Classification of the main human infectious diseases table. Summary: Infectious diseases

open urOK on this topic:

"Prevention of Infectious Diseases".

Prepared

OBJ teacher

MBOU secondary school №47

Solomatina I.V.

Target: continue to introduce students to infectious

diseases, sources of infection, transmission mechanisms

infections. Continue building responsibility for contagion

infectious diseases, for life and health.

Equipment: tables "Bacteria", "Intestinal infections",

"Respiratory tract infections"; dynamic

table "Classification of infectious

diseases"; diagram "Factors influencing

on human health."

Basic concepts: infectious diseases source

infection, mechanism of transmission, incubation

period, carrier of infection, prevention,

disinfection.

during the classes

1. organizational moment:

Hello guys! Today in the lesson we will try to remember everything we know about infectious diseases, repeat the classification of infectious diseases, the pathogens that cause these diseases, get acquainted in more detail with some diseases, and find out who or what is responsible for infecting these diseases. Please open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson: "Responsibility for contracting infectious diseases."

2. repetition: questions

1. What is an infectious disease?

(Infectious diseases are a special group of diseases that are caused by a specific, living pathogen, are transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one and are capable of mass distribution).

2. What is the causative agent of infectious diseases?

(The causative agents of infectious diseases are microbes: bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa).

3. What do you know about these pathogens?

(Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that have the form of sticks (causative agents of typhoid fever), a ball (streptococci, staphylococci), crimped threads (spirilla), curved sticks (cholera vibrio);

Viruses - the smallest microorganisms visible in an electron microscope (causative agents of influenza, smallpox, measles, HIV infection);

Fungi - pathogens of mycosis, scab, etc.)

4. From separate parts, assemble the table “Classification of infectious diseases.

groups of diseases	name of the disease	pathogen localization	ways of transmission
respiratory infections	influenza, acute respiratory infections, tonsillitis, tuberculosis	upper respiratory tract	air - drip
intestinal infections	dysentery, cholera, infectious hepatitis	intestines	food, water, soil, dirty hands, flies
blood infections	plague, malaria, HIV infection	circulatory system	insect bites - mosquitoes, fleas, lice; blood
skin infections	scabies, tetanus, syphilis	skin, mucous membranes	predominantly contact route

3. learning new material:

Guys, let's take a closer look at some infectious diseases (5 messages prepared by students).

Guys, you got acquainted with some diseases. What do they have in common?

That's right, for the spread of all diseases, three conditions must be present: the source of infection, the mechanism of transmission, and a susceptible person.

Write these terms down in your notebook.

Let's look at these conditions using the example of respiratory tract infections and intestinal infections.

1. Who or what can be the source of the infection?

(the source of infection can be a sick person, soil, water).

2. Who is responsible for the existence of these sources?

(The existence of these sources is primarily the responsibility of the person himself, since he is either one of the sources of the disease, or pollutes the environment by pouring production waste into water and soil, disturbing the structure of the soil, throwing out gaseous production waste).

That's right guys. It is a person who is most often either a direct source of infection, or creates the conditions for the existence of these sources. Therefore, at this time there are various forms of administrative liability for environmental pollution, and for intentionally infecting a person with HIV infection, criminal liability is provided for under article 122 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, imprisonment from 5 to 8 years.

3. What are the ways of infection transmission?

(Air - drop, through food, water, soil, dirty hands, bites of blood-sucking insects, contact path).

Who is responsible for the existence of the transmission mechanism?

(The person himself is responsible for the existence of the mechanism of infection transmission).

Can we disrupt transmission routes?

(Yes, this requires killing flies, washing hands, wearing a gauze bandage, etc.)

The third condition is a receptive person

How do you understand this condition? What kind of person can be infected faster, active or passive, couch potato or athlete, nervous, unbalanced or calm, balanced? (answers guys)

Who in this case will be responsible for the spread of the disease?

(The man himself).

What are some ways to make a person immune or more resistant to the effects of infectious diseases? (Sports, hardening, healthy lifestyle, etc.)

Let's try one of the ways to improve health. You are tired, let's rest a little. Stand up please.

1. Starting position of the legs together, arms lowered. On the count of 1, 2, 3, raise your hands up to the castle and stretch. Imagine that you are hanging from a horizontal bar. On the count of 4, lower your hands, relax. Repeat 4 times.

2. Imagine that you are a big spreading tree. Raise your hands up, reach for the sun, lean to the right, left, follow the breeze, lower your hands, shake them. Repeat 4 times.

3. Starting position - the main stand. Draw a semicircle with your chin from the left shoulder to the right and back. Repeat 4 times.

Thanks, let's get back to our seats.

4. Fixing:

1. What 3 conditions are necessary for the spread of infectious diseases?

2. Who is responsible for the presence of a source of infectious diseases?

3. Who creates the conditions for the presence of a mechanism for the transmission of an infectious disease?

4. What or who determines a person's susceptibility to infectious diseases?

5. What can be concluded?

Conclusion: Man himself is responsible for the spread of infectious diseases. Lifestyle has a great influence on human health.

Long-term studies of specialists in different countries of the world confirm our conclusion. These studies have shown that many factors influence human health, but 4 of them are the main ones:

1. heredity - 18-22%,

2. healthcare - 8-10%,

3. external environment - 17-20%,

4. lifestyle - 49-53%

What advice can you give to those who want to be healthy? (Observe hygiene, wear a gauze bandage, a scarf, destroy flies, cockroaches, observe the regime of work and rest. And all together this means - lead a healthy lifestyle).

5. Grading, summing up.

6. Homework. Abstract to study, prepare a message about an infectious disease.

In the middle of the last century, mankind has achieved some success in the fight against certain infections. But, as it turned out, it is too early to celebrate the final victory over such a scourge as infectious diseases. Their list includes more than 1200 items, and is constantly updated with newly discovered diseases.

How infectious diseases are studied

Mass diseases have been known to man since ancient times. There is evidence that as early as the 5th century BC. philosophers and doctors guessed the existence of some tiny, invisible to the eye living organisms that can cause diseases that are characterized by rapid spread and high mortality. During the Middle Ages, however, these materialistic views were forgotten, and outbreaks of mass diseases were explained solely by God's punishment. But the fact that the sick should be isolated, as well as to destroy infected things, buildings and corpses, was already known then.

Knowledge accumulated gradually, and the middle of the 19th century was marked by the birth of such a science as microbiology. Then the causative agents of many diseases were discovered: cholera, plague, tuberculosis and others. since then they have been separated into a separate group.

Terminology

The word "infection" in Latin means "contamination", "infection". As a biological concept, this term refers to the penetration of a microscopic pathogen into a more highly organized organism. It can be either a person or an animal, or a plant. Then the interaction between the systems of the micro- and macroorganism begins, which, of course, does not occur in isolation, but under specific environmental conditions. This is a very complex biological process, and it is called infectious. As a result of such interaction, the macroorganism is either completely freed from the causative agent of the disease, or dies. The form in which the infectious process manifests itself is a specific infectious disease.

General characteristics for infectious diseases

We can talk about the onset of an infectious disease if, after a meeting of the pathogen and a macroorganism, in particular a person, the vital functions of the latter are disturbed, symptoms of the disease appear, and an increase in antibody titer occurs in the blood. There are other forms of infectious processes: healthy carriage of the virus in the presence of immunity or natural immunity to this disease, chronic infections, slow infections.

In addition to the fact that all infectious diseases begin with pathogenic pathogens, there are other common characteristics for them. Such diseases are contagious, that is, they can be transmitted from a sick person or animal to a healthy one. Under certain conditions, epidemics and pandemics may occur, that is, the mass spread of the disease, and this is already a very serious threat to society.

In addition, infectious diseases, a list of which can be found in any medical reference book, always proceed in cycles. This means that in the course of the disease, certain time intervals alternate in turn: the incubation period, the stage of the precursors of the disease, the period of the peak of the disease, the period of decline and, finally, the period of recovery.

The incubation period has no clinical manifestations yet. It is the shorter, the higher the pathogenicity of the pathogen and the greater its dose, and can be as few hours as several months and even years. Harbingers of a disease are the most common and rather vague symptoms, on the basis of which it is difficult to suspect a specific infectious disease. Typical for her clinical manifestations are maximum at the stage of the height of the disease. Further, the disease begins to fade, but some infectious diseases are characterized by relapses.

Another specific characteristic of infectious diseases is the formation of immunity in the process of the disease.

Causative agents of infectious diseases

Fungi are the causative agents of infectious diseases. In order for the introduction to be successful for a pathogenic microorganism, one meeting of the macro- and microorganism is not enough. Requires the fulfillment of certain conditions. Of great importance is the actual state of the macroorganism and its defense systems.

Much depends on the pathogenicity of the pathogen itself. It is determined by the degree of virulence (toxicity) of the microorganism, its toxigenicity (in other words, the ability to produce toxins) and aggressiveness. Environmental conditions also play a big role.

Classification of infectious diseases

First of all, infectious diseases can be systematized depending on the pathogen. In the general case, isolated viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Separately, chlamydial, mycoplasmal, rickettsial, spirochetal infections are distinguished, although chlamydia, and mycoplasmas, and rickettsia, and spirochetes belong to the kingdom of bacteria. Viruses are perhaps the most common pathogens. However, bacteria can also cause many diseases. Among the most famous are such as tonsillitis, meningitis, cholera, plague, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, tetanus. Fungal infectious diseases, or mycoses, include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, and lichen.

Most often, infectious diseases are classified according to the location of pathogens, taking into account the mechanism of their transmission, but this applies to those diseases that spread from person to person. Accordingly, intestinal infectious diseases are isolated, transmitted by the fecal-oral route (astrovirus infection, poliomyelitis, cholera, typhoid fever). There are infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The method of infection with them is called airborne (SARS, diphtheria, scarlet fever, influenza). Infectious diseases can still be localized in the blood and transmitted through insect bites and medical manipulations. We are talking about injections and blood transfusions. These include hepatitis B, plague. There are also external infections that affect the skin and mucous membranes and are transmitted by contact.

In the process of evolution, each type of pathogen of an infectious disease has its own entry gates of infection. So, a number of microorganisms penetrate through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, others - through the digestive tract, genital tract. It happens, however, that the same pathogen is able to enter the human body at the same time in different ways. For example, hepatitis B is transmitted through blood, from mother to child and by contact.

There are three main habitats for pathogens of infectious diseases. These are the human body, the animal body and the inanimate environment - soil and water bodies.

Symptoms of infectious diseases

Common symptoms of infectious diseases include malaise, headache, pallor, chills, muscle aches, fever, sometimes nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. In addition to the general ones, there are symptoms that are characteristic of only one disease. For example, a rash with meningococcal infection is very specific.

Diagnostics

As for the diagnosis, it should be based on a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the patient. The study includes a detailed and thorough questioning, examination of organs and systems, and an analysis of the results of laboratory tests. Early diagnosis of infectious diseases presents certain difficulties, but is of great importance both for the timely adequate treatment of the patient and for the organization of preventive measures.

Treatment

In the treatment of ailments such as infectious diseases, the list of which is so frighteningly extensive, there are several directions. First of all, these are measures aimed at reducing the activity of a pathogenic microorganism and neutralizing its toxins. For this, antibacterial drugs, bacteriophages, interferons and other means are used.

Secondly, it is necessary to activate the body's defenses by using immunomodulatory drugs and vitamins. Treatment must be comprehensive. It is important to normalize the functions of organs and systems disturbed by the disease. In any case, the approach to treatment should take into account all the individual characteristics of the patient and the course of his disease.

Prevention

In order to protect yourself and your loved ones as much as possible from such a threat as infectious diseases, the list of which includes diseases of a viral, bacterial and fungal nature, you need to remember about quarantine measures, vaccination, and strengthening the immune system. And sometimes, in order to escape from infection, it is enough to follow the basic rules of personal hygiene.

Outline of the lesson on life safety (Grade 10)

Subject: MAIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND PREVENTION

Developer: Teacher-organizer of life safety Sinkovskaya A.A.

Lesson type: Combined

Target:

Generate Viewabout infectious diseases and their development, about the immune system and disease prevention

Lesson objectives:

1. Raising the need for hygiene and sanitation

responsibility for their own health and the health of those around them.

2. Develop the ability to avoid infectious diseases

3. Consolidate existing knowledge on the prevention of infectious diseases

Visual aids: presentation for the lesson and tests.

Lesson plan:

Organizational moment 2 min.

Frontal survey of students for earlier

studied material 5 min.

Learning new material 20 min.

Primary fixing 5 min.

Generalization and systematization of knowledge 1 min.

Fixing the material 4 min.

Summing up the lesson 2 min.

Homework 1 min.

DURING THE CLASSES

Teacher: Hello, please have a seat. Today at the lesson we continue to study the section: "Fundamentals of medical knowledge and a healthy lifestyle."

Teacher: And in order to understand how you learned the previous topic, I will ask a few questions:

1. What is assigned to young men on the medical commission during the initial registration for military registration? (Categories of validity)

2. What categories of fitness are subject to conscription? (A and B)
3. Name the main activities carried out in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to preserve and improve the health of servicemen.
4. What do you know about the activities carried out in the military unit to harden military personnel?

Teacher: Please open your notebooks and write down the date, the topic of the lesson.
Today we have the topic of the lesson:MAIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND PREVENTION.

infectious diseases - This is a group of diseases that are caused by specific pathogens:

pathogenic bacteria;

viruses;

simple fungi.

Teacher: What do you thinkcause of an infectious disease?

Student: The direct cause of an infectious disease is the introduction of pathogens into the human body and their entry into interaction with the cells and tissues of the body.

Teacher: Sometimes the occurrence of an infectious disease can be caused by the ingestion of toxins of pathogens, mainly with food.

Consider the main ways of infection transmission and their characteristics (slide 3).

There is also a classification of the main infectious diseases(slide 4).

Infectious diseases that affect only a person are transmitted from person to person (anthroposes)

Infectious diseases common to animals and humans

Intestinal infections

Typhoid fever, viral hepatitis A, viral hepatitis E, dysentery, polio, cholera, paratyphoid A and B

Botulism, brucellosis, salmonellosis

Respiratory tract infections

Chickenpox, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, smallpox, scarlet fever

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, psittacosis

Blood infections

Relapsing fever epidemic (lousy), trench fever, typhus

Flea typhus endemic, tick-borne relapsing fever, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis, mosquito encephalitis, tularemia, plague

Infections of the outer integument

Viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C, viral hepatitis D, HIV infection, gonorrhea, erysipelas, syphilis, trachoma

Rabies, glanders, anthrax, tetanus, foot and mouth disease

Teacher: Most infectious diseases are characterized by periodic development. There are the followingperiods of disease development: incubation (hidden), initial, period of the main manifestations (height) of the disease and the period of extinction of the symptoms of the disease (recovery) (slide 5).

Incubation period – This is the period of time from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first clinical symptoms of infection.

For each infectious disease, there are certain limits on the duration of the incubation period, which can range from several hours (for food poisoning) to one year (for rabies) and even several years. For example, the incubation period for rabies ranges from 15 to 55 days, but can sometimes take up to a year or more.

Initial period accompanied by general manifestations of an infectious disease: malaise, often chills, fever, headache, sometimes nausea, that is, signs of the disease that do not have any clear specific features. The initial period is not observed in all diseases and lasts, as a rule, several days.

The period of the main manifestations of the disease characterized by the occurrence of the most significant and specific symptoms of the disease. During this period, the death of the patient may occur, or, if the body has coped with the action of the pathogen, the disease passes into the next period - recovery.

The period of extinction of the symptoms of the disease characterized by the gradual disappearance of the main symptoms. Clinical recovery almost never coincides with the full restoration of the body's vital functions.

Recovery it can be complete, when all disturbed body functions are restored, or incomplete, if residual effects persist.

Teacher: Epidemic - the mass spread of infectious diseases, significantly exceeding the usual level of morbidity. (slide 6)

Pandemic - an epidemic that covers several countries or continents. (slide 7)

Prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention of infectious diseases - a set of measures aimed at preventing diseases or eliminating risk factors. These measures are general (increasing the material well-being of people, improving medical support and services, eliminating the causes of diseases, improving working conditions, living and recreation of the population, protecting the environment, etc.) and special (medical, sanitary, hygienic and anti-epidemic).(slide 8)

Special measures - anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures aimed at preventing, reducing the size and consequences of epidemics. (slide 9)

Prevention implies the implementation of preventive measures aimed at increasing the immunity of the human body in order to maintain or develop its immunity to infectious diseases.

For the timely prevention of infectious diseases, their occurrence is recorded. In our country, all infectious diseases are subject to mandatory registration, including tuberculosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, salmonellosis, brucellosis, dysentery, viral hepatitis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza, measles, chicken pox, typhus, malaria, encephalitis, tularemia, rabies, anthrax, cholera, HIV infection, etc.

Immunity - it is the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents.(slide 10)

Such agents can be bacteria, viruses, some poisonous substances of plant and animal origin, and other products that are foreign to the body.

Immunity is provided by a complex of protective reactions of the body, thanks to which the constancy of the internal environment of the body is maintained.

There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired.(slide 11)

innate immunity is inherited, like other genetic traits. (Thus, for example, there are people who are immune to rinderpest.)

acquired immunity occurs as a result of an infectious disease or after vaccination 1 .

Acquired immunity is not inherited. It is produced only to a certain microorganism that has entered the body or introduced into it. Distinguish between active and passive acquired immunity.

Actively acquired immunity occurs as a result of a disease or after vaccination. It is established 1-2 weeks after the onset of the disease and persists for a relatively long time - for years or tens of years. So, after measles, lifelong immunity remains. In other infections, such as influenza, actively acquired immunity is relatively short-lived - within 1-2 years.

Passively acquired immunity can be created artificially - by introducing antibodies into the body. 2 (immunoglobulins) obtained from people or animals who have recovered from an infectious disease or have been vaccinated. Passively acquired immunity is established quickly (a few hours after the administration of immunoglobulin) and persists for a short time - within 3-4 weeks.

General concepts of the immune system

The immune system – This is a set of organs, tissues and cells that ensure the development of the immune response and the protection of the body from agents that have foreign properties and violate the constancy of the composition and properties of the internal environment of the body.(slide 12)

TOcentral authorities The immune system includes the bone marrow and thymus gland, the peripheral ones include the spleen, lymph nodes and other accumulations of lymphoid tissue.(slide 13)

The immune system mobilizes the body to fight againstpathogenic microbe , or a virus. In the human body, the microbe-causative agent multiplies and releases poisons -toxins . When the concentration of toxins reaches a critical value, the body reacts. It is expressed in violation of the functions of certain organs and in the mobilization of protection. The disease most often manifests itself in an increase in temperature, in an increase in heart rate and in a general deterioration in well-being.

The immune system mobilizes specific weapons against infectious agents - leukocytes, which produce active chemical complexes - antibodies.

Teacher: To consolidate the knowledge gained, I suggest you answer 10 simple questions. (test)

Teacher: So, at the end of the lesson, I am concerned about the question, what did we learn today?(Student response follows.)
– What new did you learn?(Students answer.)
- Amazing. What haven't we done yet?(Follow answers: they didn't write down their homework; not graded for the lesson.)
- Right! So, the grades for the lesson:(marks are given for the lesson).
And now we're recording

Homework: Fill in the table: 1st row - influenza, anthrax, foot and mouth disease, 2nd row - scarlet fever, plague, salmonellosis, 3rd row - dysentery, rubella, gonorrhea. Review the summary and learn the definitions.
Our lesson is over. Thanks to all. Goodbye.

Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that, due to suboptimal functionality of the immune system, enter the body. These microorganisms have a certain degree of virulence (toxicity), which manifests itself in different ways:
- in the process of their vital activity in the body;
- with its own destruction.

Infectious diseases are characterized by the incubation period of pathogens - this is the time before the first signs of a particular pathology appear and the duration of this period depends on the type of pathogen, method of infection. The incubation period of an infectious disease can last from a few hours to several years.

Classification of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are distinguished by many "parameters".

A. According to the location of the infection, these diseases are:
- intestinal (typhoid fever, salmonellosis, escherichiosis, dysentery, cholera, food poisoning ...);
- pulmonary (infectious diseases of the respiratory tract: influenza, SARS, chicken pox, respiratory infections, measles ...);
- transmissible (infectious blood diseases: HIV, typhoid, plague, malaria...);
- diseases of the external integument (anthrax, tetanus).

B. According to the type of pathogen, infectious diseases of people are:
- viral (cytomegalovirus infection, viral hepatitis, HIV, influenza, measles, meningitis...);
- prions (caused by protein infectious agents: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru ...);
- protozoan (caused by the simplest infectious agents: amoebiosis, balantidiasis, malaria, isosporiasis ...);
- bacterial (meningitis, dysentery, salmonellosis, plague, cholera...);
- mycoses (caused by fungal infectious agents: chromomycosis, candidiasis, epidermophytosis, cryptococcosis ...).

D. Particularly dangerous diseases, which are called quarantine, are classified as a separate group of infectious diseases.
This group is characterized by a short incubation period, a high spread rate, a severe course, and a high percentage of death. The World Health Organization classified this group of infectious diseases as: cholera, Ebola, plague, smallpox, some types of influenza, yellow fever.

Causes of infectious diseases

The cause of all infectious diseases is a pathogenic microorganism, which, when it enters the body, excites infectious processes. As a rule, each disease of this nature has its own pathogen, although there are exceptions, for example, sepsis occurs as a result of exposure to several pathogens, and streptococcus can cause several diseases (scarlet fever, tonsillitis, erysipelas).

The organisms of different people react differently to the invasion of foreign agents: some are practically immune to them, while others, on the contrary, immediately begin to react sharply to this, showing various symptoms of an infectious disease.
This is due to the fact that the defenses of the body in people are different. Protective forces characterize the state of the immune system. And so we can say that the main cause of infectious diseases is the suboptimal functionality of the immune system.

If the immune system is weak, then the body does not "have enough strength" to fight pathogenic microorganisms - this human condition is called immunodeficiency.
It happens that the immune system is inadequately active and begins to perceive the tissues of its own body as foreign, and attacks them - this condition is called autoimmune.

Causative agents of infectious diseases

Viruses.
It means "poison" in Latin. They are able to multiply only inside living cells, where they seek to penetrate.

bacteria.
The vast majority of unicellular microorganisms.

Protozoa.
Unicellular microorganisms that can perform some of the functions inherent in individual tissues and organs of more highly developed forms.

Mycoplasmas (fungi).
They differ from other unicellular organisms in that they do not have a membrane and can initiate infectious processes while outside the cells.

Spirochetes.
At their core, they are bacteria that have a characteristic spiral shape.

Chlamydia, rickettsia.
Intracellularly functioning microorganisms, inherently occupying an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria.

The degree of possibility of an infectious disease in a person depends on the ability of his immune system to give an adequate response to the invasion of any of these foreign elements, recognize it and neutralize it.

Infectious diseases: symptoms

The symptomatology of these diseases is so diverse that, despite its pronounced severity, it is often very difficult to determine its type, and this is due to the choice of treatment method.
Modern medicine knows more than 5,000 infectious diseases and about 1,500 of their symptoms. This suggests that the same symptoms appear in many diseases - such symptoms are called general or non-specific. Here they are:
- elevated body temperature;
- general weakness of the body;
- loss of appetite;
- chills;
- sleep disturbance ;
- muscle pain;
- ache in the joints;
- nausea and vomiting;
- increased sweating;
- dizziness;
- severe headaches;
- apathy...

But of particular value in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are pathognomonic symptoms - signs characteristic of only one form of infectious pathology. Here are some examples of such symptoms:
- Volsky-Filatov-Koplik spots on the oral mucosa are characteristic only of measles;
- whooping cough is characterized by a special cough - convulsive with reprisals;
- opisthotonus (arching of the back) is a characteristic symptom of tetanus;
- rabies is a hallmark of rabies;
- meningococcal infection can be diagnosed with 100% certainty by the presence of a vesicular rash along the nerve trunks ...
Pathognomonic symptoms are known for most infectious diseases, and every infectious disease doctor must know the most common of them.

Among other things, there is a group of symptoms that occupies, as it were, an intermediate position between general and pathognomonic symptoms. These symptoms can occur not only in infectious diseases, but in others too. For example, an enlarged liver is characteristic of both viral hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, heart failure, malaria, typhoid fever ..., an enlarged spleen occurs in typhoid fever, sepsis, malaria, viral hepatitis ...

That is why any infectious diseases people are diagnosed when a combination of many signs using a variety of methods of analysis and instrumental diagnostics, because, we repeat, the choice of a method for treating a disease depends on this, and, accordingly, success depends on it.

Diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans

After questioning the patient and preliminary conclusions, the material is taken for analysis, which is determined by the doctor. This material can be: blood (most often), urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, smears from the mucous membranes, vomit, biopsy specimens and organ punctures ...

Recently, for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, enzyme immunoassay has become widespread.

Most diagnostic methods are aimed at determining the type of pathogen, or the presence and belonging of antibodies to certain classes of immune components, which makes it possible to differentiate various infectious diseases.

Also, skin tests with allergens introduced into them are often used to diagnose these diseases to provoke appropriate reactions.

Treatment of human infectious diseases

Currently, there is a huge number of different drugs that are designed to treat various infectious diseases in humans, and it is impossible to list them all ... and there is no need for this. Many well-known scientists, at present, have a very ambiguous attitude, for example, to antibiotics, others to other drugs.

Firstly, any drug has certain contraindications and causes some side effects, and this is their main drawback.
Secondly, drugs, the action of which is aimed at neutralizing foreign agents, in fact, do a disservice to the immune system, which develops and grows stronger only in collisions with infections, and therefore excessive drug intake actually weakens the body. . It turns out a paradox: we treat one and immediately "catch" another disease, or even a whole "bouquet" of them.
Thirdly, taking medications (especially antibiotics) gradually destroys the microflora of the stomach - the most important link in the human immune system, and this has very unpredictable consequences. That is why treatment of infectious diseases must be carried out simultaneously with the intake of probiotics and prebiotics, which are 100% natural.

Treatment of infectious diseases in humans consists in the use of the following drugs:
- antibacterial (chemo- and antibiotic therapy);
- gamma or immunoglobulins (serotherapy);
- interferons;
- bacteriophages (phage therapy);
- Vaccines (vaccination therapy);
- blood products (hemotherapy)

Today, a new paradigm is ripe in the treatment of infectious diseases: scientists have come to the conclusion that it is more important to support the immune system (IS) in its fight against foreign agents, and not directly influence these agents, although in severe cases, of course, there is no time for restoring the optimal functionality of the IS.
It is for this reason that complex therapy of these pathologies is necessary, in which, along with traditional medicines, it is necessary to use immunomodulators and immunostimulants. Many of these drugs:
- neutralize the side effects caused by drugs;
- strengthens the body's immunity;
- enhances the therapeutic effect of the applied medicinal preparations;
- quickly restores the body.

Infectious diseases: prevention

Preventive measures to prevent infectious diseases have been known for a long time and in the Soviet period they were called: "Healthy lifestyle". Since then, they have not lost their relevance, and we will recall them here.

1. First of all, infectious diseases depend on the normal functionality of the immune system, which, in turn, depends on normal nutrition. Therefore, rule number 1 - eat right: do not overeat, eat less animal fats, include more fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet, eat fried foods as little as possible, eat more often, but in smaller quantities ...

2. Infectious diseases can be prevented by the systematic use of immune preparations: immunomodulators and immunostimulants (this is the second most important rule).

3. Strengthen your immune system by regularly eating herbal products such as onion, garlic, honey, lemon juice (not pure), raspberries, sea buckthorn, ginger...

4. Lead an active lifestyle: exercise in the morning, go to the gym or pool, run in the evenings...

5. Infectious diseases not afraid of a hardened body, so get hardened (a bath and a contrast shower are the best way for these purposes).

6. Give up bad habits: stop smoking and abusing alcohol.

7. Avoid stressful situations and do not succumb to depressive states, nothing suppresses the immune system as much as our nervous breakdowns, so become an optimist and understand that there is nothing more important in this life than your health.

8. Learn to rest properly. Constantly watching television and "resting" on the couch is not a vacation. Real rest should be active and necessarily provide for the alternation of physical and mental stress.

These are simple rules that should become a way of life for every person, and then we guarantee you: no infectious diseases will pose absolutely no danger to you.

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Slides captions:

Major infectious diseases and their prevention

Educational issues Concept of infectious diseases Mechanism of transmission of infection Prevention of infectious diseases

The difference between infectious diseases and ordinary diseases They are caused by pathogens. Visible only with a microscope Transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one Each contagious disease is caused by a specific microbe - the causative agent

Types of microorganisms that affect the human body Saprophytes are microorganisms that are harmless to humans. Once in the human body, they never cause diseases Opportunistic pathogenic microbes. Getting into the human body, for the time being, they do not cause serious changes. But if the human body is weakened, then these microbes quickly turn into pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms that are dangerous to health. Getting into the human body and overcoming its protective barriers, cause the development of an infectious disease

Group of infectious diseases Brief description Infections included in the group Intestinal infections The causative agent is excreted in faeces or urine. Transmission factors are food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, household items. Infection occurs through the mouth. Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B, dysentery, cholera, food poisoning, etc. Respiratory tract infections, or airborne infections Transmission is carried out by airborne or airborne dust. Influenza, measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, smallpox, etc. Blood infections The causative agent is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, etc.) infections Diseases transmitted through animal bites Rabies Contact-household diseases are transmitted by direct contact of a healthy person with a sick person, in which the infectious agent passes to a healthy organ. No transmission factor Infectious skin and venereal diseases, sexually transmitted (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.)

Fecal-oral This way all intestinal infections are transmitted. The microbe with feces, vomit of the patient gets on food, water, dishes, and then through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract of a healthy person. Liquid Characteristic for blood infections. Carriers of this group of diseases are blood-sucking insects: fleas, lice, ticks, mosquitoes, etc. Contact or contact-domestic Infection with the majority of sexually transmitted diseases occurs in this way when a healthy person is in close contact with a sick person. Zoonotic Carriers of zoonotic infections are wild and domestic animals. Infection occurs through bites or close contact with sick animals. Airborne This way all viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract spread. The virus with mucus, when sneezing or talking, enters the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of a healthy person. The main ways of transmission of infection and their characteristics

Respiratory tract infections are transmitted by airborne droplets Spread of droplets of mucus and saliva containing pathogens of infectious diseases when the patient coughs and sneezes.

Intestinal infections spread through food, water

Blood infections - through the bites of blood-sucking insects

Infection of the outer integument - the contact route.

Maintaining personal hygiene reduces the risk of disease

Preventive vaccinations are carried out

Isolate patients promptly

Conduct disinfection. Disinfection of the apartment and objects in it.

Answer the questions What are infectious diseases characterized by? What is the mechanism of transmission of respiratory infections? How important is personal hygiene? Prevention of infectious diseases.

Homework Draw up instructions for behavior in the spread of infectious diseases (epidemics)