.2.2. Lobar pneumonia.

1.3.2.3. Purulent-necrotic bronchopneumonia (lung gangrene).

1.5. Prevention

2. Bezoar disease.

1. Respiratory diseases of young animals.

1.1.Etiology and classification of respiratory diseases of young animals.

On large specialized farms and complexes that source livestock from supplying farms, mixed respiratory infections are usually recorded.

The main predisposing and contributing factors to the occurrence and development of respiratory diseases in young animals are:

Imbalance of nutrients in feeding rations, non-compliance (violation) with a fully balanced diet, most often this is: a deficiency in the diet of protein, carbohydrates, lipids and especially vitamins, macro- and microelements;

Large concentration of animals in limited production areas, constant crowded housing, lack of active exercise, ultraviolet irradiation;

Violation of the acquisition technology of specialized farms (complexes), which consists in increasing the time (more than 4 days) for the formation of growing (fattening) groups, in combining into technological groups animals with different immune statuses from a large number of supplying farms with different epizootic and veterinary-sanitary conditions;

Failure to observe preventive breaks between technological cycles;

Ineffective disinfection or its absence as an integral part of the technological process of raising young cattle;

Adverse effects on the body of various stress factors (regrouping, transportation, sudden changes in housing and feeding conditions, etc.), as well as chemical substances - xenobiotics (mercury, lead, cadmium, pesticides, etc.), which accumulate in the external environment and enter into the body with feed, water and inhaled air.

According to etiological and epizootological principles, respiratory diseases of calves, accompanied by pneumonia, can be divided into three groups:

1. Nonspecific, without a specific pathogen. Various microorganisms inhabiting the upper respiratory tract take part in their occurrence and development. The pathogenic effect of microflora manifests itself against the background of a decrease in the overall resistance of the body.

2. Infectious, the causative agents of which are:

Bacteria;

Mycoplasmas;

Associations of viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas and other pathogens.

3. Symptomatic for:

Viral infections;

Bacterial infections;

Chlamydia;

Mycosis;

Helminthiasis (dicticaulosis, echinococcosis, etc.).

1.2. Diagnosis of respiratory diseases of young animals.

Diagnosis of respiratory diseases in calves is carried out comprehensively based on the analysis of epizootic data, clinical symptoms, pathological changes and results of laboratory (virological, bacteriological, serological, mycological, etc.) studies.

The epizootic process is studied using the epidemiological method.

The clinical method allows us to study the symptom complex of the disease.

The functional ability of the respiratory system in calves is predicted using dosed physical activity (running the animals for 10-15 minutes or holding the breath for 30 seconds), which makes it possible to identify pulmonary insufficiency.

The coefficient of functional capacity of the lungs is determined by the formula: K = D 2 / D 1, where K is the coefficient of functional capacity of the lungs, D 2 is the number of respiratory movements after 30 seconds. breath holding, D 1 – number of respiratory movements at rest. A coefficient value in the range of 1.1-1.4 indicates the normal functioning of the respiratory system, and more than 1.4 indicates the presence of pulmonary insufficiency.

Pathology in the respiratory organs of calves is also detected by hematological (leukogram, ESR), biochemical (content of cortisol, protein fractions and classes of immunoglobulins in the blood), histochemical (activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the adrenal cortex and mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract), luminescent microscopic (intensity glow of surfactant on the alveolar lining).

The pathoanatomical method is used to study the nature and location of the inflammatory process in the respiratory organs.

Considering that clinical, epizootological and pathological changes in respiratory diseases are similar, laboratory tests are therefore crucial in making a diagnosis.

Laboratory methods are used to clarify the etiology of pneumonia. In this case they carry out:

Selection and forwarding of pathological material to a laboratory or research institution;

Preparation of pathological material for research;

Isolation of pathogens, antigens and retrospective diagnosis;

If necessary, morphological and biochemical blood tests and histological studies of pathological material.

Selection of pathological material.

For laboratory research, material is sent from sick animals that have not been treated with antibacterial drugs, taken during the period of maximum manifestation of their clinical signs (depression, temperature reaction, sneezing, coughing, discharge from the nasal openings) or from 2-3 animals killed for diagnostic purposes.

From sick animals take:

Use cotton-gauze swabs to remove discharge from the nasal openings;

Wash from the nasal mucosa by douching with saline or Hanks' solution;

Blood serum for retrospective diagnosis;

Blood for morphological and biochemical studies.

Swabs with material and swabs from the nasal mucosa are placed in test tubes with a nutrient medium (for growing mycoplasmas) for bacteriological research and infection of laboratory animals, and in penicillin vials (test tubes) with 2-3 ml of nutrient medium for cell culture or Hanks solution containing 500-1000 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin - for virological studies.

Blood in a volume of at least 5 ml is taken into sterile tubes twice with an interval of 2-3 weeks.

From animals killed for diagnostic purposes, areas of the lungs at the border of healthy and diseased tissue, bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, bronchial mucus, and pieces of parenchymal organs are taken.

Pathological material for laboratory research is delivered in a thermos with ice. If necessary, it is preserved with a 30% glycerol solution for bacteriological studies or by freezing (for virological studies).

The most reliable and universal way to preserve pathological material for all types of diagnostic studies is to freeze it in liquid nitrogen or solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).

For histological studies, the pathological material is fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin.

Diagnosis of nonspecific pneumonia in cattle.

With nonspecific pneumonia, there is no epizootic process (source of the infectious agent, mechanism and factors of transmission), there is no natural age-related susceptibility of animals, a certain incubation period, contagiousness, specific uniform patterns of manifestation, course and extinction of pathomorphological changes. The degree of spread of the disease is strictly dependent on the impact of unfavorable factors.
1.3. Clinical and morphological characteristics of non-contagious respiratory diseases of young animals.

1.3.1. Clinical and morphological characteristics of non-contagious (nonspecific) respiratory diseases in calves.

Clinically and pathologically, catarrhal, catarrhal-abscessing and purulent-necrotic bronchopneumonia are most often diagnosed in calves.

1.3.1.1.Catarrhal bronchopneumonia.

Clinically, the disease is manifested by depression of the general condition, an increase in body temperature to 40-41°C, cough, nasal discharge, shortness of breath, wheezing in the lungs. The cough at the beginning is dry, loud, jerky and painful, and later becomes wet and less painful. When percussing the chest, a dull sound is noted in the affected areas.

The results of X-ray examination are highly diagnostic. On the fluorogram of sick calves, focal darkening is visible in the pulmonary field, more often in the cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes.

When autopsying dead animals, the main changes are noted in the respiratory tract. The affected areas of the lungs are compacted and unevenly colored (alternating gray and dark red). On the section, the lungs are spottedly colored, in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles there are accumulations of serous-catarrhal mucus. Sometimes exudate (50-100 ml) accumulates in the chest cavity.

The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged, and the pattern on the section is smoothed. Dystrophic changes are detected in parenchymal organs.

Laboratory tests of blood, nasal mucus, and punctate lung tissue are carried out to assess the severity of the pathological process and exclude infectious diseases.

1.3.1.2. Catarrhal-abscessing bronchopneumonia

most often occurs acutely and subacutely. In this case, pronounced symptoms are clinically observed in the form of remitting fever with high temperature, depression of the general condition, cough, wheezing, crepitating noises, shortness of breath, focal or confluent dullness, darkening of the apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs, as well as the bronchial tree during fluoroscopy.

1.3.1.3. Purulent-necrotic bronchopneumonia

characterized by a chronic course and diffuse damage to the lungs, covering the apical, cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes.

Clinically, the symptoms of the main process are not clearly expressed, the calves are delayed in growth and development. The hair is tousled, matte, the elasticity of the skin is reduced, the visible mucous membranes are pale with a jaundiced tint. The fever is mild and is characterized by a periodic increase in temperature up to 40 0 C. Breathing is shallow, sometimes weakened, vesicular, wheezing is dry, rare, on percussion there is dullness in the area of the apical and cardiac lobes; X-ray examination reveals darkening of these and diaphragmatic lobes of a diffuse nature.

In calves with bronchopneumonia, there is a violation of the acid-base balance of the blood in the form of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. The most common form of the disorder is respiratory (breathing) acidosis, which is characterized by a decrease in blood pH, an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and total carbon dioxide, and a decrease in oxygen tension in the venous blood.

In the blood of calves with bronchopneumonia, the number of leukocytes increases, mainly due to neutrophils, the content of sialic acids, lactic acid, reserve alkalinity and the level of albumin, glucose, glycogen, cholesterol decrease, the content of globulins increases, due to - and -fractions.

During fluoroscopy and fluorography, an increase in the bronchial pattern and foci of darkening in the apical, cardiac and lower parts of the diaphragmatic lobes are noted.

In chronic inflammation, these foci are more extensive and clearly defined.

During the autopsy of dead and forcedly killed calves, serous-catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent, purulent-necrotic lesions of the lung tissue are discovered, mainly in the apical and cardiac, less often in the diaphragmatic lobes, pleura and other organs. Mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes are usually 1.5-2 times enlarged, swollen, and sometimes hyperemic.

1.3.2. Clinical and morphological characteristics of non-contagious (nonspecific) respiratory diseases in piglets.

Clinically and pathologically, catarrhal and lobar pneumonia are most often diagnosed in pigs, and purulent-necrotic pneumonia is rarely diagnosed.

1.3.2.1. Catarrhal bronchopneumonia.

The disease is most common and is characterized by inflammation of individual pulmonary lobules or their groups with filling of the alveoli with non-coagulable exudate, consisting of exfoliated epithelial cells, plasma and blood cells. The painful process develops as a result of the spread of bronchial catarrh to the corresponding pulmonary lobules or simultaneously with bronchiolitis. Mostly weaned piglets and fattening pigs are affected.

With catarrhal bronchopneumonia, a gradual increase in body temperature to 41°C and above is observed, the precursor of which is bronchitis and bronchiolitis. Fever of the remitting type is observed for a long time.

Breathing is rapid and difficult. At first the cough is short, muffled and painful, then becomes weak and wet. Possible bilateral mucopurulent discharge of gray-white color from the nasal openings.

In its chronic course, bronchopneumonia can be complicated by pleurisy, gangrene of the lungs and usually ends in death.

At autopsy, foci of inflammation are noted in the pulmonary lobules, bluish-red coloring of the affected lobes, compaction of the inflamed areas with the presence of serous exudate, and the cut surface is moist and covered with bloody-mucosal fluid.

If purulent lesions develop, one or more cavities filled with pus are found in the lungs.

The diagnosis is reliably made in the presence of abundant purulent discharge from the nasal openings, in which elastic fibers and dead lung tissue are found under microscopy.

1.3.2.2. Lobar pneumonia.

The disease is characterized by a febrile state, accumulation of fibrinous exudate in the pulmonary alveoli, exuding from the blood capillaries of the lung, and a typical staged pathological process.

The disease usually begins suddenly, without precursors, and is characterized by fever (up to 42°C) that persists for 5-6 days. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, rapid breathing, tachycardia, visible mucous membranes are hyperemic with an icteric tinge. The cough is initially dry and painful, then becomes dull and wet. In the stage of red hepatization, one- or two-sided discharge of whitish-mucous, less often brown or rust-colored fibrinous exudate from the nasal openings is observed. In the stage of yellow hepatization, breathing becomes freer and less frequent. Body temperature drops to normal.

At autopsy, fibrinous pleurisy, lobar pneumonia are noted, areas of the lungs are intensely red in color, the cut surface is smooth, shiny, and bloody fluid drains from it. The dense areas of the lungs resemble the consistency of the liver and sink in water.

The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged and hyperemic, the spleen is enlarged and softened. Myocardium, kidneys, liver are in a state of granular degeneration.

1.3.2.3. Purulent-necrotic bronchopneumonia (lung gangrene). An early sign of lung disease is the exhalation of an unpleasant, cloying odor containing gaseous products of rotting gangrenous lesions, if the focus of necrosis communicates with the airways.

In patients, brown-red or greenish-colored discharge is released from the nasal openings in copious amounts, especially after coughing or when lowering the head down, there is constant shortness of breath, fever (up to 41 ° C) of a remitting nature.

In patients, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, increased ESR, the content of α- and β-globulin fractions and a decrease in reserve alkalinity and natural resistance indicators are established.

A pathognomonic sign of the disease is the detection of the presence of fibers of lung tissue in the nasal discharge or in secretions expelled from the respiratory tract when coughing.

At autopsy, many gangrenous foci are found in the lungs; the altered areas have a dirty brown-red, sometimes dirty yellowish color, and the smell is unpleasant and cloying.

The bronchi are filled with a mushy soft mass. Near the gangrenous areas there may be areas of catarrhal or croupous inflammation.

Laboratory diagnosis of nonspecific pneumonia (bronchopneumonia) involves the exclusion of pathogens of infectious and symptomatic respiratory diseases.
1.4. Treatment of respiratory diseases of young animals.

Sick animals are isolated and treated.

Therapy should be comprehensive and aimed at restoring impaired breathing, suppressing pathogenic microflora, eliminating dysbiosis and microbial toxicosis, normalizing acid-base balance, regulating neurotrophic functions, and increasing the body's resistance.

Rational and systemic treatment of animals with respiratory diseases is carried out taking into account the specific causes of the pathogenesis of the disease.

High therapeutic effectiveness of treating pathologies of the respiratory organs of young animals is achieved with early detection of sick animals, their timely and comprehensive treatment.

Complex treatment includes etiotropic, pathogenetic, replacement and symptomatic therapy.

The following means of etiotropic therapy are used:

antibiotics – aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, etc.), tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, etc.),

sulfonamides – (norsulfazole, sulfadimizine, sulfadimitoxin, etc.),

nitrofurans (furazalidone, furaclin, furazonal, furacron, etc.), quinoxalan derivatives (diosidine and quinoxidine)

and other drugs, taking into account the sensitivity of the respiratory microflora to them.

Antimicrobial drugs, depending on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics, are prescribed parenterally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, intratracheally and intrapulmonarily, orally and in the form of aerosols in accordance with current instructions and recommendations for their use.

Therapy of respiratory diseases with antimicrobial drugs in the form of aerosols is especially effective and economically justified.

The aerosol method has the following advantages:

1. The drugs have a direct and deeper effect on the inflammatory process in the lungs;

2. A high concentration of drugs in the blood and lesions is quickly achieved;

3. Drugs enter through the pulmonary circulation into the systemic circulation, bypassing the liver, the neutralizing function of which affects the activity of the drug;

4. Low labor intensity allows you to process a large number of animals in a short time.

The dose of inhaled drugs is calculated taking into account the tidal volume of the animals' lungs, the concentration of antimicrobial drugs (MCG, units in 1 liter of inhaled air), the volume of the room (chamber), the duration of inhalation and the adsorption coefficient in the respiratory organs relative to the aspirated dose.

The retention coefficient of aerosols of medicinal substances in the lungs of pigs is 0.5, and their tidal volume in suckling piglets is equal to body weight, in weanlings - 8 l/min., gilts - 12 l/min., pigs 60-90 kg - 15 l /min, and more than 100 kg - 20 l/min.

The adsorbed dose is calculated using the formula:

A = CVTK ,

where A is the adsorbed dose (mcg, ED);

C - average inhaled dose (concentration in the air of the drug in mcg, U/l);

V - breathing volume in l/min;

T - inhalation time (min.);

K is the drug adsorption coefficient.

WITH
The average inhaled concentration in the air (IU, µg/l) is determined by the formula:

The dose of the inhaled substance for one animal is multiplied by the total number of animals.

To stabilize aerosols, slow down absorption and reduce the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, 10-30% glycerol and 5-10% glucose are added to medicinal solutions. or 5% by weight skimmed milk powder (preferably 5% milk and 10% glycerin at the same time).

The volume of the drug per 1 m 3 is from 0.1-1.0 to 5.0 ml, the duration of inhalation is 40-60 minutes, including the spraying time.

Aerosol treatments are carried out 1-2 times a day.

Aerosol therapy is carried out in special chambers or in small sealed rooms. The volume of the chamber is determined at the rate of 1-1.5 m 3 per pig. Small chambers (10-25 m3) are used for aerosol therapy with antibiotics, and large chambers (50-100 m3) are used for other antibacterial agents and preventive group treatment of animals.

For aerosol therapy of animals, water-soluble drugs are used among antimicrobial drugs:

antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, farmazin-50, farmazin-700),

sulfa drugs (sodium salt of norsulfazole - water-soluble norsulfazole, sulfacyl,

furazonal, furakrilin, furazolidone),

arsenic preparations (novorsenol, miarsenol),

antiseptics (ethacridine lactate),

biquaternary ammonium compounds (lomaden-thionium), aethonium, dodeconium, etc.

The optimal concentration of antimicrobial agents in solutions for aerosol treatment should not exceed 10%.

For spraying medicines, SAG-1, RSSG, DAG-2 are used.

The following combinations of drugs per 1 m3 are highly effective:

1) norsulfazole - 0.3 g, water - 1-2 ml, glucose - 0.1 g;

2) norsulfazole - 0.25 g, oxytetracycline hydrochloride - 0.12 g, water - 1-2 ml, glucose - 0.1 g;

3) aethonium - 0.02 g, glucose - 0.5 g, water - 10.0 ml;

4) the following drugs are effective for aerosol therapy of sick animals indoors:

turpentine at the rate of 5 ml/m 3 ;

Iodinol - 5 ml/m 3,

50% solution of iodotriethylene glycol - 3 ml/m 3;

0.5% lomaden solution - 5 ml/m 3;

0.3% dodeconium solution - 5 ml/m3;

5% solution of chloramine B - 3 ml/m 3;

40% lactic acid solution - 2 ml/m 3 and others.

Pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy is aimed at restoring the patency of the respiratory tract, the drainage function of the bronchi, and combating cardiovascular and respiratory failure.

To improve the drainage function of the lungs, expectorants are prescribed - sodium bicarbonate or sodium benzoate, terpin hydrate, thermopsis grass in powder form or 0.01-0.05 g/kg or infusion consisting of 1 g of herb per 200 ml of water, ammonium chloride 0 .02 g/kg, sodium or potassium iodite 0.01 g/kg body weight; infusion of leaves of coltsfoot 1:10, 200-300 ml 2-3 times a day, tricolor violet 1:10 in a dose of 100-150 ml, mullein in the same dose; infusion of pine buds 1:20, 100-200 ml 2-3 times a day.

In order to restore the patency of the respiratory tract, bronchodilators are used - euphilin in the form of a 2-4% solution in a dose of 1-2 ml, atropine 0.1% solution in a dose of 5-10 ml subcutaneously. Broncholytics are applied within 10-15 minutes. before using antibacterial agents.

An important role in pathogenetic therapy is played by increasing the immunological resistance of the body.

For this purpose, nonspecific gammaglobulins are used in a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight at intervals of 48 hours (2-3 times), quoted blood in a dose of 2 mg/kg every 3 days 3 times per course of treatment; transfusion of autologous blood irradiated with ultraviolet rays at a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight 2 times a day with an interval of 3 days. Sodium nucleinate, levamisole and diocyfon have a good immunostimulating effect. Thymus preparations have a pronounced immunostimulating and modulating effect: t-activin, thymolin, thymosin, thymotropin, thymogen, and B-activin from bone marrow. These drugs are administered subcutaneously and intramuscularly according to instructions.

As anti-inflammatory drugs, acetylsalicylic acid is used 0.3-0.5 g 2 times a day, amidopyrine 0.25 g 2-3 times a day.

Symptomatic therapy is carried out to maintain and restore the functioning of the heart, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.

For this purpose, a 20-40% glucose solution of 10-20 ml is used intravenously once a day for 5-6 days, camphor oil is injected subcutaneously 2-3 ml per calf, caffeine benzoate 3-5 ml.

To eliminate intoxication, hexomethylenetetramine, sodium thiosulfate, hemodez, etc. are prescribed intravenously, and to restore acid-base balance - sodium bicarbonate, triolamine, etc.).

To enhance diuresis and excretion of toxic products in the urine, diuretics are prescribed - potassium acetate in a dose of 25-30 g per calf, bearberry leaf in the form of a decoction (1:10) in a dose of 20-30 g, horsetail herb (1:10) at a dose of 15-20 g, etc.

As replacement therapy for severe forms of pneumonia, vitamins A, B, C and D are prescribed, which are necessary to restore metabolic processes and increase the body's resistance.

Vitamin A is prescribed orally daily in a dose of 30-40 thousand units, vitamin D once every 5 days, 40-50 thousand units. Vitamin C is administered to calves intramuscularly at 0.1-0.2 g in a dilution of 1:10 in a 10-20% glucose solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution for 5-10 days, 2 times a day.

Vitamin E is used as antioxidant protection.

The offered drugs are environmentally safe and meet the requirements of the veterinary protection system for animals against gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases.

Among the methods of therapy that regulate neurotrophic functions, the most widely used are novocaine blockades (blockade of stellate ganglia, blockade of the thoracic sympathetic innervation (according to Shakurov), blockade of superficial tracheal receptors, etc.).

Elimination of respiratory failure is achieved by using oxygen aerogenously, subcutaneously (25 ml/kg), intraperitoneally (80-100 ml/kg), in the form of oxygen cocktails, negative air ions (devices for producing air ions GAI-4, GAI 4A, AII-7, AIR -2, etc.)

1.5. Prevention

The prevention system includes a complex of economic-zootechnical, sanitary-hygienic and special veterinary measures when raising young animals and fattening animals.

In the prevention of respiratory diseases of animals, it is necessary to adhere to the principle “everything is free - everything is occupied” and preventive breaks between technological cycles.

At complexes involved in fattening and raising prefabricated livestock, the prevention of respiratory diseases consists, first of all, of measures to ensure the production and raising of disease-resistant young stock on supplying farms. The number of such farms should be minimal, and their distance from the complex should be no more than 50 km. When recruiting fattening livestock, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the security and quarantine regime and prevent transport stress.

To staff industrial farms and complexes, clinically healthy and well-developed calves aged 20-30 days with a body weight of 35-50 kg are selected. In order to prevent digestive disorders, stop feeding calves 3-4 hours before loading them into special transport, and before transportation, to replenish energy costs, they are given a glucose solution (125 g of glucose dissolved in 2 liters of water at a temperature of 37-38 o C).

To reduce the negative impact of transportation on the body, sedatives are used. A 2.5% solution of aminazine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly at a dose of 1 mg/kg 12 hours before and immediately before loading.

Newly received batches of calves are placed in clean, dry and disinfected pens. During the cold period, calves are placed in a preheated room. The imported animals are used to form groups that are homogeneous in body weight and age. During the first 30 days after recruitment, calves are in quarantine mode.

Special veterinary measures are aimed at increasing the general and specific resistance of calves and reducing the concentration of pathogens in the animals’ habitat and the negative impact of stress factors on the body:

In permanently disadvantaged and endangered farms, vaccination of pregnant cows and heifers and calves obtained from them against infectious viral and bacterial respiratory diseases;

Application of hyperimmune and allogeneic serums (globulins) to calves after they have been recruited into growing (fattening) groups;

- use of vitamin and mineral premixes, adaptogens, immunomodulators, etc. before and after exposure to stress factors;

Aerosol treatment of calves with antimicrobial drugs after completing the acquisition of technological groups for 7-10 days once a day or three days in a row with 2-day breaks three times, and also periodically during the process of raising animals.

1.6. Measures to improve the health of disadvantaged farms.

Measures for recovery from respiratory diseases are developed specifically for each farm, based on the etiology, degree of spread of the disease, specialization of the farm and the technology adopted in it.

When nonspecific pneumonia occurs, first of all, measures are taken to eliminate the causes of the disease.

They improve the conditions for feeding and keeping animals, and, if necessary, carry out therapeutic and prophylactic treatment with drugs.

The fight against infectious respiratory diseases comes down to breaking the epizootic chain, creating optimal feeding and housing conditions, and timely implementation of sanitary, economic, zootechnical and veterinary preventive measures (passive and active immunization).
2. Bezoar disease.

The disease is characterized by the presence in the abomasum of young animals of varying sizes of lumps and balls of wool, hair, plant fibers and is manifested by a perversion of appetite, gastroenteritis.

The disease develops more often in lambs and less often in calves, and usually in the winter-spring period.

Etiology and pathogenesis.

If lambs are fed inadequately or inadequately during the dairy period, metabolic disorders occur, and in some cases it is accompanied by a perversion of appetite.

Sucker lambs eat wool from ewes around the udder, contaminated with urine and feces. Subsequently, they gnaw wool not only from mothers, but also from other sheep and lambs. Less commonly, the cause is an unsatisfied sucking reflex.

The background for the onset of the disease in calves and lambs may be diseases of the breeding stock, manifested by the phenomena of “licker”.

The swallowed wool in the rennet is not digested and is concentrated in the curdled milk clots. Gradually, under the influence of the peristaltic movements of the abomasum, the wool falls into spherical bodies or woolen strands, similar to felt. These formations are called pilobezoars.

If their formation is based on plant fibers-phytobezoars, the latter often develop during the transition period from feeding with milk to feeding with plant foods. Bezoars of various origins irritate the mucous membrane of the abomasum, contributing to the development of gastritis and digestive disorders.

They can close the pyloric opening of the abomasum, causing increased pain due to an obstacle to the movement of stomach contents into the intestines. It continues to develop a violation of motor and secretory functions, which contributes to the development of enteritis.

When analyzing the biochemical composition of the blood of sick young animals, a pathology of mineral, vitamin and protein metabolism is detected.

Symptoms

Sick young animals have a perverted appetite and eat wool and other inedible or contaminated objects. Gradual emaciation, pallor of the mucous membranes, dry hair and skin, increasing general depression. Diarrhea alternates with constipation. When a blockage occurs, the lambs become anxious and refuse to suckle. During this period, an increase in body temperature is possible, breathing quickens, becomes shallow, the cardiovascular system cannot cope with the load under these conditions, asphyxia increases, and after several hours of blockage, patients die. Less commonly, bezoars are displaced back into the stomach cavity as a result of activation of the motor function of the abomasum and small intestine.

They are most typical in the stomach, where bezoars are spherical or roll-shaped and the size of a walnut to a chicken egg. Their consistency is dense, the color is mostly brownish-brown. Incarcerated bezoars are usually found in the pyloric part of the abomasum at the entrance to the duodenum. Their quantity in the stomach varies. Usually the stomach is full of contents, the mucous membrane of the abomasum and small intestine is red, swollen, and contains a lot of mucus.

Diagnosis. It is based on comprehensive studies of feeding conditions and maintenance of breeding stock and young animals, characteristic clinical signs, as well as pathological data.

Treatment and prevention.

It is necessary to improve the veterinary and sanitary culture on the farm in every possible way, take care of the udder, organize balanced feeding of the breeding stock and a sufficient supply of milk to the young animals. Accustom lambs to eating hay and concentrates as early as possible.

To treat young animals, various symptomatic remedies are used depending on the manifestation of the disease. Drugs are used that increase the body's supply of vitamins, minerals, protein, improve digestion and digestibility of feed, and, if necessary, painkillers.

As means of prevention and treatment, lick briquettes and polymineral premixes containing cobalt salts, copper and other microelements are used.
3. Toxic liver dystrophy in piglets.

The disease is characterized by degenerative and necrotic changes in the liver, manifested by its functional failure, intoxication of the body and metabolic disorders. Suckers and weanlings are susceptible.

Etiology.

The disease occurs when there is a deficiency of selenium in feed, which is associated with its deficiency in soil and water. It can also develop during prolonged feeding of pregnant sows with rancid fats and other low-quality feed. One of the contributing factors to the disease is a lack of vitamin E and sulfur-containing amino acids in the diet. Poor hygienic conditions and the effects of various stress factors significantly weaken the body and predispose to disease.

Pathogenesis.

The development of the disease is associated with insufficient formation of phospholipids in the body of piglets due to a deficiency of antioxidants, in particular selenium and tocopherol (vitamin E) in feed. This leads to an increase in lipolytic processes that promote the release of fat from the depot into the general circulation, and then transfer to the liver cells, which leads to fatty degeneration of the liver, and subsequently to necrobiosis of the liver cells. Liver functions, and especially antitoxic ones, are impaired. This condition contributes to an imbalance of metabolism throughout the body, leading to disruption of other functions of the patient, especially the digestive, central nervous system and cardiovascular.

Symptoms

The disease in its acute form most often occurs in sucklings with signs of lethargy, loss of appetite, often a slight increase in temperature, muscle tremors, and unsteadiness of the rear. In patients, the pulse and breathing become more frequent, at times there are convulsions, pain in the abdominal walls, liver, and an increase in its borders. The disease lasts up to 3-6 days, and if timely measures are not taken, it often ends in death.

The subacute course of the disease lasts 8-10 days. Both suckling and weaned piglets get sick. They gradually develop general depression, weakness, decreased appetite, and an unsteady gait. The disease is often accompanied by yellowness of the mucous membranes and skin, swelling of the skin around the eyes and on the lower abdominal wall. In the liver area there is pain, its posterior border is enlarged, body temperature, as a rule, is not elevated.

The chronic form of the disease is characterized by a mild manifestation of clinical signs. The disease often develops in weaned piglets and is manifested by a weakening of vitality. In sick piglets, fatness decreases, weakness, sometimes unsteady gait, and convulsive twitching of individual muscle groups develop. In some cases, yellowness of the mucous membranes and skin is noted. The amount of bilirubin in the blood can increase to 10 mg%. Anemia often develops, which usually occurs in the presence of hemorrhagic diathesis, hemolysis of red blood cells due to intoxication of the body. Sick piglets gradually turn into dead animals, and other diseases develop, which often leads to the death of young animals.

Pathological changes.

Characteristic of this disease is an enlarged liver, which has a variegated color from yellow, gray-clay to brown-cherry color. Its consistency is flabby, the parenchyma is easily torn, and the cut surface is dull. In chronic cases, the liver tissue becomes hard and brittle. The yellowness of the subcutaneous tissue and internal organs is pronounced. Histological examination reveals fatty degeneration of liver cells and their necrosis.

Diagnosis.

When setting it, it is important to take into account the results of analysis of feed, housing conditions, symptoms, laboratory blood tests, pathological changes and the well-being of farms for this disease.

Treatment and prevention.

For treatment, sodium selenite is used at a dose of 0.1-0.2 mg (0.1-0.2 ml of 0.1% solution) per 1 kg of body weight once every 20 days by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

The meat may be suitable if the gilts are forced to be killed no earlier than 45 days after the last administration of sodium selenite.

Tocopherol acetate, which reduces the need for selenium, as well as methionine and other therapeutic agents are used for treatment, depending on the symptoms of the disease.

To prevent the disease, it is important to create favorable conditions for feeding and keeping the breeding stock and young animals. The minimum physiological requirement of pigs for selenium is 0.111-0.103 mg/kg of dry matter of feed. If necessary, to prevent the disease, sodium selenite is used in 7-10-day-old piglets, one injection at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg. The effectiveness of the fight against toxic liver dystrophy in piglets is directly dependent on organizational, economic, veterinary and sanitary measures, and especially in biogeochemical provinces that are unfavorable for this disease.

4. Hypoglycemia in newborn piglets.

This disease develops in piglets in the first 36-48 hours after birth and is characterized by a sharp drop in blood glucose levels, as well as the accumulation of nitrogen metabolism products in the body, deterioration of the general condition and often ends in the death of patients.
Etiology.

Insufficient or inadequate feeding of pregnant and lactating sows predisposes them to the disease, which contributes to the occurrence of hypogalactia in them after farrowing. Newborn piglets have a greater need for glucose due to significant energy costs. In the first hours after birth, piglets quickly deplete their body's glycogen reserves. Glucose deficiency is promoted by a lack of colostrum, which is the main cause of the disease. Reduced colostrum intake by piglets can also develop in large litters when there is insufficient supply of teats to the sow's udder. Various violations of hygienic standards for keeping newborn piglets and especially hypothermia can also be a causative factor.

Pathogenesis.

Adaptation of newborns to environmental conditions, and especially at low temperatures, causes significant heat loss in piglets. To maintain blood glucose levels and energy balance in the body, glycogen is intensively utilized from the liver. However, its reserves are small, and the replenishment of glucose deficiency from the outside due to colostrum lactose in case of its deficiency occurs insignificantly, so the level of glucose in the blood drops sharply, and carbohydrate starvation of the body develops. Energy deficiency and carbohydrate starvation contribute to liver dysfunction, which leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous substances in the blood, metabolic pathology, weakening of the central nervous system, and hampering the activity of the heart.

Pathological changes.

The corpse of a piglet is characterized by exhaustion and degenerative processes in the liver, kidneys, and heart muscle.

Symptoms

Sick piglets are lethargic and sleepy. Their sucking reflex is absent or weakened. Respiratory rate increased, tachycardia. As the disease progresses, loss of strength increases, an unsteady gait and trembling occur. The skin is pale, dry, folded. Body temperature drops and reaches 37.6-37.8°. Before the death of a sick animal, it develops a comatose state. Blood sugar levels drop to 40-60 mg% (normal 95-105 mg%).

Diagnosis.

The presence of etiological factors of the disease, age-related characteristics of the onset of the disease, as well as clinical signs, data on blood sugar levels and pathological changes are taken into account.

Treatment. Sick piglets are immediately given intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections of 10-20 ml of 15-25% glucose solution at intervals of 6-8 hours.

In the digestive tract of a newborn piglet, glucose is easily absorbed, and therefore it is important to drink a 30-40% glucose solution in a volume of 10-15 ml every 4-6 hours from a nipple drinker. Immediately after administering glucose, it is useful to prescribe insulin and one of the thiamine preparations.

Prevention.

In order to prevent the disease, it is necessary to organize balanced feeding of pregnant and lactating sows, to observe hygienic conditions for keeping and feeding newborn piglets.
5. Periodic rumen tympany in calves.

A frequently recurring disease in the same animal aged 20-60 days or older, characterized by rumen swelling and deterioration of the general condition of the body.

Etiology. The cause of the disease is the impact of stress factors caused by disturbances in the feeding and maintenance of young animals. This includes a rough transition to dairy-free feeding and giving unusual food, hypothermia of the animal, feeding spoiled feed: frozen potatoes, beets, rotten and moldy feed, caked grass, low-quality stillage, beer grains, giving too much liquid feed, overfeeding beets, potatoes and others easily fertile feeds. Periodic morbidity is facilitated by the inability of the functions of the proventriculus in the early period of life of calves to assimilate succulent and other types of feed. Lack of exercise and unsanitary conditions predispose to the disease.

Pathogenesis.

The mechanism of development of the disease is associated with a weakening of the motor function of the forestomach and impaired regurgitation of gases formed as a result of enhanced fermentation processes in the rumen. The secretory function of the abomasum in this disease is sharply inhibited, which is expressed in a low concentration of free hydrochloric acid, a decrease in total acidity, and a weakening of pepsin activity; Gastric juice in patients has a mucous consistency. The digestive and absorption functions of the intestine are disrupted.

The proventriculus, stretched by gases, puts pressure on the organs of the chest cavity, complicating the functions of the heart and lungs, which results in disturbances in the activity of the central nervous system and other organs and tissues.

Symptoms

Characteristic signs of the disease are periodic swelling of the rumen and diarrhea, which usually appear 40-60 minutes after feeding. During the initial development, the swelling of the rumen does not reach a sharp degree and for the most part soon disappears, repeating again after the next feeding.

Gradually, with repeated illness, the swelling of the scar becomes stronger and lasts much longer, disappearing only at the end of the day. Sometimes rumen flatulence reaches such a degree that life-threatening phenomena occur - shortness of breath, a sharp weakening of cardiac activity, and compression of the intestines.

The sick calf stretches its neck, its back is hunched, it stops taking food, the area of the left hungry fossa quickly begins to swell, and soon its surface is at the level or even above the line of the lumbar vertebrae. When the scar is percussed, a tympanic sound is heard. In some cases, doughy, mushy masses and sometimes pain are felt below the layer of gases. Increased sensitivity in the area of the abomasum. The general condition is disturbed, which is expressed by the animal's anxiety, especially at the beginning of the disease, the calf often steps with its hind limbs, as the disease progresses, its pulse and breathing become more frequent, there are no movements of the rumen, belching, or chewing the cud. Another significant symptom is diarrhea. In this case, the feces have a liquid, watery consistency mixed with gas bubbles. At the beginning of the disease, the act of defecation is accompanied by straining and veining; later, defecation occurs without straining and becomes involuntary; the tail, perineum and hock joints are usually contaminated with feces and, with frequent recurrences of the disease, are covered with dried crusts of feces.
Pathological changes.

The calf's corpse is often emaciated, and the volume of the abdomen is sharply increased. The area of the left hungry fossa is swollen. The tail and crotch are stained with feces. Peripheral veins are filled with blood. The rumen contains a large amount of gases and contents. There may be ruptures of the diaphragm and scar.

Diagnosis.

Attention is drawn to the feeding and housing conditions of sick calves, age, characteristic symptoms, and their frequency.

Forecast.

If the causes of the disease are eliminated and treated in a timely manner, calves usually recover within 3-6 days. In other cases, the disease may recur periodically after 10-20 or more days. Severe bloating, profuse diarrhea, exhaustion, lethargy and lack of appetite are considered severe prognostic signs.

Treatment.

For therapeutic purposes, probing and washing the scar with a 1-2% solution of sodium bicarbonate is indicated. Recommended medications: ichthyol - 2.0-3.0 ml (diluted with water), carbolene - 5.0-8.0 g, gastric

juice - 20.0-40.0 ml, resorcinol in the form of a 0.5-1% solution of 0.5-10.0 ml, tympanol - 0.4-0.5 ml/kg with preliminary dilution of the drug drinking with water in a ratio of 1:10, and if necessary again, but in a dilution of 1:5. 1-3 ml tincture of wormwood, juniper fruits, as well as various astringents and other disinfectants are used. Elimination of the causes of the disease is an important factor in the recovery of sick young animals.

Prevention.

Prevention of the disease is based on maintaining hygiene in feeding and keeping animals, eliminating stress factors and increasing natural resistance in young animals.

Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases in calves based on clinical and pathological characteristics. Differential diagnosis of diseases in young pigs

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