Alanine physical properties. Alanine what is its role and functions in the body

For the first time, the world heard about alanine in 1888. It was during this year that the Austrian scientist T. Weil worked on studying the structure of silk fibers, which later became the primary source of alanine.

Foods rich in alanine:

General characteristics of alanine

Alanine is an aliphatic amino acid that is part of many proteins and biologically active compounds. Alanine belongs to the group of non-essential amino acids, and is easily synthesized from nitrogen-free chemical compounds, from digestible nitrogen.

Once in the liver, the amino acid is transformed into glucose. However, if necessary, a reverse transformation is possible. This process is called glucogenesis and plays a very important role in human energy metabolism.

Alanine exists in the human body in two forms, alpha and beta. Alpha-alanine is a structural element of proteins, beta-alanine is part of biological compounds such as pantothenic acid and many others.

Daily requirement for alanine

The daily norm of alanine is 3 grams for adults and up to 2.5 grams for school-age children. As for children of the younger age group, they need to take no more than 1.7-1.8 grams. alanine per day.

The need for alanine increases:

with high physical activity. Alanine is able to remove metabolic products (ammonia, etc.) resulting from long-term physically demanding actions;
with age-related changes, manifested by a decrease in libido;
with reduced immunity;
with apathy and depression;
with reduced muscle tone;
with a weakening of brain activity;
urolithiasis;
hypoglycemia.

The need for alanine is reduced:

With chronic fatigue syndrome, often referred to in the literature as CFS.

Alanine digestibility

Due to the ability of alanine to convert into glucose, which is an indispensable product of energy metabolism, alanine is absorbed quickly and completely.

Useful properties of alanine and its effect on the body

Due to the fact that alanine is involved in the production of antibodies, it successfully fights against all kinds of viruses, including the herpes virus; used to treat AIDS, used to treat other immune diseases and disorders.

In connection with the antidepressant ability, as well as the ability to reduce anxiety and irritability, alanine occupies an important place in psychological and psychiatric practice. In addition, taking alanine in the form of medications and dietary supplements relieves headaches, up to their complete disappearance.

Interaction with other elements:

Like any amino acid, alanine interacts with other biologically active compounds in our body. At the same time, new substances useful for the body are formed, such as glucose, pyruvic acid and phenylalanine. In addition, thanks to alanine, carnosine, coenzyme A, anserine, as well as pantothenic acid are formed.

Signs of an overabundance and lack of alanine

Signs of excess alanine

Chronic fatigue syndrome, which has become one of the most common diseases of the nervous system in our age of high speeds, is the main sign of excess alanine in the body. Symptoms of CFS, which are signs of excess alanine:

Feeling tired that doesn't go away after 24 hours of rest
decreased memory and ability to concentrate;
sleep problems;
depression;
muscle pain;
joint pain.

Signs of alanine deficiency:

increased fatigue;
hypoglycemia;
urolithiasis disease;
reduced immunity;
nervousness and depression;
decreased libido;
decreased appetite;
frequent viral infections.

Factors affecting the content of alanine in the body

In addition to stress, the suppression of which requires a huge amount of energy, alanine deficiency is also caused by vegetarianism. After all, alanine is found in large quantities in meat, meat broths, eggs, milk, cheese and other animal products.

Present in tissues both in unbound form and as part of various substances, complex protein molecules. In liver cells, it is transformed into glucose, and such reactions are one of the leading methods of gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds).

Types and functions of alanine

Alanine is present in the body in two forms. Alpha-alanine takes part in the formation of protein molecules, and beta-alanine is an integral part of various bioactive substances.

The main tasks of alanine are to maintain a balance of nitrogen and a constant concentration of glucose in the blood. This amino acid is one of the most important sources of energy for the central nervous system, muscle fibers. With its help, connective tissues are formed.

Takes an active part in the metabolic processes of carbohydrates, fatty acids. Alanine is necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system, it stimulates biochemical reactions in which energy is produced, regulates the concentration of sugar in the blood.

Alanine enters the human body with food containing protein. If necessary, it can be formed from nitrogenous substances or during the breakdown of the protein carnosine.

Food sources of this compound are pork, fish and seafood, poultry, dairy products, legumes, corn, rice.

Alanine deficiency is a rare phenomenon, since this amino acid, if necessary, is easily synthesized in the body.

Symptoms of deficiency of this compound are:

hypoglycemia;
decreased immune status;
high fatigue;
excessive irritability, nervousness.

With intense physical exertion, alanine deficiency stimulates processes in muscle tissues. Chronic deficiency of this compound greatly increases the likelihood of developing urolithiasis.

For a person, both a deficiency and an excess of alanine are harmful.

Signs of excessive levels of this amino acid are:

a long-lasting feeling of fatigue that does not go away even after sufficient rest;
joint and muscle pain;
development of depressive and subdepressive conditions;
sleep disorders;
memory impairment, decreased ability to concentrate and concentrate.

In medicine, preparations containing alanine are used to treat and prevent problems with the prostate gland, in particular, the development of glandular tissue hyperplasia. They are prescribed for parenteral nutrition of severely ill patients in order to provide the body with energy and maintain a stable concentration of sugar in the blood.

Beta-alanine and carnosine

Beta-alanine is a form of amino acid where the amino group (a radical containing a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms) is located in the beta position, and there is no choral center. This species is not involved in the formation of large protein molecules and enzymes, but is an integral part of many bioactive substances, including the peptide carnosine.

The compound is formed from chains of beta-alanine and histidine, and is found in large volumes in muscle fibers and cerebral tissues. Carnosine is not involved in the processes, and this property ensures its function as a specialized buffer. It prevents excessive oxidation of the environment in muscle fibers during intense physical exertion, and a change in the PH level to the acid side is the main factor in muscle wasting.

The additional intake of beta-alanine allows you to increase the concentration of carnosine in tissues, which protects them from oxidative stress.

Application in sports

Supplements with beta-alanine are used by athletes, since an additional intake of this amino acid is necessary during intense physical exertion. Such funds are suitable for those who are engaged in bodybuilding, various types, team playing sports,.

In 2005, Dr. Jeff Stout presented the results of his study of the effects of beta-alanine on the body. The experiment involved untrained men, of approximately the same physical parameters, who received from 1.6 to 3.2 g of pure amino acid per day. It was found that taking beta-alanine increased the threshold for neuromuscular fatigue by 9%.

Japanese scientists have proven (research data can be viewed at the following link) that carnosine well eliminates muscle pain that occurs after intense training, and also accelerates the process of wound healing and tissue regeneration after injuries.

Beta-alanine supplementation is essential for anaerobic athletes. This helps to increase endurance, which means an increase in the effectiveness of training and muscle building.

The following conclusions were made:

A 4-week intake of sports supplements with this amino acid significantly increases the content of carnosine in muscle tissues, which prevents the development of oxidative stress, and also increases efficiency, which is more noticeable at peak loads;
additional amounts of beta-alanine prevent the onset of neuromuscular fatigue, especially in the elderly;
supplements with beta-alanine do not provoke side effects, with the exception of paresthesia.

To date, there is not enough serious reason to believe that taking beta-alanine improves strength performance and increases performance and endurance. So far, these properties of the amino acid remain in question for specialists.

Admission rules

The daily requirement for alanine is about 3 g for a person. This amount is necessary for an ordinary adult, while athletes are advised to increase the dose of the amino acid to 3.5-6.4 g. This will provide the body with additional carnosine, increase endurance and performance.

The supplement should be taken three times a day, 400-800 mg, every 6-8 hours.

The duration of the course intake of beta-alanine is individual, but should be at least four weeks. Some athletes take the supplement for up to 12 weeks.

Contraindications and side effects

Taking supplements and preparations with beta-alanine is contraindicated in case of individual intolerance to the components of the agent and gluten.

It is not recommended to be taken by pregnant and lactating women, as the effect of the substance in these cases has not been studied enough. Diabetics should take these supplements very carefully. This can be done only after consulting a doctor.

High doses of beta-alanine can provoke mild sensory disturbances, manifested by tingling, burning, spontaneous sensation of "goosebumps" (paresthesia). This is not dangerous and only indicates that the supplement is working.

However, excess dosages do not affect the concentration of carnosine and do not increase endurance, so there is no point in taking more than recommended amounts of the amino acid.

If paresthesia causes serious discomfort, then this side effect is easily eliminated by reducing the dosages taken.

Sports supplements with beta-alanine

Sports nutrition manufacturers are developing various beta-alanine supplements. They can be purchased in the form of powder-filled capsules or solutions. In many products, this amino acid is combined with. It is believed that they mutually reinforce each other's action (synergy effect).

Common and Effective Beta-Alanine Supplements:

White Flood by Controlled Labs;

Double-T Sports NO Beta;

Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an alpha amino acid with the chemical formula CH3CH(NH2)COOH. Its L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA and GCG. Alanine is classified as non-polar. L-alanine is second only in prevalence, and makes up 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1150 proteins. D-alanine is found in the cell wall of bacteria and in some peptide antibiotics.

Structure

The alpha carbon of alanine is bonded to a methyl group (-CH3), making alanine one of the simplest alpha amino acids in terms of molecular structure, resulting in alanine being classified as aliphatic. The methyl group of alanine is not reactive and thus is almost never directly involved in protein function.

Alanine in food

Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized in the human body and does not need to be taken from food. Alanine is found in a wide variety of foods, especially meats.
Sources of alanine:
Animal sources: meat, seafood, caseinate, dairy products, eggs, fish, gelatin, lactalbumin;
Plant Sources: Legumes, nuts, seeds, soy, whey, brewer's yeast, brown rice, bran, corn, whole grains.

Synthesis of alanine

Biosynthesis

Alanine can be synthesized by the body from pyruvate and branched chain amino acids such as , and .
Alanine is most often obtained by reductive amination of pyruvate. Since transamination reactions are easily reversible and pyruvate is widely distributed, alanine is easily formed and thus has close ties to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle. In addition, it occurs together with lactate and generates glucose from protein through the alanine cycle.

Chemical synthesis

Racemic alanine can be obtained by the condensation of acetaldehyde with ammonium chloride in the presence of sodium cyanide in the Strecker reaction, or by ammonolysis of 2-bromopropanoic acid.

Physiological function of alanine

Alanine plays a key role in the glucose-alanine cycle between tissues and the liver. In muscles and other tissues that are used as fuel, amino groups are combined into glutamate via transaminases. Glutamate can then transfer its amino group via alanine aminotransferase to pyruvate, a product of muscle glycolysis, forming alanine and alpha-KG. The formed alanine is transferred to the blood and transported to the liver. In the liver, a reaction occurs that is opposite to alanine aminotransferase. Pyruvate forms glucose through gluconeogenesis, and the resulting product through the circulatory system is returned to the muscles. Glutamate in the liver enters the mitochondria and, under the action of glutamate dehydrogenase, is converted to the ammonium ion, which, in turn, participate in the urea cycle with the formation of urea.
The glucose-alanine cycle allows pyruvate and glutamate to be removed from the muscles and excreted to the liver. Glucose is regenerated from pyruvate and then returned to the muscles: the energy for gluconeogenesis is thus taken from the liver and not from the muscle. All the ATP available in the muscles is used for muscle contraction.

Alanine and hypertension

An international study led by Imperial College London found a correlation between high levels of alanine and increased blood pressure, energy intake, cholesterol levels and body mass index.

alanine and diabetes

Alterations in the alanine cycle that increase serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are associated with the development of type II diabetes. As ALT levels rise, the risk of developing type II diabetes increases.

Chemical properties of alanine

Deamination of an alanine molecule produces a stable free alkyl radical, CH3C HCOO-. Deamination can be induced in the solid or liquid state of alanine by radiation.
This property of alanine is used in dosimetric measurements in radiotherapy. When normal alanine is irradiated, the radiation converts certain alanine molecules into free radicals, and since these radicals are stable, their content can later be measured using nuclear magnetic resonance to find out how powerful radiation alanine was exposed to. Prior to radiation therapy, irradiation of alanine granules may be performed to determine the required range of radiation doses for therapy.

Availability:

Introduction

Table 1. General information about alanine

Trivial name	Alanine / Alanine
Three letter code	Ala
Single letter code	A
IUPAC name	2-aminopropanoic acid
Structural formula
Gross formula	C 3 H 7 NO 2
Molar mass	89.09 g/mol
PubChem CID	7311724
Substitutability	interchangeable
Chemical characteristics	proteinogenic, non-polar, aliphatic
Occurrence in proteins	7,8%
encoded	CGA, CGT, CGC, CGG

Structure

Alanine was discovered by Weil in 1888 in silk fibroin. The alpha carbon of alanine is linked to a methyl group (-CH3), making alanine one of the simplest alpha amino acids in terms of molecular structure. The methyl group of alanine is not reactive and thus is almost never directly involved in protein function. However, the side chains of alanine, as well as valine, leucine, and isoleucine in proteins tend to form clusters as a result of hydrophobic interactions, which stabilizes the protein structure.
Alanine has a small radical group, so it does not prevent the polypeptide chain from being packed into beta layers. The highest content of alanine (29.7%) is observed in such β-keratin as silk fibroin. Gly and Ala residues alternate in fibroin over fairly long stretches of the polypeptide chain.
Alanine was first synthesized by Strecker in 1850 by the action of ammonia and hydrocyanic acid on acetaldehyde, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting α-aminonitrile:

Under laboratory conditions, alanine is synthesized by interaction with ammonia α-chlorine or α-bromopropionic acid:

Alanine in food

Alanine can be synthesized in the human body, and there is no need to take it with food. Alanine is found in a wide variety of foods, especially meats. Sources of alanine:
1) Animal sources: meat, seafood, caseinate, dairy products, eggs, fish, gelatin, lactalbumin;
2) Plant sources: sunflower seeds, oats, wheat germ, avocados, legumes, nuts, seeds, soy, whey, brewer's yeast, brown rice, bran, corn, whole grains.

The physiological role of alanine

It is the main component of connective tissue.
It is synthesized in the body from branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine), pyruvic acid.

During breaks between meals, especially long ones, some muscle proteins are broken down into amino acids. These amino acids donate their amino groups to the product of glycolysis, pyruvate, by means of a transamination reaction, forming alanine, which is transported to the liver and deaminated there. Hepatocytes in the process of gluconeogenesis convert the resulting pyruvate into blood glucose, and ammonia into urea, which is excreted from the body. The lack of amino acids in the muscles is restored after several meals. Disturbances in this cycle increase the risk of developing type II diabetes. Thus, alanine is involved in the glucose-alanine cycle, which allows you to smooth out fluctuations in blood glucose levels between meals.
In addition, an international study led by Imperial College London found a correlation between high levels of alanine and increased blood pressure, energy intake, cholesterol levels and body mass index.

Main functions:
production of muscle energy;
regulation of the level of energy metabolism;
stimulation of immunity; regulation of sugar levels;
production of lymphocytes; maintaining muscle tone;
support for sexual function;
work of the adrenal glands;
ammonia detoxification;
metabolism of sugars and organic acids.

Systems and organs:
- muscle;
- brain;
- connective tissue.

Consequences of deficiency:
- hypoglycemia;

Consequences of an oversupply:
- Epstein-Barr virus infection;
- chronic fatigue syndrome.
In animals, excess alanine induces mutagenesis.

Alanine is used to strengthen the immune system, reduce the risk of kidney stones. As an aid in the treatment of hypoglycemia, to mitigate epileptic seizures. It is an important source of energy for the brain and central nervous system. It is also used to eliminate autonomic symptoms such as hot flashes due to natural or iatrogenic premenopause, menopause and postmenopause, when it is impossible to prescribe hormone replacement therapy; before prescribing hormone replacement therapy; in combination with hormone replacement therapy with its insufficient effectiveness.
Alanine is part of many medical preparations, as well as dietary supplements and many energy and sports formulas.
More than 30 derivatives correspond to alanine, differing in the substituents of the hydrogen atom of the methyl group (see Fig. 4). For example, the thyroid hormone thyroxine with an iodine-substituted aromatic side chain; beta-alanine (the main component of coenzyme A), DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), necessary for the synthesis of melanin, muscle proteins carnosine and anserine, coenzyme A, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme.

Physiochemical properties

Figure 5 shows the alanine titration curve (Excel file with calculations). It follows from the titration curve that the carboxyl group has pK a1 = 2.34, and the protonated amino group has pK a2 = 9.69. At pH = 6.01, alanine exists as a bipolar ion (zwitterion) when the total electric charge of the particle is 0. At this pH value, the alanine molecule is electrically neutral. This pH value is called the isoelectric point and is referred to as pI. The isoelectric point is calculated as the arithmetic mean of two pKa values.
For alanine: pI \u003d ½ * c (pK a1 + pK a2) \u003d ½ * (2.34 + 9.69) \u003d 6,01 .

Figure 6 shows different forms of existence of the alanine molecule. This should be understood as follows: at a certain pK a, the corresponding form appears, and then the percentage of its content gradually increases.

Protein-protein contacts

You will see (in order):
1) ball-and-stick model of alanine (before pressing any buttons)
2) general view of the peptide bond using the example of alanine and arginine (PDB ID: 3W4S, 113:A and 114:A) (after clicking "Run")
3) general view of the backbone hydrogen bond using the example of alanine and phenylalanine (PDB ID:3W4S, 124:A and 128:A) (after clicking "Continue")
4) hydrophobic interactions (CluD service was used) (PDB ID:3D4U, 178:A, 179:A, 147:A, 38:A, 47:A, 63:A)

Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid, the side radical of which is often part of the hydrophobic cores (indicated in black). Alanine also belongs to aliphatic amino acids, therefore, hydrogen bonds involving a side radical and salt bridges are not typical for alanine.
Protein-protein interactions underlie many physiological processes associated with enzymatic activity and its regulation, electronic transport, etc. The process of complex formation of two protein molecules in solution can be divided into several stages:
1) free diffusion of molecules in solution at a great distance from other macromolecules,
2) convergence of macromolecules and their mutual orientation due to long-range electrostatic interactions with the formation of a preliminary (diffusion-collision) complex,
3) transformation of the preliminary complex into the final one, i.e., into such a configuration in which the biological function is carried out.
Alternatively, the diffusion-collision complex may disintegrate without the formation of a final complex. During the transformation of the preliminary complex into the final complex, solvent molecules are displaced from the protein-protein interface and conformational changes in the macromolecules themselves occur. An important role in this process is played by hydrophobic interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges.

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Two decades ago, few people knew about the existence of a useful amino acid - beta-alanine, but what is it? Today it is gaining popularity among athletes and those who care about health.

Manufacturer Biotech (USA)

History of occurrence

For the first time, the definition of "alanine" was introduced by the Austrian chemist T. Weil at the end of the 19th century. He studied the characteristics of silkworm cocoon fibers, which later became the source of the alanine component. In 1900, Russian biochemist Vladimir Sergeevich Gulevich isolated carnosine. And later he identified its amino acids: histidine and beta-alanine - a type of alanine. But what is it for?

Beta-alanine is a non-essential natural amino acid. It is a component of vitamin B5 group. It does not allow the internal environment of the body to become acidic, so that muscle wasting does not occur. Unlike its counterpart, alpha-alanine, is not involved in protein synthesis, but is formed during its breakdown. Not found as a single amino acid.

Beta-alanine is not doping, it refers to additives that are included in sports nutrition, medicines. In moderate portions, it is harmless to humans.

beta-alanine in food

The average person receives an amino acid from a balanced diet, which is enough for the whole day. It is found in the peptides anserine, balenin and carnosine, which are found in food:

meat;
squids;
sea fish;
chicken eggs;
gelatin;

Found in nuts, seeds, beans, grains, bran and corn cobs. During prolonged cooking in a large volume of water, food is deprived of alanine and its constituents.

Role of beta amino acid

Beta-alanine is intended for people who experience a lack of glucose due to disturbances in the body. The amino acid takes part in the metabolism of sugars and various organic acids. With a decrease in blood sugar, beta-alanine normalizes and increases it to a certain level.

Fights low blood pressure. Amino acid stimulates the defense system. With the help of β-alanine, antibodies are produced. Promotes the removal of metabolic products such as ammonia. Before and after vaccination with drugs, cleanses the body of harmful compounds: mercury, arsenic.

For whom

An amino acid is needed for those who receive increased physical activity. That is why it is actively used in bodybuilding. Perfect for athletes of martial arts, game types, rowing,.

Thanks to it, endurance increases, and the growth of muscle mass, increases efficiency. Beta-alanine relieves pain in the muscles after exercise, accelerates recovery processes after injuries.

Suitable for vegetarians, these categories of people do not consume or partially exclude animal food from the diet. Fruits and vegetables contain a minimum of amino acids. Beta-alanine will replenish the body with the missing energy contained in mushrooms, soy, sunflower seeds and parsley.

Useful and harmful qualities

Beta-alanine is involved in the processes of the human body, so its use is valuable for both the average person and the athlete.

increases a person's resistance to diseases;
removes metabolic products from the body;
prepares a woman for menopause;
relieves stress, anxiety;
reduces appetite;
restores the body after prolonged exertion;
increases muscle contraction, increasing the productivity of training;
causes an effect;
produces hormones, which means prolongation of youth;
for a vibrant healthy life in old age.
Despite the numerous advantages of the drug, it has disadvantages.

When taken for more than 12 weeks in a row, it causes protein poisoning of the body - inhibition of the functions of the liver and kidneys, leads to chronic fatigue syndrome.

Before using beta-alanine, it is advisable to consult a doctor. He will prescribe the necessary dosage of the drug and the duration of the intake, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body.

But how should athletes take beta-alanine: before or after a workout? There are no precise guidelines for this question. It is worth remembering that the use of amino acids should be daily, without interruptions in the course.

Successful Combinations:

Effectively interacts with, and betaine. under high intensity load. Combines with, citrulline, coenzyme Q-10 and. It is recommended to alternately take beta-alanine with.

Faithful assistant in menopause

The substance is suitable for women who are struggling with unwanted symptoms during menopause:

vasodilation;
headache;
severity and increase in the number of hot flashes;
increased sweating;
mood swings.

At the end of the reproductive period, the amino acid is produced in minimal volumes. Therefore, women have to make up for the lack of beta-alanine through medication. In addition to the main symptoms, beta-alanine copes with body fatigue, with a decrease in attention and concentration, brain activity and the defense system.

NUTREND COMPRESSED capsules

Instructions for using the amino acid is simple. The daily intake of amino acids for adults is 3 grams; for school-age children - 2.5, for children under seven years old - 1.7-1.8. For people who lead a sedentary lifestyle, the dose of the amino acid does not exceed 1 gram per day.

In sports, men are recommended to take 400-800 mg at a time and 300-700 mg for women, at regular intervals of six to eight hours. The daily norm of beta-alanine is 4-6 grams. The duration of the course varies from ten to twelve weeks. During this period, carnosine increases in the human body up to 80%. The amino acid remains in the muscles even after the suspension of the supplement and decreases gradually - 2% in two weeks.

For moderate menopausal symptoms, the recommended dosage is one to two tablets per day. In cases with exacerbation - three tablets per day. To achieve the desired result, the course of taking the medicine lasts an average of six months. It depends on the tissues of the body, gradually accumulating the beneficial properties of the amino acid.

Form of release: there is a wide range of supplements with beta-alanine: tablets, capsules, powder, solution.

Storage conditions: store preparations at room temperature in a dry and dark place. Expiration date: two to three years from the date of issue.

Signs of an Amino Acid Deficiency

loss of appetite;
nervous conditions;
weakening of the immune system;
hypoglycemia - a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood to 3.3 mmol / l;
decreased libido;
urolithiasis disease.

Signs of excess amino acid

memory impairment;
depression;
sleep disturbance;
constant joint and muscle pain.

Contraindications

individual intolerance to the remedy;
allergic reactions;
gluten intolerance.

Take with caution to people who suffer from diabetes. Excess beta-alanine negatively affects blood glucose levels.

The effect of beta-alanine on the female body has not yet been fully studied, since not enough research has been conducted in this area. Therefore, it is advisable not to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Side effects

Common side effects when taking an amino acid are tingling, mild burning, dilation of blood vessels, and redness of the skin. They appear on the skin of the head, abdomen, lower and upper limbs. Symptoms appear ten to fifteen minutes after ingestion. The duration of these phenomena is 2 hours.

In rare cases, there is sleep disturbance, nausea, convulsions. To reduce the likelihood of these negative manifestations, you should: use beta-alanine with food or add to a cocktail, use the drug in small portions, do not exceed the daily dose.

Price

In pharmacies and specialized outlets, the minimum price of beta-alanine is 200 rubles, the maximum is 5800. It all depends on the amount of the drug, the form of release, and the country of the manufacturer. Consumers should be aware that its price is an order of magnitude cheaper in sports stores than in pharmaceutical institutions.

Manufacturers

There are dozens of beta-alanina manufacturers on the Russian market, the most popular of them are:

Myprotein (England);
Kingprotein (Russia);
Wirud GmbH (Germany);
Olimplabs (Poland);
Ultimate Nutrition (USA);
Scitec Nutrition (USA);
Vitajoy (China).

Beta-Alanine Analogs

Common analogues of Beta-alanine are Qi-Klim, Klimalanin, Abyufen, Mense, ClimaNet. The funds are available in tablets, capsules and ointments. These non-hormonal dosage forms and dietary supplements are provided for women during and after it.

There have been only positive reviews after the correct administration of these drugs.

Conclusion

Beta-alanine plays a significant role in the body of an ordinary person or athlete. Of course, he is not a guarantor of high sporting achievements and is not a panacea for all diseases. But if you want to feel cheerful, full of strength and energy until old age and during it, be proud of a slender, embossed body, then beta-alanine will be your assistant in this.

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