The biological effects of acetylcholine are manifested in. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter

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Acetylcholine


Systematic name	N,N,N-trimethyl-2-aminoethanol acetate
Abbreviations	ACH
Chemical formula	CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3) 3
Empirical formula	C 7 H 16 N O 2
Physical properties
Molar mass	146.21 g/mol
Thermal properties
Classification
Reg. CAS number	51-84-3
Reg. PubChem number	187
SMILES	O=C(OCC(C)(C)C)C

Properties

Physical

Colorless crystals or white crystalline mass. Dissolves in the air. Easily soluble in water and alcohol. When boiled and stored for a long time, the solutions decompose.

Medical

The peripheral muscarinic-like effect of acetylcholine manifests itself in a slowdown of heart contractions, expansion of peripheral blood vessels and a decrease in blood pressure, increased peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, contraction of the muscles of the bronchi, uterus, gall and bladder, increased secretion of the digestive, bronchial, sweat and lacrimal glands, miosis. The miotic effect is associated with increased contraction of the orbicularis iris muscle, which is innervated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers of the oculomotor nerve. At the same time, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscle and relaxation of the ligament of cinnamon of the ciliary girdle, a spasm of accommodation occurs.

The constriction of the pupil, due to the action of acetylcholine, is usually accompanied by a decrease in intraocular pressure. This effect is partly explained by the fact that when the pupil narrows and the iris flattens, Schlemm's canal (venous sinus of the sclera) and fountain spaces (spaces of the iridocorneal angle) expand, which ensures better outflow of fluid from the internal media of the eye. It is possible that other mechanisms are involved in lowering intraocular pressure. In connection with the ability to reduce intraocular pressure, substances that act like acetylcholine (cholinomimetics, anticholinesterase drugs) are widely used for the treatment of glaucoma. It should be borne in mind that when these drugs are introduced into the conjunctival sac, they are absorbed into the blood and, having a resorptive effect, can cause side effects characteristic of these drugs. It should also be borne in mind that long-term (over a number of years) use of miotic substances can sometimes lead to the development of persistent (irreversible) miosis, the formation of posterior petechiae and other complications, and long-term use of anticholinesterase drugs as miotics can contribute to the development of cataracts.

Acetylcholine also plays an important role as a central nervous system neurotransmitter. It is involved in the transmission of impulses in different parts of the brain, with small concentrations facilitating, and large concentrations inhibiting synaptic transmission. Changes in acetylcholine metabolism can lead to impaired brain function. Its deficiency largely determines the clinical picture of such a dangerous neurodegenerative disease as Alzheimer's disease. Some centrally acting acetylcholine antagonists (see Amizil) are psychotropic drugs (see also Atropine). An overdose of acetylcholine antagonists can cause disturbances in higher nervous activity (have a hallucinogenic effect, etc.).

Application

General Application

For use in medical practice and for experimental research, acetylcholine chloride (lat. Acetylcholini chloridum). Acetylcholine chloride is not widely used as a medicine.

Treatment

When taken orally, acetylcholine is ineffective because it is quickly hydrolyzed. When administered parenterally, it has a quick, sharp, but short-lived effect. Like other quaternary compounds, acetylcholine penetrates the blood-brain barrier poorly and does not have a significant effect on the central nervous system. Sometimes acetylcholine is used as a vasodilator for spasms of peripheral vessels (endarteritis, intermittent claudication, trophic disorders in the stumps, etc.), and for spasms of the retinal arteries. In rare cases, acetylcholine is administered for intestinal and bladder atony. Acetylcholine is also sometimes used to facilitate x-ray diagnosis of esophageal achalasia.

Form of application

The drug is prescribed subcutaneously and intramuscularly in a dose (for adults) of 0.05 g or 0.1 g. Injections, if necessary, can be repeated 2-3 times a day. When injecting, make sure that the needle does not enter a vein. Intravenous administration is not allowed due to the possibility of a sharp decrease in blood pressure and cardiac arrest.

Higher doses subcutaneously and intramuscularly for adults:

single 0.1 g,
daily 0.3 g.

Danger of use during treatment

When using acetylcholine, it should be taken into account that it causes a narrowing of the coronary vessels of the heart. In case of an overdose, a sharp decrease in blood pressure with bradycardia and heart rhythm disturbances, profuse sweat, miosis, increased intestinal motility and other phenomena may be observed. In these cases, 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of atropine (repeatedly if necessary) or another anticholinergic drug should be immediately injected into a vein or under the skin (see Metacin).

Participation in life processes

The (endogenous) acetylcholine formed in the body plays an important role in vital processes: it takes part in the transmission of nervous excitation in the central nervous system, autonomic nodes, and the endings of parasympathetic and motor nerves. Acetylcholine is associated with memory functions. A decrease in acetylcholine in Alzheimer's disease leads to memory impairment in patients. Acetylcholine plays an important role in falling asleep and waking up. Arousal occurs with increased activity of cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglia of the forebrain and brainstem.

Physiological properties

Acetylcholine is a chemical transmitter (mediator) of nervous excitation; the endings of the nerve fibers for which it serves as a mediator are called cholinergic, and the receptors that interact with it are called cholinergic receptors. The cholinergic receptor (according to modern foreign terminology - “cholinergic receptor”) is a complex protein macromolecule (nucleoprotein) localized on the outer side of the postsynaptic membrane. In this case, the cholinergic receptors of postganglionic cholinergic nerves (heart, smooth muscles, glands) are designated as m-cholinergic receptors (muscarinergic), and those located in the area of ganglionic synapses and in somatic neuromuscular synapses are designated as n-cholinergic receptors (nicotine-sensitive). This division is associated with the characteristics of the reactions that occur during the interaction of acetylcholine with these biochemical systems: muscarinic-like in the first case and nicotine-like in the second; m- and n-cholinergic receptors are also located in different parts of the central nervous system.

According to modern data, muscarine-sensitive receptors are divided into M1-, M2- and M3-receptors, which are distributed differently in organs and are heterogeneous in physiological significance (see Atropine, Pirenzepine).

Acetylcholine does not have a strict selective effect on the varieties of cholinergic receptors. To one degree or another, it acts on m- and n-cholinergic receptors and on subgroups of m-cholinergic receptors. The peripheral nicotine-like action of acetylcholine is associated with its participation in the transmission of nerve impulses from preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nodes, as well as from motor nerves to striated muscles. In small doses, it is a physiological transmitter of nervous excitation, in large doses it can cause persistent depolarization in the synapse region and block the transmission of excitation.

Contraindications

Acetylcholine is contraindicated in bronchial asthma, angina, atherosclerosis, organic heart disease, epilepsy.

Release form

Release form: in 5 ml ampoules containing 0.1 and 0.2 g of dry matter. The drug is dissolved immediately before use. The ampoule is opened and the required amount (2-5 ml) of sterile water is injected into it with a syringe to

Acetylcholine chloride is a drug from the group of m- and n-cholinomimetics, it has a stimulating effect on m- and n-cholinergic receptors.

What is the effect of Acetylcholine chloride?

M-cholinomimetic action will be manifested by bradycardia, increased tone, as well as contractile activity of the muscles of the bronchi, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, as well as the ciliary muscle of the eye. In addition, the secretion of the salivary, lacrimal glands, bronchi, stomach, and intestines will increase. The sphincters of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract will relax under the influence of this drug.

The N-cholinomimetic effect of the drug Acetylcholine chloride is associated with the participation of the substance acetylcholine in the transmission of nerve impulses to the postganglionic vegetative nodes and to the striated muscles. In small doses, this agent is considered a transmitter of nervous excitation, and in large doses it leads to persistent depolarization in the synapse region, which leads to blocking of the transmission of excitation.

The drug Acetylcholine chloride takes part directly in the transmission of nerve impulses in many parts of the brain, while in high concentrations it inhibits synaptic transmission, and in small concentrations it facilitates.

What are the indications for use of Acetylcholine chloride?

I will list some conditions in which the use of the drug Acetylcholine chloride is indicated:

The patient has endarteritis;
For intermittent claudication, this drug is also used;
Its use is also indicated for trophic disorders in the stumps;
The remedy is also effective in the presence of spasms of the retinal arteries;
It is used for intestinal atony, as well as for decreased bladder tone.

In addition, the drug Acetylcholine chloride is used to facilitate x-ray examination in the presence of a pathological process such as achalasia of the esophagus.

What are the contraindications for use of the drug Acetylcholine chloride?

Among the contraindications of Acetylcholine chloride, the instructions for use list the following conditions:

This remedy should not be used for bronchial asthma;
In the presence of angina, Acetylcholine chloride is also contraindicated;
It is not used for severe atherosclerotic processes in the human body;
The drug is not prescribed for epilepsy;
During lactation;
With bleeding from the digestive tract;
With hyperkinesis;
Its use is contraindicated in all trimesters of pregnancy.

If the patient has any inflammatory processes localized in the abdominal cavity before surgery, in this case Acetylcholine is also contraindicated.

What is the use and dosage of Acetylcholine chloride?

This drug is used parenterally, namely, it is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and the dosage can be 50-100 mg, the frequency of use should not exceed three times during the day. The maximum doses of Acetylcholine chloride are as follows: single dose - 100 mg, and daily amount - no more than 300 mg.

When used simultaneously with anticholinesterase drugs, the cholinomimetic effect of Acetylcholine chloride is noticeably enhanced.

When used together, m-anticholinergics, antipsychotics (clozapine, phenothiazine, chlorprothixene), as well as tricyclic antidepressants, reduce the effect of Acetylcholine chloride. It should be noted that this drug is not used during breastfeeding, as well as during pregnancy.

What are the side effects of the drug Acetylcholine chloride?

When using Acetylcholine chloride, the manifestation of side effects is not excluded, for example, from the digestive system there may be nausea, vomiting, the patient will complain of pain in the abdomen, in addition, loose stools join, signs of salivation are noted.

From the side of the cardiovascular system, side effects may also appear, in particular, bradycardia will appear, in addition, the patient may complain of low blood pressure.

Other side effects may be observed, they will manifest themselves as increased sweating, rhinorrhea, bronchospasm is possible, in addition, the person may experience increased urination.

On the part of the nervous system, a headache is noted, in addition, accommodation is disturbed, and lacrimation occurs. If side effects are obvious, it is recommended to consult your doctor.

special instructions

Currently, the use of Acetylcholine chloride is limited in terms of systemic use, but it is included in combination drugs for topical use in ophthalmic surgery, with the aim of creating a rapid constriction of the pupil, the so-called miosis.

Preparations containing acetylcholine chloride (analogues)

Acetylcholine chloride is contained in the drug of the same name, it is produced in a dosage form, which is represented by a fine powder, from it it is necessary to prepare a medicinal solution, which is intended for intramuscular administration, as well as for subcutaneous injections. It must be used before the expiration date indicated on the packaging.

This drug is often used in ophthalmology, for example, during surgery on the anterior chamber of the eye, in particular, to remove existing cataracts, for iridectomy, and also for keratoplasty. As a result of the use of Acetylcholine chloride, pupil constriction is ensured for some time.

Conclusion

Before using the drug, you must consult with your doctor.

Acetylcholine (lat. Acetylcholinum) is a neurotransmitter that carries out neuromuscular transmission, as well as the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system.

List of symptoms of increased acetylcholine:

Depressed mood
Anhedonia
Problems concentrating
Problems with thinking
Mental fatigue
Memory problems
Low motivation
Inability to sleep
Problems understanding and completing complex tasks
Pessimism
Feeling hopeless and helpless
Irritability
Tearfulness
Vision problems
Headache
Dry mouth
Stomach ache
Bloating
Diarrhea or constipation
Nausea
Muscle pain
Muscle weakness
Tooth or jaw pain
Tingling or numbness in the arms or legs
Frequent urination or problems with bladder control
Symptoms similar to flu or cold
Weak immunity
Cold hands and feet
Sleep problems
Anxiety
Vivid dreams, mostly nightmares
Decreased levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain

There is an inverse antagonistic relationship between serotonin and acetylcholine. When the level of one of these neurotransmitters rises, the levels of the other decrease. A certain amount of acetylcholine is necessary for the normal functioning of the brain. Memory, motivation, sexual desire and sleep are dependent on acetylcholine. In small amounts, acetylcholine acts as a dopamine and norepinephrine release stimulant. Too high levels of acetylcholine have the opposite effect, causing inhibition of the central nervous system. In summary, when levels of acetylcholine increase in the brain, levels of other neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline decrease.

In terms of mood, the combination of elevated acetylcholine and norepinephrine, along with low serotonin, results in anxiety, emotional lability, irritability, pessimism, impatience, impulsivity, and more. When norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are low, and acetylcholine is high, the result is depression. Antidepressants such as SSRIs, by increasing serotonin, are able to lower the level of acetylcholine, thereby reducing or eliminating the symptoms associated with elevated acetylcholine. However, the main disadvantage of this approach is that by increasing the level of serotonin, we decrease the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Therefore, prolonged use of SSRIs will eventually lead to elevated levels of serotonin, and this is another type of depression. It is for this reason that SSRIs do not work for all people, and in some people worsen depression and cause unpleasant side effects. So, despite the popularity and prevalence of use, SSRI antidepressants are not the best choice in this situation.

The level of acetylcholine in the brain is directly related to the amount of choline in the diet. But there are other reasons that do not depend on the food consumed. Foods rich in choline:

Chicken eggs
Soy products
Anything containing lecithin

Some people are more sensitive to choline, so even small amounts of choline consumed can trigger symptoms in them. Also, sensitivity to choline increases with age.

Based on materials: DIFERENT

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Neurotransmitters play an important role in the proper functioning of the human nervous system. One of these substances is acetylcholine, an organic molecule whose presence is characteristic of the brains of various mammals, birds and, of course, humans. What role does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine play in the human body, why is it so important and are there ways to increase the level of acetylcholine in the body - read the article that the site has prepared for you.

What is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and what are its functions?

The chemical formula of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is CH3COO(CH2)2N+(CH3). This organic molecule plays a role in the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The site of acetylcholine synthesis is the axons of nerve cells, the substances necessary for the formation of acetylcholine: acetyl coenzyme A and choline (vitamin B4). Acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme) is responsible for the balance of this mediator, which is capable of destroying excess acetylcholine into choline and acetate.

Functions of acetylcholine

improvement of cognitive abilities;
memory improvement;
improvement of neuromuscular communication.

Scientists have discovered that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine not only helps improve memory and promote learning, it also helps the brain distinguish between old and new memories - thanks to it we remember what happened yesterday and what happened five years ago.

The membrane of muscle cells contains H-cholinoreceptors, which are sensitive to acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to this type of receptor, sodium ions enter muscle cells, causing the muscles to contract. As for the effect of acetylcholine on the heart muscle, it differs from the effect on smooth muscle - the heart rate decreases.

Deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: causes and methods of replenishment

When the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine decreases, acetylcholine deficiency occurs. A doctor will be able to accurately determine the cause of such a deficiency.

Symptoms of acetylcholine deficiency:

inability to listen;
inability to concentrate;
inability to remember and recall information (memory impairment);
slow information processing;
fatty liver metamorphosis;
Alzheimer's disease;
sleep disorders;
nerve problems;
increased fatigue;
muscle weakness.

When acetylcholine levels in the body are normalized, and this happens through proper nutrition, inflammation is suppressed and communication between muscles and nerves improves.

The following are at risk of decreased levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine:

marathon runners and endurance athletes;
people who abuse alcohol;
vegetarians;
people whose diet is not balanced.

The main factor contributing to the decrease or increase in acetylcholine in the body is a balanced diet.

How to increase the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body?

There are three main ways to increase levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body:

nutrition;
regular physical activity;
intellectual training.

Foods rich in choline (vitamin B4) - liver (chicken, beef, etc.), eggs, milk and dairy products, turkey, green leafy vegetables. It is better to replace coffee with tea. Make sure you have enough of these foods in your diet and you won't have to worry about acetylcholine deficiency.

When there is a shortage of raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the brain begins to “eat itself,” so carefully monitor your diet.

If for any reason a person cannot get enough vitamin B4 from food, a doctor may prescribe the following supplements and medications to increase acetylcholine levels:

lecithin;
citicoline;
L-alpha glyceryl phosphoryl chlorin;
Choline bitartrate;
Phosphatidylcholine;
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR);
racetams;
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

the site reminds that supplements and medications are prescribed by a doctor after conducting appropriate tests.

Neurotransmitters play an important role in the proper functioning of the human nervous system. One of these substances is acetylcholine, an organic molecule whose presence is characteristic of the brains of various mammals, birds and, of course, humans. What role does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine play in the human body, why is it so important, and are there ways to increase acetylcholine levels in the body.

What is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and what are its functions?

Functions of acetylcholine

improvement of cognitive abilities;
improvement of neuromuscular communication.

Scientists have discovered that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine not only helps improve memory and promote learning, it also helps the brain distinguish between old and new memories - helping us remember what happened yesterday and what happened five years ago.

Deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: causes and methods of replenishment

When the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine decreases, acetylcholine deficiency occurs.

Symptoms deficit acetylcholine:

inability to listen;
inability to concentrate;
inability to remember and recall information (memory impairment);
slow information processing;
fatty liver metamorphosis;

When acetylcholine levels in the body are normalized, and this happens through proper nutrition, inflammation is suppressed and communication between muscles and nerves improves.

The following are at risk of decreased levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine:

marathon runners and endurance athletes;
people who abuse alcohol;
vegetarians;
people whose diet is not balanced.

The main factor contributing to the decrease or increase in acetylcholine in the body is a balanced diet.

How to increase the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body?

There are three main ways to increase levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body:

nutrition;
regular physical activity;
intellectual training.

Foods rich in choline (vitamin B4) - liver (chicken, beef, etc.), eggs, milk and dairy products, turkey, green leafy vegetables. It is better to replace coffee with tea.

When there is a shortage of raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the brain begins to “eat itself,” so carefully monitor your diet.

THIS IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF AN “UNHAPPY” PERSON

Its 2 main problems:

1) chronic unsatisfaction of needs,

2) the inability to direct his anger outward, holding it back, and with it holding back all warm feelings, makes him more and more desperate every year: no matter what he does, it doesn’t get better, on the contrary, it only gets worse. The reason is that he does a lot, but not that.

If nothing is done, then, over time, either the person will “burn out at work,” loading himself more and more until he is completely exhausted; or his own self will be emptied and impoverished, unbearable self-hatred will appear, a refusal to take care of oneself, and in the future, even self-hygiene.

A person becomes like a house from which the bailiffs have removed the furniture.

Against the background of hopelessness, despair and exhaustion, there is no strength or energy even for thinking.

Complete loss of the ability to love. He wants to live, but he begins to die: sleep and metabolism are disturbed...

It is difficult to understand what he lacks precisely because we are not talking about the deprivation of possession of someone or something. On the contrary, he has the possession of deprivation, and he is not able to understand what he is deprived of. His own self turns out to be lost. He feels unbearably painful and empty: and he cannot even put it into words.

If you recognize yourself in the description and want to change something, you urgently need to learn two things:

1. Learn the following text by heart and repeat it all the time until you learn to use the results of these new beliefs:

I have a right to needs. I am, and I am me.
I have the right to need and satisfy needs.
I have the right to ask for satisfaction, the right to achieve what I need.
I have the right to crave love and love others.
I have the right to a decent organization of life.
I have the right to express dissatisfaction.
I have the right to regret and sympathy.
... by birthright.
I may get rejected. I can be alone.
I'll take care of myself anyway.

I would like to draw the attention of my readers to the fact that the task of “learning a text” is not an end in itself. Autotraining by itself will not give any lasting results. It is important to live, feel, and find confirmation of it in life. It is important that a person wants to believe that the world can be arranged somehow differently, and not just the way he is used to imagining it. That how he lives this life depends on himself, on his ideas about the world and about himself in this world. And these phrases are just a reason for thought, reflection and search for your own, new “truths”.

2. Learn to direct aggression towards the person to whom it is actually addressed.

...then it will be possible to experience and express warm feelings to people. Realize that anger is not destructive and can be expressed.

DO YOU WANT TO FIND OUT WHAT A PERSON MISSS TO BECOME HAPPY?

FOR K EACH “NEGATIVE EMOTION” LIES A NEED OR DESIRE, THE SATISFACTION OF WHICH IS THE KEY TO CHANGES IN LIFE...

TO SEARCH FOR THESE TREASURES, I INVITE YOU TO MY CONSULTATION:

YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION USING THIS LINK:

Psychosomatic diseases (it will be more correct) are those disorders in our body that are based on psychological causes. psychological reasons are our reactions to traumatic (difficult) life events, our thoughts, feelings, emotions that do not find timely, correct expression for a particular person.

Mental defenses are triggered, we forget about this event after a while, and sometimes instantly, but the body and the unconscious part of the psyche remember everything and send us signals in the form of disorders and diseases

Sometimes the call may be to respond to some events from the past, to bring “buried” feelings out, or the symptom simply symbolizes what we forbid ourselves.

YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION USING THIS LINK:

The negative impact of stress on the human body, and especially distress, is enormous. Stress and the likelihood of developing diseases are closely related. Suffice it to say that stress can reduce immunity by about 70%. Obviously, such a decrease in immunity can result in anything. And it’s also good if it’s just colds, but what if oncological diseases or asthma, the treatment of which is already extremely difficult?