Pollution of water bodies with domestic wastewater. Sewage pollution

Stationary sources of pollution generate surface runoff, including rainwater and melted snow water, water from washing rolling stock and cleaning premises, and wastewater generated in production processes.

Industrial wastewater occurs in many technological processes. The composition and quantity of these waters are different. Wastewater is generated during the washing of rolling stock, cleaning of components and parts in washing machines, during the repair of batteries, galvanic and mechanical processing of parts, hydraulic testing of various containers, etc.

Surface runoff from the territories of transport enterprises contains liquid petroleum products, residues of detergents, disinfectants, anti-icing and de-icing reagents, molding sands, solutions used in metalworking, waste battery electrolytes, products of destruction of artificial surfaces and tire wear. The wastewater contains liquid toxic substances - benzene, acetone, acids, alkalis, dissolved metals (aluminum, beryllium, chromium, etc.), petroleum products.

Benzene C D) H 6 - colorless liquid, used as a solvent, for example, oil paints, fats. Has an acute local irritant effect. In addition, it is absorbed by the skin and causes a general toxic effect on the body. In water bodies contaminated with benzene, fish acquire an unpleasant odor at a concentration of 10 mg/l.

Acetone CH 3 SOCH 3 is an easily evaporating, colorless liquid, and is a solvent for nitrocellulose paints and varnishes. Low toxic substance. It has only a local irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes. It has virtually no impact on the sanitary regime of the reservoirs into which the discharge occurs.

Acids And alkalis, entering water bodies with surface runoff, change their acidity and thereby affect the living conditions of aquatic organisms, the composition and size of populations. Thus, alkaline waters with pH > 9.5 pose an immediate danger to fish, alkaline waters with pH = 8.6-9.5 have a depressing effect on fish after a long time, acidified waters with pH = 6.4-5.0 dangerous for fish if there are simultaneous presence of iron salts in the reservoir.

Highly toxic metals ( lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury), contained in industrial wastewater can enter the human body with drinking water, leading to poisoning. Some rare metals (molybdenum, gallium, germanium) less dangerous, but enhance the effect of other pollutants on the body.

Metals such as lead, zinc, copper, chromium, and arsenic are not excreted from the body and increase their toxic effects as they accumulate. These metals also accumulate in soil and plants when they are exposed to surface runoff.

Industrial wastewater from transport organizations, especially factories, often contains compounds aluminum, beryllium, chromium and other non-ferrous metals. Beryllium and chromium compounds are highly toxic. Aluminum compounds that are insoluble in water are considered non-toxic. Soluble aluminum salts (chlorides, sulfates, nitrates), when they enter living organisms with drinking water, have a toxic effect. They accumulate in body tissues. Aluminum compounds delay the self-purification processes of water bodies.

Another negative impact of metals in surface runoff is the corrosion of metal sewer pipes, which causes very large economic damage.

Petroleum products when released into water bodies with wastewater, they cause profound changes in the composition of aquatic biocenoses. Petroleum products penetrate into all layers of the reservoir - one part of their components settles to the bottom, the other is in the form of suspensions and emulsions in the water column, and the rest are in a molecularly dissolved state, therefore all aquatic organisms, no matter where they live, experience negative effects impact. Aquatic plants covered with an oil film are not suitable for fish spawning. The fish itself in water containing petroleum products in quantities greater than 0.1 mg/l acquires the smell of oil after 1-3 days. stay in it. A surface oil film saturates the feathers of birds landing or diving into the water; they cannot take off and die.

All toxic pollutants from mobile and stationary sources are divided into four classes according to the degree of danger:

1 - extremely dangerous (tetraethyl lead, lead, mercury, etc.);
2 - highly hazardous (manganese, copper, sulfuric acid, chlorine, etc.);
3 - moderately dangerous (xylene, methyl alcohol, etc.);
4 - low-hazard (ammonia, gasoline, kerosene, carbon monoxide, turpentine, acetone, etc.).

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ussuri State Pedagogical Institute

Faculty of Biology and Chemistry

Course work

Sewage pollution

Completed:

2nd year student, group 521

Yastrebkova S. Yu._________

Scientific adviser:

______________________________

Ussuriysk, 2001 Contents:

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..…3

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland waters…………………4

I .2. Release of wastewater into water bodies ……………………………………..7

II.1. Methods of wastewater treatment…………………………………….…9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….11

Application …………………………………………………………………13

Bibliography ……………………………………………………..22

Introduction

Water is the most valuable natural resource. It plays an exceptional role in metabolic processes that form the basis of life. Water is of great importance in industrial and agricultural production. It is well known that it is necessary for the everyday needs of humans, all plants and animals. It serves as a habitat for many living creatures.

The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry, the intensification of agriculture, a significant expansion of irrigated areas, improvement of cultural and living conditions and a number of other factors are increasingly complicating the problems of water supply.

The demand for water is enormous and increasing every year. The annual water consumption on the globe for all types of water supply is 3300-3500 km 3 . Moreover, 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture.

The chemical and pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy consume a lot of water. Energy development is also leading to a sharp increase in water demand. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as for the household needs of the population. Most of the water, after being used for domestic needs, is returned to rivers in the form of wastewater.

Fresh water shortage is already becoming a global problem. The ever-increasing needs of industry and agriculture for water are forcing all countries and scientists around the world to look for various means to solve this problem.

At the present stage, the following directions for the rational use of water resources are being determined: more complete use and expanded reproduction of fresh water resources; development of new technological processes to prevent pollution of water bodies and minimize the consumption of fresh water.

1. Sources of pollution of inland water bodies

Pollution of water resources refers to any changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water in reservoirs in connection with the discharge of liquid, solid and gaseous substances into them that cause or may create inconvenience, making the water of these reservoirs dangerous for use, causing damage to the national economy, health and public safety

Pollution of surface and groundwater can be divided into the following types:

mechanical - increase in the content of mechanical impurities, characteristic mainly of surface types of pollution;

chemical - presence of organic and inorganic substances of toxic and non-toxic effects in water;

bacterial and biological - the presence of various pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae in the water;

radioactive - presence of radioactive substances in surface or ground waters;

thermal - release of heated water from thermal and nuclear power plants into reservoirs.

The main sources of pollution and clogging of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises, large livestock complexes, production waste from the development of ore minerals; water from mines, mines, processing and rafting of timber; discharges from water and rail transport; waste from primary flax processing, pesticides, etc. Pollutants entering natural bodies of water lead to qualitative changes in water, which are mainly manifested in changes in the physical properties of water, in particular, the appearance of unpleasant odors, tastes, etc.); in changes in the chemical composition of water, in particular, the appearance of harmful substances in it, the presence of floating substances on the surface of the water and their deposition at the bottom of reservoirs.

Wastewater is divided into three groups: waste water, or fecal water; household, including drains from the galley, showers, laundries, etc.; sub-oil, or oil-containing. For fan wastewater characterized by high bacterial contamination, as well as organic contamination (chemical oxygen consumption reaches 1500-2000 mg/l.). The volume of these waters is relatively small. - Domestic wastewater characterized by low organic pollution. This wastewater is usually discharged overboard the ship as it is generated. Dumping them is prohibited only in the sanitary protection zone. Subsoil waters are formed in the engine rooms of ships. They are characterized by a high content of petroleum products.(6)

Industrial wastewater is contaminated mainly with waste and emissions from production. Their quantitative and qualitative composition is varied and depends on the industry and its technological processes; they are divided into two main groups: containing inorganic impurities, incl. both toxic and containing poisons.

The first group includes wastewater from soda, sulfate, nitrogen-fertilizer plants, processing factories of lead, zinc, nickel ores, etc., which contain acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions, etc. Wastewater from this group mainly changes the physical properties of water.

Wastewater of the second group is discharged by oil refineries, petrochemical plants, organic synthesis enterprises, coke plants, etc. The wastewater contains various petroleum products, ammonia, aldehydes, resins, phenols and other harmful substances. The harmful effect of wastewater from this group lies mainly in oxidative processes, as a result of which the oxygen content in water decreases, the biochemical need for it increases, and the organoleptic characteristics of water deteriorate.

Oil and petroleum products at the present stage are the main pollutants of inland waters, waters and seas, and the World Ocean. When they enter water bodies, they create various forms of pollution: an oil film floating on the water, oil products dissolved or emulsified in water, heavy fractions settled to the bottom, etc. At the same time, the smell, taste, color, surface tension, viscosity of water changes, the amount of oxygen decreases, harmful organic substances appear, water acquires toxic properties and poses a threat not only to humans. 12 g of oil makes a ton of water unfit for consumption.

Phenol is a rather harmful pollutant in industrial waters. It is found in wastewater from many petrochemical plants. At the same time, the biological processes of reservoirs and the process of their self-purification sharply decrease, and the water acquires a specific smell of carbolic acid.

The life of the population of water bodies is adversely affected by wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. Oxidation of wood pulp is accompanied by the absorption of a significant amount of oxygen, which leads to the death of eggs, fry and adult fish. Fibers and other insoluble substances clog the water and impair its physicochemical properties. Fish and their food - invertebrates - are adversely affected by moth alloys. Rotting wood and bark release various tannins into the water. Resin and other extractive products decompose and absorb a lot of oxygen, causing the death of fish, especially juveniles and eggs. In addition, moth floats heavily clog rivers, and driftwood often completely clogs their bottom, depriving fish of spawning grounds and feeding places.

Nuclear power plants pollute rivers with radioactive waste. Radioactive substances are concentrated by the smallest planktonic microorganisms and fish, then transmitted through the food chain to other animals. It has been established that the radioactivity of planktonic inhabitants is thousands of times higher than the water in which they live.

Wastewater with increased radioactivity (100 curies per 1 liter or more) must be disposed of in underground drainless pools and special reservoirs.

Population growth, the expansion of old cities and the emergence of new cities have significantly increased the flow of domestic wastewater into inland water bodies. These drains have become a source of pollution of rivers and lakes with pathogenic bacteria and helminths. To an even greater extent, synthetic detergents, widely used in everyday life, pollute water bodies. They are also widely used in industry and agriculture. The chemicals they contain, entering rivers and lakes with wastewater, have a significant impact on the biological and physical regime of water bodies. As a result, the ability of water to saturate with oxygen is reduced, and the activity of bacteria that mineralize organic matter is paralyzed.

The pollution of water bodies with pesticides and mineral fertilizers that fall from the fields along with streams of rain and melt water is of serious concern. As a result of research, for example, it has been proven that insecticides contained in water in the form of suspensions are dissolved in petroleum products that contaminate rivers and lakes. This interaction leads to a significant weakening of the oxidative functions of aquatic plants. Once in water bodies, pesticides accumulate in plankton, benthos, and fish, and enter the human body through the food chain, affecting both individual organs and the body as a whole.

The most valuable natural resource is water. It plays an exceptional role in metabolic processes. Human health directly depends on the quality of the water they consume. Therefore, it is so important to develop technological processes that minimize the types of wastewater pollution.

There are more than 100 thousand rivers in Russia, their annual flow is 4700 km 3. Analysis of water resources shows that the threat of depletion is currently increasing and water may become scarce. Today, about 60% of the world's population already lacks fresh water.

The reason for the growing shortage of fresh water is population growth, as well as unregulated deforestation and pollution of water bodies due to an unreasonable attitude towards the protection of water resources. It is estimated that there will be a shortage of fresh water within this century. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the integrated, economical use of water resources.

Runoff from industrial enterprises, agriculture, and public utilities has a particularly strong influence on the lack of fresh water. A small city, consuming 600 m 3 of clean water daily, produces 500 m 3 of wastewater.

Clean water without a filter is almost impossible these days.

The shortage of fresh water is caused not by its irreversible consumption, but by the increasingly increasing pollution of water bodies by industrial and domestic wastewater. Severely polluted wastewater comes from the petrochemical, metallurgical, oil refining, chemical, pulp and paper, and food industries. The incorrect use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture causes enormous harm.

Wastewater is varied in its composition, which depends on the type of pollutants that enter it. Effluents from the chemical industry, processing and mining enterprises are very harmful.

Discharge of wastewater at high temperatures, for example from thermal power plants, leads to the accumulation of organic substances and disrupts the biorhythm of the reservoir.

It is difficult to purify wastewater from synthetic surfactants contained in detergents. Sometimes they are even present in drinking water. Surfactants significantly impair the self-cleaning ability of water bodies. They enter water bodies as wastewater from laundries, baths, and detergent manufacturers. Surfactants and CMC are also used to intensify production at light industry enterprises, in ore dressing, and in the separation of products in the chemical industry.

Huge harm to water bodies is caused by pesticides that enter them along with melt and rainwater during cultivation of fields, as well as with water from cotton and rice plantations.

Radioactive contamination is dangerous to human life and health. This phenomenon is observed during testing of nuclear weapons under water, during violations of the purification regime for uranium ore, as well as during the processing of nuclear fuel.

Types of wastewater pollution

Basically, all wastewater contains 3 types of contaminants:

Mineral. These include sand, ore and clay inclusions, solutions of mineral salts, alkalis and acids;
Vegetable. These include fruit residues and adhesive substances of animal origin. In them, the main chemical substance is carbon;
Biological and bacterial. This is wastewater from slaughterhouses, municipal services, and biofactories. They contain microorganisms and molds.

Types of wastewater

The following types of wastewater are distinguished:

Industrial waste

They can be divided into:

Polluted. Pollution occurs through the above route;
Conditionally clean. These include, for example, water for cooling heat engines;
Domestic and household wastewater. These include wastewater from public buildings, hospitals, kitchens, canteens;
Agricultural runoff. They contain large quantities of chemical fertilizers and pesticides;
Atmospheric effluents. They are formed by runoff from industrial sites during melting snow and rain.

Surface and underground waters

They are characterized by the following types of pollution:

Mechanical contamination. This is mainly characteristic of surface types of pollution. These include an increased content of mechanical impurities;
Chemical pollution. It is characterized by the presence in water of inorganic and organic substances of a non-toxic and toxic nature;
Biological and bacteriological. The water contains pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae.
Radioactive. There are radioactive substances in the water;
Thermal. This type of pollution is observed when water from nuclear and thermal power plants with elevated temperatures is discharged into reservoirs.

The main source of water pollution is poorly treated wastewater from municipal and industrial enterprises. Pollutants qualitatively change the composition of water. This manifests itself in a change in its physical properties, an unpleasant odor and taste appears, and harmful substances appear in it, which either float on the surface of reservoirs or are deposited at the bottom.

Chemical pollution

Output of surface wastewater with impurities

The quantitative and qualitative composition of all contaminants is varied. But all chemical pollution can be divided into two groups:

The first category includes pollution containing inorganic impurities. These include wastewater from sulphate and soda plants and processing plants. In their composition, they contain large quantities of heavy metal ions, alkalis and acids. They change the quality composition of water.
The second group includes wastewater from oil refineries, petrochemical plants, organic synthesis enterprises, and coke production plants. Wastewater contains large quantities of phenols, aldehydes, resins, ammonia, and petroleum products. Their harmful effect is that the organoleptic characteristics of water deteriorate, the oxygen content in it decreases, and the biochemical need for it increases.

Currently, the main pollutant of water bodies is oil and petroleum products. When they enter water, they create a film on its surface, and heavy fractions settle to the bottom. Taste, color, viscosity, surface tension changes. Water acquires toxic properties and poses a threat to humans and animals.

Wastewater from petrochemical plants contains phenol. When it gets into water bodies, the biological processes occurring in them sharply decrease, and the process of self-purification of water is disrupted. There is a carbolic acid smell in the water.

Pulp and paper industry enterprises have a detrimental effect on the life of water bodies. The wood mass oxidizes, a significant consumption of oxygen occurs and, as a result, fry and adult fish die. Insoluble substances and fibers worsen the physical and chemical properties of water. Mole alloys have a harmful effect on water bodies. Tannins are released from bark and rotting wood into the water. The resin absorbs oxygen, which leads to the death of fish. In addition, moth alloys clog rivers and clog their bottoms. At the same time, fish are deprived of spawning grounds and feeding grounds.

Nuclear pollution

Nuclear power plants are polluted with radioactive waste. Radioactive pollutants are concentrated by small planktonic organisms and fish. Then they are transmitted along the chain to other organisms. If wastewater has increased radioactivity (100 curies/l), then it is necessary to bury it in underground drainless reservoirs and special tanks.

Biological contamination

The world's population is growing, old cities are expanding and new ones are growing, which leads to an increase in runoff into inland water bodies. Domestic wastewater is a source of pollution of rivers and lakes with helminths and pathogenic bacteria.

Wastewater contains 60% organic substances. These include biological pollution in medical and sanitary waters, municipal waters and waste from wool washing and tanning enterprises.

When treating wastewater, the greatest difficulties are caused by organic impurities. When they rot, they poison the soil, air and water. Wastewater must be removed outside the cities and organic matter must be mineralized. The total volume of microorganisms in wastewater is about 1 m3 per 100 m3 of wastewater. Among the bacteria and various microorganisms there are also pathogenic ones, for example, the causative agents of cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and other diseases. Most of the wastewater is potentially hazardous to humans and animals. To prevent water bodies from becoming polluted with harmful substances, wastewater must be treated. Partial purification also occurs in the reservoir itself. The degree of wastewater treatment is determined by a special calculation and agreed with the fishery and sanitary inspection authorities.

Thermal pollution

If heated water from thermal power plants is discharged into reservoirs, this causes thermal pollution. Warm water contains less oxygen, and the thermal regime changes dramatically. This has a negative impact on the flora and fauna of the reservoir. Blue-green algae begin to develop in it, which has a detrimental effect on the number of inhabitants of reservoirs.

Today, the task of protecting water resources from pollution and depletion and their rational use is especially acute. One of the areas of work to protect water resources is the use of drainless water supply cycles. In this case, wastewater does not need to be discharged; it can be reused in technological processes. Drainless cycles will eliminate water discharges.

The degree of contamination of wastewater can be significantly reduced by removing valuable impurities from it. If water is used to cool the system, then air cooling should be considered, which will reduce overall water consumption by 80%. In this regard, it is very important to develop new equipment that uses a minimum of water for cooling.

The increase in the whirlpool is significantly influenced by the introduction of wastewater treatment methods with high efficiency, for example, physical and chemical ones, where the use of reagents is the most effective. The active implementation of the physicochemical method together with biochemical treatment can significantly solve the problems of wastewater treatment. In the near future it is planned to carry out wastewater treatment using membrane methods.

Wastewater treatment methods

Wastewater treatment methods are divided into:

Mechanical;
Chemical;
Physico-chemical;
Biological;
Thermal.

All methods of wastewater treatment can be divided into destructive and recuperative. The latter involve the extraction of valuable substances from wastewater for further processing. In destructive methods, all substances polluting wastewater are destroyed. And the products of their destruction are removed from the water in the form of sediment or gases.

The following wastewater treatment methods are distinguished:

Cleaning from emulsified and suspended impurities. To do this, coarse impurities are separated by sedimentation, filtration and straining, flotation and centrifugal sedimentation. Fine substances are separated by flocculation, electroflotation and electrocoagulation;
Purification of impurities dissolved in wastewater. For this, ion exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis, freezing, electrodialysis, and purification methods using chemical reagents are used;
Cleaning from organic impurities;
Regenerative methods: rectification, clarification, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis.
Destructive: vapor phase, liquid phase, electrochemical, radiation oxidation;
Gas removal: reagent methods, heating, blowing.

In practice, three methods are used to treat all wastewater. The first has been used for a long time and is considered the most economical. Wastewater is discharged into large watercourses, where it is diluted, aerated and neutralized naturally. Currently, this method has shown to be ineffective.

The second method is to remove organic matter and solid contaminants through mechanical, biological and chemical treatment. This method is most often used at municipal wastewater treatment plants.

The third method involves reducing the volume of wastewater by changing technological processes.

Despite the fact that many enterprises are trying to make their cycles closed, the most radical solution to the problem of wastewater treatment is the construction of the most modern treatment facilities. In such structures, mechanical cleaning is provided at the first stage. A sieve or grate is installed along the path of wastewater flow, with the help of which suspended particles and floating objects are captured. Sand and other inorganic substances settle in sand traps. Oil traps and grease traps trap oil products and fats. The flocculent particles are captured after settling using chemical coagulants.

Error message

Text...

Barasheva Svetlana Valerievna, student, Kazan Scientific Research Technological University, Kazan [email protected];

Karataev Oscar Robindarovich,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department. mechanical science "Kazan Scientific Research Technological University", Kazan [email protected];

Trends in environmental pollution by wastewater from various industrial enterprises

Abstract: This article discusses one of the most important problems of our time, the problem of wastewater pollution. The causes of pollution, types of pollution, sources, as well as their further consequences are discussed. Basic requirements for treatment, trends in the development of technologies in Russian treatment facilities. Key words: types of pollution, treatment methods, water pollution index, saprobity index.

Flood waters and precipitation falling in zones of influence of industrial enterprises cause harm to the environment, especially dangerous for the territories of adjacent settlements. Wastewater treatment is one of the main tasks for all of humanity, since the discharge of untreated water creates a serious environmental problem, polluting soils and reservoirs.

There are a sufficient number of treatment facilities and a variety of methods for treating wastewater. An important method is closed water supply, in which the discharge of water into surface water can be eliminated, and purified water can be used to replenish irrecoverable losses.

Existing combined techniques are used at several stages of different cleaning methods. The use of each technique depends on the harmfulness and composition of the impurities. Without stage-by-stage treatment of wastewater using several methods, high-quality treatment is impossible. Low-performance methods, which are characterized by the high cost of wastewater treatment, include: sorption (absorption of a substance from the environment in a solid or liquid state), extraction (removal of certain substances from a liquid), coagulation (introducing certain substances into the drain), electrolysis (breakdown of chemical compounds through an electric current into their constituent parts), reverse osmosis (forcing pressure to pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a more concentrated to a less concentrated solution), ion exchange (a reversible process). When using the listed methods, it is possible to purify water from soluble and insoluble compounds. Mineral oils and suspended impurities contained in wastewater are polydisperse. The effect of purification from suspended matter by settling is 5060%, and from petroleum products – 5070%. If wastewater is left to settle in flotation units for 2040 minutes. , then the result will be a high degree of purification up to 9098%. Most often, areas where oil and petrochemical industry enterprises are located are subject to contamination. In addition, modern production technologies involve the use of a closed water supply circle, when water discharge is not the final stage. At the same time, contaminated water ends up in settling tanks and, having gone through a purification cycle, continues to be used in many technological processes, where they are subject to re-contamination, presenting an even greater danger. In the modern world, wastewater treatment is one of the global problems that is being worked on in all developed countries. It should be noted that new technologies for the treatment of industrial wastewater are being developed and existing ones are being improved. Sedimentation is the main method of purification from oil products, but this degree of purification is not enough, and in some cases the method of filtering through a layer of porous or granular material is used. However, most of the proposed technologies do not completely or cannot be used due to their high cost or complexity. In this regard, an important factor is respect for the environment. Thus, in the Central Federal District, progress in wastewater pollution is observed. This, as shown by the analysis of the environmental situation, was caused by a high degree of wear and tear of existing equipment. And in the Far Eastern and Southern Federal Districts, both large overload of treatment facilities and, in some cases, their complete absence were revealed.

Industrial wastewater from various industries contains toxic substances, which are greatly influenced by the amount of impurities contained in the wastewater. The properties of water of this kind are opposite to the physical properties of ordinary water. There are also wastewaters containing inorganic impurities, they can be found in soda and nitrogen factories, zinc and nickel factories. The main issue today is the question of disinfection of treated wastewater and the installation of facilities for purification of biogenic pollutants. Also, the question of post-treatment systems remains open. Oil and petroleum products are the main pollutants of wastewater; the smallest dose of oil, and this is one drop (12 g.), can render one ton of water unusable. Oxidative processes cause serious harm, the causes of which are a decrease in the oxygen content in water and an increase in the biochemical need for it. As a result, the organoleptic characteristics of water deteriorate. There are two types of wastewater: contaminated and slightly contaminated. Contaminated wastewater can be purified using ultrasound, ozone ion exchange resins, and methodological treatment by chlorination cannot be excluded. Extreme attention is paid to increasing the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment. Discharge of water from industrial enterprises is prohibited considered constant, because it is often amenable to significant changes. Before you begin to design and build treatment facilities, you need to know the volume of wastewater. It is impossible to achieve an ideal result; quality standards for the discharge of industrial water into wastewater and a year-by-year plan for achieving the result are required. The total volume of wastewater discharged by industrial enterprises compared to 2012 was reduced to 0.8%. And in mid-2013 it was 590.1 million m3, which included 560.6 million m3 discharged into surface waters. Contaminated (73%)–398.3 million m3, treated (0.1%),

0.6 million m3 that meet the standards that do not require treatment (27.9%). – 151.6 million m3. If wastewater contains substances such as detergents, pesticides, oils, phenols, etc., then they have a toxic, negative and aesthetic effect , which has a detrimental effect on the environment.

And those that have radioactivity (100 curies per 1 liter, etc., this indicates increased radioactivity) are subject to inhumation in special tanks and underground drainless pools. The bioaccumulation process is caused by the content of metals such as: Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu , Ni. When developing state-of-the-art wastewater treatment plants, scientists rely on nitrogen removal and chemical phosphorus removal. And the destruction of all other more harmful substances: hydrogen sulfide, ammonium and alkali is nothing more than a beneficial result of the action. The result obtained can be called a side result, because unni does not give in under any conditions

calculation due to the complexity of the ongoing processes. Microorganisms are capable of destroying organic compounds and accompanying biochemical reactions. The process of absorption of contaminants by the surface of activated sludge includes microorganisms (which include worm eggs, fungi, pathogenic bacteria, algae viruses).

When wastewater enters rivers and lakes, it has a negative effect: the saturation of water with oxygen decreases, the activity of bacteria that mineralize active substances is suspended. The amount of activated sludge increases every year, its biomass amounts to several million tons. Based on this, there was a need to develop processing methods that would increase the range of use of activated sludge. At chemical enterprises, activated sludge is most often burned, resulting in a substitute for coal and oil. This is called the reverse method. Approximate calculations have shown that when burning 400 thousand. activated sludge, it will be possible to obtain oil fuel equivalent to 800 thousand barrels of oil and 180 thousand tons of coal.

There is a close relationship between the quality of cleaning and specific organisms, this can be explained

with the help of activated sludge biocenesis, which allows the improvement of species that do not differ from each other and are located in different ecological zones, influencing the improvement of a complex complex of biotic and abiotic factors.

The technology of all chemical petrochemical production is often developed without taking into account its impact on the environment. It is practically impossible to check the content and huge number of pollutants of each of the industrial enterprises, but theoretically it is possible, by highlighting the main

group of priority polluting components. Table 1 Priority polluting components of wastewater Group of priority pollutants

Compounds Organochlorine pesticides Aldrin, dibenzofuran, etc. Organophosphorus pesticides Disulfoton, parathion, etc. Pesticides based on phenoxyacetic acid 2,4D, 2,4,5T Volatile organochlorine compounds Chlorobenzenes, chloraldigrad, etc. Nitrogen-containing pesticides Dichlorobenzenes, chloroacetic acid, etc. "Low-volatile" organochlorine compounds O, p , mchlorophenols, etc. Chloroanilines and chloronitroaromatic compounds Chloroanilines, chloronitrotoluenes, etc. Polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls Chlorobiphenyls, bromobiphenyls, etc. Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc. PAHAnthracene, fluorene, etc. Other compounds: benzidine, pyrazone, etc.

Very significant damage is caused by heated wastewater and water containing hydrocyanic acid, aniline, mercury, lead, copper salts and various arsenic compounds.

Heated wastewater from thermal and oil refining industries causes “thermal pollution”, which poses a threat to water bodies with quite serious consequences: because in heated water there is much less oxygen, which means a sharp change in the thermal regime can be observed. About 80% of the priority polluting components are chlorine and bromine-containing compounds. The close connection between high persistence and lipophilicity suggests that, as a result, bioaccumulation occurs, the accumulation of halogen-containing organic compounds in aquatic ecosystems and ecological magnetization. In nature, there are six types of pollution of surface and groundwater:

Thermal

draining heated water from nuclear and thermal power plants into rivers and lakes.

Mechanical (surface type of pollution) increase in the content of mechanical impurities. Chemical

presence of organic and inorganic substances in water. Bacterial and biological; presence of various microorganisms in water. Radioactive

the presence of radioactive substances in underground or surface waters. Mechanical and chemical methods are more effective. The main principle of the mechanical method is that it is possible to destroy mechanical impurities in large quantities from wastewater using the method of filtration and sedimentation. Thanks to this treatment, up to 90% of insoluble impurities are separated from industrial wastewater. During chemical decripitation, chemical reagents are added to wastewater that react with pollutants, the end result being the precipitation of pollutants in the form of insoluble sediments. This purification can achieve a reduction of soluble impurities by up to 30%, and insoluble impurities by up to 90%. Significant sources of pollution and clogging of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial plants, these include: production residues during the development of minerals, finishing and rafting of timber, water from mines, mines. More noticeable changes in water are caused by pollutants, entering through natural bodies of water.

Changes can mainly be observed in the physical properties of water, in particular: the appearance of tastes, unpleasant odors, changes in the chemical composition and the appearance of harmful floating substances in the water, their deposition at the bottom of the reservoir and their presence on the surface of the water. At petrochemical enterprises, a large amount of phenol enters the discharged wastewater, which leads to a decrease in biological processes and self-purification processes of reservoirs. In addition to all this, the water acquires the smell of carbolic acid, which becomes specific.

Table 2 Types of wastewater pollutants. Sources of pollution Types of pollutants Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy plants Minerals, resins, etc. Oil refineries Oil, petroleum products Coke chemical plants Resins, ammonia, cyanides, etc. Pulp and paper industry enterprises Dissolved organic substances, kaolin. Machine-building and automobile factories. Cyanide, scale, etc. Textile. enterprisesDyes, surfactants.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), water contains 14 thousand toxic elements, hence it can be concluded that 85% of diseases are transmitted by water; 28 million people die from them every year. After wastewater treatment, sludge remains, obtained from the initial and further settling tanks. In 1990, the sludge began to be used as fertilizer, because it contains heavy metals, but with the significant emergence of large, industrial petrochemical enterprises, such a quantity of sludge has become an unwise decision to dump into the lithosphere as fertilizer. Therefore, due to the unacceptable amount of sludge and the content of heavy metals in it, they began to resort to burning sludge.

Toxicological studies were carried out, from which scientists concluded that it is possible to process raw sludge and excess activated sludge. At the moment, quite a lot of effective and simple methods for extracting impurities from wastewater have been studied. Sewage sludge from oil refineries is widely used for fertilizer purposes. That is why there is a need to check the likely impact of toxic substances in them, namely heavy metals on the growth and development of their accumulation in soil and plants. There are various methods of wastewater treatment: mechanized dehydration of sludge, the use of a centrifuge, and the use of a chamber or belt filter press. Of all the above, mechanized dehydration of sludge is a more advanced and technologically advanced method of wastewater treatment.

Complex wastewater treatment facilities are reliable and durable in use. The main part of the sludge is sent to deposition sites, where it is laid in a multi-meter layer, or another method, more modern and technologically advanced for sludge disposal, is its incineration. An example is the Moscow wastewater treatment plants, where more than 13 million tons of sludge are formed per year, this figure can be compare with 250 thousand railway tanks.

Thanks to the indices and several formulas that are given below, we will be able to determine not only the degree of pollution, but also the class of water quality. Hydrochemical index of water pollution (WPI). The hydrochemical index of water pollution is a specific additive coefficient. HIP refers to a group of indicators that are used to assess the quality of water bodies; when calculating, it is necessary to take into account, that none of the official regulatory documents published later has confirmed the mandatory use of it. The additive coefficient represents the average share of exceeding the MPC for a limited number of individual ingredients:

where: Ci is the concentration of the component; n–number of indicators that are used to calculate the index, n= 6; MPCi is the introduced standard value for the corresponding type of water body.

Table 3 Water quality classes depending on the WPI valueWaterWPI valuesWater quality classesExtremely clean up to 0.3IClean0.3–1.0IIModerately polluted1.0–2.0IIIPolluted1.0–2.0IVDirty4.0–6.0VExtremely dirty6.0–10.0VIInfinitely dirty10.0VII

Among the hydrobiological quality indicators in Russia, the saprobity index of water bodies is often used. It is substantiated on the basis of special characteristics of saprobity studied by scientists, species that can be represented in certain water associations.

Hi, is the relative abundance of the species, Si is the indicator significance of species i, N is the number of indicator species.

oligosaprobic 1.5 -1, polysaprobic reservoirs (zones) it is 4-4.5, α and β-mesosaprobic 2.5 -1.5 and 3.5 -2.5, in catarobic - less than 1. For a reliable result it is necessary, that the test sample contains at least thirteen individuals in the field of observation and at least twelve indicator organisms.

Individual index value

saprobity belongs to each of the types of organisms that we study. The resulting value means the sum of its physiological and biochemical characteristics, which determine the ability to live in water with a varied content of organic substances. Contaminated industrial wastewater is identified by its physical properties (for example, you can take the boiling point, boiling substances at temperatures below 120. °C, 115250. °C and above 250 °C), one cannot fail to take into account that everything depends on the properties of the impurities contained in them: wastewater is contaminated for the most part parts of organic or mineral impurities. Wastewater can vary in degree of aggressiveness: non-aggressive (pH 6.58). slightly aggressive (weakly acidic, pH 66.5 and slightly alkaline, pH 89); highly aggressive (strongly acidic pH 9); To radically shape the composition of industrial wastewater, the type of raw material that is prepared for processing is of great importance. Composition of wastewater

depends on the intermediate products of the technological process, the composition of the source water,

initial components, manufactured products, endemic conditions and other numerous factors that influence the composition and harmfulness of wastewater. Petroleum and petroleum products are significant polluting components of wastewater from oil refineries. At different plants, even with the same technological processes, the composition of wastewater, water disposal mode and specific consumption per unit of output will vary greatly from each other . In the petrochemical industry, the most large-scale introduction of waste-free and low-waste processes has been highlighted, which give the maximum environmental effect.

The qualitative characteristics of industrial wastewater are important for choosing a method for their deferrization, resolving issues about the possibility of reusing wastewater, monitoring the operation of treatment facilities and the discharge of wastewater, as well as extracting and processing substances that pollute water. Through ceramic membranes, wastewater can be purified from petroleum products using special applications

cleaning facility, such as an electric flotator, or a flotator with dispersion. The flotator is designed for cleaning oil-containing storm drains and wastewater. The filtrate must meet all water quality requirements for a multi-circuit water supply. The excess that is formed from the operation of the filtrate is discharged into the sewage system, then during the flotation process, petroleum products, gasoline, oils, emulsols and other substances are extracted. The operation of this system is based on a combination of electroflotation processes, ultrafiltration of water and sorption on activated carbon. Composition of the flotator: electrode block with insoluble electrodes, automatic system compressor assembly, oil sludge, plastic housing, air dispersion system, polypropylene storage tank for water, coagulant essence, transfer pumps.

Table 4 Technical characteristics of installations for treating wastewater from petroleum products. Parameters After the flotator After the filter Initial wastewater Oil products

Suspended solids

500 2000 mg/lPurified waterOil products0.5 5 mg/l0.05 mg/lSuspended solids5 20 mg/l0.5 5 mg/lChemical oxygen demand

Electricity consumption

0.353.5 kW h/m3

dimensions

2000x1200x1115 mm

Service life of membranes for air atomization

Today, oil and oil products are the main pollutants. Penetrating into water bodies through wastewater, they form multiple types of pollution: not only an oil film floating on the water, but also oil products dissolved or emulsified in water, which are based on the heavy fraction. In this case, you can observe a decrease in the volume of oxygen, changes in taste, smell, color, water viscosity, as well as surface tension. The contamination of wastewater discharged by oil refineries and industrial enterprises can be significantly reduced by isolating priority impurities. A challenge in petrochemical plants can be the variety of products and processes produced. It should be noted that a significant amount of water is spent on cooling in the industry. The transition from water cooling to air cooling will reduce water consumption in various industries by 70-90%. As a result, the development and implementation of modern special equipment that uses the least amount of water for cooling is paramount.

Today, all over the world, and in Russia, there are problems of various pollution of water, soil, and air. Technical progress in this area will be noticeable when all the problems are solved, but it is practically impossible to achieve an ideal result. Having analyzed all methods of wastewater treatment, we can conclude that the mechanical method is the simplest and least expensive, compared to biological and chemical methods. And the considered flotation process, which is one of the main ones for wastewater treatment, consists in the molecular interaction of impurities and water with bubbles of finely dispersed air. At the moment, modern wastewater treatment technologies are being industrially introduced using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration facilities. Hydraulic washing with special cleaning solutions is used to remove contaminants from the membrane surface.

Links to sources1. Kucherenko L.V., Ugryumova S.D., Moroz N.Yu., Modern technical solution to the problem of industrial wastewater treatment. Bulletin of Kamchatka State Technical University. 2002. No. 1. P. 1861902 Ermakov P.P., Zhuravlev P.S. High-intensity electrochemical water purification devices, p. 20 213 Lyutoev A.A., Smirnov Yu.G. Development of a technological scheme for treating wastewater from oil pollution using magnetic nanoparticles. Electronic scientific journal Oil and Gas Business. 2013. No. 4. P. 4244354. Ksenofontov B.S., Kapitonova S.N., Taranov R.A. Development of new flotation technology for water purification. Water supply.

Water purification.2010. T. 33. No. 9. P. 2832

Barasheva Svetlana ValerievnaStudent, “Kazan Scientific Research Technological University” [email protected];Karataev Oscar RobindarovichCandidate of technical Sciences, associate Professor. mechanical engineering, Kazan Scientific Research Technological University, [email protected];Trends of environmental pollution by sewage various industrial enterprises.Abstract:his paper discusses one of the most important problems of our time, the problem of sewage pollution. The causes of pollution, types of pollution sources, as well as their further consequences. Basic requirements for cleaning technology trends Russian treatment plants. Keywords: types of pollution, cleaning methods, water pollution index, the index saprobity.

Wastewater is a complex heterogeneous mixture containing impurities that are in undissolved, colloidal and dissolved states.

Water pollution manifests itself in changes in physical and organoleptic properties (impaired transparency, color, odors, taste), an increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals, a reduction in air oxygen dissolved in water, the manifestation of radioactive elements, pathogenic bacteria and other pollutants.

There are chemical, biological and physical pollutants. Among chemical pollutants The most common include oil and petroleum products, surfactants. Very dangerous biological pollutants, such as viruses and other pathogens, and physical – radioactive substances, heat, etc.

Table 1. Main water pollutants

Main types of water pollution. The most common types of contamination are chemical and bacterial. Radioactive, mechanical and thermal contamination is much less common.

Chemical pollution – the most common, persistent and far-spreading. It may be organic(phenols, naphthenic acids, pesticides, etc.) and inorganic(salts, acids, alkalis), toxic(arsenic, mercury compounds, lead, etc.) and non-toxic. When deposited to the bottom of reservoirs or during filtration in the formation, harmful chemicals are sorbed by rock particles, oxidized and reduced, precipitated, etc., however, as a rule, complete self-purification of contaminated waters does not occur. Foci of chemical contamination of groundwater in highly permeable soils can extend up to 10 km or more.

Bacterial contamination is expressed in the appearance of pathogenic bacteria, viruses (up to 700 species), protozoa, fungi, etc. in water. This type of pollution is temporary.

It is very dangerous to contain radioactive substances in water, even at very low concentrations, causing Nuclear pollution. The most harmful “long-lived” radioactive elements that have an increased ability to move in water (strontium-90, uranium, radium-226, cesium, etc.). Radioactive elements enter surface water bodies when radioactive waste is dumped into them, waste is buried at the bottom, etc.

Mechanical contamination characterized by the ingress of various mechanical impurities into the water (sand, sludge, silt, etc.). Mechanical impurities can significantly worsen the organoleptic characteristics of water.

In relation to surface waters, they also distinguish their pollution (or rather, clogging) with solid waste (garbage), timber rafting residues, industrial and household waste, which deteriorate the quality of water, negatively affect the living conditions of fish, and the state of ecosystems.

Thermal pollution associated with an increase in water temperature as a result of their mixing with warmer surface or process waters. As the temperature rises, the gas and chemical composition in the waters changes, which leads to the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria, the growth of aquatic organisms and the release of toxic gases - hydrogen sulfide and methane. At the same time, water “blooming” occurs, as well as the accelerated development of microflora and microfauna, which contributes to the development of other types of pollution. According to existing sanitary standards, the temperature of the reservoir should not increase by more than 3°C in summer and 5°C in winter, and the heat load on the reservoir should not exceed 12 - 17 kJ/m³.

Industrial wastewater pollutes ecosystems with a wide variety of components (Table 2), depending on the specifics of industries.