The structure of the female genital organ. Details about the anatomy of sexual intercourse, male and female physiology
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The female reproductive organs are divided into external and internal.
External genitalia.
The external genitalia in women include: pubis, labia majora and labia minora, Bartholin's glands, clitoris, vestibule of the vagina and hymen, which is the boundary between the external and internal genital organs.
PUBS - a triangular elevation, covered with hair, located above the bosom. The boundaries are: from above - a transverse skin furrow; from the sides - inguinal folds.
In women, the upper border of the pubic hairy integument has the appearance of a horizontal line.
LABIA MAJOR - two skin folds limiting the genital slit from the sides. In front they pass into the skin of the pubis, posteriorly merge into the posterior commissure. The skin on the outer surface of the labia majora is covered with hair, contains sweat and sebaceous glands, vessels lie under it in the subcutaneous fat , nerves and fibrous fibers, and in the posterior third - large glands of the vestibule (Bartholin's glands) - rounded alveolar-tubular,
the size of a bean gland. Their excretory ducts open in the groove between the labia minora and the hymen, and their secret is secreted during sexual arousal.
The space between the posterior commissure and the anus is called the interstitial
In the anatomical sense, the perineum is a muscular-fascial plate covered with skin on the outside. Its average height is 3-4 cm.
LABIA SMALL - the second pair of longitudinal skin folds. They are located medially from the labia majora and are usually covered by the latter. In front, the labia minora bifurcates into two legs on each side, which merge to form the foreskin of the clitoris and the frenulum of the clitoris. Posteriorly, the labia minora merge with large. Thanks to obi-
to the line of vessels and nerve endings, the labia minora are the organs of the sexual sense.
CLITORIS. Outwardly, it is noticeable as a small tubercle in the anterior corner of the genital fissure between the merged legs of the labia minora. In the clitoris, a head, a body consisting of cavernous bodies and legs are distinguished, which are attached to the periosteum of the pubic and ischial bones. Abundant blood supply and innervation make it the main organ of sexual sensation women.
VAGINAL ENTRY - a space bounded in front by the clitoris, behind the posterior commissure of the labia, from the sides - by the inner surface of the labia minora, from above - by the hymen. The external opening of the urethra and the excretory ducts of the Bartholin glands open here.
VIRGIN - a connective tissue membrane that closes the entrance to the vagina in virgins. Its connective tissue base contains muscle elements, blood vessels and nerves. There must be a hole in the hymen. It can be of any shape. childbirth - myrtle papillae.
Internal reproductive organs.
These include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
VAGINA - a well extensible, muscular-elastic tube. It goes from front and bottom to back and up. It starts from the hymen and ends at the point of attachment to the cervix. Average dimensions: length 7-8 cm (back wall 1.5-2 cm . longer), width 2-3 cm. Due to the fact that the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina are in contact, in the cross section it has the shape of the letter H. Around the vaginal part of the cervix, which protrudes into the vagina, the walls of the vagina form a vaulted formation. It is customary to divide it on the anterior, posterior (deepest) and lateral vaults. The vaginal wall consists of three layers: mucous, muscular and surrounding tissue, in which vessels and nerves pass. The muscular layer consists of two layers: external longitudinal and internal circular. epithelium containing glycogen. The process of glycogen formation is associated with the ovarian follicular hormone. The vagina is very well extensible due to the presence of two longitudinal ridges on the front and back walls, consisting of many transverse folds. There are no glands in the vaginal mucosa. The secret of the vagina is formed by soaking fluid from the vessels. It has an acidic environment due to lactobacilli (Dederlein sticks) formed from glycogen under the influence of enzymes and waste products of lactic acid. Lactic acid contributes to the death of pathogenic microorganisms.
There are four degrees of purity of the vaginal contents.
1 degree: in the content only lactobacilli and epithelial cells, the reaction is acidic.
2 degree: fewer Dederlein sticks, single leukocytes, bacteria, many epithelial cells, acidic reaction.
3 degree: there are few lactobacilli, other types of bacteria predominate, there are a lot of leukocytes, the reaction is slightly alkaline.
4 degree: no lactobacilli, a lot of bacteria and leukocytes, alkaline reaction.
1.2 degrees - a variant of the norm.
3.4 degrees indicate the presence of a pathological process.
Uterus is a pear-shaped smooth muscle hollow organ, flattened in the anteroposterior direction.
Parts of the uterus: body, isthmus, cervix.
The domed part of the body above the lines of attachment of the pipes is called the bottom of the uterus.
isthmus- a part of the uterus 1 cm long, located between the body and the neck. It is distinguished into a separate section, since the structure of the mucous membrane is similar to the body of the uterus, and the structure of the wall to the cervix. The upper border of the isthmus is the place of dense attachment of the peritoneum to the anterior wall of the uterus. the boundary is the level of the internal os of the cervical canal.
Neck- the lower part of the uterus protruding into the vagina. It distinguishes two parts: the vaginal and supravaginal. The cervix can be either cylindrical or conical (childhood, infantilism). Inside the cervix there is a narrow canal, which has a fusiform shape, limited internal and external os. The external os opens in the center of the vaginal part of the cervix. It has the shape of a slit in women who have given birth and a rounded shape in women who have not given birth.
The length of the entire uterus is 8 cm (2/3 of the length falls on the body, 1/3 on the neck), width 4-4.5 cm, wall thickness 1-2 cm. Weight 50-100 g. The uterine cavity has the shape of a triangle.
The wall of the uterus consists of 3 layers: mucous, muscular, serous. The mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium) covered with a single-layer cylindrical ciliated epithelium containing tubular glands. The uterine mucosa is divided into two layers: superficial (functional), torn off during menstruation, deep (basal), remaining in place.
muscle layer (myometrium) richly supplied with vessels, consists of three powerful layers: outer longitudinal; middle circular; inner longitudinal.
Serous lining of the uterus (perimetry)- this is the peritoneum that covers the body and partially the cervix. From the bladder, the peritoneum passes to the anterior surface of the uterus, forming a vesicouterine cavity between these two organs. From the bottom of the uterus, the peritoneum descends along its posterior surface, lining the supravaginal part of the cervix and the posterior fornix of the vagina , and then passes to the anterior surface of the rectum, thus forming a deep pocket - the recto-uterine recess (Douglas space).
The uterus is located in the center of the small pelvis, tilted anteriorly (anteversio uteri), its bottom is directed towards the symphysis, the neck is backwards, the external pharynx of the neck adjoins the wall of the posterior fornix of the vagina. There is an obtuse angle between the body and the cervix, open anteriorly (anteflexio uteri).
UTERINE TUBES start from the upper corners of the uterus, go along the upper edge of the broad ligament towards the side walls of the pelvis, ending with a funnel. Their length is 10-12 cm. Three sections are distinguished in the tube: 1) interstitial- the narrowest part passing through the thickness of the uterus; 2) isthmus (isthmus); 3) ampullary- an expanded part of the tube ending in a funnel with fimbriae. Fertilization occurs in this section of the tube - the fusion of the egg and sperm.
The wall of the tubes consists of three layers: mucous, muscular, serous.
The mucosa is covered with a single layer of cylindrical ciliated epithelium, has a longitudinal folding.
The muscle layer consists of three layers: outer - longitudinal; middle - circular; inner - longitudinal.
The peritoneum covers the tube from above and from the sides. Fiber with vessels and nerves adjoins the lower section of the tube.
Promotion of a fertilized egg along the tube towards the uterus is facilitated by peristaltic contractions of the muscles of the tube, flickering of the cilia of the epithelium directed towards the uterus and longitudinal folding of the mucous tube. Along the fold, like a gutter, the egg slides towards the uterus.
OVARIANS - a paired female almond-shaped gonad, measuring 3.5-4 x 2-2.5 x 1-1.5 cm, weighing 6-8 g.
The ovary is inserted with one edge into the posterior leaf of the broad ligament (the hilum of the ovary), the rest of it is not covered by the peritoneum. The ovary is held in a freely suspended state by the wide uterine ligament, the own ligament of the ovary, and the funnel ligament.
In the ovary, there is an integumentary epithelium, an albuginea, a cortical layer with follicles at different stages of development, a medulla consisting of a connective tissue stroma, in which vessels and nerves pass.
The ovaries produce sex hormones and produce eggs.
Ligament apparatus of the genital organs.
In the normal position, the uterus with appendages is held by the ligamentous apparatus (suspension and fixation apparatus) and the muscles of the pelvic floor (supporting or supporting apparatus).
The hanging device includes:
1. Round uterine ligaments - two cords 10-12 cm long. Depart from the uterine angles, and passing under the wide uterine ligament and through the inguinal canals, branch out fan-shaped, attaching to the tissue of the pubis and labia majora.
2. Wide ligaments of the uterus - duplication of the peritoneum. They go from the ribs of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis.
3. Sacro-uterine ligaments - depart from the posterior surface of the uterus in the isthmus, go
posteriorly, covering the rectum on both sides. Attached to the anterior surface of the sacrum.
4. Own ligaments of the ovaries go from the bottom of the uterus (posteriorly and below the place where the tubes exit) to the ovaries.
5. Funnel-pelvic ligaments - the outermost part of the wide uterine ligament, passing into the peritoneum of the lateral wall of the pelvis.
The round ligaments hold the uterus in a state of anteversio, the broad ligaments tense when the uterus moves and thereby help to keep the uterus in a physiological position, the ovarian ligaments and the funnel-pelvic ligaments help to keep the uterus in the median position, the sacro-uterine ligaments pull the uterus backwards.
The fixing apparatus of the uterus consists of connective tissue strands with a small amount of muscle cells that go from the lower part of the uterus: a) anteriorly to the bladder and further to the symphysis; b) to the side walls of the pelvis - the main ligaments; c) posteriorly, making up the connective tissue framework of the sacro-uterine ligaments.
The supporting apparatus consists of the muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor, which prevent the genitals and viscera from lowering down.
Blood supply to the genitals.
The external genital organs are supplied with blood by the pudendal artery (a branch of the internal iliac artery).
The blood supply to the internal genital organs is provided by the uterine and ovarian arteries.
The uterine artery is a steam room, departs from the internal iliac artery, goes to the uterus along the parauterine tissue, approaching the lateral surface of the uterus at the level of the internal pharynx, gives off the cervico-vaginal branch, which supplies the cervix and the upper vagina. The main trunk rises along the rib of the uterus, giving off numerous branches that feed the wall of the uterus, and reaches the bottom of the uterus, where it gives off a branch that goes to the tube.
The ovarian artery is also paired, departs from the abdominal aorta, goes down along with the ureter, passes through the infundibulum ligament, giving branches to the ovary and tube.
Arteries are accompanied by veins of the same name.
Innervation of the genital organs.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (utero-vaginal and ovarian plexuses) take part in the innervation of the genital organs.
The external genital organs and the pelvic floor are innervated by the pudendal nerve.
Physiology of the female reproductive organs.
It is known that reproduction, or reproduction, is one of the most important functions
The reproductive function of women is carried out primarily due to the activity of the ovaries and uterus, since the egg matures in the ovaries, and in the uterus, under the influence of hormones secreted by the ovaries, changes occur in preparation for the perception of a fertilized fetal egg. The reproductive (childbearing) period continues from 17-18 to 45-50 years old.
The childbearing period is preceded by the following stages of a woman's life: intrauterine; newborns (up to 1 year); childhood (up to 8-10 years); prepubertal and pubertal age (up to 17-18 years).
The menstrual cycle is one of the manifestations of complex biological processes in a woman's body. The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclic changes in all parts of the reproductive system, the external manifestation of which is menstruation.
Each normal menstrual cycle is the preparation of a woman's body for pregnancy. Conception and pregnancy usually occur in the middle of the menstrual cycle after ovulation (rupture of a mature follicle) and the release of an egg ready for fertilization from the ovary. If fertilization does not occur during this period, the unfertilized egg dies, and the prepared for its perception, the mucous membrane of the uterus is rejected and menstrual bleeding begins. Thus, the appearance of menstruation indicates the end of complex cyclic changes in the woman's body, aimed at preparing for a possible pregnancy.
The first day of menstruation is conditionally taken as the first day of the menstrual cycle, and the duration of the cycle is determined from the beginning of one to the beginning of another (subsequent) menstruation. blood loss on menstrual days 50-100 ml. The duration of normal menstruation is from 2 to 7 days.
The first menstruation (menarhe) is observed at the age of 10-12 years, but within 1-1.5 years after this, menstruation may be irregular, then a regular menstrual cycle is established.
The regulation of menstrual function is carried out in a complex neurohumoral way with the participation of five links (levels): 1) the cerebral cortex; 2) the hypothalamus; 3) the pituitary gland; 4) the ovaries; 5) peripheral organs, called target organs (fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina). Target organs, due to the presence of special hormonal receptors, most clearly respond to the action of sex hormones produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle.
Cyclic functional changes that occur in a woman’s body are conditionally combined into several groups. These are changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, ovaries (ovarian cycle), uterus, and primarily in its mucous membrane (uterine cycle). Along with this, cyclic shifts occur in throughout the body of a woman, known as the menstrual wave. They are expressed in periodic changes in the activity of the central nervous system, metabolic processes, the function of the cardiovascular system, thermoregulation, etc.
The cerebral cortex exercises a regulatory and corrective influence on the processes associated with the development of the menstrual function. Through the cerebral cortex, the external environment influences the underlying parts of the nervous system involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
The hypothalamus is a part of the diencephalon and is connected to various parts of the brain with the help of a number of nerve conductors (axons), due to which the central regulation of its activity is carried out. In addition, the hypothalamus contains receptors for all peripheral hormones, including ovarian (estrogens and progesterone). Thus, complex interactions take place in the hypothalamus between impulses entering the body from the environment through the central nervous system, on the one hand, and
the influence of the hormones of the peripheral glands of internal secretion - on the other.
Under the control of the hypothalamus is the activity of the brain appendage - the pituitary gland, in the anterior lobe of which gonadotropic hormones are released that affect ovarian function.
The controlling effect of the hypothalamus on the anterior pituitary gland is carried out through the secretion of neurohormones.
Neurohormones that stimulate the release of pituitary tropic hormones are called releasing factors or liberins. Along with this, there are also neurohormones that inhibit the release of tropic neurohormones, called statins.
The anterior pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LT) gonadotropins, as well as prolactin.
FSH stimulates the development and maturation of the follicle in one of the ovaries. Under the combined influence of FSH and LH, a mature follicle ruptures, or ovulation occurs. promotes the production of the hormone progesterone by the corpus luteum.
In the ovaries during the menstrual cycle, follicles grow and the egg matures, which as a result becomes ready for fertilization. At the same time, sex hormones are produced in the ovaries that provide changes in the uterine mucosa, which is able to accept the fertilized egg.
Sex hormones synthesized by the ovaries affect target tissues and organs by interacting with the corresponding receptors. Target tissues and organs include the genital organs, primarily the uterus, mammary glands, spongy bone, brain, endothelium and smooth muscle cells blood vessels, myocardium, skin and its appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous glands), etc.
Estrogen hormones contribute to the formation of genital organs, the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Androgens affect the appearance of pubic hair and in the armpits. Progesterone controls the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, prepares the endometrium for implantation. Sex hormones play an important role in the development of pregnancy and childbirth.
Cyclic changes in the ovaries include three main processes:
1) the growth of follicles and the formation of a dominant follicle (follicular phase);
2) ovulation;
3) formation, development and regression of the corpus luteum (luteal phase).
At the birth of a girl, there are 2 million follicles in the ovary, 99% of which undergo atresia throughout life. The atresia process refers to the reverse development of follicles at one of the stages of its development. By the time of menarche, the ovary contains about 200-400 thousand follicles, of which mature to the stage of ovulation 300-400.
It is customary to distinguish the following main stages of follicle development: primordial follicle, preantral follicle, antral follicle, preovulatory (dominant) follicle. The dominant follicle is the largest (by the time of ovulation 21 mm).
Ovulation is the rupture of the dominant follicle and the release of the egg from it. The thinning and rupture of the follicle wall occurs mainly under the influence of the collagenase enzyme.
After the release of the egg into the cavity of the follicle, the resulting capillaries quickly grow. Granulosa cells undergo luteinization: the volume of the cytoplasm increases and lipid inclusions are formed in them.
The corpus luteum is a transient endocrine gland that functions for 14 days, regardless of the length of the menstrual cycle. In the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum regresses.
The cyclic secretion of hormones in the ovary determines changes in the lining of the uterus. The endometrium consists of two layers: the basal layer, which is not shed during menstruation, and the functional one, which undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle and is shed during menstruation.
The following phases of endometrial changes during the cycle are distinguished:
1) phase of proliferation; 3) menstruation;
2) secretion phase; 4) regeneration phase
proliferation phase. As the secretion of estradiol by the growing ovarian follicles increases, the endometrium undergoes proliferative changes. The cells of the basal layer actively multiply. A new superficial loose layer with elongated tubular glands is formed. This layer quickly thickens 4-5 times. The tubular glands, lined with a cylindrical epithelium, lengthen.
secretion phase. In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, under the influence of progesterone, the tortuosity of the glands increases, and their lumen gradually expands. Stroma cells, increasing in volume, approach each other. The secretion of the glands increases. They acquire a sawtooth shape.
Menstruation. This is the rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium. The endocrine basis of the onset of menstruation is a pronounced decrease in the levels of progesterone and estradiol due to regression of the corpus luteum.
regeneration phase. Endometrial regeneration is observed from the very beginning of menstruation. By the end of the 24th hour of menstruation, 2/3 of the functional layer of the endometrium is rejected. The basal layer contains stromal epithelial cells, which are the basis for endometrial regeneration, which is usually completely completed by the 5th day of the cycle. In parallel, angiogenesis is completed with the restoration of the integrity of torn arterioles, veins and capillaries.
In the regulation of menstrual function, the implementation of the principle of the so-called feedback between the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland and the ovaries is of great importance. It is customary to consider two types of feedback: negative and positive.
With a negative type of feedback, the production of central neurohormones (releasing factors) and gonadotropins of the adenohypophysis is suppressed by ovarian hormones produced in large quantities. With a positive type of feedback, the production of releasing factors in the hypothalamus and gonadotropins in the pituitary gland is stimulated by a low blood level of ovarian hormones. The implementation of the principle of negative and positive feedback underlies the self-regulation of the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries system.
The female pelvis and pelvic floor.
The bone pelvis is of great importance in obstetrics. It is a container for the internal genital organs, rectum, bladder and surrounding tissues, and during childbirth forms the birth canal through which the fetus moves.
The pelvis is made up of four bones: two pelvic (nameless), sacrum and coccyx.
The pelvic bone consists of three bones: the ilium, pubic and ischium, connected to each other in the region of the acetabulum.
There are two sections of the pelvis: large pelvis and small pelvis. The border between them runs in front along the upper edge of the pubic articulation, from the sides along the innominate line, behind along the sacral promontory.
Large pelvis limited laterally by the wings of the ilium, behind - by the last lumbar vertebrae. In front, it does not have a bone wall. By the size of the large pelvis, which is quite easy to measure, they judge the shape and size of the small pelvis.
Small pelvis is the bony part of the birth canal. The shape and size of the small pelvis are of great importance during the birth act. With sharp degrees of narrowing of the pelvis and its deformities, childbirth through the birth canal becomes impossible, and the woman is delivered by caesarean section.
The posterior wall of the small pelvis consists of the sacrum and coccyx, the lateral ones are formed by the ischial bones, the anterior one - by the pubic bones and the symphysis. The back wall of the small pelvis is three times longer than the front.
In the pelvis, there are the following departments: entrance, cavity and exit. In the pelvic cavity, a wide and narrow part is distinguished. In accordance with this, four planes of the small pelvis are considered: 1) the plane of the entrance to the small pelvis; 2) the plane of the wide part of the small pelvis; 3) the plane of the narrow part of the small pelvis; 4) the plane of the exit of the pelvis.
The plane of the entrance to the pelvis has the following boundaries: in front - the upper edge of the symphysis and pubic bones, from the sides - nameless lines, behind - the sacral promontory. The entrance plane has a kidney-shaped shape. In the entrance plane, the following dimensions are distinguished: a straight line, which is a true conjugate of the small pelvis (11 cm), a transverse (13 cm) and two oblique (12 cm).
The plane of the wide part of the pelvic cavity limited in front by the middle of the inner surface of the symphysis, on the sides by the middle of the acetabulum, behind by the junction of II and III sacral vertebrae. In the wide part, two sizes are distinguished: straight (12.5 cm) and transverse (12.5 cm)
The plane of the narrow part of the pelvic cavity limited in front by the lower edge of the symphysis, laterally by the awns of the ischial bones, behind by the sacrococcygeal junction. There are also two sizes: straight (11 cm) and transverse (10.5 cm).
Pelvic exit plane has the following boundaries: in front - the lower edge of the symphysis, from the sides - ischial tubercles, behind - the coccyx. The pelvic exit plane consists of two triangular planes, the common base of which is the line connecting the ischial tuberosities. The direct size of the exit of the pelvis - from the top of the coccyx to the lower edge of the symphysis, due to the mobility of the coccyx when the fetus passes through the small pelvis, increases by 1.5 - 2 cm (9.5-11.5 cm). The transverse dimension is 11 cm.
The line connecting the midpoints of the direct dimensions of all planes of the pelvis is called wire axis of the pelvis, since it is along this line that the fetus passes through the birth canal during childbirth. The wire axis is curved according to the concavity of the sacrum.
The intersection of the plane of the entrance to the pelvis with the plane of the horizon forms pelvic tilt angle equal to 50-55'.
Differences in the structure of the female and male pelvis begin to appear during puberty and become pronounced in adulthood. The bones of the female pelvis are thinner, smoother, and less massive than the bones of the male pelvis. The plane of the entrance to the small pelvis in women has a transverse-oval shape, while in men it has the shape of a card heart (due to the strong protrusion of the cape).
Anatomically, the female pelvis is lower, wider and larger in volume. The pubic symphysis in the female pelvis is shorter than the male. The sacrum in women is wider, the sacral cavity is moderately concave. The pelvic cavity in women approaches the cylinder in outline, while in men it narrows downwards in a funnel-shaped manner. The pubic angle is wider (90-100') than in men (70-75'). The coccyx protrudes anteriorly less than in the male pelvis. The ischial bones in the female pelvis are parallel to each other, and converge in the male.
All of these features are very important in the process of childbirth.
Muscles of the pelvic floor.
The exit of the pelvis is closed from below by a powerful muscular-fascial layer, which is called pelvic floor.
In the formation of the pelvic floor, two diaphragms take part - the pelvic and urogenital.
pelvic diaphragm occupies the back of the perineum and has the form of a triangle, the top of which is facing the coccyx, and the corners - to the buttocks.
The superficial layer of the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm represented by an unpaired muscle - the external sphincter of the anus (m. sphincter ani externus). Deep bundles of this muscle start from the top of the coccyx, wrap around the anus and end in the tendon center of the perineum.
To the deep muscles of the pelvic diaphragm two muscles belong: the muscle that lifts the anus (m.levator ani) and the coccygeal muscle (m. coccygeus).
The muscle that lifts the anus is a steam room, triangular in shape, forms a funnel with a similar muscle of the other side, a wide part, turned upward and attached to the inner surface of the pelvic walls. The lower parts of both muscles, narrowing, cover the rectum in the form of a loop. This muscle consists of the pubic-coccygeal (m. pubococcygeus) and iliac-coccygeal muscles (m. iliococcygeus).
The coccygeal muscle in the form of a triangular plate is located on the inner surface of the sacrospinous ligament. With a narrow apex, it starts from the ischial spine, with a wide base it is attached to the lateral edges of the lower sacral and coccygeal vertebrae.
urogenital diaphragm-fascio-muscular plate, located in the anterior part of the pelvic floor between the lower branches of the pubic and ischial bones.
The muscles of the urogenital diaphragm are divided into superficial and deep.
To the surface include the superficial transverse perineal muscle, the ischiocavernosus muscle, and the bulbous-spongy muscle.
The superficial transverse muscle of the perineum (m.transversus perinei superficialis) is paired, unstable, sometimes may be absent on one or both sides. This muscle is a thin muscular plate located at the posterior edge of the urogenital diaphragm and running across the perineum. With its lateral end, it is attached to the ischium, with its medial part it crosses along the midline with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, partly weaving into the bulbous-spongy muscle, partly into the external muscle that compresses the anus.
The sciatic-cavernous muscle (m.ischiocavernosus) is a steam room that looks like a narrow muscular strip. It starts as a narrow tendon from the inner surface of the ischial tuberosity, bypasses the clitoral leg and is woven into its albuginea.
Bulbous spongy muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) - steam room, surrounds the entrance to the vagina, has the shape of an elongated oval. This muscle originates from the tendinous center of the perineum and the external sphincter of the anus and is attached to the dorsal surface of the clitoris, weaving into its albuginea.
To the deep The muscles of the urogenital diaphragm include the deep transverse perineal muscle and the sphincter of the urethra.
The deep transverse muscle of the perineum (m. transversus perinei profundus) is a paired, narrow muscle starting from the ischial tubercles. It goes to the midline, where it connects with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, participating in the formation of the tendon center of the perineum.
The sphincter of the urethra (m.sphincter urethrae) is a paired muscle, lies anterior to the previous one. Peripherally located bundles of this muscle are sent to the branches of the pubic bones and to the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. The bundles of this muscle surround the urethra. This muscle connects to the vagina.
In all world cultures, the function of reproduction, procreation, is considered one of the main ones. The male and female reproductive system has a different structure, but performs one task: to form germ cells - gametes, upon fusion of which at the time of fertilization, the development of the future human body will become possible. This article is devoted to the study of the structure and function of the female reproductive system.
General characteristics of the female reproductive organs
The female reproductive system includes external and internal genital organs, which are also called reproductive (reproducing).
The external ones, called the vulva, are visually expressed to a sufficient extent - these are the pubis, the labia majora and minor, the clitoris and the entrance to the vagina (vagina), closed by the elastic hymen, called the virgin. Let us study the external organs of the female reproductive system in more detail.
The structure of the pubis
The lower abdomen at the level of the pubic (pubic bone) forms the pubis. The bone itself, in an anatomically correct position, hangs over the entrance to the vagina and looks like an arch. Externally, the pubis has a roller-like shape, forming an elevation. A layer of fat forms under his skin. Outside, hair is formed on it. It has a clearly defined horizontal border. If a woman's body produces an excess amount of androgens - male sex hormones, the hairline increases and rises up at an acute angle to the navel. The pathology of pubic hair is a sign of sexual development.
Large and small labia
From the pubis to the anus there are two folds of skin - the labia majora, which have an outer hairline and a layer contained in them. In their connective tissue are the ducts of the Bartholin gland. It secretes a fluid that moisturizes the female genital organs. If hygiene is violated, harmful microorganisms penetrate into the tissues of the gland and cause inflammation in the form of painful seals.
Under the large ones are the small labia, densely braided with blood vessels and nerves. In their upper part there is an organ homologous to the male penis - the clitoris. Its growth is inhibited by the hormones of the female reproductive system - estrogens. The clitoris contains a large number of nerves and blood vessels, which means it is highly sensitive. If a girl or woman has a greatly enlarged clitoris, this can be a clear sign of hormonal pathology.
entrance to the vagina
To the vulva, in addition to the pubis, large and small labia, the clitoris includes the entrance to the vagina. At a distance of up to 2 centimeters from it, there is a hymen in depth. It consists of connective tissue and has several holes through which blood flows during menstruation.
Internal reproductive organs of a woman
These include the vagina (vagina), uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. All of them are located in the pelvic cavity. Their functions are the maturation and entry of fertilized female sex gamete-ovules into the uterine cavity. In it, the embryo will develop from the zygote.
The structure of the vagina
The vagina is an elastic tube made up of muscle and connective tissue. It is located from the genital slit towards the uterus and has a length of 8 to 10 cm. Located in the small pelvis, the vagina enters the cervix. It has an anterior and posterior walls, as well as a vault - the upper section of the vagina. The posterior fornix of the vagina is deeper than the anterior.
The vagina is located at an angle of 90 degrees to the surface of the uterus itself. Thus, the internal female genital organs, which include the vagina, are densely braided with arterial and venous vessels, as well as nerve fibers. The vagina is separated by a thin connective tissue wall from the bladder. It is called the vesico-vaginal septum. The lower part of the vaginal wall is posteriorly separated from the lower part of the large intestine by the perineal body.
Cervix: structure and functions
The vagina enters the canal, called the cervical, and the junction itself is the external pharynx. Its shape differs in women who have given birth and those who have not given birth: if the pharynx is punctate-oval, the uterus did not bear the fetus, and the appearance of the gap is typical for those who gave birth. The uterus itself is an unpaired hollow muscular organ, consisting of the body and neck and located in the small pelvis. Considering the structure of the female reproductive system and its functions, it becomes clear that it is responsible for the formation and development of the embryo, as well as for the process of pushing the fetus out as a result of labor. Let's return to the structure of its lower section - the neck. It is connected to the upper part of the vagina and has the shape of a cone (in nulliparous) or a cylinder. The vaginal area of the cervix is up to three centimeters long and is anatomically divided into anterior and posterior lips. The cervix and pharynx are transformed with the age of a woman.
Inside the cervix is the cervical canal, ending in the internal os. It is lined with secretory glands that secrete mucus. If its excretion is disturbed, blockage and the formation of cysts can occur. Mucus has bactericidal properties and prevents infection of the uterine cavity. 4-6 days before the release of the egg from the ovary, the mucus becomes less concentrated, so spermatozoa can easily penetrate through it into the uterus, and from there into the fallopian tubes.
After ovulation, the cervical secret increases its concentration, and its pH decreases from neutral to acidic. The pregnant woman is closed with a clot of cervical mucus in the neck area. During the menstrual period, the cervical canal opens slightly so that the torn off layer of the endometrium can come out. This may be accompanied by aching pain in the lower abdomen. During labor, the cervical canal can open up to 10 cm in diameter. This contributes to the birth of a child.
Among the most common diseases of the cervix can be called its erosion. It appears as a result of damage to the mucous layer caused by infections or injuries (abortions, complicated childbirth). In time, unrevealed and untreated erosion can cause inflammatory processes and even cancer.
Fallopian tubes
The fallopian tubes, also called oviducts or fallopian tubes, are 2 elastic tubes located in the abdominal cavity and entering the bottom of the uterus. The free edge of the oviduct has fimbriae. Their beating ensures the advancement of the egg that has left the ovary into the lumen of the tube itself. The length of each oviduct is from 10 to 12 cm. It is divided into sections: a funnel, which has an extension and is equipped with fimbriae, an ampulla, an isthmus, a part of the canal that enters the uterine wall. For the normal development of pregnancy, a condition such as complete patency of the oviducts is necessary, otherwise the woman will experience infertility. The most common pathologies of the fallopian tubes are adhesions, salpingitis and hydrosalpinx.
All of these diseases cause tubal infertility. They are complications of chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, causing narrowing of the lumen of the fallopian tubes. Frequent abortions can provoke the appearance of adhesions that are located across the tube. Hormonal disorders cause a decrease in the mobility of the ciliary epithelium lining the oviducts, which leads to a deterioration in the motor properties of the egg.
The most dangerous complication resulting from tubal pathologies is an ectopic pregnancy. In this case, the zygote stops in the oviduct before reaching the uterus. It begins to break up and grow, stretching the pipe wall, which eventually bursts. This results in severe internal bleeding that is life threatening.
Ovaries in women
They are a paired sex gland and have a mass of 6-8 grams. The ovaries are The production of sex hormones - estrogens, controlled by the pituitary and hypothalamus - is an intrasecretory function. As glands of external secretion, they form sex cells - gametes called eggs. The biochemical composition and mechanism of action of estrogens will be studied by us later. Let us return to the structure of the female gonads - the ovaries. It should be borne in mind that the structure of the female reproductive system (as well as the male one) is directly related to the urinary system.
It is from the mesonephros (primary kidney) that the stroma of the female gonads develops. The precursors of the oocytes are oogonia, which are formed from the mesenchyme. The ovary has a protein membrane, and under it there are two layers: cortical and cerebral. The first layer contains follicles, which, maturing, form oocytes of the I and I I order, and then mature eggs. The medulla of the gland consists of connective tissue and performs a supporting and trophic function. It is in the ovaries that ovogenesis occurs - the process of reproduction, growth and maturation of female sex gametes - eggs.
The specifics of a woman
The structure of the reproductive system of the female and male individuals is controlled by special biologically active substances - hormones. They are produced by the sex glands: the testes in men and the ovaries in women. Entering the bloodstream, they target both the development of the reproductive organs and the formation of secondary sexual characteristics: body hair, development of the mammary glands, voice pitch and timbre. The development of the female reproductive system occurs under the influence of estradiol and its derivatives: estriol and estrone. They are produced by special cells of the ovary - follicles. Female hormones - estrogens lead to an increase in the volume and size of the uterus, as well as to muscle contractions of the fallopian tubes and the uterus itself, that is, the reproductive organ is being prepared for the adoption of the zygote.
The corpus luteum of the uterus produces progesterone - a hormone that stimulates the development of a child's place - the placenta, as well as an increase in the glandular epithelium of the mammary glands during pregnancy. Violation of the hormonal background of the female body leads to diseases such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, polycystic.
Anatomical features of the female uterus
The reproductive system of the female body is composed of a unique organ in structure and function. It is located in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and rectum and has a cavity. This organ is called the uterus. To understand the mechanism of fertilization, remember that the genital organs - the ovaries in women - are connected with the fallopian tubes. The egg, entering the oviduct, then penetrates the uterus, which serves as the organ responsible for the development of the embryo (embryogenesis). It consists of three parts: the neck, which was studied earlier, as well as the body and bottom. The body of the uterus looks like an inverted pear, the expanded part of which includes two fallopian tubes.
The reproductive organ is covered with a connective tissue membrane and has two layers: muscular (myometrium) and mucous (endometrium). The latter is built from cells of squamous and cylindrical epithelium. The endometrium changes the thickness of its layer: during ovulation, it thickens, and if fertilization does not occur, this layer is torn off along with a portion of blood from the walls of the uterus - menstruation occurs. During pregnancy, the volume and increase greatly (about 8-10 times). In the cavity of the small pelvis, the uterus is suspended on three ligaments and braided with a dense network of nerves and blood vessels. Its main function is the development and nutrition of the embryo and fetus until the moment of physiological birth.
Pathology of the uterus
The structure of the female reproductive system may not always be ideal and properly functioning. One of the pathologies of the reproductive system associated with the structure of the genital organ can be a bicornuate uterus. It has two bodies, each connected to one oviduct. If the pathology of the female reproductive system concerns the structure of the endometrium, they speak of hypoplasia and aplasia of the uterus. The consequence of all the above pathologies is the termination of pregnancy or infertility.
In this article, the anatomical and physiological features of the female reproductive system were studied.
According to statistics, almost every second woman does not have enough knowledge about her intimate area. This is a rather sad fact, because, according to all the same statistics, it is the lack of awareness that often prevents a woman from enjoying intimacy.
Meanwhile, this body is able to give a woman an unforgettable experience, if you know how to use it correctly. Therefore, below are the most interesting facts regarding the erotic female anatomy.
Fact 1. The vagina is far from the whole intimate area
The intimate zone is commonly referred to as the female external genitalia. This term is much broader. The intimate zone is a channel that runs along the entire body, starting from the external genitalia and ending with the cervix. The intimate zone, in addition to the vagina, includes the clitoris, urethra, labia majora and labia minora, perineum, cervix, bladder, anus, uterus, and ovaries.
Fact 2. The vagina is very elastic and has folded walls
Yes, the vagina is so elastic that it can wrap around a giant-sized penis, and after sex narrow down again to its previous size. The female body has a wonderful feature - it adapts to the size and shape of the current lover.
Most of the time, the walls of the intimate zone are quite close to each other. But when necessary, it opens like an umbrella. And during childbirth, the vagina is generally able to open to a width of 10 cm or even more.
However, after giving birth, some women complain that their vagina has lost some of its elasticity. Regular Kegel exercises help to cope with this problem.
Fact 3. Vaginas of different women are very similar
True, this applies only to the inside of the vagina, but the vulva of every woman is unique. Large labia may not be noticeable at all, but may reach several centimeters in size. Small lips, shaped like butterfly wings, may be hidden, or may hang down even below the large lips. In most women, the labia is asymmetrical. This is a completely normal phenomenon and in no case should embarrass a woman. The size of the clitoris for each woman is also different. On average, it is usually 2-3 cm.
By the way, the sensitivity of the clitoris and labia of each woman is also different. It may be higher on the left or on the right. You can find out which side is more sensitive by experimentation.
Fact 4. The inside of the vagina is filled with bacteria
Do not be afraid, since most of these bacteria are vital for a woman. Thanks to them, women's health is supported, as bacteria protect the vagina from infections. 
Fact 5. The vagina is capable of self-cleaning
Truly amazing self-cleaning ability. A woman does not need to try to rinse hard-to-reach intimate areas under the shower or in another way. Thanks to daily secretions, the body cleanses itself from the inside itself. The secretions wash away all unnecessary bacteria, water and dirt from the walls of the vagina, and naturally remove them from the body.
So the only thing a woman needs to take care of is the hygiene of the surrounding areas. For this purpose, it is better to use special gels for intimate hygiene, as ordinary soap can damage the natural balance and cause irritation.
Fact 6. The vagina has a peculiar smell
Before menstruation, the vagina has a sour smell, and after they are over, it is pungent. The smell can become more pronounced during sex (due to the release of natural lubrication), or during sports (due to sweat).
Fact 7. For every woman, the intimate area is different in color from other parts of the body
In many women with fair skin, the intimate area has a lilac or brownish tint. But in dark-skinned people, the intimate zone is often lighter than their body. In addition, in different places the intimate area can be colored differently. For example, the perineum may be a pale pink color and the labia may be dark.
Fact 8. The structure of secretions changes throughout the cycle
For example, during ovulation, the discharge is more abundant, has a liquid and transparent structure. And before menstruation, they thicken and become creamy. If a woman noticed curd-like discharge and itching in the perineum, an urgent need to contact a gynecologist.
Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:
The female reproductive organs include the ovaries and their appendages, the uterus and fallopian tubes, the vagina, the clitoris, and the female genital area. Depending on the position, they are divided into internal and external. The female genital organs perform not only a reproductive function, but also participate in the formation of female sex hormones.
Rice. The structure of the female reproductive system and adjacent organs, side view.
1 - vagina; 2 - cervix; 3 - the body of the uterus; 4 - fallopian tube; 5 - funnel of the fallopian tube; 6 - ovary; 7 - urethra; 8 - bladder; 9 - rectum; 10 - pubic bone.
Internal female reproductive organs.
Ovary - steam female sex gland, located in the pelvic area. The mass of the ovary is 5-8 g; the length is 2.5-5.5 cm, the width is 1.5-3.0 cm, and the thickness is up to 2 cm. The ovary is ovoid in shape, somewhat compressed in the anteroposterior direction. With the help of its own and suspension ligaments, it is fixed on both sides of the uterus. The peritoneum also participates in fixation, which forms the mesentery (duplication) of the ovary and attaches it to the broad ligament of the uterus. In the ovary, two free surfaces are distinguished: medial, directed into the cavity of the small pelvis, and lateral, adjacent to the wall of the small pelvis. The surfaces of the ovary pass behind into a convex free (posterior) edge, in front - into the mesenteric edge, to which the mesentery of the ovary is attached.
In the region of the mesenteric edge there is a depression - gate of the ovary through which blood vessels and nerves enter and exit. In the ovary, the upper tubal end is distinguished, which is turned towards the fallopian tube, and the lower uterine end, connected to the uterus by its own ligament of the ovary. This ligament is located between the two layers of the broad ligament of the uterus. The largest fimbria of the fallopian tube is attached to the tubal end of the ovary.
The ovaries are included in the group of mobile organs, their topography depends on the position of the uterus, its size.
The surface of the ovary is covered with a single layer of germinal epithelium, under which lies a dense connective tissue albuginea. The internal substance (parenchyma) is divided into outer and inner layers. The outer layer of the ovary is called the cortex. It contains a large number of follicles containing eggs. Among them are vesicular (mature) follicles (graafian vesicles) and maturing primary follicles. A mature follicle can be 0.5-1.0 cm in size; covered with a connective tissue membrane, consisting of an outer and inner layer.
Adjacent to the inner layer is a granular, forming an egg-bearing mound, in which the egg is located - oocyte. Inside the mature follicle there is a cavity containing follicular fluid. As the ovarian follicle matures, it gradually reaches the surface of the organ. Usually only one follicle develops within 28-30 days. With its proteolytic enzymes, it destroys the protein membrane of the ovary and, bursting, releases the egg. This process is called ovulation. Then the egg enters the peritoneal cavity, on the fimbriae of the tube and further into the peritoneal opening of the fallopian tube. In place of the bursting follicle, a depression remains in which the corpus luteum is formed. It produces hormones (lutein, progesterone) that inhibit the development of new follicles. If fertilization of the egg does not occur, the corpus luteum will atrophy and crumble. After atrophy of the corpus luteum, new follicles begin to mature again. In the case of fertilization of the egg, the corpus luteum grows rapidly and exists throughout pregnancy, performing an intrasecretory function. Further, it is replaced by connective tissue and turns into a whitish body. In place of bursting follicles, traces remain on the surface of the ovary in the form of depressions and folds, the number of which increases with age.
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The bubbles visible on the surface were recognized as an accumulation of obscure energy, a sort of similarity to an unlit candle or tinder. The ancient Egyptians managed to quickly remove the ovaries, creating a kind of eunuch from a woman who never becomes pregnant.
K. M. Baer, the future Petersburg academician, was famous for his absent-mindedness, which, however, did not prevent him from making a great discovery with the help of a microscope. It is quite possible to understand his shock when, in 1827, he discovered the first (!) Egg cell seen by a person. That is why it is rightly inscribed on the medal knocked out in his honor: "Beginning with an egg, he showed man to man."
Uterus
uterus (uterus) - a hollow unpaired organ in which the development of the embryo and the bearing of the fetus occur. It distinguishes bottom- top part, body- middle section and neck- the lower narrowed part. The narrowed transition of the uterine body to the cervix is called isthmus of the uterus. The lower part of the cervix, which enters the vaginal cavity, is called vaginal part of the cervix, and the upper one, lying above the vagina, - supravaginal part. The opening of the uterus is limited by the anterior and posterior lips. The posterior lip is thinner than the anterior. The uterus has an anterior and a posterior surface. The anterior surface of the uterus faces the bladder and is called the bladder, the back, facing the rectum, is called the intestinal.
The size of the uterus and its weight vary. The length of the uterus in an adult woman is on average 7-8 cm, and the thickness is 2-3 cm. The mass of the uterus in a nulliparous woman ranges from 40 to 50 g, in lice it reaches 80-90 g. . It is located in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the bladder.
The uterus is fixed with the help of the left and right wide ligaments, consisting of two layers of the peritoneum (anterior and posterior). The area of the broad ligament of the uterus adjacent to the ovary is called the mesentery of the ovary. The uterus is also held by the round ligament and the cardinal ligaments of the uterus.
The wall of the uterus consists of three layers. The surface layer is represented serous membrane (perimetry) and covers almost the entire uterus; average - muscular layer (myometrium), formed by the inner and outer longitudinal and middle circular layers; internal - mucous membrane (endometrium) covered with a single layer of prismatic ciliated epithelium. Under the peritoneum around the cervix is located parauterine tissue - parametrium.
The uterus largely has mobility, which depends on the position of neighboring organs.
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Plato was sure that “in women, that part of them that is called the uterus, or womb, is nothing more than a beast that has settled inside them, full of childbearing lust. When this beast is in the pore, and there is no chance for him to conceive, he comes in, prowls all over the body, constricts the respiratory tract and does not allow the woman to breathe, leading to the last extreme and to all kinds of ailments, until finally female lust and male eros bring the couple together and take the harvest from the trees.
Medical workers of distant antiquity did not doubt the ability of the uterus to repeatedly move through the body, just like a mad animal, for a considerable distance from the vagina to the xiphoid process of the sternum. At the same time, the unfortunate woman herself can lose her voice, hallucinate and convulse. That is why, as they believed, this leads to the emergence of a condition called (based on the Greek name for the organ - hystera) hysteria. In order to stop this, the genitals were smeared with expensive incense. They put ice on the area, operated on the clitoris. At the same time, it was prescribed to take substances of a disgusting taste (tar, beer thick) inside. The meaning of the actions was seen in the fact that the uterus, "turned away" in this way from the upper part of the body, will inevitably return to the lower, that is, to its original place.
Fallopian (fallopian) tube (tuba uterina) - paired tubular organ 10-12 cm long, 2-4 mm in diameter; promotes the passage of the egg from the ovary to the uterine cavity. The fallopian tubes are located on both sides of the bottom of the uterus, with a narrow end they open into the uterine cavity, and with an expanded one - into the peritoneal cavity. Thus, through the fallopian tubes, the peritoneal cavity is connected to the uterine cavity.
In the fallopian tube, a funnel, an ampulla, an isthmus and a uterine part are distinguished. The funnel has a ventral opening of the tube, which ends in long narrow fringes. The funnel is followed by an ampulla of the fallopian tube, then - its narrow part - isthmus. The latter passes into the uterine part, which opens into the uterine cavity through the uterine opening of the tube.
The wall of the fallopian tube consists of a mucous membrane covered with a single layer of prismatic ciliated epithelium, a muscular membrane with an inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle cells and a serous membrane.
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At the end of the tube, which is next to the ovary, fringes are visible to the naked eye. For a long time they were considered downright having their own desires and abilities. One of them is allegedly curious, the other is "somewhat confused", the third looks like a "hunter". But all these names, I confess, are not from anatomical, but from fiction.
- an unpaired hollow organ in the form of a tube 8-10 cm long, the wall thickness is 3 mm. With its upper end it covers the cervix, and with its lower end through the urogenital diaphragm of the pelvis it opens into the vestibule with a vaginal opening. This hole in a virgin is closed by the hymen, which is a semilunar or perforated plate, which is torn during intercourse, and its flaps then atrophy. In front of the vagina are the bladder and urethra, behind - the rectum, with which it fuses with loose and dense connective tissue.
Rice. The structure of the female reproductive system, front view.
1 - vagina; 2 - cervix; 3 - the body of the uterus; 4 - uterine cavity; 5 - fallopian tube; 6 - funnel of the fallopian tube; 7 - ovary; 8 - maturing egg
In the vagina, the anterior and posterior walls are isolated, which are connected to each other. Covering the vaginal part of the cervix, they form a domed depression around it - vaginal fornix.
The vaginal wall is made up of three layers. outdoor - adventitial- the shell is represented by loose connective tissue with elements of muscle and elastic fibers; average - muscular- predominantly longitudinally oriented beams, as well as beams of the circulation direction. In the upper part, the muscular membrane passes into the muscles of the uterus, and below it becomes stronger and its bundles are woven into the muscles of the perineum. The inner mucosa is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and forms numerous transverse vaginal folds. On the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina, the folds become higher, forming longitudinal columns of folds.
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"The mouth of the female trap" was the name of that terrible image that entered literature and mythology under the name vagina dentata - a vagina with teeth. In Ecuador, the Kayapa Indians were convinced that the vagina could even "eat" the penis. The corresponding concept is very well known among psychoanalysts, in the fantasies of their patients, it happens that this aggressive organ, capable of killing or castrating, appears.
Of course, there are no teeth in this area, but for those who have not had sexual intercourse at the beginning of the vagina, there is (almost everyone) a hymen. The latter is an anatomically unremarkable connective tissue membrane, very abundantly supplied with nerve endings.
Pleva is accompanied by a whole collection of beautiful and poetic metaphors: "girl's patch", "patch", "seal of virginity", "guard", "chastity valve", "chastity belt", "virginity flower". The botanical assortment was also very diverse. His list includes a tender lily, a rose that tends to crumble (evidence of short duration), an orange flower, May hawthorn flowers, lavender (in Christianity it is a symbol of the Virgin Mary), a daisy. The image of strawberries informed about virginity and purity in Western European art. She was placed on coats of arms and on raincoats.
Such imagery as "closed well", "sealed fountain", "bell" were also used. An elusive, graceful doe was recognized as an attribute of virginity of the Olympic goddess Artemis (Diana). The warrior maiden Athena was also immaculate.
Virginity was endowed not only with sonorous terms, but also a special power was attributed to those who possessed it. As a result, among some peoples, only those who did not have sexual relations could perform certain actions. According to the views of the medieval church fathers, a virgin cannot be possessed by the devil. At one time, this conviction made it necessary to conduct an appropriate study with the captured Joan of Arc. The virgin warriors lost their fighting courage after sexual intercourse. But the ancient Slavic men did not attach any importance to virginity. And not only them.
oogenesis - the process of development of female germ cells in the ovary. Primary female sex cells (oogonia) begin to develop in the first months of intrauterine development. The oogonia then turn into oocytes. By the time of birth, about 2 million oocytes are in the ovary of girls, which turn into first order oocytes. However, even among them there is an intensive process of atresia, which significantly reduces their number. Before the onset of puberty, about 500,000 oocytes remain, capable of further division. The oocytes then develop into primordial follicles and then in primordial follicles. secondary follicles appear only after reaching puberty.
In manuals on sexology, you can read,
that, thanks to the significant muscles of the walls of the vagina, a woman is able to "shoot" the introduced object, suck in air and even let it out with a whistle. But the fact that snakes are not found in the vagina (according to the beliefs of some peoples), as well as the fact that its walls suck up the seed and deliver it to the ovaries, that's for sure.
The secondary follicle continues to grow and becomes mature (Graaffian vial). The follicle then ruptures and egg enters the peritoneal cavity. This process is called ovulation.
External female genital organs.
They are located in the anterior perineum in the urogenital triangle and include the female genital area and clitoris.
The female genital area includes the pubis, labia majora and labia minora, vaginal vestibule, vestibule glands major and minor, and vestibule bulb.
Rice Female external genitalia:
1- pubis; 2- front commissure of the lips; 3- the foreskin of the clitoris; 4 - head of the clitoris; 5- large labia; 6- paraurethral ducts; 7- labia minora; 8 - duct of the large gland of the vestibule; 9- frenulum of the labia; 10 - back commissure of the lips; 11 - anus; 12 - perineum; 13 - fossa of the vestibule of the vagina; 14 - hymen; 15- opening of the vagina; 16 - the vestibule of the vagina; 17 - external opening of the urethra (urethra); 18 - frenulum of the clitoris
The pubis at the top is separated from the abdomen by the pubic groove, and from the hips by the hip grooves. It is covered with hair that extends to the labia majora. The subcutaneous fat layer is well developed in the pubic area.
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In reality, the external female genital organs are represented by a crowned fat and pubic hair. In textbooks, the name "Hill of Venus" is retained for this area. Love and fertility have always been the prerogative of this goddess. It is less known that in some places she was considered "low", patronizing the excitation of desires and the satisfaction of passion. She also had the nickname "Genitelis", which clearly indicates her patronage of the genitals.
The purpose of pubic hair is seen not in thermal protection, because there is so much fat here, but in the preservation of olfactory stimuli that attract, even enchant some. According to Slavic mythology, the appearance of the female genitalia gave reason to call them "marten", "sable", "ermine", "bush". Hence the custom that took place to spend the first night in the sheepfold for young people. Ermine, in particular, was named because, according to legend, this beast died if its white skin got dirty. In ancient portraits, the ermine symbolized purity.
Very long pubic hair once gave the Tungus the right to divorce their wives. However, the complete absence of vegetation here for some reason was evidence of infertility. Coloring this hair in the most intricate colors (for example, bright red) was not ruled out.
Large labia they are a rounded paired skin fold 7-8 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. They limit the genital gap from the sides. Between themselves, the large labia are connected by an anterior and posterior commissure. The skin covering the labia majora contains many sebaceous and sweat glands.
Between the labia majora is another pair of skin folds - small labia. Their anterior ends cover the clitoris, form the foreskin and frenulum of the clitoris, and the posterior ends, joined together, form a transverse fold - frenulum of the labia. The space between the labia minora is called the vestibule of the vagina. It contains the external opening of the urethra and the opening of the vagina.
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In some areas of Tropical Africa, the large labia were sewn up in girls in order to better preserve their virginity. For the same purpose, a ring was threaded through them. In Europe (in the 16th century) they came up with the idea of using special belts made of iron and wire, locked with locks. Allegedly invented such a tyrant of Padua Francesco II. The knight going on a campaign took one key from his wife's belt with him, and handed the other to the priest. But after all, if you wish, you can find a master key to any lock.
Clitoris is a homologue of the cavernous bodies of the male penis and consists of paired cavernous bodies. It distinguishes the body
head and legs attached to the lower branches of the pubic bones. In front, the body of the clitoris narrows and ends with a head. The clitoris has a dense albuginea and is covered with skin rich in sensory nerve endings.
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The Chinese considered a large clitoris a deformity, something so suspicious that they endowed the said organ with the ability to grow cyclically with the moon and reach the size of a penis.
The erection of the clitoris, which was very abundantly supplied with nerve endings, gave reason to equate it in this state with the protruding tongue of the formidable and destructive goddess Kali (from Hindu mythology). We are more aware that the clitoris is the main center of orgasm induction, the "organ of pleasure."
In some tribes of Tropical Africa, in the southern regions of the Arabian Peninsula, in Malaysia and Indonesia, Australia and Oceania, in girls who have reached puberty, the clitoris is sometimes cut off to weaken sexual desire, as well as for hygienic reasons. According to men, a wife who has not gone through such an operation cannot be a respectable, well-mannered and obedient wife. Often the same fate befalls small and even partially large labia, which is called "Pharaoh's circumcision."
One should not exclude in this action the occasion to symbolize the departure from childhood, the entry into maturity. And this, as in similar cases with boys undergoing circumcision, requires significant volitional efforts to overcome the pain.
Such a crippling effect was thought up, it seems, by the Egyptians two or three hundred years before our era. The fact that after this a nervous breakdown may occur, sexual coldness may develop, difficulty in childbirth may follow, is usually not taken into account. As the French ethnologist B. Olya writes, “the physiological effect of the operation is complemented by its mental consequences. Usually, the circumcision of the clitoris occurs just before the onset of puberty, and the girl retains a terrible memory of this. It will be difficult for her to understand that that part of her body that has just was the source of such great misfortunes, can become a source of pleasures.
Crotch - a complex of soft tissues (skin, muscles, fascia) that close the entrance from the pelvic cavity. It occupies an area bounded in front by the lower edge of the pubic symphysis, behind - by the tip of the coccyx, and on the sides - by the lower branches of the pubic and ischial bones and ischial tubercles. The line connecting the ischial tubercles divides the perineum into two triangles: the anterior-upper part is called the genitourinary, and the lower-posterior part is the anal region. Within the urogenital region is the urogenital diaphragm, and in the anus is the pelvic diaphragm.
urogenital diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm are a muscular-fascial plate formed by two layers of muscles (superficial and deep) and fascia.
The superficial muscles of the urogenital diaphragm include the superficial transverse perineal, ischiocavernosus, and bulbospongiosus muscles. The deep muscles of the urogenital diaphragm include the deep transverse perineal muscle and the urethral sphincter.
The diaphragm of the pelvis includes the surface layer of muscles, which is represented by an unpaired muscle - external anal sphincter. When contracted, it compresses (closes) the opening of the anus. The deep muscles of the pelvic diaphragm include two muscles that form the posterior section of the bottom of the pelvic cavity: the muscle that lifts the anus and the coccygeal.
Inside, the pelvic floor is covered by the superior fascia of the pelvis, from below the perineum is covered by the superficial subcutaneous fascia and the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.
The muscles of the urogenital diaphragm lie between the upper and lower fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm lie between the upper and lower fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.
The female crotch is different from the male. The urogenital diaphragm in women is wide; the urethra and vagina pass through it; the muscles are somewhat weaker than in men, and the fasciae, on the contrary, are stronger. The muscle bundles of the urethra also cover the wall of the vagina. The tendinous center of the perineum is located between the vagina and the anus, consists of tendon and elastic fibers.
In the perineal region, on the sides of the anus, there is a paired depression called the ischiorectal fossa. This fossa is filled with fatty tissue and acts as an elastic elastic pillow.
FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS.
1. Internal female genital organs.
2. External female genital organs.
3. The structure of the sexual cycle of a woman.
PURPOSE: To know the topography, structure and functions of the internal female genital organs: ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, vagina and external genitalia: female genital area and clitoris.
Be able to show on posters and tablets the internal and external female genital organs and their individual parts.
Represent the physiological mechanisms of the processes of ovulation, menstruation, the structure of the female sexual cycle.
1. Female reproductive organs are used for the growth and maturation of female germ cells (eggs), gestation and the formation of female sex hormones. According to their position, the female genital organs are divided into internal (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina) and external (female genital area and clitoris). The branch of medicine that studies the characteristics of the female body and diseases associated with a violation of the activity of the genital organs is called gynecology (Greek qyne, qynaikos - woman).
Ovary (ovarium; Greek oophoron) is a paired gonad that produces female sex cells and hormones. It has the shape of a flattened oval body 2.5-5.5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, up to 2 cm thick. pelvis, and lateral, adjacent to the wall of the small pelvis, as well as the upper tubal and lower uterine ends, the free (posterior) and mesenteric (anterior) edges.
The ovary is located vertically in the pelvic cavity on both sides of the uterus and is attached to the posterior leaf of the broad ligament of the uterus through a small fold of the peritoneum - the mesentery. In the region of this region, vessels and nerves enter the ovary, therefore it is called the gate of the ovary. One of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube is attached to the tubal end of the ovary. From the uterine end of the ovary to the uterus goes its own ligament of the ovary.
The ovary is not covered by the peritoneum; on the outside there is a single-layer cubic epithelium, under which lies a dense connective tissue albuginea. This ovarian tissue forms its stroma. The substance of the ovary, its parenchyma, is divided into two layers: the outer, more dense, - the cortical substance and the inner - the medulla. In the medulla, which lies in the center of the ovary, closer to its gates, numerous vessels and nerves are located in the loose connective tissue. In addition to the connective tissue, the cortical substance located outside contains a large number of primary (primordial) ovarian follicles, in which germinal eggs are located. In a newborn, the cortex contains up to 800,000 primary ovarian follicles (in both ovaries). After birth, these follicles reverse development and resorption, and by the onset of puberty (13-14 years), 10,000 of them remain in each ovary. During this period, the egg cells begin to mature in turn. Primary follicles turn into mature follicles - Graafian vesicles. The cells of the walls of a maturing follicle perform an endocrine function: they produce and secrete into the blood the female sex hormone - estrogen (estradiol), which promotes the maturation of follicles and the development of the menstrual cycle.
The cavity of a mature follicle is filled with fluid, inside which an ovum is located on the oviduct. Regularly after 28 days, another mature follicle ruptures, and with the flow of fluid, the egg enters the peritoneal cavity, then into the fallopian tube, where it matures. The rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the egg from the ovary is called ovulation. A corpus luteum forms at the site of the ruptured follicle. It plays the role of an endocrine gland: it produces the hormone progesterone, which ensures the development of the embryo. There are menstrual (cyclic) corpus luteum and corpus luteum of pregnancy. The first is formed if the fertilization of the egg does not occur, it functions for about two weeks. The second is formed at the onset of fertilization and functions for a long time (throughout the entire pregnancy). After atrophy of the corpus luteum, a connective tissue scar remains in its place - a whitish body.
Another process in a woman's body is associated with ovulation - menstruation: periodic discharge from the uterus of blood, mucus and cellular detritus (decay products of dead tissues), which are observed in a sexually mature non-pregnant woman after about 4 weeks. Menstruation begins at the age of 13-14 and lasts 3-5 days. Ovulation precedes menstruation by 14 days, i.e. it occurs in the middle between two periods. By the age of 45-50, a woman has a menopause (menopause), during which the processes of ovulation and menstruation stop and menopause occurs. Before the onset of menopause, women have time to mature from 400 to 500 eggs, the rest die, and their follicles undergo reverse development.
The uterus (uterus; Greek metra) is an unpaired hollow muscular organ designed for the development and bearing of the fetus during pregnancy and its excretion during childbirth. It is located in the cavity of the small pelvis between the bladder in front and the rectum in the back, has a pear-shaped shape. It distinguishes: the bottom, facing up and anteriorly, the body - the middle part and the neck facing down. The place of transition of the body of the uterus into the cervix is narrowed (isthmus of the uterus). In the body of the uterus there is a cavity, which communicates with the fallopian tubes from the bottom side, and in the cervical region passes into the cervical canal. The cervical canal opens with a hole in the vagina. The length of the uterus in an adult woman is 7-8 cm, the width is 4 cm, the thickness is 2-3 cm, the weight in nulliparous women is 40-50 g, in those who have given birth up to 80-90 g, the volume of the cavity is 4- 6 cm3.
The wall of the uterus is notable for its considerable thickness and consists of three membranes (layers):
1) internal - mucous, or endometrium; 2) middle - smooth muscle, or myometrium;
3) external - serous, or perimetry. Around the cervix, under the peritoneum, there is periuterine fiber - parametrium.
The mucous membrane (endometrium) forms the inner layer of the uterine wall, its thickness is up to 3 mm. It is covered with a single layer of cylindrical epithelium and contains the uterine glands. The muscular membrane (myometrium) is the most powerful, built from smooth muscle tissue, consists of inner and outer oblique and middle circular (circular) layers, which are intertwined with each other. Contains a large number of blood vessels. Serous membrane (perimetry) - the peritoneum covers the entire uterus, with the exception of part of the cervix. The uterus has a ligamentous apparatus, with the help of which it is suspended and fixed in a curved position, as a result of which its body is tilted above the anterior surface of the bladder. The composition of the ligamentous apparatus includes the following paired ligaments: wide, round ligaments of the uterus, recto-uterine and sacro-uterine.
The uterine (fallopian) tube, or oviduct (tuba uterina; Greek salpinx), is a paired tubular formation 10-12 cm long, through which the egg is released into the uterus. In the fallopian tube, the fertilization of the egg and the initial stages of embryo development take place. Pipe clearance 2 - 4 mm. It is located in the pelvic cavity on the side of the uterus in the upper part of the broad ligament. One end of the fallopian tube is connected to the uterus, the other is expanded into a funnel and faces the ovary. In the fallopian tube, 4 parts are distinguished: 1) the uterine, which is enclosed in the thickness of the uterine wall; 2) the isthmus is the narrowest and thickest part of the tube, which is located between the sheets of the broad ligament of the uterus; 3) the ampulla, which accounts for half the length of the entire uterine pipes; 4) a funnel that ends with long and narrow fringes of the pipe.
Through the openings of the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, the peritoneal cavity in women communicates with the external environment, therefore, if hygiene conditions are not observed, infection may enter the internal genital organs and the peritoneal cavity.
The wall of the fallopian tube is formed by: 1) a mucous membrane covered with a single-layer cylindrical ciliated epithelium; 2) a smooth muscle membrane, represented by the outer longitudinal and inner circular (circular) layers; 3) a serous membrane - a part of the peritoneum that forms the broad ligament of the uterus.
The vagina (vagina; Greek colpos) is the organ of copulation. It is an extensible muscular-fibrous tube 8-10 cm long, with a wall thickness of 3 mm. The upper end of the vagina starts from the cervix, goes down, penetrates the urogenital diaphragm and the lower end opens into the vestibule with a vaginal opening. In girls, the opening of the vagina is closed by the hymen (gymen), the place of attachment of which delimits the vestibule from the vagina. The hymen attaches a semilunar or perforated plate of the mucous membrane. During the first intercourse, the hymen ruptures and its remnants form hymen flaps. Rupture (defloration) is accompanied by slight bleeding.
In front of the vagina are the bladder and urethra, and behind the rectum. The vaginal wall consists of three membranes: 1) outer - adventitious, from loose connective tissue containing a large number of elastic fibers; 2) middle - smooth muscle, from longitudinally oriented bundles of muscle cells, as well as bundles having a circular direction; 3) internal - mucous covered with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and devoid of glands. The cells of the surface layer of the epithelium of the mucous membrane are rich in glycogen, which, under the influence of microbes living in the vagina, breaks down to form lactic acid. This gives the vaginal mucus an acidic reaction and determines its bactericidal activity against pathogenic microbes.
Inflammation of the ovary - oophoritis, uterine mucosa - endometritis, fallopian tube - salpingitis, vagina - vaginitis (colpitis).
2. The external female genital organs are located in the anterior perineum in the area of the genitourinary triangle and include the female genital area and the clitoris.
The female genital area includes the pubis, large and small labia, the vestibule of the vagina, the large, small glands of the vestibule and the bulb of the vestibule.
1) The pubis (mons pubis) at the top is separated from the abdomen by the pubic groove, and from the hips by the hip grooves. The pubis (pubic eminence) is covered with hair that continues onto the labia majora. The subcutaneous fat layer is well developed in the pubic area. 2) The labia majora (labia majora pudendi) is a rounded paired skin fold 7-8 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, containing a large amount of adipose tissue. The labia majora limit the genital slit from the sides and are connected to each other by the anterior (in the pubic area) and the posterior (in front of the anus) adhesions. 3) Labia minora (labia minora pudendi) are paired longitudinal skin folds. They are located medially and are hidden in the genital gap between the labia majora, limiting the vestibule of the vagina. The labia minora is built from connective tissue without adipose tissue, contains a large number of elastic fibers, muscle cells and venous plexuses. The posterior ends of the labia minora are connected to each other by a transverse fold - the frenulum of the labia, and the upper ends form the frenulum and the foreskin of the clitoris. 4) The vestibule of the vagina (vestibulum vaginae) is the space between the labia minora. The external opening of the urethra, the opening of the vagina and the openings of the ducts of large and small vestibular glands open into it. Located on each side at the base of the labia minora, the ducts of both glands open here. A mucus-like liquid is secreted that moistens the wall of the entrance to the vagina. 6) Small vestibular glands (glandulae vestibularis minores) are located in the thickness of the walls of the vestibule of the vagina, where their ducts open. 7) The bulb of the vestibule (bulbus vestibuli) is identical in development and structure to the unpaired spongy body male penis. This is an unpaired formation, consisting of two - right and left parts, which are connected by a small intermediate part of the bulb, located between the clitoris and the external opening of the urethra.
Clitoris (clitoris) - a small finger-shaped elevation 2-4 cm long in front of the labia minora. It distinguishes the head, body and legs, attached to the lower branches of the pubic bones. The clitoris consists of two cavernous bodies, corresponding to the cavernous bodies of the male penis, and contains a large number of receptors. The body of the clitoris is covered on the outside with a dense protein membrane. Irritation of the clitoris causes a feeling of sexual arousal.
3. The sexual cycle of a woman, despite the similarity in the course of the main stages (phases) with the sexual cycle of a man, has specific features. In women, both the duration and intensity of the sexual cycle are much more diverse than in men. This is due to differences in the structure of sexual (sexual - lat. secsus - gender) feelings of men and women. Sexual feeling is the sum of two components (components): the spiritual baggage (wealth) of the individual - the ability to compassion, pity, love, friendship, (spiritual psychological component of sexual feeling) and sensual erotic (Greek erotikos - love) satisfaction (sensual erotic component ). In the structure of the sexual feelings of men and women, these components are ambiguous. If for men in the structure of sexual feeling the sensual erotic component is in the first place and only the spiritual component is in the second place, then for women, on the contrary, the spiritual component is in the first place and the sensual erotic component is in the second place (a man falls in love with his eyes, and a woman falls in love with her ears). .A man needs a woman's body, and a woman needs a man's soul).
Sexologists conventionally divide women according to sexual feelings into 4 groups:
1) the zero group - constitutionally frigid, who lack a sensual erotic component of sexual feeling; 2) the first group - with a sensual erotic component, but it emerges very rarely among them; this group needs spiritual attunement; 3) the second group - erotically tuned: they also need spiritual attunement, and they experience joy even without orgasm, i.e. without sensual satisfaction; 4) the third group - women who necessarily achieve sensual satisfaction, t .e. orgasm. This group should not include women with a painful increase in sexual desire due to endocrine, nervous or mental disorders.
The first three groups of women can only be content with the spiritual component without orgasmic sensations. The fourth group achieves necessarily orgastic sensations, not content with the spiritual component.
Phase I of the sexual cycle - sexual arousal leads to changes in the external and internal genital organs of a woman in a reflex and psychogenic way. Large and small labia, the clitoris and its head overflow with blood and increase. 10-30 s after sensory or psychogenic arousal, extravasation of the mucous fluid begins through the squamous epithelium of the vagina. The vagina is moistened, which contributes to adequate excitation of the receptors of the penis during coitus. Transudation is accompanied by expansion and lengthening of the vagina. As excitation increases in the lower third of the vagina, as a result of local stagnation of blood, a narrowing (orgasmic cuff) occurs, due to this, as well as swelling of the labia minora, a long canal is formed in the vagina, the anatomical structure of which creates optimal conditions for the occurrence of orgasm in both partners. During orgasm, depending on its intensity, 3-15 contractions of the orgasmic cuff are observed (analogous to emission and ejaculation in men). During orgasm, regular contractions of the uterus are observed, which start from its bottom and cover its entire body, down to the lower sections.
LECTURE №44.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ORGANS.
1. General characteristics of the organs of the immune system.
2. Central and peripheral organs of the immune system and their functions.
3. The main regularities of the structure and development of the organs of the immune system.
PURPOSE: To know the general characteristics of the immune system, the topography of the organs of the immune system in the human body, the functions of the central and peripheral organs of the immune system.
Represent the main patterns of the structure and development of the organs of the immune system.
1. Immune system - a set of lymphoid tissues and organs of the body that provides protection for the body from genetically alien cells or substances coming from outside or formed in the body. The organs of the immune system, containing lymphoid tissue, perform the function of protecting the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) throughout life. They produce immunocompetent cells, primarily lymphocytes, as well as plasma cells, include them in the immune process, ensure the recognition and destruction of cells that have entered the body or formed in it and other foreign substances that carry signs of genetically alien information. Genetic control is carried out by populations of T- and B-lymphocytes that function together, which, with the participation of macrophages, provide an immune response in the body.
The immune system has 3 morphofunctional features: 1) generalized throughout the body; 2) cells constantly circulate through the bloodstream; 3) capable of producing specific antibodies against each antigen.
The immune system includes organs that have lymphoid tissue. In the lymphoid tissue, 2 components are distinguished: 1) stroma - a reticular supporting connective tissue consisting of cells and fibers; 2) cells of the lymphoid series: lymphocytes of varying degrees of maturity, plasma cells, macrophages. The organs of the immune system include: the bone marrow, in which the lymphoid tissue is closely connected with the hematopoietic tissue, thymus (thymus gland), lymph nodes, spleen, accumulations of lymphoid tissue in the walls of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory systems and urinary tract (tonsils, group lymphoid plaques, solitary lymphoid nodules). These are the lymphoid organs of immunogenesis.
