General Animal Surgery - Timofeev S.V. Operative surgery at home

Animal Operative Surgery is a branch of veterinary medicine dealing with surgical interventions (operations). The most common section of veterinary surgery is general animal surgery - operations on the abdominal organs, soft tissues and skin.

Needless to say, performing a timely operation often saves the life and health of an animal when therapeutic methods are powerless.

There are several types of operations that differ in purpose and nature:

Diagnostic. The method of making the final diagnosis. In some cases, this is the only way to reliably diagnose the disease.

Radical. Complete elimination of the pathological process. Most operations on internal organs belong to this type of operations.

Palliative. Partial normalization of the body, alleviation of the patient's condition. They are carried out with advanced oncological diseases.

Also, operations are divided by urgency:

Emergency operations are carried out in critical situations, preparation before the operation is minimal. Example: surgery for an injury with internal bleeding.

Urgent operations may be postponed for a short time to clarify the diagnosis and appropriate preparation of the patient. Example: surgery for intestinal obstruction.

Planned operations. Conducted after a detailed examination of the patient, clarification of the diagnosis and preparation. Among this group of operations, the most popular are castration of a cat and sterilization of cats.

With all this, it should also be taken into account that:

Surgery under general anesthesia carries certain risks. Therefore, an examination of the animal is carried out before it, various tests, ultrasound, ECG may be needed, because of this, the price of the operation itself increases. Unfortunately, there is always a chance that some hidden pathology will not manifest itself during the examination, and then cause complications during or after the operation. The percentage of probability of such a development of events is extremely small, but still exists.

Avtozavodskaya Veterinary Clinic uses the latest advances in veterinary surgery in its practice. Veterinary surgery is a key clinical discipline that provides the basis for the formation of a veterinarian. Mastering the subject leads to the independence of the veterinarian, his ability to make diagnoses and timely select the correct technique for surgical and other types of treatment.

The study of veterinary surgery, taking place in close connection with other disciplines, lays the foundations for the ethics of the doctor, his worldview and interaction with animal owners. A veterinary surgeon takes on a huge responsibility, both to the animal, its owner, and to himself. Only a thorough study of the discipline allows you to correctly form a well-thought-out method of surgical treatment.

Goals and objectives of veterinary surgery

The main goal of animal veterinary surgery is the formation of a generalist who is able to competently and timely select the most effective method of treatment. Surgery, as a scientific subject, should teach the student independence in choosing the method of treatment, prevention and diagnosis, which should be based on the scientific basis obtained during the training.

Tasks of animal surgery:

teaching topographic anatomy of animals;
familiarity with safety precautions when interacting with animals and surrounding objects;
training in methods of fixation and anesthesia;
acquaintance with asepsis and antiseptics, as with the basics of the prevention of surgical infections;
knowledge of methods of preparation of the surgical field;
familiarization with the techniques of infusions, punctures;
study of the technique of surgical intervention;
familiarity with the general patterns of development of pathological processes;
determination of the etiology and pathogenesis of surgical diseases;
study of theoretical and practical methods of veterinary surgical intervention.

Courses and disciplines of veterinary surgery

Pet surgery is divided into a number of independent courses, each of which includes the basic part of the other, supplementing it and revealing it to a certain extent. Without knowledge of all courses of veterinary surgery, it is impossible to form a medical mindset and be ready for surgical interventions without serious consequences for the animal.

Operative surgery and fundamentals of theory

The surgical technique is a key link in the knowledge of the surgeon. In the course of animal operative surgery, students learn the methods and rules of conducting a surgical operation. The discipline consists of two complementary parts - theory and practice. The study of the educational part allows you to take a broad look at the essence of surgical intervention, and continuous polishing of the operation technique will allow you to avoid mistakes in the most difficult situations. It is the honing of simple and basic methods of surgical intervention that helps to save the lives of animals.

General surgery - the study of the causes of animal diseases

General veterinary surgery studies patterns in the causes of diseases in animals, their pathogenesis, etiology, general clinical picture, methods of diagnosis and treatment.

General surgery provides basic concepts in a number of the most common diseases with an operative method of treatment.

The section of this discipline includes the study of:

burns and frostbite;
dislocations and fractures;
hematomas and bruises;
phlegmon and abscesses;
muscle ruptures and nerve damage;
basic surgery.

Private veterinary surgery - a narrow specialization of the doctor

The pinnacle of the study of the discipline is private veterinary surgery, in terms of which students get acquainted with pathological lesions that require surgical treatment depending on the topographic location:

head area;
neck and neck of the animal;
withers, waist and chest;
pathology of the abdomen;
diseases of the udder and mammary glands;
operative pathologies of the pelvis;
surgical pathologies of the reproductive system;
diseases of the limbs and hooves;
surgical ophthalmology.

Private surgery is based on the two previous subjects. From the operational part, the treatment technique is taken, and the basics of etiology and diagnosis are taken from general surgery. In addition, private veterinary surgery interacts with other clinical disciplines.

History of veterinary surgery

At the beginning of its development, veterinary surgery was closely related to medicine. Common educational institutions and joint experiments have been conducted for a long time with the aim of joint development. Gradually, theoretical and practical bases were accumulated, which made it possible to separate humane and veterinary medicine. From this moment begins the history of veterinary surgery. True, the development of science was extremely slow - only in the Renaissance did the first topographic atlases appear, which gave rise to meaningful surgical intervention.

Stages of the history of surgery:

Over the thousand-year history of veterinary surgery, it has undergone a lot of changes and innovations, but over the years, false teachings have been removed from science, and only theoretically substantiated and experimentally proven methods of surgical treatment of animals have remained.

Operative surgery for pets

Tutorial

Publisher: State publishing house of agricultural literature

Year of issue: 1951

Format: doc, 12 MB

INTRODUCTION

Veterinary operative surgery is the science of surgical operations used to treat various animal diseases and increase the productivity of animal husbandry. The allocation of a special course of operative surgery in the cycle of clinical disciplines is due to the fact that surgical operations are very diverse and are among the most complex and difficult medical interventions that require not only theoretical study, but also special exercises on corpses and experimental animals.

Successful performance of a surgical operation is unthinkable without knowledge of the anatomy of the operated area, as well as the age-related features observed in it under normal conditions (in the absence of pathological processes) and individual variability in the structure and relationships of tissues and organs. These issues serve as the object of study of topographic (applied) anatomy, united by N. I. Pirogov in one discipline with operative surgery.

Special sections of applied anatomy are age and typical topographic anatomy.

Age anatomy considers changes in the structure, location and relationships of organs that naturally occur in different age periods of an animal's life.

Typical anatomy generalizes into types or groups various individual changes (variations) in the structure, location and relationships of organs that occur under the influence of the external environment (natural or artificially created by man).

In areas of the body affected by the pathological process, the normal structure, location and relationships of organs and tissues, as a rule, change, which is always important to keep in mind when performing a surgical operation. Knowing the patterns of these changes greatly facilitates the surgeon's task, eliminates errors and allows him to quickly and correctly navigate during surgery.

Operative surgery also pays special attention to the development of principles for the comparative evaluation of various methods of surgical interventions, which, taking into account the general condition of the sick animal and the nature of its disease, makes it easier for the doctor to choose the most rational method of operation in each specific case.

In order to effectively treat an animal, taking into account its condition and the characteristics of the pathological process, it is necessary to study the theory of medicine and veterinary medicine, the basis of which is Pavlovian physiology. The doctrine of I. 11. Pavlov is of great importance for surgery: it allows you to make a correct comparative assessment of the methods of operations, based on the principles of a physiological relationship to the organ as part of a single organism, take into account the functional significance of the operated organ and foresee the subsequent development of the compensatory systems of the body after surgery, i.e. e. Immediate and long-term results of surgical intervention.

Thus, the basis of modern operative surgery is topographic anatomy and physiology. If anatomy makes a master surgeon, then only Pavlov's physiology can make a thinking surgeon-clinician (A. A. Vishnevsky).

Operative surgery with topographic anatomy is included in the complex of surgical disciplines: general surgery, private surgery, eye diseases, orthopedics and military field surgery. In this complex, it occupies a special place, since it connects the sciences of the general biological cycle with the clinical ones and, by combining the theory and practice of veterinary medicine, prepares students for the practical activities of a doctor, primarily a surgeon.

The course of operative surgery is divided into general and special parts. The first presents general data on the surgical operation and applied anatomy, elementary surgical techniques that make up the surgical operation, methods of strengthening animals during surgical interventions, methods of anesthesia, preventive measures against infection of surgical wounds, bandaging techniques, as well as the simplest surgical operations performed in various parts of the body. In a special part, anatomical and topographic data and various surgical operations performed in each area of the body are studied.

BRIEF DATA FROM THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY

Mentions of veterinarians who provided surgical care to animals in ancient Rus' are already found in the Ipatiev Chronicle for 1185, and in the 16th century a large state organization, the Stable Order, was created in Russia, which included blacksmiths and veterinary specialists.

Long before the opening of veterinary schools in Western Europe, stallion castration stations were organized in Russia, where experienced castrators taught their students this art. In 1715, Peter I issued a decree on the establishment in Moscow and some provinces of special courses for the training of blacksmiths and veterinary specialists.

In 1733, the first veterinary school in Europe was opened in, with. Khoroshevsky (near Moscow), in which students were also trained in surgical operations.

The first Russian scientists who contributed to the spread of veterinary-surgical education in Russia were professors A.N. Yanovsky and A. Petrov, who taught the course of veterinary surgery in the veterinary departments of the St. Petersburg and Moscow medical-surgical academies founded in 1808. In 1834, Professor of the Veterinary Department of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy V. I. Vsevolodov published the first three-volume national manual on veterinary surgery called "Zoosurgery, or manual veterinary science, for the benefit of Russian veterinarians and for guidance in teaching students at the Academy." The third volume of this guide is operative surgery.

Teaching at the departments of operative surgery and topographic anatomy in medical higher educational institutions of Russia was carried out in its own original and original way, indicated by the founder of Russian surgery N. I. Pirogov. In 1865, on his initiative, operative surgery was combined with topographic anatomy. Soon this association was carried out in the veterinary institutes of Russia.

The departments of operative surgery with topographic anatomy became independent at the Kharkov Veterinary Institute since 1882, and in Kazan since 1905.

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the departments of operative surgery were headed by: in Kazan, professor L.S. Sapozhnikov, in Kharkov, professor M.A. Maltsev, in Dorpat, professor CE. Puchkovsky and in Warsaw - associate professor I. Gaevsky. During this period, Russian authors wrote Russian textbooks on operative surgery: Gaevsky in 1899, Maltsev in 1904 (Prof. Maltsev's textbook went through 6 editions from 1904 to 1931), Puchkovsky in 1910.

Under Soviet rule, a new stage in the development of domestic operative surgery began.

A huge role in the development of Soviet veterinary surgery (including operative surgery) belongs to Professor L. S. Sapozhnikov, the founder of the Kazan School of Veterinary Surgeons, the largest in the USSR. Under the influence of the scientific ideas of L. S. Sapozhnikov, a great contribution to veterinary surgery was made by: Stalin Prize winner Professor V. M. Olivkov (author of two textbooks on general and operative surgery and several monographs on its most important problems), Professor I. D. Medvedev ( military field surgeon, author of two textbooks and monographs on military field surgery and physical methods of treatment), Professor I. E. Povazhenko (author of several monographs on diseases of the withers and post-castration complications and a manual on military field surgery), Professor E. I. Gauenshtein (author of a textbook on general and private surgery), Professor N. A. Ivanov (author of a textbook on veterinary orthopedics), Professor A. Yu. Tarasevich (author of a textbook on operative surgery and other manuals) and others.

With the establishment of Soviet power, Professor L. S. Sapozhnikov and his students and followers created a new direction in veterinary surgery; waged a resolute struggle against conservatism in science; directed doctors to the path of creative daring and deep scientific substantiation of the methods of surgical treatment of animals, freeing domestic veterinary medicine from the harmful influence of bourgeois science; trained a large team of operational and private surgeons, now working in all veterinary universities of the USSR.

At present, veterinary surgery in our country is represented by a large team of the older and younger generations, developing the key issues of science.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Veterinary Service1

brilliantly coped with the huge scale of surgical work in

military field conditions, ensured the high efficiency of operational

interventions in injured horses despite difficult

front-line conditions, in well-equipped military veterinary infirmaries

max, in compliance with strict asepsis and antisepsis and the use of new

our methods of treatment.

During the Great Patriotic War and in recent years, as a result of the research and practical work of a large team of Soviet veterinary surgeons, great success has been achieved in the search for and implementation in practice of rational methods of surgical operations, especially abdominal surgery in large animals, methods of general and local anesthesia, methods fixation and bandaging, as well as in the design of operating tables, apparatus, surgical instruments, and, finally, in the development of general surgical and surgical techniques.

Only in recent years have original monographs been published on local anesthesia (I. I. Magda), the theory of dressings (P. P. Andreev), castrations and post-castration complications (B. M. Olivkov, I. E. Povazhen-ko), anatomical - surgical examination of the withers of a horse (V. G. Kasyanenko and V. K. Chubar), blood transfusion (V. A. German), etc.

On the basis of the ideas of N. I. Pirogov, A. N. Severtsov and the outstanding achievements of the school of medical topographic anatomy of Academician V. N. Shevkunenko, the topographic and surgical anatomy of domestic animals, especially the projection anatomy of organs and neurovascular trunks (M. V. Plakhotin, A.F. Khanzhin, S.G. Eltsov and many others).

The August session of the All-Union Agricultural Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948 on the situation in biological science and in 1950 the joint session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, devoted to the problems of the development of the physiological theory of academician I.P. Pavlov, were a new powerful impetus to the further progressive development of operative surgery and topographic anatomy on the positions of materialistic biology.

THE DOCTRINE ABOUT NERVISM AS THE BASIS FOR IMPROVING SURGERY

Nervism is understood as the leading role of the nervous system and, above all, the higher part of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex - in the regulation of physiological processes in the human body and higher animals.

The cerebral cortex regulates all the processes occurring in the body, which affects the peculiarity of the evolutionary process of the animal world. Any department of the central nervous system, interacting with other departments, can change the functions of the body in one direction or another, since all floors (departments) of the nervous system are functionally the same; however, the cerebral cortex, being the highest and most effective regulator, has a decisive influence on all physiological systems of the body. The more perfect the nervous system of an animal, wrote I. P. Pavlov, the more centralized it is, the more its higher department is more and more the manager and distributor of all the activity of the organism, despite the fact that this does not appear at all brightly and openly.

The leading role of the cerebral cortex is a consequence of its special position: it is a center that perceives the effects on the body of the outside world (through the exteroreceptors of the sense organs) and the internal environment of the body (through the interoreceptors). In it, the unity of the external and internal in the entire life of the organism (the unity of the organism and the external environment) is realized.

All physiological processes in the body are carried out with the help of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Among the characteristic features of the central nervous system is the appearance in the body during its life of a mass of conditioned reflexes, the arc of which necessarily passes through the cerebral cortex. Conditioned reflexes arise as a result of the impact on the cortex of the external world (exteroceptive reflexes) and signals from internal organs (interoreceptive reflexes).

Many of us have our own pets that need our care and attention. Alas, sometimes our pets get sick or injured, so they need veterinarians. Veterinary surgery is developing more and more dynamically every year, and now even in small towns there are clinics where animals can receive qualified medical care. This article is devoted to veterinary medicine.

Not only people, but also animals need medical help, and it is not so easy to cure them, because a person can say what and how it hurts, while an animal cannot say anything. Therefore, the veterinarian, with the help of examination and analysis, must diagnose the disease and carry out timely treatment. Recently, private veterinary surgery has begun to actively develop in our country, so it is not surprising that specialized animal clinics have long ceased to be something outlandish. Of course, veterinary surgery should only be used when absolutely necessary. At the same time, we must not forget that many diseases can be diagnosed at an early stage, so animals can be cured by medication, without surgical intervention. To avoid surgery, you must regularly bring your pets to the clinic for examination. In the Vetnu clinic, preventive examinations of animals are a common thing, despite all this “commonness”, preventive examinations will help maintain the health of a pet.

Most common surgeries

As noted above, surgical intervention is desirable only in extreme cases. Veterinarians often recommend regular examinations of animals in specialized clinics in order to identify diseases in the early stages and eliminate the threat without surgical intervention. However, in some cases, the help of a surgeon's scalpel is simply necessary. So the most common operation today is osteosynthesis. Under the intricate name hides the connection of the bones of animals that have been damaged. The connection is carried out using special plates. In addition, veterinary surgery provides for more complex operations, which include operations performed on the internal organs of a pet, including the heart and eyes. Such operations can be performed only by highly qualified surgeons, so such operations are not performed in many clinics. The VetNew clinic employs just highly qualified specialists who have tremendous knowledge in their specialization, and this is the key to a successful outcome of treatment. Our clinic also performs such common surgeries as cat spaying and cat neutering. Yes, at first glance it may sound somehow inhuman, but after a little thought, you can come to the conclusion that such operations are necessary for almost all cats and cats. At the same time, the specialists of our clinic will make the whole procedure as painless as possible for the animals.

Disease prevention

Although veterinary surgery today has achieved tangible progress in development, it is still better to carry out disease prevention and detect diseases in a timely manner, which will allow in many cases to do without surgery. To do this, you need to regularly visit veterinary clinics for comprehensive examinations, and also, if you have any suspicions regarding the health of your pet, it is better not to wait for complications and immediately contact our specialized clinic, where the “animal” is examined properly, and provide you with a full report on the state of his health. In case of any deviations from the norm, it will be possible to undergo a course of treatment and bring the animal's body back to normal. Modern veterinary surgery allows you to diagnose and treat most of the diseases, which means that you can keep your pets healthy for many years.

What does general veterinary surgery study?

General veterinary surgery, as a science, covers a fairly wide range of issues related to animal health. Veterinary surgery studies different types of injuries and the causes that contributed to these very injuries. In addition, science is engaged in the study of animal diseases, the features of their treatment and recognition of diseases. Veterinary surgery determines under what conditions the process of recovery of the animal is accelerated, and what, on the contrary, slows it down. Modern veterinary science combines, in addition to surgical methods of treatment, also physiotherapy, bio- and chemotherapy. This makes it possible to treat animals without surgical intervention, which is now used only in exceptional cases. A similar concept is used at the Vetneux Clinic, where staff only use a scalpel in extreme cases.