Toxic kidney syndrome. Treatment options and first symptoms of toxic nephropathy

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In severe poisoning and severe intoxication, all internal organs are affected, but in some cases the kidneys suffer the most. Toxic substances that do not dissolve in water settle on the walls of these organs, resulting in toxic nephropathy. With this disease, a person needs urgent treatment, as a serious complication such as kidney failure may occur.

Nephropathy is a toxic kidney injury that can be triggered by various nephrotoxic substances. There are several degrees of this disease:

Mild - with this course of the disease, the symptoms are mild, although pathological changes can already be noticed when analyzing blood and urine;
Moderate degree - with this course the symptoms are more pronounced, diuresis is reduced, and uremia increases;
Severe degree - with this course of the disease, glomerular filtration decreases and edema develops. In severe cases, there is a high likelihood of developing renal failure.

Various factors can trigger this disease, including diabetes.. In addition, infectious diseases can also cause nephropathy.

Quite often, toxic nephropathy develops from mushroom poisoning; there may be complications in the form of renal failure.

Causes of the disease

The kidneys are a paired organ, similar in shape to a bean, which performs the following functions:

regulate fluid balance in the body;
control and maintain blood pressure at the proper level;
participate in the process of formation of blood cells;
remove metabolic products from the body.

Each kidney consists of many nephrons - these are special filtration particles. Each of the nephrons consists of a ball of small blood vessels; they are semi-permeable, so metabolic products pass through them, like through a membrane. Well-filtered metabolic products are excreted along with urine.

If toxic substances enter the body, then the entire load falls on the nephrons, which begin to cope poorly with their function. The clinical picture directly depends on what toxic substance has entered the body.

The causes of toxic nephropathy include the following factors:

poisoning from low-quality alcohol-containing drinks;
heavy metal poisoning;
ingestion of various solvents into the body;
intoxication caused by pesticides;
overdose of medications, as well as treatment with expired or low-quality medications.

If kidney nutrition is insufficient, ischemia may develop, which is considered a reversible condition.. If ischemia is not treated for a long time, necrosis occurs, which is already an irreversible pathology. This condition is characterized by complete dysfunction of the kidneys, due to which toxic substances accumulate in the body, and they are not eliminated naturally.

Toxic nephropathy requires urgent treatment, otherwise life-threatening complications may occur.

Symptoms of the disease

The symptoms of toxic nephropathy and the severity of the disease can vary significantly. Quite often, the symptoms of completely different diseases - renal failure and glomerulonephritis - are more pronounced. The following health problems can be considered signs of nephropathy:

persistently elevated blood pressure;
oliguria or anuria;
swelling of the face;
pain in the lumbar region;
urinary retention for more than 4 hours;
severe cramps;
proteinuria;
hematuria.

Depending on the severity of the disease, accompanying symptoms may also appear. Symptoms are observed from the first days of toxic kidney damage and gradually increase.

The most dangerous complication of nephropathy is kidney failure.. In this case, kidney function is completely impaired and the organs practically do not work. With this pathology, all toxic substances are retained in the blood, resulting in severe intoxication. If the patient is not treated immediately, uremic coma may develop, which is characterized by apathy, weakness, migraine and characteristic skin rashes.

With toxic damage to the kidneys, swelling initially appears on the face, so it is difficult to miss such a pathology.

Diagnosis of the disease

Diagnosis of this disease is carried out exclusively within the walls of the hospital, as is treatment. To clarify the diagnosis, the following examination methods are used:

A detailed blood and urine test is performed.
Diuresis and water balance in the body are taken into account.
An ultrasound examination of the kidneys is performed.
In severe cases, an MRI may be prescribed.

A biochemical blood test is required, which shows a complete picture of kidney function.. If necessary, the patient can be referred to specialists to clarify the diagnosis.

It is very important to diagnose toxic damage as early as possible and prescribe the correct treatment, in which case the risk of complications is significantly reduced.

Features of treatment

Quite often, toxic nephropathy is treated in intensive care settings, especially if the disease is complicated by renal failure. If the disease is not very severe, then it is possible to treat the patient in the urology department.

In this period the most important task is the rapid removal of toxic substances and metabolic products from the body. For this purpose the following techniques can be used:

plasmapheresis;
gastric and intestinal lavage;
hemosorption;
hemodialysis;
hemofiltration.

Forced diuresis is carried out by administering various medications. To effectively cleanse the gastrointestinal tract of toxins, Vaseline oil or a large volume of liquid is injected into it. This can be clean water, a weak solution of potassium permanganate or salted water. Hemodialysis is effective only in the first 6 hours from the onset of the disease, after which blood is purified through the peritoneum for another two days.

The patient is prescribed medications from various drug groups. The patient must take sorbents, diuretics, hormonal drugs and antihistamines to avoid the development of severe allergic reactions. In addition, glucose with vitamin C, insulin, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride and a complex of essential vitamins are indicated.

It is worth noting that toxic nephropathy is difficult to treat because kidney cells are difficult to restore. Nephrons can begin to deteriorate already in the very early stages of the disease. As a result, kidney function is completely impaired. This is why it is so important to start treatment when the first symptoms of the disease appear.

A patient with toxic nephropathy should drink a lot of alkaline drinks. This promotes rapid recovery.

Prognosis and possible complications

The prognosis of the disease directly depends on the toxic substance that has entered the body, as well as the severity of toxic nephropathy. The number of deaths from this disease is quite impressive and can reach 70% of all cases. But this does not mean that almost every poisoned person faces death; with a timely diagnosis and adequate treatment, the prognosis is quite good.

The worst prognosis for nephropathy is if chemicals such as cadmium, silicon and hydrogen arsenate enter the body.

Complications most often appear when toxic substances enter the body significantly, through the blood. The most dangerous complication is renal failure, which quite often leads to death.

Toxic nephropathy is a very dangerous kidney disease, which, if not treated promptly, leads to a number of complications. It is worth remembering that kidney cells are difficult to restore and the earlier treatment is started, the better the prognosis.

Toxic nephropathy occurs due to poisoning, when damage to toxins and biological breakdown products leads to impaired renal function. Harmful substances enter the body from the outside or may arise due to illness.

Possible reasons for development

There are a lot of toxic substances that can harm the kidneys. Some of them enter the body during life, others arise as a result of injuries or diseases. Toxic nephropathy may occur during drug treatment or during emergency medical care. The main factors causing toxic nephropathy include:

eating poisonous mushrooms;
poisoning with chemicals, heavy metals (mercury, copper, cadmium);
exposure to radiation (uranium salts);
ingestion of organic poisons (acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride);
poisoning with alcohol substitutes;
long-term use of medications that cause poisoning of the body (antibiotics, antimicrobials);
transfusion of blood incompatible with group or Rh factor;
severe injuries or burns, when massive tissue destruction occurs with breakdown products entering the blood;
penetration of microbes leading to infection and septic condition.

Both in case of poisoning with mushrooms, alcohol substitutes or poisons, and with the breakdown of the body’s own tissues, the main problem for the kidneys is the negative impact of toxins on the internal kidney structures. It is the total disruption of kidney function that leads to life-threatening and health-threatening complications.

Consequences of toxic nephropathy

Any nephrotoxic effect can cause kidney damage, of which the most severe ones should be distinguished:

Acute renal failure - manifested by a sharp decrease or complete cessation of urination.
Chronic renal failure - arising as a result of an acute condition or as a result of moderate poisoning.

Toxic nephropathy is almost always an accidental or unintentional ingestion of toxic or harmful substances into the body. Renal complications in severe diseases and drug-induced nephropathy are much less common.

Signs of illness

The following symptoms are characteristic of toxic nephropathy:

a significant decrease in the amount of urine excreted (oligoanuria);
decreased blood pressure;
severe shortness of breath;
pain of varying degrees of intensity in the sides or lower back.

Possible symptoms associated with the entry of poison or toxin into the human body:

nausea and vomiting with blood;
diarrhea;
pain in the upper abdomen;
severe bloating;
deterioration of consciousness from drowsiness and lethargy to fainting.

Toxic nephropathy is an acute pathology with a threat to health and life. The disease can lead to acute renal failure, which causes death or long-term treatment with hemodialysis.

Methods for diagnosing toxic nephropathy

At the first stage of the examination, the doctor will always pay attention to symptoms that indicate toxic nephropathy. It is optimal to accurately find out the product of poisoning or exactly what factors led to nephrotoxic complications. Mandatory diagnostic methods for toxic nephropathy will be:

general clinical urine and blood tests;
special research to identify the causative factor in case of poisoning;
assessment of the functional state of the kidneys using a biochemical blood test;
performing an ultrasound of the kidneys.

If confirmation of the diagnosis is required, additional X-ray and tomographic examinations (MRI or CT) are performed. Often it is enough to see the clinical manifestations and know the cause of poisoning.

If toxic nephropathy is caused by illness or treatment, immediate efforts should be made to remove toxins from the blood and improve blood flow to the kidneys. If acute renal failure occurs, the patient must be hospitalized and undergo emergency treatment in the intensive care unit of the hospital. In chronic renal failure, therapy largely depends on the severity of changes in the kidneys.

Treatment methods

The main factor in the treatment of toxic nephropathy is the rapid removal of nephrotoxic poisons from the body. The basic treatment options are the following:

If it was mushrooms or one-time use of a large number of medications, then it is necessary to rinse the stomach.
In case of poisoning with industrial or chemical poisons, an antidote (a drug that removes poison from the body) is prescribed.
To remove nephrotoxin from the blood, it is necessary to use the hemosorption method (using activated carbon).
in particularly difficult cases, hemodialysis is necessary.

Any of the nephrotoxic factors can lead to dangerous and life-threatening conditions. If kidney damage occurs, it is extremely important to promptly begin medical care. The main emergency methods of treating toxic nephropathy are hemosorption and hemodialysis, which allow you to quickly and effectively cleanse the blood of poison or toxin. If everything is done correctly and on time, then the chances of recovery are optimal and the prognosis is favorable.

In case of serious poisoning and intoxication, the kidneys may be affected primarily with the development of toxic nephropathy. Only timely treatment will help a person avoid the most severe complication of such phenomena - renal failure.

Toxic nephropathy

Toxic nephropathy is understood as damage to the kidney parenchyma, their glomerular apparatus, which occurs against the background of exposure to exogenous and endogenous toxic products and metabolites (ICD-10 code - N14.4).

The classification of pathology includes the following types:

Specific nephropathy. Associated with acute external toxicoses that occur during poisoning with various nephrotoxic substances. Often developing renal dysfunction is preceded by toxicogenic liver damage.
Nonspecific nephropathy. Caused by hemodynamic disorders of various etiologies, provoked by various severe poisonings.

Causes and pathogenesis

Kidney damage can occur due to the pathogenic influence of the toxic substances themselves, their breakdown products, on their tissues, as well as against the background of the development of an autoimmune reaction.

Most often, the disease is caused by the following substances:

Heavy metals, their salts;
Ethylene glycol;
Oxalic, acetic acid;
Pesticides, herbicides;
Arsenic;
Solvents;
Copper sulfate;
Poisons of animals, insects;
Mushroom toxins;
Nitrogen-containing compounds;
Volatile esters;
Poor quality alcohol.

Toxic nephropathy is often recorded in people employed in hazardous industries, where work involves poisons, chemicals, rubber, and polymers. All substances can enter the body through the respiratory system, through the blood, through the skin (with bites).

After exposure of the kidneys to toxins and metabolites, swelling of the parenchyma cells is observed, as well as disruption of the renal glomeruli, which causes disruptions in cellular respiration and leads to the precipitation of protein fractions. If the body is exposed to hemotoxic poisons, they simultaneously destroy red blood cells, as a result of which hemoglobin clogs the structural units of the kidneys - nephrons. In some cases, kidney damage occurs against the background of their inhibition by free amino acids. Whatever the pathogenesis, ultimately, oxygen starvation of the kidney tissue occurs, its ischemia, which without treatment leads to necrosis of the tubules and glomeruli.

The severity of organ damage will largely depend on the type of substance entering the body, its quantity, and the route of entry. The health of the urinary system also plays a certain role before the onset of pathology - in the presence of chronic kidney disease, nephropathy can develop even from small doses of toxic substances.

The clinical picture resembles that of acute glomerulonephritis. At first, general symptoms appear - weakness, fatigue, lethargy, and the temperature may rise. Next, the person notes swelling of the legs and puffiness of the face. The composition of urine changes - the amount of protein in it increases, blood (red blood cells) appears.

Other common signs of pathology:

Increased blood pressure up to very high numbers.
Decreased diuresis and urinary frequency (sometimes complete anuria).
Lower back pain due to swelling of the kidneys.
Cramps.
Decreased heart rate.
Arrhythmia.
Wheezing in the lungs.

Depending on the type of toxic substance, specific symptoms may be added to the clinical signs described above. For example, if a person is poisoned by an excessive amount of sulfonamides, then with toxic nephropathy he develops pain in the joints, hemorrhages on the skin and mucous membranes, and a fever.

The disease is differentiated by severity as follows:

The first is a moderate increase in protein, hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood, mild symptoms.
The second is that diuresis decreases, the amount of urea, potassium, and creatinine in the blood increases greatly, and symptoms increase.
Third, due to swelling of the kidneys and a sharp decrease in glomerular filtration rates, the development of acute renal failure is possible - a deadly complication.

The progression of renal failure with toxic nephropathy also includes several stages:

Initial (up to 3 days). The actual poisoning of the body by nephrotoxic agents occurs.
Oligoanuric (1-2 weeks). Due to fluid retention, urine output decreases, which leads to heart overload and the development of edema, shortness of breath, and wheezing in the lungs. At this stage, swelling of the brain is also possible. Death occurs from suffocation due to pulmonary edema, from cardiac arrest, or disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Secondary vasculitis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia are often associated.
Stage of polyuria (up to several months and years). This stage occurs when the course of the disease is favorable. Diuresis increases, which can also lead to dehydration.
Recovery. All urine and kidney function indicators return to normal, but complete recovery is not possible in all patients.

Diagnostics

Typically, diagnostic measures are carried out in the nephrology department, where a patient with suspected acute kidney damage is brought. In addition to the characteristic clinical picture, the doctor pays attention to the pathological history and clarifies the possible nature of the poisoning.

Examination methods for toxic nephropathy are as follows:

General analysis of blood, urine;
Blood test for pH levels, electrolytes;
Biochemical blood test regarding kidney function indicators;
Ultrasound of the kidneys;
If necessary, MRI of the kidneys.

With nephropathy, ESR and the number of leukocytes in the blood most often increase, and anemia is observed. The amount of protein and nitrogenous compounds increases in the urine, hemoglobin and red blood cells appear, and casts appear. The specific gravity of urine is increased, and creatinine, urea, uric acid, and potassium increase in the peripheral blood.

Treatment of toxic nephropathy is often carried out in the intensive care unit, especially in acute renal failure. In less serious cases, treatment is carried out in a standard ward of the nephrology (urology) department. A set of measures to treat the disease must be started immediately, preferably under the supervision of a toxicologist.

The most important measures are to remove toxins and poisons from the body. This is achieved by performing the following techniques:

Plasmapheresis;
Hemodialysis;
Hemofiltration;
Hemosorption;
Flushing the gastrointestinal tract.

Forced diuresis is carried out by administering aminophylline, mannitol, Lasix. To lavage the stomach, Vaseline oil or a large amount of liquid is injected into it. Hemodialysis is recommended in the first 6 hours of the disease, then peritoneal dialysis (purification of blood through the peritoneum) is performed for another 48 hours.

Among the drugs for toxic kidney nephropathy, sorbents, diuretics, glucocorticosteroids, as well as copious alkaline drinks can be recommended. Treatment is supplemented with the administration of glucose with vitamin C, insulin, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and vitamins. If necessary, albumin and plasma transfusions are performed.

Complications and prognosis

The prognosis for toxic nephropathy depends on the type of toxic substance and the severity of the disease, mortality ranges from 20-70%. The prognosis is favorable only if therapy is adequate and timely. The worst prognosis is when cadmium, silicon, or hydrogen arsenate enter the body.

Complications most often develop when there is a high concentration of toxins and poisons in the body, when they are introduced not through the respiratory tract, but through the blood. Complications include hemolytic-uremic syndrome, interstitial nephritis, and acute renal failure. The last mentioned complication often leads to death due to necrosis of the kidneys and complete failure of their function.

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Complex renal dysfunction caused by chemical or organic substances is called toxic nephropathy. This is a common disease of the renal system; according to statistics, it accounts for 30% of kidney diseases. And every year these numbers tend to grow. This disease develops due to the filling of cells with toxins and poisons, most often this occurs through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and pores.

Nephropathy is divided into two types: specific and nonspecific syndrome. The first includes types of poisoning associated with toxic substances, such as mercury, lead, chemical acids, vitriol, arsenic, etc. Due to intoxication of the body, the functioning of the kidneys and liver is impaired. In the second type of poisoning, an excess of harmful substances comes from poisons and can cause hemodynamic disturbances (insect bites, snake bites, intoxication with mushrooms, low-quality food, alcohol overdose, etc.).

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There is a wide range of toxic compounds that cause kidney pathologies. Many of them settle in the body during human life, and some are acquired after illness. The disease in question can manifest itself from an overdose of drugs during a course of therapy or during the provision of one-time assistance. The most common causes of nephropathy are:

penetration of toxic substances into the body due to consumption of poisonous mushrooms;
penetration of toxic chemical compounds into the esophagus or through the skin;
poisoning caused by heavy metal salts;
radioactive contamination;
infectious intoxication;
excess alcohol in the blood;
consumption of medications over a long period;
after a blood transfusion procedure that did not meet the characteristics;
severe skin injuries (wounds, burns) resulting in blood poisoning;
entry of foreign microorganisms into the blood.

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Separately, it is worth considering the manifestation of this disease in children. First of all, complications in the child’s body manifest themselves in changes in the composition of urine. The predisposition of children to nephropathic syndrome is due to hereditary pathologies in the renal structure or congenital lesions of the genitourinary system, or if similar abnormalities were observed in the child’s mother and worsened during pregnancy. Artificial feeding and frequent infectious and cold diseases stimulate the risk of developing abnormalities in children.

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In order to prevent undesirable consequences in time, it is necessary to know the symptoms of nephropathic intoxication. And these are:

oligoanuria - a syndrome of decreased amount of fluid released by the body during urination;
loss of strength - low pressure in the arteries;
difficult breathing;
strong and weak pain in the kidney area;
urge to vomit, emptying of the stomach with the presence of blood;
diarrhea;
pain in the solar plexus area;
possible fainting, weakness, drowsiness.

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After nephropathic syndrome, the development of such abnormalities as bacterial tissue damage in the kidneys, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure is observed. Renal abnormalities are accompanied by pain of varying degrees in the base of the spine, discomfort in the joints, deviations during urination, as well as a sharp decrease in pressure, in addition, the patient may feel cold. When studying the blood composition, anemia and an increase in the number of leukocytes can be observed.

Functional uremia can cause death for the patient, so if symptoms appear, medical attention is needed. It leads to various nephron dysfunctions or complete failure of the organ. Symptoms of such a deviation are: a decrease in the amount of urine excreted, the inability of the body to remove toxins and waste, a decrease or increase in acidity, and dehydration. Against the background of such dysfunction, renal necrosis develops, which causes serious consequences and can cause death.

When this disease manifests itself, the renal system is primarily affected.

Poisoning more often occurs due to unintentional damage to the body by toxic products; much less often the cause is a drug overdose or diseases that lead to serious complications. With the development of toxic nephropathy, the renal system is primarily affected; the most severe consequences are considered to be:

Acute renal failure. It is characterized by problematic urination - the amount of fluid excreted decreases sharply, until the process of urine excretion completely stops.
Chronic renal failure. It can develop from acute renal failure, as a syndrome after an exacerbation. Or it becomes the result of intoxication with mild symptoms.

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During a medical examination, the specialist’s attention is focused on the symptoms - how suitable they are for the diagnosis of toxic nephropathy. It is necessary to determine as accurately as possible the irritant that caused organ damage. To determine the factors, you will need to do a general urine test and take blood to test for anemia and leukocytosis. In addition, research will be conducted into the cause of the syndrome. You will need an examination of the condition of the nephrons and their functionality - a blood test based on the biochemical composition. You can do an ultrasound for the kidneys. If additional clarification is necessary, tomography and x-rays are performed. However, in most cases it is enough to know the toxic factor and analyze the manifestations of the disease.

When the lesion is affected by an overdose or the existing disease has caused complications, it is necessary to remove toxic substances from the body, and then stimulate blood flow to the kidneys. When the cause is more complex, assistance must be provided in a clinical setting, and urgent resuscitation of the patient is possible. If the disease is caused by the progression of renal failure into a chronic form, treatment depends on the specific processes occurring in the organs and the nature of the changes occurring.

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The most important action in the treatment of nephropathic poisoning is the neutralization of toxic factors and their emergency elimination from the body. In such moments, medical assistance is needed immediately. Here are the most common first aid measures for poisoning:

Gastric lavage - if toxins enter the bloodstream due to poisonous food or a large number of medications.
Taking a strong sorbent that removes poisons - in case of chemical intoxication or poisoning with industrial waste.
Taking activated carbon or hemosorption will help remove toxins that have entered the blood.
The use of an “artificial kidney” device is used in the most severe cases.

Toxic nephropathy is life-threatening for the patient. In cases where nephrotic lesions occur, it is impossible to do without qualified support. The most common methods of clinical treatment are the use of an “artificial kidney” and detoxification with activated charcoal. These methods make it possible to urgently remove toxic components from the body. If it was possible to carry out neutralizing measures in a timely manner, the percentage of favorable consequences is high. Forecasts are correct in such cases. The possibilities for complete recovery exist.

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Severe kidney dysfunction can be caused by a number of factors. In this regard, it is worth taking preventive measures. Cases of mushroom poisoning are becoming more frequent. This is due to the collection of wild species that turn out to be poisonous. Therefore, in order to avoid serious consequences, it is necessary to limit the consumption of food of dubious origin. Drug overdose occurs when self-medicating and taking potent drugs. Therefore, before using tablets or mixtures, it is safer to get a recommendation from a specialist.

Frequent lesions of the renal apparatus occur in chemical production. These types of work are contraindicated for people predisposed to developing cancer or at risk of developing renal dysfunction. Technical mechanization of labor will help protect workers from poisoning in order to limit contact with pesticides as much as possible. In cases where direct contact with toxic substances is unavoidable, it is necessary to undergo regular preventive checks of the nephrotic system. In addition, you need to protect yourself; there is specialized protective clothing. It is important to adhere to established safety precautions. If pathological changes nevertheless occur in the body, it is better to change the field of activity. If symptoms appear, it is better to go to the hospital immediately, then there is a possibility that the necessary assistance will be provided on time.

In case of possible poisoning, the kidney area most often falls into the risk group with the further development of toxic nephropathy. To avoid complications, for example, further development of renal failure, it is necessary to consult a specialist in a timely manner. A high-quality course of treatment will relieve negative consequences.

Toxic nephropathy is damage to the kidney parenchyma and glomerular apparatus.

Toxic nephropathy - schematic representation of kidney damage

This manifestation is typical for poisoning with internal or external toxic products or metabolites. In medical terminology, there are two types of disease: specific and nonspecific nephropathy. The first type is associated with poisoning by external toxins, which adversely affects not only the kidneys, but also the functional functioning of the liver. The nonspecific type of disease is caused by hemodynamic disorders.

They release a large number of harmful elements that can harm the body, in particular the kidneys. In addition to some of the harmful substances that a person acquires during his life, some of them can arise independently as a result of injuries or certain diseases.

Toxic nephropathy due to mushroom poisoning

Chemical poisoning is the cause of toxic nephropathy

All these reasons are the main provocateurs in the occurrence of toxic nephropathy. Normal kidney function is significantly impaired.

In the future, this leads to complications that become a serious threat to life.

The level of damage depends largely on the type of harmful substance, or its method of entry. The condition of the urinary system plays a significant role. Even with a small amount of toxic substance ingested, the clinical picture becomes more complicated if a person suffers from chronic diseases in this area.

The main symptoms of toxic nephropathy are:

manifestations, discomfort from shortness of breath;
pain in the side, in the lumbar region;
a sharp decrease in blood pressure;
decrease in the volume of urine excreted.

In cases of exposure to toxic or poisonous particles, symptoms may manifest themselves as follows:

attacks of vomiting and nausea, possible blood;
bloating and pain in the abdominal area;
stomach upset;
drowsiness, fainting, and overall deterioration of brain activity.

Infectious toxic nephropathy - manifestations

It is believed that toxic nephropathy causes great harm to human health. This is true. If ignored, the disease provokes the development of acute renal failure.

First of all, a qualified specialist addresses the symptoms, then determines the cause of the disease. In this case, the following necessary procedures are prescribed:

ultrasound examination of the kidneys;
blood and urine tests, as well as biochemical blood tests.

These procedures are necessary in order to determine the condition and performance of the kidneys and prescribe an effective course of treatment.

Often, a specialist will prescribe a series of procedures, such as MRI or CT, to confirm the diagnosis.

Toxic nephropathy on ultrasound

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Treatment method for toxic nephropathy

In order to recover quickly, it is necessary to remove harmful substances. The procedure takes place as quickly as possible. Experts identify the following effective methods.

Rinsing will be necessary in cases of poisoning with mushrooms or medications.
Using an antidote. This is a drug that helps remove poison from the body in case of poisoning with industrial or other chemicals.
Hemosorbium is a method that is based on blood purification using activated carbon.
There is hemodialysis. This procedure is prescribed in severe cases.

For treatment, diuretics are used, which reduce pulmonary edema (Lasix, Mannitol), as well as polyonic solutions, which normalize the pH level in the blood (sodium bicarbonate is used for these purposes).

Depending on the etiology, the pathogenesis of the disease occurs. Due to poisoning, for example, ethylene glycol, swelling of the nephrons occurs.

If the poisoning process occurs due to hemolytic poisons, then the nephrons become clogged. In this case, red blood cells are destroyed.

Taken together, all of the above factors provoke membrane ischemia in the nephrons. Continuous ischemia threatens with irreversible consequences in the form of necrobiotic changes in tangles and tubules.

It is worth noting that toxic nephropathy also occurs in children. In this case, you should pay attention to the composition of the urine.

Also, toxic nephropathy manifests itself against the background of a predisposition due to hereditary pathologies. If the mother of the baby in the family was ill during or before pregnancy, the child’s disease may also worsen.

Provocateurs of the disease in childhood can be artificial feeding, or frequent infectious and cold diseases.

Toxic nephropathy in newborns due to artificial feeding

Preventive measures

Separately, it is worth noting that no one has canceled first aid. It is necessary to stop the flow of toxic substances into the patient’s body. If poisoning occurs due to vapors, then it is necessary to provide fresh air to the person and immediately remove him from the room. If chemicals get into the stomach, then you need to rinse it urgently. Enemas are also used, and activated charcoal is used.

If a person has no heartbeat or is unconscious, then it is necessary to perform indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration.

Along with these actions, you must call for medical help.

In preventive measures in industries where there is a high risk of poisoning by harmful substances, people with susceptibility to tumors or kidney damage are not allowed. Most often, such industries include heavy agricultural work and the production of rubber or polymers.

If you work in an industry where there is a high risk of kidney damage, then you need to undergo regular tests (at least once a year). Compliance with hygiene standards and special protective clothing will also have a beneficial effect on your health. If you are observing the initial stage of kidney damage, then it is advisable not to hesitate and change your place of work.

Cross-section of a kidney with toxic nephropathy

Consequences

If you suspect this disease, you should immediately contact a qualified specialist. Inaction provokes further kidney damage:

acute renal failure, which is accompanied by a gradual decrease or complete cessation of urine output;
chronic renal failure, which occurs after severe poisoning.

Any penetration of toxic, harmful substances into the body are possible causes of the development of the disease. In order to avoid complications, it is worth taking the necessary measures as soon as possible.

Thanks to advances in modern medicine, the disease is treatable. It is worth remembering that if you consult a specialist correctly and quickly, there is a great chance of recovery as soon as possible.

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Have you ever suffered from problems due to kidney pain? Judging by the fact that you are reading this article, victory was not on your side. And of course you know firsthand what it is:

Discomfort and pain in the lower back
Morning swelling of the face and eyelids does not add to your self-confidence...
It’s kind of embarrassing, especially if you suffer from frequent urination...
In addition, constant weakness and ailments have already become a firm part of your life...

Toxic kidney damage is one of the common diseases of the human body. Pathologies arise as a result of toxic substances entering the body from the outside or through their production by the body systems themselves. The disease is called toxic nephropathy (in medical circles - toxic kidney). As a rule, the pathology is manifested by a decrease in the total amount of urine per day, nausea, interruptions in heart function and high blood pressure. If a patient has been diagnosed with such a disease, then treatment is aimed at removing toxic substances and poisons from the body. For this, both drug therapy and hardware methods for purifying the patient’s blood (plasmapheresis and hemodialysis) can be used.

Important: the severe toxic course of the disease poses a particular danger to the patient. In this case, the kidneys may fail completely, and an organ transplant will be needed.

Toxic nephropathy can be classified depending on the causes of its occurrence

Toxic nephropathy can be classified depending on the causes of its occurrence. Thus, the following types of pathology are distinguished:

Specific toxic nephropathy. It develops under the influence of direct exposure to poisons and toxins. This can be alcohol, various chemicals and metals (arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, synthetic rubber, oxalic or acetic acid, etc.). Also, a specific form of toxic kidney damage can develop as a result of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms or the bite of poisonous animals/insects.

Important: with the specific development of nephropathy, toxins enter the human body with food, drink, air or through skin pores. In any of these cases, the poison will sooner or later reach the kidneys through the blood.

Nonspecific nephropathy. It develops as a result of the penetration of toxic substances into the body that do not have a direct toxic effect on the kidneys, but at the same time stimulate organ failure. Here, the causes of the pathology can be a sharp drop in blood pressure, disruptions in electrolyte balance, disruption of general blood flow in the kidneys and the body as a whole, or uncompensated acidosis.
Indirect nephropathy is toxic. In this case, toxic substances and poisons are independently produced in the human body in the presence of such renal pathologies as blockage of kidney nephrons with hemoglobin, proliferation of muscle tissue in the kidneys and compression of the same renal nephrons, excessive production of amino acids in liver failure. Also, the causes of toxic renal failure can be sepsis (blood poisoning), a long process of compression of muscle tissue as a result of injury and, as a result, a large amount of protein entering the blood.

In addition, the following reasons can cause toxic damage to both kidneys:

Human radiation exposure;
Taking medications from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sulfonamides or aminoglycosides for a long time and without proper medical supervision.

Toxic kidney damage can be classified into degrees depending on the severity of the patient's condition

Toxic kidney damage can be classified into degrees depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Thus, the following stages of pathology are distinguished:

Mild degree of poisoning. In this case, the patient will have protein, red blood cells in the urine, and increased urine density.
Average degree of pathology. To the existing symptoms will be added a decrease in the total daily volume of urine, as well as an increase in potassium, creatine and other metabolites in the patient’s body.
In severe cases of poisoning, the patient develops acute renal failure, which can lead the patient to coma.

The general symptoms of toxic kidney poisoning by various poisons are divided into several phases, and the signs of pathology will depend specifically on the phase

The general symptoms of toxic kidney poisoning by various poisons are divided into several phases, and the signs of pathology will depend specifically on the phase.

Thus, during the initial phase of renal failure, the patient will experience a decrease in the volume of urine excreted. This phase lasts from 1 to 3 days depending on the degree of poisoning.
During the oligoanuric phase, the patient may develop fluid retention in the body, which will lead to a general overload of the left cardiac ventricle. The patient may also develop wet lung syndrome, which is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath. During this phase, the patient is likely to develop cerebral and pulmonary edema. There is an intensive accumulation of toxins (products of protein metabolism) in the body. Possible consequences in the form of lethargy and weakness. Possible cardiac arrest. This phase lasts 7-14 days.
Polyuric phase. If the treatment is prescribed correctly, and the patient’s body provides adequate resistance to the pathology, then the previous phase will turn into polyuric. In this case, the total volume of urine will increase day by day. In extreme cases, the daily volume of urine can reach 35 liters per day. In this case, the urine will have a low specific gravity. You should be careful here, since this phase can lead the patient to dehydration. The phase lasts 15-30 days.
Then comes a period of recovery, during which the specific gravity of urine and its daily volume are normalized. The recovery phase can last 6-24 months.

Important: the range of deaths from toxic kidney poisoning ranges from 20% to 70%, and completely depends on the causes of poisoning and the complexity of the pathology. If the kidney damage was not critical, then the patient has every chance of a full recovery.

In general, at home, toxic poisoning in the early stages may have the following morphological signs:

Nagging pain in the lower back;
Swelling of the legs and face;
Constant thirst;
Some yellowness of the skin and its dryness;
A rash may appear on the inside of the palms;
Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting;
Muscle and headache;
A sharp drop in blood pressure in a patient;
Decreased urine volume;
Lethargy, lethargy, hallucinations.

Important: if the patient suspects toxic poisoning (animal/insect bites, inhalation of poisons or tactile contact with them, consumption of toxins), then if the above symptoms appear, you should immediately contact a medical facility. Timely assistance will help protect the patient from acute renal failure.

If the patient experiences loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest, it is necessary to perform artificial respiration and chest compressions

If toxic poisoning is suspected, the patient should be provided with pre-medical care as soon as possible. In this case, it is necessary to stop the entry of toxins into the patient’s body. That is, if poisons enter the body through the air, then you need to provide the patient with fresh air (move him outside, further from the source of infection); if poisons enter the body through the mouth, then you need to rinse the stomach with plain water. A simple water enema is also recommended here. Activated carbon can be given to the patient as a sorbent.
If the patient experiences loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest, it is necessary to perform artificial respiration and chest compressions. Before carrying out all activities, you should call an ambulance.

To diagnose toxic kidney poisoning as accurately as possible, specialists carry out a number of measures

To diagnose toxic kidney poisoning as accurately as possible, specialists carry out a number of measures:

General blood and urine analysis. In this case, characteristic evidence of toxic pathology will be the presence of a low level of hemoglobin, elevated leukocytes and platelets, and also a change in the density of urine.
Biochemical analysis of urine and blood. Here, increased levels of creatine and urea will be detected, and the acid-base balance is disturbed.
The doctor will also prescribe tracking of daily urine volume and ultrasound diagnostics.
In this case, the functioning of the renal vessels will be monitored on an angiogram.
An MRI or CT scan may be prescribed.

As a rule, all therapy is aimed at detoxifying the patient’s body and restoring kidney function.

As a rule, all therapy is aimed at detoxifying the patient’s body and restoring kidney function. The criteria by which drug therapy is prescribed depend on the severity of the patient’s condition. But in general, the following complex of drugs is prescribed first:

Specific antidotes.
Diuretics. Reduce swelling and increase urine volume.
Polyionic infusions. The patient is injected with solutions to normalize urine pH.
A transfusion of blood components may also be prescribed.
To cleanse the blood of toxins, plasmapheresis or hemosorption/hemodialysis are used - hardware pumping and purification of blood.

As a rule, specific toxic nephropathy occurs in complex chemical plants and in agriculture

As a rule, specific toxic nephropathy occurs in complex chemical plants and in agriculture. In this case, possible risks of pathologies can be prevented by prohibiting persons with kidney problems and the risk of tumor formation from working.
In addition, the likelihood of toxic damage can be reduced by mechanizing the enterprise. In this way, direct human contact with chemicals will be minimized.
Workers in chemical plants should wear protective clothing.
An annual medical examination of people working with chemicals is indicated. Particular attention is paid to the kidneys.

Important: if a medical examination revealed initial pathological changes in the kidneys (toxic nephropathy), then you should change your type of activity to a more favorable one as soon as possible.

It is worth knowing that the earlier the disease is detected, the more effective its treatment will be. Modern medicine copes quite successfully with toxic nephropathy.

Source

Nephropathy is a toxic kidney injury that can be triggered by various nephrotoxic substances. There are several degrees of this disease:

Mild - with this course of the disease, the symptoms are mild, although pathological changes can already be noticed when analyzing blood and urine;
Moderate degree - with this course the symptoms are more pronounced, diuresis is reduced, and uremia increases;
Severe degree - with this course of the disease, glomerular filtration decreases and edema develops. In severe cases, there is a high likelihood of developing renal failure.

Various factors can trigger this disease, including diabetes.. In addition, infectious diseases can also cause nephropathy.

Quite often, toxic nephropathy develops from mushroom poisoning; there may be complications in the form of renal failure.

The kidneys are a paired organ, similar in shape to a bean, which performs the following functions:

regulate fluid balance in the body;
control and maintain blood pressure at the proper level;
participate in the process of formation of blood cells;
remove metabolic products from the body.

The causes of toxic nephropathy include the following factors:

poisoning from low-quality alcohol-containing drinks;
heavy metal poisoning;
ingestion of various solvents into the body;
intoxication caused by pesticides;
overdose of medications, as well as treatment with expired or low-quality medications.

Toxic nephropathy requires urgent treatment, otherwise life-threatening complications may occur.

persistently elevated blood pressure;
oliguria or anuria;
swelling of the face;
pain in the lumbar region;
urinary retention for more than 4 hours;
severe cramps;
proteinuria;
hematuria.

Depending on the severity of the disease, accompanying symptoms may also appear. Symptoms are observed from the first days of toxic kidney damage and gradually increase.

With toxic damage to the kidneys, swelling initially appears on the face, so it is difficult to miss such a pathology.

Diagnosis of this disease is carried out exclusively within the walls of the hospital, as is treatment. To clarify the diagnosis, the following examination methods are used:

A detailed blood and urine test is performed.
Diuresis and water balance in the body are taken into account.
An ultrasound examination of the kidneys is performed.
In severe cases, an MRI may be prescribed.

A biochemical blood test is required, which shows a complete picture of kidney function.. If necessary, the patient can be referred to specialists to clarify the diagnosis.

It is very important to diagnose toxic damage as early as possible and prescribe the correct treatment, in which case the risk of complications is significantly reduced.

In this period the most important task is the rapid removal of toxic substances and metabolic products from the body. For this purpose the following techniques can be used:

plasmapheresis;
gastric and intestinal lavage;
hemosorption;
hemodialysis;
hemofiltration.

A patient with toxic nephropathy should drink a lot of alkaline drinks. This promotes rapid recovery.

The worst prognosis for nephropathy is if chemicals such as cadmium, silicon and hydrogen arsenate enter the body.

Complications most often appear when toxic substances enter the body significantly, through the blood. The most dangerous complication is renal failure, which quite often leads to death.

Kidney work

The kidneys play an important detoxification role. Basically, all toxic substances that enter our body are eliminated from it in three ways: filtration, excretion and secretion using several transport systems. It is thanks to them that the kidneys are able to remove toxic substances that do not dissolve in water, which can sometimes settle in various organ structures and lead to the development of such a pathological condition as toxic nephropathy.

This pathology develops due to:

toxic effects of the toxic substances themselves, as well as their breakdown products;
the occurrence of an autoimmune reaction in the body at the site of the lesion.

Moreover, despite the different trigger mechanism for the development of a toxic kidney, its clinical manifestations are similar to each other. The degree of kidney damage depends on the concentration of toxic substances, their chemical composition and method of entry into the body. The condition of the urinary organs also plays an important role. So, if some pathological process is already occurring in the kidneys, toxic nephropathy can develop even with the intake of low doses of toxic substances.

Kidney damage

This dangerous condition, in principle, can be caused by any ingestion of chemical and biological substances, but most often toxic damage to the kidney is caused by:

organic solvents;
salts of heavy metals;
pesticides;
various medications (aminoglycoside antibiotics, sulfonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticoagulants, etc.);
physical impact (radiation sickness, electric shock, injury);
exogenous chemical compounds (substances entering the bloodstream from the bite of poisonous animals and insects, fungal toxins, etc.).

It can be noted that toxic nephropathy is a complex polyetiological disease, therefore it is necessary to clearly recognize by clinical symptoms the possible factors that led to its development, and, if necessary, immediately carry out antidote therapy.

Most often, this condition is manifested by changes in the general urine test, such as proteinuria and hematuria. They pass quickly, and the person does not even know that his kidneys have just undergone a real attack of toxic substances. But if their dose and concentration are too high, then this can lead to severe, irreversible consequences.

Among all toxic nephropathies, the lion's share is occupied by drugs, while the effect of chemical agents occurs in conjunction with the immune reactions of the macroorganism. This is due to the fact that the kidney tissue includes a widely developed vascular network, and all allergic components (mast cells, interleukins, immunoglobulins) freely enter the lesion, thereby aggravating the course of the process.

Symptoms of drug-induced nephropathies are similar to those of acute glomerulonephritis, when the patient feels general malaise, weakness, and irritability. He develops swelling of the lower extremities and face. Hematuria and proteinuria increase in the urine. The frequency and quantity of urination also decreases (oligoanuria). Another important and formidable symptom should be considered the appearance of arterial hypertension, which can reach completely prohibitive numbers, causing seizures and cardiac arrest in a person.

Symptoms of the disease

With the toxic effects of sulfonamide drugs, prominent representatives of which are streptocide and norsulfazole, the above-described symptoms are accompanied by fever, severe pain in the joints, damage to the skin and mucous membranes in the form of hemorrhagic rashes. At the level of the renal capillaries, severe damage to the endothelium of these vessels can be detected, with ulceration of their walls and increased vascular permeability.

Most often, toxic nephropathy can lead to the development of interstitial nephritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome and acute renal failure. Nephritis is manifested by acute or dull pain in the lower back, passing chills, a short-term increase in blood pressure, arthralgia (joint pain) and changes in urine (polyuria, microhematuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, etc.).

In a general blood test, the most common findings are increased ESR, moderate leukocytosis and anemia. Acute renal failure is already a dangerous condition, most often leading to death. It is caused by a sudden decrease or complete loss of kidney function and is manifested by a standard set of clinical symptoms: oligoanuria, retention of nitrogenous waste in the body, disturbances in water-electrolyte balance and acid-base status. The main symptom of this condition is considered to be necrosis of the renal cortical layer, leading to irreversible consequences.

Antidote therapy

All types of toxic nephropathy are difficult to treat. Its most important component should be considered antidote therapy in the initial stages of the disease. If it is not carried out, doctors can only carry out symptomatic and detoxification therapy. In general, specialists try to prescribe strict treatment depending on the toxic agent that led to the development of this process. Thus, in case of sulfonamide poisoning, abundant alkaline drinks, diuretics, and drugs that block carbonic anhydrase are prescribed.

For acute glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, large doses of glucocorticosteroids, which have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, are prescribed.

In order to remove decay products and residues of harmful substances from the body, plasmapheresis and hemodialysis are performed. The essence of such manipulations is that a special device is connected to the patient, which takes a certain portion of blood from him, drives it through a filter system and returns it, already purified, back to the body.

Nephropathy is a bilateral kidney damage that can occur for a variety of reasons. In particular, toxic nephropathy is formed due to exposure to toxic substances. The kidneys also filter the blood, freeing it from harmful and unnecessary substances, which are subsequently excreted from the body in the urine. Thus, these substances are able to partially accumulate in the renal structures, and if their concentration in the blood is increased, then the accumulation will be significant.

The mechanism of the formation of the disease

Taking into account the functional characteristics of the kidneys, the pattern of development of toxic nephropathy can be presented as follows. When toxic substances enter the human body, there is a direct or indirect effect on the functioning of internal organs, including the kidneys. As a result, their structure is damaged, their work is disrupted, and a pathological condition occurs, accompanied by certain symptoms.

According to the direction of the negative impact, and accordingly, according to the mechanism of formation, toxic nephropathy is divided into specific and nonspecific. In the first case, damage occurs directly to the kidneys themselves, directly as a result of damage from toxic substances. In the second, the kidneys are damaged due to poisoning of the body with poisons that do not directly affect the kidneys, but disrupt the functioning of other organs and their systems, which, in turn, leads to kidney damage.

An example of the mechanism of development of nonspecific toxic nephropathy can be the following processes:

Direct kidney damage can occur for several reasons. The factors causing this pathological condition include various negative phenomena, for example:

Other reasons can cause this process in the kidneys, for example, radiation, mechanical injury, or electric shock. When prescribing treatment, the nature of the lesion is of primary importance. In any case, such a condition requires immediate medical attention.

A person exposed to any of the listed factors is subject to immediate hospitalization for a full examination to determine the extent and nature of the damage, as well as the implementation of measures to neutralize this effect.

Symptoms of the disease

The manifestations of this pathological condition, as well as its consequences, depend primarily on the degree of its severity, of which there are three - mild, moderate and severe. Determination of the degree depends on the strength/duration of exposure to the negative factor, the nature of the toxic substance and its concentration in the blood. Toxic nephropathy is usually accompanied by the following symptoms:

In each individual case, the symptomatic picture may vary, depending on the nature of the poisoning and its severity. Sometimes central nervous system disorders, the appearance of hallucinations, and severe psychosis may occur.

It is not uncommon for a person in this condition to show signs of anemia. Body temperature may increase, in other words, the condition is characterized by the manifestation of various signs of intoxication of the body.

In addition to obvious manifestations, there are signs of kidney damage that are detected during laboratory tests and other diagnostic procedures. A patient in this condition is prescribed:

general blood analysis;
general urine analysis;
dopplerography;
biochemical tests, etc.

As a result of the studies, changes in the composition of urine and blood are detected in a patient with toxic nephropathy, the damaging substance, its concentration, structural and functional changes in the kidneys, etc. are determined. The content of protein and blood in the urine may increase, and other parameters may change. The concentration of nitrogenous bases in the blood increases. All these symptoms can only be established through the process of professional diagnosis in a medical facility.

Treatment and prognosis

You should know that toxic nephropathy is a very dangerous condition.

Important! Under no circumstances should you attempt self-treatment, or delay contacting a doctor.

The treatment that will be required in each individual case depends on the main parameters of the pathological process, such as its severity, nature, etc. First of all, in this case, the patient is prescribed antidote therapy, in addition, urine excretion is stimulated, and blood purification procedures are carried out. The list of procedures in this case may be as follows:

hemodialysis;
plasmapheresis;
hemofiltration;
gastric lavage, etc.

In addition, depending on the patient’s condition, he may undergo anti-shock therapy, as well as procedures aimed at restoring homeostasis.

If the patient is provided with qualified assistance in the first hours after poisoning and the toxin is removed from the body, the most severe consequences can be avoided. The damaging substance will not have time to cause the greatest harm.

Otherwise, in addition to removing poison from the body, purifying the blood, etc. it will be necessary to restore the function of the affected organ, which in the case of the kidneys, for example, may take a year or more.

The prognosis for the development of the disease also depends on a number of conditions and, first of all, on the degree of its severity:

If there is a possibility that the body may be damaged by one of the possible methods described earlier, you should immediately contact a medical facility without waiting for the corresponding symptoms to appear. In this case, damage to internal organs can be prevented or minimized.

Among the possible consequences, which in some cases lead to toxic nephropathy, are:

neoplasms of the urinary tract;
acute and chronic renal failure;
cerebral edema;
pulmonary edema;
coma;
death.

Note! These consequences are extremely severe, so it is very important to seek help from a doctor as soon as possible and begin treatment.

During the survey, you should describe in detail not only your condition, but also the circumstances that led to it, the time and method of poisoning (injury).

May 8, 2017 Doctor

Toxic nephropathy is a disease that occurs due to the effects of various poisons on the human body. There are mild, moderate and severe forms of the disease. The development of this form of nephropathy can be triggered by a chronic disease (diabetes mellitus) or some kind of infection.

Nephropathy of the toxic type can be specific and nonspecific. In the first case, the disease develops when the body comes into contact with poisons that are dangerous to the kidney tissue. The following substances can lead to its development:

acetic acid, hydrogen arsenous, copper sulfate provoke blockage of nephrons by hemoglobin during the destruction of red blood cells;
arsenic, mercury, lead, chromium, oxalic acid, ethylene glycol, when entering the body, begin to destroy kidney tissue;
hepatorenal syndrome, which develops when the liver is poisoned and is accompanied by the release of amino acids that damage the kidneys.

Nonspecific nephropathy occurs when the body comes into contact with poisons that do not directly affect the kidney tissue, but lead to its damage. They can provoke a sharp decrease in blood pressure, changes in electrolyte balance, local blood flow disturbances and an uncompensated shift in the acid-base balance towards a decrease in pH. Separately, it is worth mentioning the formation of toxic type nephropathy after receiving a compression injury or rupture of muscle tissue. It develops when the kidneys are constricted and cannot remove toxic substances produced by the body.

Infectious toxic nephropathy appears against the background of acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections and other colds. Children get it more often than adults, because... their growing immune system is weaker. The course of this form of the disease is favorable and it does not require specific and therapeutic measures. As the infectious process is eliminated, nephropathy goes away. The manifestation of the disease disappears completely within 3-4 weeks.

Causes

The disease appears due to exposure to poisons, breakdown products of chemicals, or an autoimmune reaction caused by poisoning of the body. The degree of damage to the kidney tissue depends on the amount of substances that have penetrated, the method of their entry into the body and the chemical composition. Another factor influencing the development of the disease is the condition of the genitourinary system. People with chronic pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, nephroptosis, glomerulonephritis are more likely to tolerate the effects of toxic substances on the kidneys. Toxic type nephropathy most often develops due to:

unauthorized use of medications (anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics);
penetration of heavy metal salts into the body;
contact with organic solvents or pesticides;
penetration of exogenous chemical compounds (fungal toxins, tick bite or other insect or animal).

Manifestations of the disease

Symptoms of the disease are varied and often correspond to kidney failure, which complicates the diagnostic process. The first manifestation of the disease is considered to be a change in the composition of urine during OAM. Many patients are admitted to hospitals with nephropathy caused by medications. Intoxication leads to the formation of a specific autoimmune reaction. The manifestations are as follows:

increased blood pressure;
pain in the lower back;
swelling of the limbs and face;
decrease in the amount of urine excreted;
the appearance of blood or protein in the urine;
convulsions.

Depending on the type of drug that caused the poisoning, specific signs of intoxication may appear. A serious complication of nephropathy is renal failure. If you do not go to the hospital in time, the person may fall into a coma.

Diagnostics

Biochemical and clinical blood tests can detect the presence of the disease in the body. Additionally, the following research methods are used for diagnosis:

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general urine analysis;
Ultrasound of the kidneys;
checking the body's water balance;
accounting for diuresis.

Features of therapy

Treatment of nephropathy is carried out in a hospital. If a patient arrives in serious condition, he is kept in intensive care. The first stage of stabilizing the patient’s condition is removing the toxin from the body. If the cause is an autoimmune reaction, then corticosteroids are used to reduce the manifestations of allergies. Doctors carry out the following activities:

blood purification through special filters;
administration of antishock drugs;
gastric lavage (if the toxin came with food);
connecting the patient to a device that acts as an artificial kidney;
accelerating diuresis by administering diuretics to the patient.

The patient is given diuretics, alkaline drinks, and sorbents. During your stay in the hospital, you must adhere to bed rest. Foods with a lot of protein should be removed from the diet. If uremia is severe, the patient is transferred to a carbohydrate diet. If the excretory function of the kidneys is not affected, the patient is prescribed plenty of fluids.

Doctors monitor the condition of the skin, as toxic products can come out through it. As a result, patients experience severe itching. To avoid this, it is recommended to shower or rub down at least once a day. During vomiting, patients are given salty foods to reduce sodium chloride loss.

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Classification

Causes and pathogenesis

penetration of toxic substances into the body due to consumption of poisonous mushrooms;
penetration of toxic chemical compounds into the esophagus or through the skin;
poisoning caused by heavy metal salts;
radioactive contamination;
infectious intoxication;
excess alcohol in the blood;
consumption of medications over a long period;
after a blood transfusion procedure that did not meet the characteristics;
severe skin injuries (wounds, burns) resulting in blood poisoning;
entry of foreign microorganisms into the blood.

Toxic poisoning in children

Symptoms of toxic kidney nephropathy

In order to prevent undesirable consequences in time, it is necessary to know the symptoms of nephropathic intoxication. And these are:

oligoanuria - a syndrome of decreased amount of fluid released by the body during urination;
loss of strength - low pressure in the arteries;
difficult breathing;
strong and weak pain in the kidney area;
urge to vomit, emptying of the stomach with the presence of blood;
diarrhea;
pain in the solar plexus area;
possible fainting, weakness, drowsiness.

Complications and consequences

Acute renal failure. It is characterized by problematic urination - the amount of fluid excreted decreases sharply, until the process of urine excretion completely stops.
Chronic renal failure. It can develop from acute renal failure, as a syndrome after an exacerbation. Or it becomes the result of intoxication with mild symptoms.

Diagnostic methods

What treatment is used?

Gastric lavage - if toxins enter the bloodstream due to poisonous food or a large number of medications.
Taking a strong sorbent that removes poisons - in case of chemical intoxication or poisoning with industrial waste.
Taking activated carbon or hemosorption will help remove toxins that have entered the blood.
The use of an “artificial kidney” device is used in the most severe cases.

Toxic kidney syndrome. Treatment options and first symptoms of toxic nephropathy

Causes of the disease

Symptoms of the disease

Diagnosis of the disease

Features of treatment

Prognosis and possible complications

Possible reasons for development

Consequences of toxic nephropathy

Signs of illness

Methods for diagnosing toxic nephropathy

Treatment methods

Toxic nephropathy

Causes and pathogenesis

Diagnostics

Complications and prognosis

Treatment method for toxic nephropathy

Preventive measures

Consequences

And a little about secrets...

The mechanism of the formation of the disease

Symptoms of the disease

Treatment and prognosis

Causes

Manifestations of the disease

Diagnostics

Features of therapy

Tired of fighting kidney disease?

Classification

Causes and pathogenesis

Toxic poisoning in children

Symptoms of toxic kidney nephropathy

Complications and consequences

Diagnostic methods

What treatment is used?

Prognosis and prevention