Scheme for parsing a complex sentence. To help the student: do the parsing of the sentence

The syntactic analysis of a simple sentence has firmly entered the practice of elementary and secondary schools. This is the most difficult and voluminous type of grammatical analysis. It includes a description and scheme of the sentence, analysis by members, indicating the parts of speech.

The structure and meaning of a simple sentence is studied starting from grade 5. The full set of features of a simple sentence is indicated in the 8th grade, and in the 9th grade the focus is on complex sentences.

In this type of analysis, the levels of morphology and syntax are correlated: the student must be able to identify parts of speech, recognize their forms, find conjunctions, understand the ways of connecting words in a phrase, know the signs of the main and secondary members of a sentence.

Let's start with the simplest: we will help the guys prepare for parsing in 5th grade. In elementary school, the student memorizes the sequence of analysis and performs it at an elementary level, indicating the grammatical basis, syntactic relationships between words, the type of sentence in terms of the composition and purpose of the statement, learns to draw up diagrams and find homogeneous members.

The elementary school uses different programs in the Russian language, so the level of requirements and preparation of students are different. In the fifth grade, I accepted children who studied in elementary school according to the programs of the educational system "School 2100", "School of Russia" and "Elementary School of the 21st Century". There are big differences. Primary school teachers do a tremendous job to compensate for the shortcomings of their textbooks, and themselves "lay" successive links between elementary and secondary schools.

In grade 5, the material for parsing a sentence is generalized, expanded and built into a more complete form, in grades 6-7 it is improved taking into account the newly studied morphological units (verbal forms: participle and gerund; adverb and category of state; service words: prepositions, conjunctions and particles ).

Let's use examples to show the differences between the level of requirements in the format of parsing.

In 4th grade	In 5th grade
In a simple sentence, the grammatical basis is highlighted, familiar parts of speech are indicated above the words, homogeneous members are emphasized, phrases are written out or syntactic links between words are drawn. Scheme: [O -, O]. Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, common, with homogeneous predicates. Exist. (main word) + adj., Ch. (main word) + noun. Ch. (main word) + places. Adverb + ch. (main word)	Syntactic links are not drawn, phrases are not written out, the scheme and basic designations are the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. Parsing is constantly practiced in the classroom and participates in the grammar tasks of control dictations.
In a complex sentence, grammatical foundations are emphasized, parts are numbered, familiar parts of speech are signed above the words, the type is indicated according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring, according to the composition and presence of secondary members. Parsing scheme: [O and O] 1 , 2 , and 3 . Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, common.	The scheme remains the same, but the characteristic is different: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of 3 parts that are connected by an allied and allied connection, in 1 part there are homogeneous members, all parts are two-part and common. Parsing a complex sentence in grade 5 is educational in nature and is not a means of control.
Sentence schemes with direct speech: A: "P!" or "P," - a. The concept of quotation is introduced, which coincides in design with direct speech.	The schemes are supplemented by a break in direct speech with the words of the author: "P, - a. - P." and "P, - a, - p". The concept of dialogue and ways of its design are introduced. Schemes are made up, but the characteristics of sentences with direct speech are not made.

Plan for parsing a simple sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Find out the type of sentence by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory or exclamatory).

3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, emphasize it and indicate the ways of expression, indicate that the sentence is simple.

4. Determine the composition of the main members of the proposal (two-part or one-part).

5. Determine the presence of minor members (common or non-common).

6. Underline the secondary members of the sentence, indicate the ways of their expression (parts of speech): from the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.

7. Determine the presence of missing members of the proposal (complete or incomplete).

8. Determine the presence of complications (complicated or not complicated).

9. Write down the characteristics of the proposal.

10. Draw up a proposal scheme.

For analysis, we used sentences from the beautiful fairy tales of Sergei Kozlov about the Hedgehog and the Bear cub.

1) It was an extraordinary autumn day!

2) Everyone's duty is to work.

3) Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and played their squeaky violins.

4) He has no father, no mother, no Hedgehog, no Bear cub.

5) And Squirrel took nuts and a cup and hurried after.

6) And they put things in a basket: mushrooms, honey, a kettle, cups - and went to the river.

7) And pine needles, and fir cones, and even cobwebs - they all straightened up, smiled and sang with all their might the last autumn song of the grass.

8) The Hedgehog lay, covered up to the very nose with a blanket, and looked at the Bear Cub with quiet eyes.

9) The hedgehog sat on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley flooded with fog.

10) Across the river, blazing with aspens, the forest darkened.

11) So until the evening they ran, jumped, jumped off a cliff and yelled at the top of their lungs, emphasizing the stillness and silence of the autumn forest.

12) And he jumped like a real kangaroo.

13) Water, where are you running?

14) Maybe he's crazy?

15) It seems to me that he imagined himself ... as the wind.

Examples of Parsing Simple Sentences

Middle and high school students regularly face the problem of how to conduct an analysis in the Russian literary language.

Parsing is done in accordance with a certain scheme. This topic in the school course allows identify sentence structure, characterize it, which reduces punctuation illiteracy.

In contact with

What parsing shows

There are four main types of parsing: phonetic, morphological, compositional, and syntactic. The latter is understood as the analysis or analysis of syntactic units with paramount highlighting the grammatical basis. The analysis is carried out according to the approved algorithm of actions: underline the members + characterize them + draw a diagram.

Schoolchildren, having studied eleven grades, sometimes do not know what the parsing of a sentence is. They talk about analysis as about analysis by composition. This is not true, since only individual lexemes are parsed by composition. As for the bundle of words expressing a complete thought, in elementary school the process is referred to as analysis of the proposal by members. At the same time, in middle and high school, it acquires a deeper meaning. Based on this, it is necessary to remember once and for all that the analysis of the sentence by composition in the Russian language classes is not performed.

The answer here is obvious - everyone knows the subject, pointing to an object or object, and the predicate - to actions taken first. To make the speech clearer and the statement complete, the main members are supplemented by secondary ones, which have a set of features.

Secondary members of the sentence allow you to reveal a holistic picture of ongoing events. Their purpose is to explain describe the actions of the main predecessors.

At the next stage, you will have to parse the proposal for. Here we mean how its members are expressed. Each has several options, you must choose the correct one by asking the question:

• mean - noun, local;
• skaz. - ch., cr. adj., noun;
• def. - adj., local, num.;
• add. - noun, local;
• obst. - adverb, noun with a suggestion.

In view of the above, a more or less clear idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat syntactic parsing of a sentence is. In a word, this is a complex analysis of related lexemes that express a complete thought.

Characteristics of syntactic units

It is necessary to know the criteria that a lexeme has in order to carry out a detailed description. The characteristic of the sentence in the text assumes a certain algorithm.

Define the view:

• according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive);
• by emotional-expressive coloring (by intonation) - exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

Finding grammar.

We talk sequentially about each member of the sentence, the means of their expression.

We describe the structure of the syntactic unit. For a simple suggestion:

• by composition: one-part (definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative) or two-part;
• by prevalence: common or not common;
• by completeness: complete or incomplete.
• what is complicated: homogeneous members, interjections, appeal, introductory constructions.

Determine to which type is a compound sentence:

• compound sentences (CSP) - they are indicated by simple parts connected by a coordinating union;
• complex sentences (CSS) - we establish the main, as well as the subordinate word, based on the question and the peculiarity of the construction (what it refers to, what the subordinate clause is attached to), determine the type of the latter;
• non-union complex sentence (BSP) - we establish how many simple parts a syntactic unit consists of, determining the meaning of each (simultaneity, sequence, opposition, etc.).

We give the argument for what reason we put these punctuation marks.

If the task involves drawing up a diagram, then we do it.

It is more difficult to parse a complex sentence.

More here parameters for analysis.

After the complex sentence from the examples is disassembled into simple parts, we proceed to the analysis of each of them separately.

Following the algorithm, the student will not have problems with completing the task under the number 4.

How to draw a diagram

It is not always enough to correctly parse a simple sentence to get an excellent mark. The student must also be able to draw diagrams of the described units.

1. Highlight the subject by underlining with one line, and the predicate with two lines.
2. Find minor members, underlining them according to generally accepted rules.
3. Sentences with a turnover or participle are highlighted as follows and are indicated in the final scheme. The adverbial turnover is highlighted on both sides by vertical lines, and a dot / dotted line is underlined. Participial highlighted on both sides with vertical lines, and is underlined by a wavy line.
4. The union is not included in the scheme of a compound sentence, it is taken out of the framework. But complex sentences include it in the subordinate part. Conjunctions and allied words are enclosed in an oval.

Important! Before you draw up a sentence diagram, you need to learn how to graphically designate homogeneous members. They are enclosed in a circle, and the appeal, which is not a member of the syntactic unit, is indicated in the scheme by the letter "O" and is separated by two vertical lines. Do the same with introductory words.

Offer scheme easy to make with direct speech. Here it is important to separate one part from the other, i.e. the words of the author from direct speech, putting the appropriate punctuation marks between them.

Simple Sentence Parsing Sample

We write down an example and proceed to the analysis.

I have never seen a lake more magnificent than Baikal.

Stage I: analysis of the proposal by members:

• "I" - mean, pronounced lich. places;
• “I didn’t see” - simple Ch. skaz., pronounced verb. will express in the form. incl. past vr.;

Stage II: We find out which members of the sentence form the basis of grammar. Here it will be - "I did not see", so we are dealing with a simple sentence.

In a specific example, all minor members joined the predicate:

• didn’t see (what?) the lake - add., pronounced noun. in R.P.;
• lakes (which one?) are more magnificent - inconsistent, defined, pronounced adj. in the comparison degrees;
• more magnificent (what?) Baikal - additional, pronounced noun. in R.P.

Stage III: at the end of the process give general characteristics of a simple sentence In russian language:

• by structure - two-part, widespread, complete;
• according to the purpose of the statement - narrative;
• by intonation - non-exclamatory, therefore, a punctuation mark is placed at the end - a period.

Stage IV: parsing a simple sentence involves the scheme [- =].

More problems are caused by the syntactic analysis of a sentence with a participial turnover. See his examples below.

Sample: Behind the swamp, blazing with birches, a grove could be seen.

Characteristics: narrative, non-exalted, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate deep. about.

Scheme: [, I ger. turnover I, = - ].

Syntactic units complicated by homogeneous members, turnovers are parsed in a similar way.

Simple sentences with adverbial turnover should receive an objective assessment. They indicate which member the entire turnover is, then its parts are parsed into words.

Sample: The moon had just emerged from behind the mound and was illuminating translucent, small, low clouds.

Characteristics: narrative, unexcited, homogeneous tales. connected by a non-repeating union “and”, therefore, a comma is not placed between them, and commas must be placed between definitions, they have an union-free connection, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous skaz. and def.

Scheme: [- = and = O, O, O].

Parsing complex sentences

The Russian home exercise regularly contains a mandatory task under the number 4. There are diverse examples here: SSP, SPP, BSP.

Always, when parsing a complex sentence, you need to start it with finding the grammatical basis.

It is necessary to analyze complex sentences based on the definition of the main and subordinate clauses.

Parsing of syntactic units with several subordinate clauses is carried out according to the general plan, as if done analysis of the composition of the proposal, but indicating the type of subordination and a combination of these types. Below are samples of complex sentences with examples, with diagrams, clearly showing analysis.

SOP pattern with consistent submission: The kids reported that they picked those daisies that grandma loved.

Characteristics: narrative, non-exclamation, complex, allied, its parts are connected by a subordinate relationship with consistent subordination, consists of two simple ones.

Scheme: [-=], (which = (which = -).

SSP sample: Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully.

Characteristic: narrative, non-exclamation, complex sentence, has two grammatical bases, allied, compound. The conjunction "and" expresses simultaneity. The 2nd simple sentence is complicated by homogeneous obst. states.

Scheme: [-=], and [=].

BSP sample: Wind howls, thunder rumbles.

Characteristic: narrative, non-exclamation, complex non-union.

Scheme: [-=], [-=].

Parsing a simple sentence

How to parse

Conclusion

If you have before your eyes sentences, examples with diagrams, then visual memory automatically works. This helps well on control dictations and independent ones. In this way, you can learn automatically and correctly parse suggestions (if the examples are chosen correctly), highlight all the criteria necessary for the analysis.

Not all students are easily given a complete syntactic analysis of a sentence. We will show you the correct sequence of actions that will make it easier to cope with such a task.

Step 1: Read the sentence carefully and determine the purpose of the statement.

According to the purpose of the statement, the proposals are divided into:

• narrative - "Beauty will save the world"(F. Dostoevsky);
• interrogative - "Rus, where are you going?"(N. Gogol);
• incentive - “My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the homeland with wonderful impulses!”(A. Pushkin); “A testament to writers: no need to invent intrigues and plots. Use the stories that life itself provides "(F. Dostoevsky).

Declarative sentences contain a message about something and are characterized by a calm narrative intonation. The content and structure of such proposals can be very diverse.

The purpose of interrogative sentences is to get an answer from the interlocutor to the question posed in the sentence. In some cases, when the question is rhetorical in nature (i.e., does not require an answer), the purpose of such a sentence is different - the pathetic expression of some thought, idea, expression of the speaker's attitude to something, etc.

The purpose of uttering an incentive sentence is to motivate the addressee of the message to take some action. An incentive can express a direct order, advice, request, warning, call to action, etc. The differences between some of these options are often expressed not by the structure of the sentence itself, but by the intonation of the speaker.

Step 2: Determine the intonation and emotional tone of the sentence.

At this stage of parsing a sentence, look for the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. According to this parameter, the proposals are divided into:

• exclamatory - “Well, what a neck! What eyes!”(I. Krylov);
• non-exclamatory - "Thought flies, but words go step by step"(A. Green).

Step 3: Find the grammatical bases in the sentence.

The number of grammatical stems in a sentence determines what that sentence is:

• simple sentence - "Wine turns a person into a beast and a beast, brings him to a frenzy"(F. Dostoevsky);
• difficult sentence - “It seems to me that people do not understand how much squalor and misfortune in their lives arises from laziness”(Ch. Aitmatov).

In the future, the syntactic analysis of a complex sentence and the syntactic analysis of a simple sentence follow different paths.

First, let's look at the parsing of a simple sentence with examples.

Stage 4 for a simple sentence: Find the main members and characterize the proposal.

A simple sentence, depending on the presence of a complete set of main members of the proposal or the absence of any of them, can be:

• one-piece - "It is not difficult to despise the court of people, it is impossible to despise one's own court"(A. Pushkin), there is no subject; "Autumn. Fairy-tale palace, open to everyone for review. Clearings of forest roads, looking into the lakes»(B. Pasternak), there is no predicate;
• two-part - “A very bad sign is the loss of the ability to understand humor, allegories, jokes”(F. Dostoevsky).

Indicate which main member is present in a one-part sentence. Depending on this, one-component sentences are nominal (there is a subject: nominal) and verbal (there is a predicate: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal).

Stage 5 for a simple sentence: See if there are secondary members in the sentence.

By the presence / absence of additions, definitions and circumstances, a simple sentence can be:

• common - “My goal was to visit Old Street”(I. Bunin);
• uncommon - "The attack is over. Sadness in disgrace"(S. Yesenin).

Stage 6 for a simple sentence: Decide if the sentence is complete or incomplete.

Whether a sentence is complete or incomplete depends on whether its structure includes all the members of the sentence that are needed for a complete, meaningful statement. In incomplete, any of the main or minor members is missing. And the meaning of the statement is determined by the context or previous sentences.

• complete offer - "Prishvin's words bloom, sparkle"(K. Paustovsky);
• incomplete sentence - "What is your name? - Me Anochka "(K. Fedin).

When parsing a sentence for an incomplete one, indicate which members of the sentence are missing.

Stage 7 for a simple sentence: Determine if the sentence is complicated or not complicated.

A simple sentence can be complicated or not complicated by introductory words and appeals, homogeneous or isolated members of the sentence, direct speech. Examples of simple compound sentences:

• "Ostap Bender, as a strategist, was great"(I. Ilf, E. Petrov);
• “He, the commissar, had to become on a par with Sarychev, if not by personal charm, not by past military merits, not by military talent, then by everything else: integrity, firmness, knowledge of the matter, and finally, courage in battle”(K. Simonov).

Stage 8 for a simple sentence

First, the subject and predicate are designated, then the secondary ones in the subject and the secondary ones in the predicate.

Stage 9 for a simple sentence

At the same time, indicate the grammatical basis, if the sentence is complicated, indicate the complication.

Look at a sample sentence parsing:

• Oral analysis: narrative sentence, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: the porter trampled, moved, did not, stopped, widespread, complete, complicated by homogeneous predicates, a separate definition (participle turnover), a separate circumstance (participle turnover).
• Written review: narration, unexcited, simple, double-sided, g / o the doorman trampled, moved was, did not, stopped, distributed, complicated. homogeneous skaz., sep. def. (participle turnover), esp. obs-vom (participle turnover). Now let's look at the syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with examples.

Stage 4 for a complex sentence: Determine how the connection exists between the parts of a complex sentence.

Depending on the presence or absence of unions, the connection can be:

• allied - "He who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit"(L. Tolstoy);
• unionless - “At the moment when the moon, so huge and pure, rose above the crest of that dark mountain, the stars that were in the sky opened their eyes at once”(Ch. Aitmatov).

Stage 5 for a complex sentence: Find out what links the parts of a complex sentence together:

• intonation;
• coordinating conjunctions;
• subordinating unions.

Stage 6 for a complex sentence: Based on the relationship between the parts of the sentence and the means by which this relationship is expressed, classify the sentence.

Classification of complex sentences:

• compound sentence (CSP) - “ My father had a strange influence on me, and our relationship was strange"(I. Turgenev);
• complex sentence (CSP) - “She did not take her eyes off the road that leads through the grove” (I. Goncharov);
• complex non-union sentence (BSP) - “I know: in your heart there is both pride and direct honor” (A. Pushkin);
• a sentence with different types of connection - “People are divided into two categories: those who first think, and then speak and, accordingly, do, and those who first act, and then think” (L. Tolstoy).

The connection between the parts of an asyndetic complex sentence can be expressed by different punctuation marks: comma, colon, dash, semicolon.

Stage 7 for a complex sentence: Describe the links between the parts of the sentence.

Define:

• what does the adjective refer to;
• whereby the subordinate part is attached to the main part;
• what question is it answering.

Stage 8 for a complex sentence: If there are several subordinate parts, describe the relationship between them:

• consistent - "I heard Gaidar cleaning the kettle with sand and scolding him for the fact that the handle had fallen off" (K. Paustovsky);
• parallel - “It is necessary to accurately take into account the environment in which a poetic work develops so that a word alien to this environment does not fall by chance” (V. Mayakovsky);
• homogeneous - “It was difficult to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, or the moon was about to rise” (A. Chekhov)

Stage 9 for a complex sentence: Underline all the members of the sentence and indicate what parts of speech they are expressed.

Stage 10 for a complex sentence: Now parse each part of a complex sentence as a simple one, see the diagram above.

Stage 11 for a complex sentence: Make a proposal outline.

At the same time, indicate the means of communication, the type of accessory part. Look at the example of parsing a complex sentence:

Conclusion

The scheme of syntactic parsing of the sentence, proposed by us, will help to correctly characterize the sentence in all significant parameters. Use this step-by-step guide regularly at school and at home to better remember the sequence of reasoning when analyzing sentences.

Examples of syntactic analysis of sentences of simple and complex structure will help to correctly characterize sentences in oral and written form. With our instructions, a difficult task will become clearer and easier, help you learn the material and consolidate it in practice.

Write a comment if this scheme was useful to you. And if it turned out to be useful, do not forget to tell your friends and classmates about it.

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v syntactic analysis of a compound sentence (CSP)

Parsing plan:

2. Find the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one, draw up a BSC diagram.

• by the type of complex sentence - compound (CSP);
• indicate which coordinating union connects simple sentences as part of a complex one;

1 [You are many years late], but 2 [still I am glad to see you] (A. Akhmatova)

Offer scheme:

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, complex, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by the conjunction NO with the meaning of opposition; a comma is placed before the union but.

v syntactic analysis of a complex sentence (CSP)

Parsing plan:

1. Underline the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) and indicate how they are expressed (what part of speech).

2. Find the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one, draw up an NGN diagram.

3. Describe the proposal:

• according to the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive, interrogative;
• by intonation - exclamatory, non-exclamatory;
• by the number of bases - complex;
• by the type of complex sentences - complex subordination (CSP);
• indicate the number of simple sentences in the complex;
• indicate which union or allied word connects simple sentences as part of a complex one;
• type of subordinate clause - explanatory, attributive, adverbial (with subspecies);
• Explain punctuation.

An example of how to parse a simple sentence:

1 [The boys looked after the truck], 2 (until he drove off the intersection).

Offer scheme:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex, consists of two simple sentences, the first simple is the main one; simple sentences as part of a complex one are connected by the allied word BYKA, this is a NGN with an adverbial adverbial measure and degree. There is a comma between the first and second simple sentences.

v syntactic analysis of a complex non-union sentence (BSP)

Parsing plan:

1. Underline the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) and indicate how they are expressed (what part of speech).

2. Find the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one, draw up a BSP diagram.

3. Describe the proposal:

• according to the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive, interrogative;
• by intonation - exclamatory, non-exclamatory;
• by the number of bases - complex;
• by the type of complex sentences - unionless (BSP);
• indicate the number of simple sentences in the complex;
• indicate the means of communication of simple sentences as part of a complex one - a semantic or intonational connection;
• Explain punctuation.

An example of how to parse a simple sentence:

Our conversation began with slander: I began to sort out our acquaintances present and absent.

Offer scheme:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two simple sentences, interconnected in meaning; a colon is put in the sentence, since the second part of the BSP indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.