Hormones their role in human life. Ways to improve hormonal levels

As you know, hormones play a leading role in all the processes that occur in our body. Therefore, let us pay attention to which hormones are responsible for certain processes occurring in our body in order to fully understand their role in our life.

What are hormones

Hormones are biologically active signaling chemicals that are secreted by the endocrine glands directly in the body and have a remote complex and multifaceted effect on the body as a whole or on certain of its organs and target tissues. Hormones serve as humoral (blood-borne) regulators of certain processes in various organs and systems. Hormones are used in the body to maintain homeostasis and to regulate many functions such as growth, development, metabolism, and response to environmental changes. It is also worth noting that hormones not only manage all the processes that occur in our body, they are even responsible for our behavior. In addition, our feelings such as love, desire for intimacy, affection, altruism, self-sacrifice, romance are also completely dependent on hormones.

Hormones and their purpose

Estrogens are hormones from a subclass of steroid hormones that are produced mainly by the follicular apparatus of the ovaries in women. Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the testicles in men and by the adrenal cortex in both sexes. Estrogens are produced in women by the ovaries from the onset of puberty until the onset of menopause. Estrogen accelerates cell renewal, protects blood vessels from cholesterol deposits, increases skin density, promotes hydration, and regulates the activity of the sebaceous glands.

Among other things, it maintains bone strength and stimulates the formation of new bone tissue. Excess estrogen in the body often results in the fullness of the thighs and lower abdomen, and also provokes the development of uterine fibroids; its deficiency leads to increased hair growth on the arms, legs, face, as well as to rapid aging. Progesterone is a hormone of the corpus luteum of the ovaries, chemically it is a steroid hormone. Progesterone is produced in significant amounts by the ovaries and is also the precursor to a number of neurosteroids in the brain. A large amount of progesterone during pregnancy is produced by the placenta of the fetus, the amount of progesterone produced by the placenta progressively increases from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy, then drops sharply a few days before delivery. Progesterone, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, acts so that it is constantly at rest.

In addition, progesterone is able to reduce the feeling of hunger and thirst, as well as affect the emotional state. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, androgen. It is secreted by the cells of the testes in men and in small amounts by the ovaries in women, as well as in both sexes by the adrenal cortex. Testosterone is biologically inactive and weakly binds to androgen receptors. Testosterone makes you feel sexual desire, besides, the more testosterone a woman has, the faster she builds muscles, but with an excess of testosterone, her character becomes more aggressive, and acne can appear on the skin. Oxytocin is produced by the adrenal glands and enters the bloodstream in large quantities after childbirth. It contributes to the contraction of the uterus, as well as the emergence of manifestations of mother's attachment to the child. Insulin is a peptide hormone that has a multifaceted effect on metabolism in almost all tissues.

The main action of insulin is to reduce the concentration of glucose in the blood, it increases the permeability of plasma membranes for glucose, activates the key enzymes of glycolysis, stimulates the formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles, and enhances the synthesis of fats and proteins. If insulin is produced less than necessary, then excess glucose remains in the body and diabetes mellitus develops. Of course, in the human body there is a huge amount of a variety of hormones that are responsible for certain functions, but even these few examples make it clear how important they are for us and what damage to health a hormonal imbalance can cause.

Hormones- These are compounds of an organic composition that are produced by certain glands and are designed to control, regulate and coordinate certain functions of the human body, and in particular those that affect its behavior, character traits.

These substances are produced in specialized ones.

How do hormones affect our behavior? We do not even notice how many of our actions, movements, reactions are a reflection of the hormonal changes in our body.

Significance of hormones

Thyroid produces the hormones triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine or takes part in the coordination and regulation of the work of all organs, is responsible for metabolic processes in the body.

with a lack or excess of thyroid hormones, a person feels unwell (weakness, fatigue, fatigue), metabolic processes, the menstrual cycle in women are disturbed, memory and thinking deteriorate, the reaction rate decreases.
In children, hypofunction of this gland leads to mental retardation - cretinism.
with hyperfunction of this gland (Basedow's disease), the character of a person becomes quick-tempered and irritable, reacts sharply to the simplest situations. (There are also external manifestations - an enlarged "goiter" and "bulging eyes")

IN adrenal cortex three groups of hormones are synthesized - norepinephrine and sex hormones.

Adrenalin called stress hormone.

When a person is under stress, the brain sends a signal to the adrenal glands. The production of the hormone adrenaline begins, while all reactions are accelerated, an instant analysis of the situation (stimulus) and the choice of reaction, the most applicable method of action and ensuring survival in this case.

There is also a negative effect - adrenaline in large quantities inhibits work and (vasoconstriction occurs) and thus ensures rapid deterioration of the body.

Sex hormones: female and male.

Some scientists believe that a person is unable to control his own behavior, that his relationship with the opposite sex is determined by the hormonal background of the body. How so?

Female hubbub estrogen - the most important in the body of a woman, and it is reproduced in the ovaries.

estrogen is responsible for the growing up of the girl, for her, he prepares her for a sexual life, helps to become a mother;
it is from its quantity, scientists read, that the strength of the maternal instinct, the desire of a woman to preserve and protect her offspring, depends;
estrogen maintains the youth and beauty of a woman, if there are violations in the production of this hormone, then a woman may look older, worse, and therefore more likely to experience a negative attitude towards life. Agree, the influence of estrogen on the behavior and character of women is huge!
the amount of estrogen in a woman’s body also determines her fullness, so thinness is not always an indicator of health.

Prolactin is being developed.

This hormone ensures the growth and development of the mammary glands during puberty,

and is also responsible for the production of milk during lactation.

In many ways, the size of the female bust depends on this, and hence the self-esteem of a woman, her attitude towards herself and the world. However, for every beauty there is a connoisseur.

Prolactin is also called a stress hormone, as its production increases with physical exertion, psychological trauma, etc.

Progesterone is responsible for the onset and course of pregnancy, and this hormone is reproduced by the corpus luteum, adrenal glands and placenta.

The work of this hormone is so simple, it is on its production that the maternal instinct depends, as many scientists believe: it is not without reason that soft toys, “cute” kittens and, of course, cute, curly and not so, babies so often cause delight and aching feelings in women. This is instinct.

During pregnancy a "hormonal boom" occurs in a woman's body.

The complexity of this period is that the mother's body, in addition to her hormones, is also influenced by the hormones of the fetus. All the functioning of the woman's body is subject to the proper development of the baby. Given that the whole body of a woman is undergoing changes, a change in her hormonal levels, frequent and sometimes unpredictable, is inevitable. And here it is important to monitor the hormonal background of the expectant mother, not only because the functioning of the endocrine glands undergoes some changes during this period, but also because the well-being and mental state of a woman is the key to a smooth pregnancy and easy childbirth.

Testosterone is a male hormone.

Another name for this hormone is aggression hormone. Well, how else, if it is a male hormone, because it is he who causes in a man the desire to get food, feed and protect his home, his offspring.

reproduced by the adrenal glands and. As the level of the hormone in the boy's body grows, the boy turns into a man ready for fertilization.
testosterone affects the ability of a man to orient himself in space (which is why “topographic cretinism” is less common in men), is responsible for hair growth and a deep voice. By the way, some scientists believe that the lower the voice of a man, the higher the content of progesterone in his body and the higher his sexuality, brutality and attractiveness to the opposite sex. This is of course a controversial point of view, but still. It is as controversial as the point of view that fair-haired women are more attractive to men, due to the fact that their body has more female hormone (which determines in part their blondeness). And biologically fertile women are more attractive to men for the purpose of reproducing offspring. By the way, we note (in order to fight for a healthy lifestyle) that if a man smokes and drinks, then the level of testosterone in the blood decreases, which means that his attractiveness to a woman as the father of offspring also falls down. A decrease in testosterone levels occurs at the age of 60-80, it is then that a man becomes a wonderful grandfather who loves to mess with his grandchildren.

Androgens(general hormones), including testosterone, are also produced in the female body. With hormonal failures, the level of this hormone in a woman's body may increase, which causes increased body hair growth, a decrease in the timbre of the voice. A woman's well-being worsens, and her self-esteem often decreases.

During menopause in women, estrogen levels decrease and testosterone levels increase. A woman during menopause can become more aggressive, which already contributes to an increase in predisposition to stress.

Hormones of happiness in science it is called endorphins.

they have an analgesic effect;
produced during sex, here, of course, scientists came to the conclusion that having sex has a positive effect on the entire body. There is a good mood here, and a wonderful state of health. When having sex, adrenaline and cortisone are produced, which stimulate the brain, creative thinking, increase attention and memory of a person. Moreover, regular sex increases life expectancy. But it should be understood that we are talking about permanent partners - husband or wife, and the key to good sex is the love of both partners.
it is believed that the production of the hormone of happiness contributes to - chocolate, sweet at its best. Chocolate is useful in itself, as a source of energy for the body and brain, as a guarantee of a good mood. Other than that, chocolate is just delicious.

Note that family relationships are also partly regulated by our hormonal levels. Here is important the proportion of the level of male and female hormones in husband and wife: one or another degree of testosterone content in the human body ensures its conflict, aggressiveness, the ability to make concessions, assertiveness, i.e. responsible for the flexibility of the human psyche.

In this article, we tried to consider as many hormones in our body as possible.

The influence of hormones on the character and behavior of a person is great and varied: the work of mental processes (memory, attention, thinking, speech, etc.), our feelings and states, mood and reactions to the outside world - everything is more or less influenced by hormonal background of the human body.

- biologically active substances. Their production occurs in specialized cells of the endocrine glands.

Translated from the ancient Greek language, the word “hormones” means “to induce” or “excite”.It is this action that is their main function: being produced in some cells, these substances induce the cells of other organs to act, sending them signals.

That is, in the human body, hormones play the role of a kind of mechanism that triggers all vital processes that cannot exist separately.

Human hormones are produced throughout life. At the moment, science knows more than 100 substances produced by the endocrine glands, which are characterized by hormonal activity and which regulate metabolic processes.

Story

The term "hormone" itself was first used in the works of the English physiologists W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1902, and the active study of the endocrine glands and hormones was initiated by the English physician T. Addison in 1855.

Another founder of endocrinology is the French physician K. Bernard, who studied the processes of internal secretion and the corresponding glands of the body - organs that secrete certain substances into the blood.

Subsequently, another French doctor, C. Brown-Séquard, made his contribution to this branch of science, linking the development of certain diseases with the insufficiency of the function of the endocrine glands and showing that extracts of the corresponding glands can be successfully used in the treatment of these diseases.

According to modern studies, it has been reliably established that insufficient or excessive synthesis of hormones negatively affects the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of metabolic processes in the body, and this, in turn, contributes to the development of almost all diseases of the endocrine glands.

How hormones work

External or internal stimuli of one kind or another act on the body's receptors and give rise to impulses in them, which first enter the central nervous system, and then the hypothalamus.

In this part of the brain, primary active substances of remote hormonal action are produced - the so-called releasing factors, which, in turn, are sent to the pituitary gland. Under the influence of releasing factors, either the production and release of tropic hormones of the pituitary gland is accelerated or slowed down.

At the next stage of the process, hormones are delivered through the circulatory system to various organs or tissues (the so-called "targets"). At the same time, each of the hormones has its own chemical formula, which determines which of the organs will become a target. It is worth noting that the target may be not one organ, but several.

They act on target organs through cells equipped with special receptors that can perceive only certain hormones. Their relationship is similar to a lock with a key, where the receptor cell, opened by the hormone key, acts as a lock.

Attaching to receptors, hormones penetrate into the internal organs, where, with the help of chemical action, they force them to perform certain functions, due to which, in fact, the final effect of the hormone is realized.

Having completed their task, hormones are either broken down in target cells or in the blood, or transported to the liver, where they are broken down, or finally eliminated from the body mainly in the urine (for example, adrenaline).

Regardless of the location, there is always a clear structural and spatial correspondence between the receptor and the hormone.

An increase or decrease in hormone production, as well as a decrease or increase in the sensitivity of hormonal receptors and a violation of hormonal transport leads to endocrine diseases.

The role of hormones in the human body

Hormones are of great biological importance, with their help, coordination and coordination of the work of all organs and systems is carried out:

Thanks to these substances, each person has a certain height and weight.
Hormones affect the emotional state of a person.
Throughout life, hormones stimulate the natural process of cell growth and decay.
They are involved in the formation of the immune system, stimulating or inhibiting it.
Substances produced by the endocrine glands control metabolic processes in the body.
Under the influence of hormones, the body tolerates physical activity and stressful situations more easily.
With the assistance of biologically active substances, there is a preparation for a certain life stage, including puberty, childbirth and menopause.
Certain substances control the reproductive cycle.
The feeling of hunger and satiety a person also experiences under the influence of hormones.
With the normal production of hormones and their function, sexual desire increases, and with a decrease in their concentration in the blood, libido decreases.
Hormones maintain homeostasis.

The main properties and features of the action of hormones

High biological activity. Hormones regulate metabolism in very low concentrations - in the range from 10-8 to 10-12M.
Distance of action. Hormones are synthesized in the endocrine glands and have biological effects in other target tissues.
reversibility of action. It is provided with dosed release adequate to the situation and subsequent mechanisms of hormone inactivation. The time of action of hormones is different:

peptide hormones: sec - min;
protein hormones: min - hours;
steroid hormones: hours;
iodothyronines: day.

Specificity of biological action(each hormone has a specific effect on a specific organ or tissue through a specific receptor cell).
Pleiotropy(variety) of action. For example, catecholamines have been seen as short-term stress hormones. Then it was found that they are involved in the regulation of matrix syntheses and processes determined by the genome: memory, learning, growth, division, cell differentiation.
Dualism of regulations(duality). So, adrenaline both narrows and expands blood vessels. Iodothyronines in large doses increase protein catabolism, in small doses they stimulate anabolism.

Classification of hormones

Hormones are classified according to chemical structure, biological functions, place of education And mechanism of action.

Classification by chemical structure

According to the chemical structure, hormones are divided into the following groups:

Protein-peptide compounds. These hormones are responsible for the implementation of metabolic processes in the body. And the most important component for their production is protein. Peptides include insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreas and growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Their composition may include the most diverse number of amino acid residues - from 3 to 250 or more.
Derivatives of amino acids. These hormones are produced by several glands, including the adrenal glands and the thyroid gland. And the basis for their production is tyrosine. Representatives of this species are adrenaline, norepinephrine, melatonin, and thyroxine.
Steroids. These hormones are produced in the testicles and ovaries from cholesterol. These substances perform the most important functions that allow a person to develop and acquire the necessary physical form that adorns the body, as well as reproduce offspring. Steroids include progesterone, androgen, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone.
arachidonic acid derivatives- eicosanoids (have a local effect on cells). These substances act on cells located near those organs that are involved in their production. These hormones include leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostaglandins.

Peptide (protein)

Corticotropin
Somatotropin
Thyrotropin
Prolactin
Lutropin
luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Melonocyte-stimulating hormone
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Parathormone
Calcitonin
Insulin
Glucagon

Amino acid derivatives

Adrenalin
Norepinephrine
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

Steroids

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens
Progestins
Calcitriol

The cells of some organs that are not related to the endocrine glands (cells of the gastrointestinal tract, cells of the kidneys, endothelium, etc.) also secrete hormone-like substances (eicosanoids) that act at the sites of their formation.

Classification of hormones according to biological functions

According to their biological functions, hormones can be divided into several groups:

Table. Classification of hormones according to biological functions.

Regulated processes
Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids	Insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol, thyroxine, growth hormone
Water-salt exchange	Aldosterone, vasopressin
Calcium and phosphate metabolism	Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcitriol
reproductive function	Estrogens, androgens, gonadotropic hormones
Synthesis and secretion of endocrine hormones	Tropic hormones of the pituitary gland, liberins and statins of the hypothalamus

This classification is conditional, since the same hormones can perform different functions. For example, adrenaline is involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and, in addition, regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and smooth muscle contraction. Estrogens regulate not only reproductive function, but also affect lipid metabolism, induce the synthesis of blood coagulation factors.

Classification by place of education

According to the place of formation, hormones are divided into:

Classification by mechanism of action

According to the mechanism of action, hormones can be divided into 3 groups:

Hormones that do not enter the cell and interacting with membrane receptors (peptide, protein hormones, adrenaline). The signal is transmitted inside the cell with the help of intracellular messengers (second messengers). The main end effect is a change in the activity of enzymes;
hormones that enter the cell(steroid hormones, thyroid hormones). Their receptors are found inside cells. The main end effect is a change in the amount of enzyme proteins through gene expression;
membrane-acting hormones(insulin, thyroid hormones). The hormone is an allosteric effector of membrane transport systems. The binding of the hormone to the membrane receptor leads to a change in the conductivity of the ion channels of the membrane.

Adverse factors affecting the work of hormones

The main human hormones throughout life ensure the stability of the body. Under the influence of some factors, the stability of the process may be violated. Their approximate list is as follows:

various diseases;
stressful situations;
changing climatic conditions;
unfavorable ecological situation;
age-related changes in the body. (In men, hormone production is more stable than in women. In the female body, the amount of hormones secreted varies depending on various factors, including the phase of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause.

The following signs indicate that a hormonal imbalance could have formed:

general weakness of the body;
cramps in the limbs;
headache and ringing in the ears;
sweating;
impaired coordination of movements and slow reaction;
memory impairment and lapses;
sudden mood swings and depression;
unreasonable decrease or increase in body weight;
stretch marks on the skin;
disruption of the digestive system;
hair growth in places where they should not be;
gigantism and nanism, as well as acromegaly;
skin problems, including oily hair, acne and dandruff;
menstrual irregularities.

How is hormone levels determined?

If any of these conditions manifests itself systematically, it is necessary to contact an endocrinologist. Only a doctor, based on the analysis, will be able to determine which hormones are produced in insufficient or excessive amounts, and prescribe the correct treatment.

How to achieve hormonal balance

With a slight hormonal imbalance, lifestyle adjustments are indicated:

Compliance with the daily routine. Full-fledged work of body systems is possible only when creating a balance between work and rest. For example, the production of somatotropin increases 1-3 hours after falling asleep. At the same time, it is recommended to go to bed no later than 23 hours, and the duration of sleep should be at least 7 hours.

Physical activity. Physical activity allows to stimulate the production of biologically active substances. Therefore, 2-3 times a week you need to do dancing, aerobics or increase activity in other ways.

Balanced diet with an increase in the amount of protein intake and a decrease in the amount of fat.

Compliance with the drinking regime. During the day, you need to drink 2-2.5 liters of water.

If more intensive treatment is required, the table of hormones is studied, and medications are used that contain their synthetic counterparts. However, only a specialist has the right to appoint them.

The human body is a complex system that performs a huge number of operations. Hormones play an important role in the proper organization of the human body. These are catalysts for biochemical processes that are produced by endocrine glands. There are different types of hormones, and each of them performs a specific function.

Classification of hormones

Depending on the chemical structure, these types of hormones are distinguished. The protein-peptide group combines the secrets of such glands as the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pancreatic and parathyroid hormones. This type also includes calcitonin, which is produced by the thyroid gland. The second group includes derivatives of amino acids (norepinephrine and adrenaline, thyroxine, etc.). There are also steroid types of hormones. They are synthesized mainly in the gonads, as well as the adrenal glands (estrogen, progesterone). Hormones of the first two groups are mainly responsible for metabolic processes in our body. Steroid types of hormones control physical development and the process of reproduction. Depending on the method of signal transmission from the secret to the cells, lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones are distinguished. The former easily penetrate the cell membrane into its nucleus. The latter bind to receptors on the surface of the structural element, while triggering the synthesis of the so-called messenger molecules. It is characteristic that hydrophilic hormones are transported with the blood stream, while lipophilic ones bind to its proteins and are thus transported.

human endocrine system

This is the name of the totality of all glands and organs in the human body, which secrete special biologically active elements - hormones. The endocrine system is responsible for many processes, while ensuring the normal development of the body. It controls chemical reactions, generates energy, affects the psycho-emotional state of a person. The endocrine system includes the thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary and pineal glands, adrenal glands, hypothalamus. It also includes organs such as testicles and ovaries. All hormones enter directly into the blood or lymph. Any disturbances in the functioning of the human endocrine system can cause serious diseases (diabetes mellitus, tumor processes, obesity, hyper- and hypothyroidism).
).

Tissue hormones, their types and functions

This type of hormones is produced in the tissues of the body and their action is usually local. Sometimes these hormones can enter the bloodstream. Histamine is a substance that plays a large role in the occurrence of allergic reactions. In the active state, it causes vasodilation, increases their permeability. Also, histamine promotes contractions of the muscles of the intestine, can cause spasms in the bronchi. Serotonin has the following effect: the vessels narrow, their permeability decreases. It is also called the hormone of happiness. If its production is normal, a person has a good mood, he feels a surge of strength. Both histamine and serotonin are actively involved in the transmission of impulses to the brain. Kinins are another tissue hormones. Their types and functions are as follows. Nanopeptide, kallidin, T-kinin, bradykinin (reduces blood pressure) - all of them, getting into the blood, cause symptoms of the inflammatory process. These hormones are involved in another category of biologically active tissue secretions - prostaglandins. They act on the smooth muscles of the organs, reduce the secretion of gastric juice. Substances such as kalons control cell division. Another type of tissue hormones is gastrin, secretin.

Thyroid. Types of hormones and their functions

This organ has the shape of a butterfly and is located in the neck (front). Its weight is relatively small - about 20 grams. Regulation of the functions of the sexual (reproductive), digestive systems, metabolic processes, maintaining a normal psycho-emotional state - all this is controlled by thyroid hormones. Their types are as follows. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine are extremely important secrets for human health. In order for them to form, a sufficient intake of iodine is necessary. The action of these hormones is similar, but triiodothyronine is more active. First of all, these substances take part in energy metabolic processes. They also affect the functioning of the heart muscle, intestines, and central nervous system. Also, these types of hormones take part in the development of the whole organism, the maturation of the reproductive system. Calcitonin is responsible for the level of calcium in the blood, and also takes part in water and electrolyte metabolism. Insufficient production leads to rapid human fatigue, lethargy, all metabolic processes slow down. If they are produced in excess, then excessive activity and excitability can be observed.

Analysis of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland

If a person has such changes as weight fluctuations (a sharp set or weight loss), problems with sexual desire, cessation of menstruation, developmental delay (psychological) in children, then a blood test for hormones produced by the thyroid gland is mandatory. To pass it, you should prepare in a special way. It is best to limit any physical activity on the eve of the test. It is also worth excluding alcohol, coffee, tobacco (at least a day before). Blood sampling takes place in the morning on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones can be both in a bound and in a free state. Therefore, in the course of research, the amount of free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, as well as the level of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, are determined. As a rule, the study takes one day. Depending on the results obtained, we can talk about a particular disease.

and her secrets

On the back surface of the thyroid gland are small glands, which are also called parathyroid glands. They are directly involved in the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Depending on the characteristics of a person, the gland can be of a mesh type, alveolar or in the form of a continuous mass. It synthesizes parathyroid hormone, which, like calcitonin, takes part in calcium metabolism. It also affects the skeletal system, intestines, kidneys. If the production of parathyroid hormone is impaired, then mental disorders, bone problems, calcification of internal organs and blood vessels are possible. With hypoparateriosis, muscle cramps appear, the heart rate quickens, and headaches may occur. If these signs are present, a blood test for parathyroid hormones may be needed. Their high content increases the level of calcium in the blood, and as a result, causes fragility of bone tissue.

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are paired organs located at the top of the kidneys. These types of hormones and their functions are as follows. The cortical layer of the glands produces substances that regulate the exchange of nutrients and minerals. Also, hormones of this type control glucose levels. The adrenal medulla synthesizes adrenaline and norepinephrine. Often they are developed during strong emotional outbursts (fear, danger). When these hormones enter the bloodstream, blood pressure rises, the heart rate quickens, and the excitability of the receptors of the organs of vision and hearing increases. Thus, the body prepares for the need to endure a stressful situation. The adrenal glands produce glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) that regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Their concentration depends on the time of day: the maximum amount of cortisol is observed at about 6 o'clock in the morning. Mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone) regulate salt metabolism. Thanks to them, fluid is retained in the body. The adrenal glands also secrete androgens such as androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DEA). They regulate the work of the sebaceous glands, form a libido. In a blood test for adrenal hormones, the level of DEA is examined. Its high content may indicate the presence of tumors of the glands. In addition, an excess of this hormone leads to serious consequences during pregnancy (miscarriage, malnutrition of the child, problems with the placenta). If there are complaints of increased hair growth, earlier puberty, menstrual irregularities, muscle weakness, a blood test for cortisol may be needed.

Pancreas. Types of hormones and their functions

In addition to taking an active part in the processes of digestion, it also produces hormones that are essential for the normal functioning of the body. All of them enter directly into the human blood. This body produces such types of hormones: insulin, c-peptide, glucagon. The main function of insulin is to regulate blood sugar levels. If the processes of its synthesis are disturbed, the development of diabetes mellitus is possible. Insulin also affects the production of active substances in the gastrointestinal tract, the synthesis of estrogens. It can be found in the body in free and bound form. If the amount of insulin is insufficient, then the process of converting glucose into fat and glycogen is disturbed. At the same time, toxins (for example, acetone) can accumulate in the body. Glucagon is also an essential element for our body. It activates the process of splitting fats, increases the level of glucose in the blood. It also reduces the level of calcium, phosphorus in the blood. Types of action of pancreatic hormones are closely interrelated. Thanks to their combined influence, an optimal glucose level is ensured.

Functions of pituitary hormones

The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland, which consists of the anterior and posterior lobes, as well as a small area between them. This organ weighs only 0.5 grams, but it performs quite important functions. The pituitary gland synthesizes the following types of human hormones. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex. It also affects the formation of melanin. affects the proper functioning of the reproductive system. Thanks to him, ovulation is stimulated, androgens are produced. Thyrotropic hormone coordinates the secretion of biologically active substances of the thyroid gland. Somatotropin takes an active part in the growth of the body and protein synthesis. It can also affect glucose levels, lipid breakdown. This hormone is responsible for the normal physical development of the human body. An increase in its level leads to gigantism. If somatotropin is below normal (in children), then short stature is observed. By the way, different types of growth hormone (synthetic) are used in the fight against dwarfism, to increase weight in athletes. Prolactin is the main hormone responsible for milk production in women. Also, due to its production during breastfeeding, the next pregnancy does not occur. Melanotropin is produced in the middle lobe. The posterior lobe produces such types of human hormones as oxytocin, vasopressin. The first contributes to the contraction of the uterus, colostrum is produced. Vasopressin stimulates the muscles of organs such as the intestines, uterus, and blood vessels.

gonads

The ovaries and testicles produce sex hormones. Their types are as follows. First of all, they are divided into female and male. However, in small quantities they can be present in the opposite sex. Types of testosterone, androsterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenediol. All of them provide the development of both primary sexual characteristics and secondary ones. It should be noted that their level does not tolerate such fluctuations compared to women's secrets. Thanks to testosterone, seminal fluid is produced, attraction to the opposite sex is stimulated. Also, the muscles, the skeleton develop in a special way, a characteristic male voice timbre appears. Other types of steroid hormones (in particular, dihydrotestosterone) provide male behavior, as well as a characteristic appearance: hair in certain areas, body structure. Types of female hormones are as follows: progesterone, estrogen, prolactin (produced by the pituitary gland).
Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum. This gland is formed after ovulation. It performs the following functions: promotes the growth of the uterus, provides an opportunity for the egg (fertilized) to be fixed in its cavity. Progesterone prepares a woman for pregnancy, and also contributes to the bearing of a child. If the amount of the hormone is not enough, then the menstrual cycle will be disrupted, bleeding is possible. The low level of progesterone also affects the emotional state: as a rule, a woman suffers from sudden mood swings. An elevated level of the hormone may indicate either pregnancy or a tumor process. Estrogens are special types of hormones in women. These include estradiol, estrone, estriol. These substances are responsible for the formation of the female type of figure, increase the tone and elasticity of the skin. In addition, hormones of this type contribute to the normal course of menstruation. They also protect blood vessels from the accumulation of lipid plaques, promote the growth of bone tissue, and retain calcium and phosphorus in it. If the level of estrogen is insufficient, a male type of hair growth is observed, the skin ages earlier, excess weight accumulates in the abdomen, hips, bones become more fragile.

Blood test for sex hormones

Types of tests for hormones include the study of blood for the content of sexual secrets in it. It is prescribed if there are such violations: problems with the menstrual cycle, inability to conceive a child, miscarriage, etc. For men, such an analysis is indicated in cases of suspected tumor processes, infertility. Blood should be donated in the morning, before that you can not eat. On the eve it is worth giving up tobacco and alcohol, heavy physical exertion. A woman needs to choose the right time to take the test, since the level of hormones depends on the day of the menstrual cycle. Several indicators are being studied at the same time. The content in the maximum number indicates the onset of ovulation. In men, this hormone promotes the growth of the seminiferous tubules and affects the concentration of testosterone. When diagnosing infertility, special attention is paid to luteinizing hormone. In women, he is responsible for the maturation of the follicle, ovulation, the formation of such a gland as the corpus luteum. If it is impossible to become pregnant, the indicators of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones are examined in combination. A blood test is also carried out for the presence of a certain amount of prolactin. With deviations from the norm, the onset of ovulation is difficult. Blood is also tested for testosterone. It is present in the body in both sexes. If its indicators are below the norm in men, then the quality of sperm deteriorates. It also negatively affects potency. In women, excess testosterone can cause miscarriage.

There are special substances in the human body - hormones that are involved in various chemical processes of a well-coordinated system and are a kind of impetus for the activity of certain organs. Why is the role of hormones so important for both women and men? What can lead to an imbalance in the secretion of hormones? To answer these questions, you need to understand what hormones are?

General information about hormones

Reference materials presented on Wikipedia characterize human hormones as "biologically active substances of an organic nature produced in the cells of the endocrine glands". After being produced in a particular gland, hormones enter the bloodstream and in a free flow or, by binding to proteins, reach the goal, more precisely, the cells in a particular organ.

The entry of hormones into target cells serves as an impetus for a certain chemical reaction, for example, sex hormones form sexual characteristics in adolescence, or prepare the female body for conception and gestation.

The body produces not one specific type of hormone, but a large number of hormones that have a specific function.

Hormones are not a certain constant, because the concentration of hormones is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external processes.

The gland secretes a specific hormone, releases it into the blood. The hormone reaches the desired point, performs its function and is utilized from the body through various channels. If a malfunction occurs in the endocrine gland or in another part of the body, the concentration of the hormone is also disturbed, which cannot but affect the overall functioning of the whole organism. Hence, mood swings, weakness, nervousness, metabolic disorders, weakening of potency, memory lapses and much more.

The term itself "hormones", translated from Greek, has a literal translation “to excite or induce”, that is, to be the main mechanism for launching vital systems that cannot be active on their own. The influence of hormones can be compared to an impulse transmitted in the nervous system from one neuron to another. Only the hormonal signal goes through the blood.

The main generators of hormones are the following glands of the human body:

Pituitary - an appendage of the brain, a gland that is small in size, but on a large scale influencing the processes of growth, metabolism and the formation of the reproductive system. It is here that hormones are produced that stimulate these processes. The gland is the center of the endocrine system, which includes glands that secrete other important hormones.
Hypothalamus - a brain process, a gland that regulates the formation of most hormones in the body.
Thyroid - one of the constituent glands of the endocrine system. Despite its small weight and size, it occupies one of the main positions in the smooth operation of the whole organism and the secretion of important hormones.
adrenal glands - a steam gland, which is part of the endocrine system of the body, producing both female and male hormones.
Pancreas produces hormones that stimulate the gastrointestinal tract and are involved in various metabolic processes in the body, for example, hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.
Male testicles and female ovaries - two types of endocrine glands that produce hormones that affect sexual and reproductive functions in the body.

In addition to the endocrine glands, the kidneys, liver, placenta during pregnancy, thymus and pineal glands take part in the formation of hormones.

A lot of hormones are formed in the body, and not all types of hormones, their participation in chemical processes, have been studied so far. Scientists continue to study the relationship of various diseases, psychological manifestations with the instability of hormone levels.

Classification of hormones

In order to systematize the hormones discovered and studied by specialists, it was decided to introduce a classification of hormones according to the chemical formula, place of secretion and purpose. The sources of hormone formation in the human body are the glands listed in the first chapter.

Now you need to consider the groups of hormones by chemical composition:

Type of hormone	Place of secretion	Role in the body
Peptide ( insulin, glucagon, growth hormone)	pancreas, pituitary gland	Help in various metabolic processes, where protein is the main component of the movement of active substances through the blood to the desired cell and organ.
Steroid (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, androgen, progesterone)	Sex glands of men (testicles) and women (ovaries).	Puberty, preparation for conception and pregnancy, body structure, determination of the sex of a person. The initial component for the formation of steroids is cholesterol.
Amino acid derivatives (adrenaline, norepinephrine, melatonin, thyroxine, serotonin, aldosterone).	Adrenal glands and thyroid gland, pituitary gland.	The basis for the secretion of this group of hormones is the substance tyrosine. They regulate the emotional state, the reaction of the body in stressful situations and with external influences.
Fatty acid derivatives or eicosanoids (leukotriene, prostaglandin, thromboxane).	Formed by organs that are not part of the endocrine system of hormonal glands. They affect the cells of those organs that synthesize the active substance (in the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract).	Local effect on cells, in order to activate chemical processes in a particular organ. They are not considered pure hormones, but their likeness.

Having considered the classification hormones by chemical composition and place of their secretion, it is necessary to study the biological functions of hormones in the body, which are confirmed by scientific research.

The table allows you to organize the data for clarity:

Hormone function	Detailed decoding of the purpose, a list of hormones
Regulation	Muscle contraction, maintaining muscle tone - adrenaline, oxytocin. The ability of the glands of the body to secrete (activation or blocking of the secret) - ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), statins. Formation of behavioral reactions of the body - a group of thyroid, sex hormones, adrenaline. Regulate the growth of the body - thyroids, somatropin. Control of water-salt balance - Aldosterone, vasopressin. Control of the balance of phosphates, calcium in the body - parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcitriol.
Execution of the natural program	Puberty and the continuation of the human race (conception, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation) - the entire list of hormones formed by the glands of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads.
Maintaining the activity of other hormones	Intensification of sex hormones and body growth - the substance thyroxine.

In addition to these functions, many hormones are universal and perform different roles. For example:

The main function of the hormone adrenaline is the regulation of muscle contraction. In addition, the hormone is involved in the stabilization of blood pressure and in carbohydrate metabolism.
The main role of estrogen (female hormone) - control reproductive function. In addition, this substance is involved in lipid metabolism and blood clotting.

But the entire list of hormone functions in the human body has not yet been fully studied, and the presented table can be expanded with new items over time.

What are the hormones of different groups in the human body responsible for?

Having studied in detail what hormones are and which glands generate their secretion, you need to understand which processes work smoothly if the level of active substances is normal:

From the moment of conception hormones control body growth and weight gain. The division of each cell, decay and utilization is under the strict control of certain hormones of the endocrine system.
Strength or weakness of the immune system It is the influence of certain hormones. For example, a failure in the secretion of the parathyroid gland, which forms parathyroid hormones, leads to weakening of the muscles, disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and the cardiovascular system. This, in turn, creates fertile ground for the attack of viruses or bacteria, which are difficult for a weakened body to fight.
Any metabolic processes are carried out due to the sufficient content of certain hormones in the body. (insulin regulates the conversion of glucose into energy).
Endocrine glands with sufficient hormone production stabilize the psycho-emotional state of a person. With an imbalance of hormones, disturbances in the psyche and emotional stability occur. This is pronounced in women, especially with changes in hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle or menopause.
Physical activity, stress do not lead to negative consequences if the hormonal background is within the normal range. Sometimes a person himself does not understand how he coped with some kind of extreme situation, and this activated the reserves of hormones that the endocrine glands released into the blood in sufficient quantities.
Sleep, the ability to relax, also depend on the production of a certain secret by the glands. Hormone melatonin is responsible for the quality of sleep. It is also considered the hormone of youth, if a person observes a sleep schedule and there are no reasons for insomnia. If the level of cortisol (the hormone of stress, panic) is increased in the body, then the quality of sleep is disturbed, which leads to serious pathologies.
The feeling of hunger or satiety is the work of special hormones, the imbalance of which can lead to obesity or anorexia.
The interest of a man and a woman in each other is also controlled by hormones secreted by endocrine glands.

The concentration of certain hormones changes throughout a person's life. If there are no factors that reduce or increase the level of important hormones relative to the norm, then all processes in the body go smoothly, a person feels strength, energy and is capable of much.

Violations in the secretion of even one type of hormone destabilizes the body and gradually leads to a number of serious diseases, the source of which is sometimes difficult to get to the bottom of.

Gland	Type of hormone	Role in the body	Pathologies in case of deviation of the hormone level from the norm
Thyroid	Iodine-containing T3 and T4.	assimilation of proteins, activation of energy metabolism, regulation of pressure, stimulates the work of the central nervous system and the heart.	decreased activity of the intellect, malfunction of the genital organs, metabolic disorders, slowing down the heart rate, increased sweating, irritability
Parathyroid	PTH (parathyroid hormone)	Controls the absorption of calcium into the blood and reduces its amount in the kidneys. Helps increase the production of vitamin D3.	Heart disease, seizures, sleep disturbance, temperature changes (fever/chills), changes in bone structure, loss of healthy teeth, stunting in children, frequent urination, kidney stones.
pituitary, hypothalamus	Follitropin, lutropin, thyrotropin, somatropin, prolactin, oxytocin, vasopressin, melanotropin.	Development of the reproductive system in women and men, milk production during lactation, stimulation of metabolic processes, salt and water retention, influence on the birth process and uterine contraction, prevention of bleeding, affects skin pigmentation, improves memory.	Delayed puberty, fertility problems, miscarriage, overweight, bleeding during childbirth, and more.
pancreas	Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic peptide	Regulation of blood sugar levels, converting glycogen into glucose, and the latter into energy. Conductor for amino acids and minerals to cells, control of the secretion of enzymes in the digestive system.	Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, convulsions, disorders in the functioning of the kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, neoplasms in the pancreas, the appearance of gastritis, ulcers.
Adrenal glands, testicles, ovaries.	Glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone), adrenaline, norepinephrine.	Protection from stress, external threats, mobilization of the body. Formation of sexual function, activation of potency, libido. Stimulation of the central nervous system, heart, increased endurance. Regulation of water-alkaline, salt, carbohydrate balance in the body. Development of gender characteristics.	Violations in the field of the reproductive system in both women and men. Nervousness, depression, impotence. Malfunctions in reproductive function, metabolic disorders.

The role of hormones and the performance of the glands that produce these substances are of great importance for the stable functioning of the body and human sensations.

If there is an internal dissonance, it immediately affects the quality of life. You need to pay attention to your feelings so as not to miss hormonal surges.

Hormones need to be kept under control

In men, the production of hormones by the endocrine glands is more stable than in women. This is provided by nature and psychological stability.

Women are more impulsive, there are more changes inside, because the internal organs and glands must perform the main function - reproductive.

Female hormones affect mood, especially during menstruation or menopause. Appearance also largely depends on the stability of the endocrine glands responsible for the production of thyroid hormones, adrenal glands, ovaries, placenta.

If the following symptoms appear, indicating a hormonal failure or pathology of one of the hormonal glands, you should contact the clinic for a comprehensive examination:

Weakness in the body, apathy for life.
Failures in the menstrual cycle can indicate problems in the thyroid gland and the production of sex hormones. The problem can develop into cancer.
Cramps or numbness in the legs and arms.
Headaches, extraneous sounds in the ears.
Jumps in pressure, temperature.
Feelings of dullness, forgetfulness, disorientation in space and time can signal problems in the pituitary or hypothalamus, which are glands that secrete important hormones.
Hair in unexpected places, for example, facial hair in women, which may be the cause of a malfunction in the secretion of female and male hormones, or pathology in the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testicles or ovaries.
Mood swings, depression.
Increased sweating, tremor of the limbs.

The list of disorders that occur due to an imbalance in the secretion of hormones by a particular gland can be listed for a long time. But I would like to draw attention to the fact that with any symptoms of instability in the work of the body, you need to pay attention to yourself and find the cause. The lack or excess of the hormone can be compensated for by special therapy or diet, if there are no serious disturbances in the functioning of the glands responsible for the stability in the balance of hormones.

There is a different list of laboratory tests to determine the level of a particular hormone in the body. The performance of the thyroid gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands and other glands that are part of the secretion system of important hormones can be analyzed by a hardware examination. On the hormones of the thyroid gland, the main organ of the endocrine system, the analysis can be taken in any laboratory.

It is dangerous to self-medicate if you suspect a hormonal failure or a pathology in the endocrine glands, because time will be lost and the situation will reach a critical one.